Content standard Learning standard Current and Potential Difference Explain electric field Define strength of electric field, € Explain behaviour of charged particles in an electric field Define electric current Define potential difference, V Resistance ‘Compare and contrast ohmic and non-ohmic conductor Solve problems involving combination of series and parallel circuits Define resistivity of wire, p Describe factors that affect resistance of a wire through experiments to conclude R=pl/A Communicate about applications of resistivity of wire in daily life Solve problems involving the formula of wire resistance 33 Flectromotive Force {e.m4) and internal Resistance Define electromotive force, € Explain intemal resistance, + Conduct an experiment to determine e.m4 and internal resistance in a dry cell Solve problems involving e.m.f and internal resistance ina dry cell 3a Electrical Energy and Power Formulate relationship between electrical energy (F), voltage (V), current (I) and time (t) Formulate relationship between power (P), voltage (V), and current (l) Solve problems involving electrical energy and power in daily life Compare power and rate of energy consumptions in various electrical appliances Suggest ways to save usage of electrical energy in household Beeson, Bi luiorcopitiegapoticom Ce eeeCo Sorry 3.1. Current and Potential Difference Electric field : the re around a charged particle where any electric charge in the region will experience an electric force does not experience electric @— ~ ore (not replied by +) because is outside the electrified experience electric force {attracted to +) because it is Inside the electric field How to draw electric field? + Arrow goes out of positive charge + Arrow goes into negative charge > << + Lines cannot cross each other { IX + Uke charges repel + Opposite charges attract ‘Sketch the electric field forall the charges below. (Refer text book page 94) 8 e 8 e e e 38 9 --=-~ Gq Sop: GY tutorsopi biegepot com i] Co Sopi GB ecgsops 2Electric field strength, E ects force ating ona unit postive charge placed at the point Repulsive force —~<—_ti—>—_ 0-—> F Attractive force F= electri force, N { q So r<— © q = quantity of electric charge, C ee a Electric field strength produced by two parallel charged plates E= electric field strength, NC agnino, -—_° v E= electric field strength, Vm V= potential difference, V d= distance between plates, m Exercise A positively charge object moves to the right when placed /0 parallel plates connected to power supply. 2000 V oV between 1 The electric field strength is 50000 Vim" a. What are the charges of plates P and Q? b. Calculate the distance between the two plates. ° C9 Sop: GB ecgsops CBGeden: Biietoroon biogapotieomBehaviour of Charged Particles in an Electric Field CG Sort ‘The effect of an electric field on a metal coated polystyrene ball (Refer text book page 96-97) ET. power supply ee —---~ Eh cq Sop: EF tutorsopi blogspot com aqnyno, ball does not move ball is neutral ball is displaced to the negatively charged metal plate positive charges of the ball will be discharged ball is negatively charged like charges produce repulsive force ball is pushed away ball is attracted towards positive metal plate electrons will be transferred to the metal plate ball becomes positively charged like charges produce a repulsive force ball is pushed away ball is attracted towards the negative metal plate. ‘The process keeps repeating until the power supply is switched off. C9 Sop: GB ecgsops 4CG Sorry Behaviour of Charged Particles in an Electric Field (cont.) ‘The effects of an electric field on a candle flame (Refer text book page 98) ET. power supply es + heat from the candle flame ionize air to form positive ions and negative ions + negative ions will be attracted to positively charged metal plate ions will be attracted to negatively charged metal plate ions have larger mass and size than negative ions + spread of flames towards the negatively charged metal plate is greater than towards the positively charged metal plate === GBhcg Sop: EY tutorsopi biegepot com Co Soni ED ecgsopi 5Electric current Electric current: Rate of flow of charge in a conductor eo. o& oe fF & Exercise | = current, A Q= total charge, C t =time, s 1.500 C charge flows in a conductor in 20s. Calculate the current. Potential difference CCharges flow in a conductor in 10s producing 5.5 A current. Calculate total charge. Potential difference: Work done in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to another. V = potential difference, V W=Wwork done, J E energy transferred, J Q = amount of charges flowing, C Exercise aqnino,, 3. 500/J of energy was needed to move 40 C of charge in 10s, Calculate; a. the potential difference. b. the current. CBGeden: Biietoroon biogapotieom 4. 30 V power supply was used to carry 50 C of charge. Calculate the amount of work done, C9 Sopi GP ecgsop! 6RECAP: Ohm’s Law Potential difference flowing through a V/V conductor is directly proportional to the electric current. when the temperature and other physical properties are kept constant V=IXxR 3.2. Resistance ua | on ' R (resstor} Lol voltmeter Gs constant —> conductor which obeys Ohm's Law —> Ohmic conductor Example: Constantan wire ‘> changes. —> conductor which does not obey Ohm's Law —> Non-ohmic conductor Example: Filament bulb Type of conductor Ohmic conductor Non-ohmic conductor vw Graph of V against | ua vw uA Relationship between V and | Vis directly proportional to | V increases with Rate of increase of voltage Constant Resistance Constant Increases Dito sop ED ietoroopi biogopotieom C9 Sopi GP ecgsop!'s arrangement (Series circuit) R= R +R +R Potential difference in series circuit EXAMPLE Observe the circuit diagram above. Given that the values for ammeter reading A is 1.54, reading of voltmeter Vis 9V, and all the resistors have the same resistance of 20, What are the values for; a AS 15A( b. Aye 154 ( cA 15A( 6. Vy= .0V (VyrV,4¥y v) fe Wye 3.0V (Vy4V,4V5=9V) fWy= 3.0V (VytV,4¥=9¥) & Effective resistance, R= 6.00 (/ +242) EXAMPLE 2 Observe the circuit diagram below. Given that the values for ammeter reading A is 2A. What are the values for; a. Ay=2A (current in series is the same) b. Total potential difference across the resistors, V= 24345, v=10V Resistance of Ry V=IR i. Resistance of R, V=IR 3=2(R) R=150 fe. Resistance of R, 1. Efective resistance Rone heh, aos Cg Sopi GP ecgsop!Circuits arrangement (Parallel circuit) () WY Current split in a parallel circuit © EXAMPLE 12 Observe the circuit diagram above. Given that the values for ammeter reading A is 1.5A, reading of voltmeter V is 1.0 V, and all the resistors have the same resistance of 20. What are the values for; a A= OSA (I=Iy+I p41; } Effective resistance, R = 0.670 b Y/R =1/241/241/2 Y/R =3/2 R/1=2/8 R=0670 EXAMPLE 2 Observe the circuit diagram above. Given that the values for ammeter reading A, and A, are 2A and 4A respectively. What are the values for; a. A=6A(I=1,+l9) b. Voltmeter reading, V;= 6V (=V,=V) . c. Resistance of R, veIR 6=2(R) a,=30 4. Resistance of R Y/R=1/R,+ 1/R, Ia =1/3+ 1/15 WR=1 R=100 ‘o> CBGeSen: Biietoroons biogapotieom - Ry R,=1.50 e. Effective resistance Ro C9 Sopi GP ecgsop!Calculation for effective res ‘ance in a combined circuit EXAMPLE 1 Parallel i 7 R y i | R L 1 R R R= 1330 7 R=R +R, R=3+125 R=4250 - 2 Series > Series > 1 1 1 1 I : Parallel i \ , 7a} 4 s “ R 7 1 R R a I” 10 R=-219 Exercise Calculate effective resistance in the combinations below. a b. c. aa ia ao CN O CBGeden: Biietoroon biogapotieom C9 Sopi GP ecgsop!Exercise (cont.) 1 Based on the circuit diagram on the left, calculate the following values. |. i os jh | or etetve resitanes of the cet tm (x) — © Vy wy 3) L@H @)— 2S ()— 2 BV | the following eles Dm @ cA, 30 R, aM ©) Hi) When the switch is closed, the ammeter reading is 2A. Calculate the reading of the voltmeter; a. V. b. Y, ©. Vp Dito sop ED ietoroopi biogopotieom When the switch is closed, the voltmeter reading is 2V across a 50 resistor. through the circuit. Calculate the current flowing 20 10 © 9 Sopi GP ecgsop!Exercise (cont.) lev, + {+ 62 s. Based on the circuit on the left, calculate the following values. a. Effective resistance of the circuit. Ry Based on circuit diagram on the right, calculate the following quantities. a. effective resistance current flowing through ammeter A current flowing through ammeter A, current flowing through ammeter A, potential difference across points P and Q Switch x switchY 5.00 Sop! ce BB} twtorsop: blogepot com Calculate the following quantities when switch X and Yis closed. Given that ammeter readings for ‘Ay and A, are 1.02 A and 1.42A respectively. ‘a. Current flowing through ammeter A. b. Potential difference across 2.00 resistor. c. Effective resistance of the circult. Calculate the following quantities when switch Xis closed but switch ¥ is open. a. Effective resistance of the circult, b. Current flowing through ammeter A. . Potential difference across 2.00 resistor. C9 Sopi GP ecgsop!rance of a wire length of the wire,m > Ral (Hinerease,R increase A= cross-sectional area of the wire, m?—> Rx = (increase, R decrease) p=resistivity of the wire,Qm ———> Rap { pincrease, Rincrease } Resistivity of a conductor, y P length + a measure of a conductor’ ability to oppose the flow of electric current + unit is ohm-meter (€ m) + depends on the temperature and the nature of the conductor material é Applications of Resistivity of Conductors in Daily Life heating element > + heating plate is a heating element + high resistivity, melting point and is durable + connecting wire uses copper (low resistivity) > + avoid heating up too quickly when current flows connecting wire Comparing non-conductors, semiconductors, conductors and superconductors x< «K v Non-conduetor ‘Semiconductor Conductor Superconductor + conducts electricity beter than an insulator | ucts let + conducts electicty butnot as good asa vets lectrchy without any resistance conductor + doesnot conduct electricity + good insulator + resistivity between a + zero resietity at erteal + highest resistivity nonconductoranda | * low esstty temperature conductor a > trample: eaesum ata + Gxample:pasticand | + Examples:slcone and | + Examples: ton and Caretaker wood germanium carbon of Catal temperature, the temperature when the reset ofa superconductor becomes 2210 ice son Epi iutoroopibisgopotcom (Cason EP ecgsoriCG Sor Exercise 1 with resistance of a wire, 2. Which of the following combination has; sistance? a. the highest b. the lowest resistance? Long wire Thin wire High resistivity Long wire Thick wire High resistivity 3. Sketch graphs; a. Resistance against length of wire , Resistance of semiconductor against temperature What are the factors affecting resistance of a wire? State the relationship between each factors, 3 4 Short wire Long wire Thick wire Thin wire Low resistivity Low resistivity bb. Resistance against cross sectional area d, Resistance of superconductor against temperature 4. The resistivity of aluminium is 2.8 x 10% Om. Calculate the resistance of a aluminium wire with a length of 30.0 cm and a diameter of 1.0 mm. 100m, Beeson, Bi luiorcopitiegapoticom Calculate the total resistance of a coil of nichrome wire with a length of 25.0 m and a cross- sectional area of 5.0 mm?, Given that the resistivity of copper at a temperature of 20°C is 1.1 x Ce eee3.3 Electromotive Force (e.m-f.) and Internal Resistance Energy transferred or work done by an electrical source to move one coulomb cof charge in a complete circuit. Felectromotive force, V € E = energy transferred / work done, J fhe amount of charge flowing, C Voltmeter reading in an LO V_ Voltmeter reading in a open cet owed creat (wv) in 10a i! f 1 Open circuit Closed circuit anno, Internal resistance,r ~~ SG resistance caused by electrolyte in the dry cell v -- causes loss of energy (heat) in dry cells as work has to be done to move one coulomb charge against the resistance within the dry cell y G E>V ANALOGY - Initially, he has RM10 To get out, he needs to pay RM2__ OW he has RMS eM. RM 10" Voltage drop = "RM 2 internal resistance = “door of the box" Potential diference = “RM 8” C9 Sopi GP ecgsop! 5 CBGeden: Biietoroon biogapotieomFormula relating E, V, |, Rand r Ir=€-V —> €=V+Ir Exercise 1 |! Given that the emf, £ of dry cell is 15 V and the internal resistance, ris 0.5 0. Calculate current flow. 20 nm of the voltmeter if current flow is 0.2 A? f the voltmeter if current flow is 0.2 A’ @ © ® () WO CBGeden: Biietoroon biogapotieom Cg Sopi GP ecgsopi 6Determining the e.m.f. and Internal Resistance of a Dry Cell CO Ww y- intercept = € 7 Y a Gradient =r | I} é ma © TA Rheostat Exercise 1 VN Compare the e.m.f of dry cell P and Q. 'b. Compare the internal resistance of dry cell P and Q, VA @. Whats the em of the dry cell? b, Calculate the internal resistance of the dry cel ZN ice son Epi iutoroopibisgopotcom (Cason EP ecgsoriEffects of Dry Cell Connected in Series and Parallel Arrangements Dry Cellin Series Dry Cellin Paral er tr €F er eo} 4 4-- — Total ce © t+—ra—_- Total E=E+E+E oun : 1H Total r=" Total €=€ Exercise 1 () When the switch is oper the reading of the voltmeter XY is BV. When the switch is closed, the voltmeter reading | is 5.6V. Calculate; Ik a the emf ofeach ary cl | b. total voltage drop \ current flow when switch is closed internal resistance ofeach ery cll 59 Types of Vehicles Using Electric Power Electric vehicle (EV) Hybrid car + 100% power from rechargeable batteries + 25~40% from rechargeable batteries + Uslon or Ni-MH batteries + remainder by fossil fuels + Battery voltage range: 100-200 V + Battery voltage range: 300 - 800 V C9 Sopi GP ecgsop! 8 CBGeden: Biietoroon biogapotieom3.4 Electrical Energy and Power Power rating label - displays the voltage and electrical power required to operate the electrical appliance. Gster 0 @) ‘MODEL: 6716 The food steamer will use 900 J of electrical enerey "20V-, 602, 00" eins thaschse pi vereR in one second when a voltage of 120 Vis supplied INE PAS IMMERGER DANS L’ EAU FOR HOUSEHOLD USE ONLY USAGE DOMESTIQUE SEULEMENT Relationship between EV, | andt E = electrical energy, 1 V = potential difference, V | = electric current, A t = time,s Relationship between P, Vand | ons E=WIt, P = power, W E V = potential difference, V |= electric current, A C9 Sopi GP ecgsop! CBGeden: Biietoroon biogapotieomCG Sort Exercise 1 a t QD Abulb has a power rating label 60W, 240V. Calculate; i Ge ® Curent flow when the bulb lights up at normal conition. b. resistance of the bulb. . ‘c._energy used up by the lamp in 5 minutes. 2. Ahair dryer used 500K! of energy in 3 minutes when connected to 240V power supply. Calculate; a. current flow. b. resistance. power of the hair dryer. 3 ‘The television used 130 J of energy per second when connected to 240 V power supply. Calculate; a. energy used if it is used for an hour. b. resistance, current flow. Ceo sop: [EY tutorsops biegapot com C9 Sop: GB ecgsops 20n Rate for Various Electrical Devices The Power and Energy Consumpt Calculating energy consumption Calculating cost of consumption / Total Cost = E x Cost per kWh E = energy consumed, kWh > = power, kW < gs t= time, hour 5 Exercise ° 1. 100 W appliance used for 3 hours per day for 30 days. If the cost pr units RMO.228, calulate the total est 2 FL Compare the total cost used by CFL and LED below if both c LED are used for 15 hours per day for 30 days. Given that the cost per unt is RM0.218, 3 = pesow pew conclusion Lower energy consumption: Higher eficoney Saves more ene 3, Ust out some FIVE steps that canbe done to reduce househol's electrical energy usage (Refer textbook page 128) C9 Sopi GP ecgsop! a CBGeden: Biietoroon biogapotieom