ATTENDANCE RECORD

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 Data structure and
Programming II
Chapter 12: Tree data structure

Advanced data structure

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Outline

▪ Data structure
▪ Linear Vs. Non linear

▪ What is Tree? Binary tree? Binary search tree (BST)?

▪ What are Tree operations?

▪ Traversal of Tree

▪ How to implement Tree in C++

▪ Examples

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Data structure
❑ Linear Data Structure

▪ Data structure helps to store and organize data in computer

▪ Linear data structure stores data in such a way that the data can be accessed
sequentially (continuous)
▪ Array, linked list, stack queue a[index] a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3]
Data element 5 7 2 -1
Address 0xefabc1 0xefabc3 0xefabc5 0xefabc7

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Linear Vs. Non-linear data structure
❑ Comparison

Factor Linear data structure Non-linear data structure

How data is stored Data elements construct a Does not arrange data consecutively but
sequence of a linear list. arrange in sorted order.
Traversal of data ▪ Data elements are visited ▪ Traversal of data elements and
sequentially insertion/deletion are not done
▪ Traversal of element is easy sequentially
▪ Traversal of element is difficult

Implementation Simple Complex

Levels Single level of elements Multiple levels of elements (hierarchical)
Memory utilization Ineffective Effective
Example Array, linked list, stack, queue Tree, graph

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Tree
❑ Definition

▪ A tree is a hierarchical (non-linear) data structure defined on a set of

elements called nodes
root

▪ A tree can be empty or composed of nodes

▪ The top-level node is called root,
while other nodes are sub-tree

An example of a tree

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Tree
❑ Relation of Tree

▪ Root : top element

▪ Children : have same parents,

grant parents, great grant parents, …

▪ Parents : have children

▪ Siblings : have same parent How many leaves are there?

=> 6
▪ Leaf : is element that has no children
What are they?
▪ Remark: In particular, leaf element has pointer points to NULL
=> 4, 9, 10, 6, 11, 8
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Relation of Tree
❑ Edge Vs. Depth Vs. Height
▪ Edge (path)
▪ An edge is a line connected two nodes together
▪ If a tree have N nodes, then it has (N-1) edges

▪ Depth of node x
▪ Depth of node x is number of edges from x to root
▪ Note: Depth of root is 0

▪ Height of node x
▪ Height of node x is number of edges on longest path from x to a leaf

▪ Remark: How many edges? => 10 edges

▪ Height of a tree = depth of a tree = longest path of the tree
What is the depth of node 7? => 2
What is the height of node 1? => 3
▪ Size of a tree is the number of elements (nodes)
▪ Branch is any path from the root to a leaf

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Tree applications
❑ Some examples

1. Store hierarchical data (file system)

2. Organize data for quick search, insertion, deletion

▪ Binary search tree (BST)

3. Dictionary

4. Network routing algorithm

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Binary Tree
❑ Definition

▪ Each node can have at most 2 children

▪ A node has left and/or right child

▪ A leaf node has no left or right child.

▪ It has only NULL

▪ Types of Binary Tree

1. Strict/proper/full binary tree
2. Complete binary tree
3. Perfect binary tree

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Strict/proper/full Binary Tree
❑ Definition

▪ Each node can have either 2 or 0 child

▪ It can not have only one left or right child

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Complete Binary Tree
❑ Definition

▪ A complete binary tree is a binary tree in which every level, except possibly
the last level, is completely filled and all nodes are as far left as possible.

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Perfect Binary Tree
❑ Definition

▪ All levels are completed filled and balanced

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Tree Implementation

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Tree implementation
❑ There are 2 types of implementation
struct Node{
1. Dynamically created nodes int data;
struct Node *left;
struct node *right;
2. Array
};
▪ It work only for Perfect Binary Tree

▪ For node at index i

▪ Left child’s index = 2i + 1

▪ Right child’s index = 2i + 2

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Binary Search Tree (BST)
❑ Definition
▪ A BST is a binary tree that is constructed in such a way that it is
easy to search for the values it contains

▪ Rules in BST
❖ All values less than (or equal) to root value are stored in the left subtree
❖ All values greater than the root are stored in the right subtree

▪ Example: Suppose we have number 15 as root. We want to add 10, 20, 8, 12, 17, 25 to the tree.
▪ 10<15 => 10 is inserted to left of the root
▪ 20>15 => 20 is inserted to right of the root
▪ 8<15 => 8 goes left
▪ 8<10 => 8 goes left

▪ … etc.
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Insert a node in BST
❑ Definition

▪ To insert a new item in a tree, we should check that there is no duplication

▪ If a new value is less than the current node’s value
▪ Go to the left subtree
▪ Else,
▪ Go to the right subtree

▪ Remark:
▪ With this simple rule, the algorithm reaches a node (leaf) which has no left/right subtree

▪ By the moment a place for insertion is found, we can say that a new value has no
duplicate in the tree

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Insert a node in BST
❑ Example

▪ Given a tree below on the left. How to add node of 4 to this tree?

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Insert data to a tree by knowing the tree’s root

1 Node *insert(Node *root, int data){

2 if(root==NULL){
3 root=new Node;
4 root->left=NULL; Insert data
5 root->right=NULL;
6 root->data=data;
7 }else if(data < root->data){
Go left
8 root->left = insert(root->left, data);
9 }else if(data > root->data){
Go right
10 root->right = insert(root->right, data);
11 }
12 return root;
13 }
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Traversal of Binary Tree
❑ Definition

▪ Traversal of a tree is a way that is used to visit each node in the tree

▪ 2 main types of tree traversal

1. Breadth-first (level-order) traversal
▪ FDJBEGKACIH

2. Depth-first traversal
▪ Pre-order
▪ In-order
▪ Post-order

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 Depth-first Traversal
1. Pre-order
2. In-order
3. Post-order

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Pre-order Traversal
❑ Definition

▪ It follows data-left-right order (DLR)

▪ <root’s data><left><right>
▪ FDBACEJGIHK

void preorder(Node *root){

if(root!=NULL){
cout<<root->data;
preorder(root->left);
preorder(root->right);
}
}

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In-order Traversal
❑ Definition

▪ It follows left-data-right order (LDR)

▪ <left>< root’s data ><right>

▪ ABCDEFGHIJK

void inorder(Node *root){

if(root!=NULL){
inorder(root->left);
cout<<root->data;
inorder(root->right);
}
}

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Post-order Traversal
❑ Definition

▪ It follows left-right-data order (LRD)

▪ <left><right><root’s data>
▪ ACBEDHIGKJF

void postorder(Node *root){

if(root!=NULL){
postorder(root->left);
postorder(root->right);
cout<<root->data;
}
}

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Practice: Tree traversal

What are the outputs?

a. Pre-order traversal
b. In-order traversal
c. Post-order traversal

Outputs:

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Search for an Element in BST
❑ Definition

▪ Loop to each node and compare the data

bool search(Node *root, int data){

if(root == NULL){
return false;
}else if(data == root->data){
return true;
}else if(data > root->data){
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return search(root->right, data);
}else if(data < root->data){
return search(root->left, data);
}
}
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 Combination of codes for implementing a tree
1 int getSize(Node *root){ bool search(Node *root, char data){ 3
struct Node{ if (root == NULL){
if(root==NULL){
char data; return 0;
}else{ return false;
struct Node *left; return (1 + getSize(root->left)
struct Node *right; + getSize(root->right)); }else if(data == root->data){
}
}; } return true;
}else if(data >= root->data){ int main(){ 5
2 return search(root->right, data); Node *root=NULL;
Node *insert(Node *root, char data){ }else if(data <= root->data){ //root=new Node; //error, no need
if(root==NULL){ root = insert(root, 'F');
return search(root->left, data);
root = insert(root, 'D');
root=new Node( ); } root = insert(root, 'J');
} root = insert(root, 'B');
root->left = NULL;
root = insert(root, 'E');
root->right = NULL; root = insert(root, 'G');
void preorder(Node *root){ root = insert(root, 'K');
root->data=data; 4 root = insert(root, 'A');
if(root!=NULL){
}else if(data < root->data){ root = insert(root, 'C');
cout<<root->data<<“ ”; root = insert(root, 'I');
root->left = insert(root->left, data); preorder(root->left); root = insert(root, 'H');
}else if(data > root->data){ preorder(root); cout<<endl;
preorder(root->right);
}
root->right= insert(root->right, data); }
} Output: F D B A C E J G I H K
}
return root;
}
In-class activity: 27
Now display using in-order and post-order traversal?
Q and A

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 More practices: What are the outputs of post-order, in-order, and
post-order traversal for each tree?

a) b)

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 Practice
❑ Exercise

1. Write a program to create the tree below.

a. Display this tree using an in-order traversal.

b. Keep asking a user to input a number and search whether it is in the tree.
▪ If exist in the tree, then display a message
▪ “This number n is in the tree”.

▪ Otherwise, display a message

▪ “n does not exist in the tree”

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