24/10/2023

Interactive Application
Development

Topic Outlines

Process in Application
Project
Application Development
Management
Development Model

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Project Management
• Project management refers to the management of the work of a team,
engaged in the accomplishment of the project with the aim of meeting the
requirements of the client in the stipulated time.
• It involves the application of knowledge, skills, experience, tools, methods and
resources in the project.
• The three important components of project management are Project
Manager, Project Team and Project Management System.
• Project Management requires professionals with specific skills which are
required for the completion of the project, especially the technical skills along
with the managerial skills.
• A project is a short-term assignment undertaken with an aim of creating a
distinctive output which can be a product, service or outcome.
• It is short term in the sense that it as a specified beginning and finish time.
• Further, a project has acceptance criteria, plus agreed specifications.

Why Project Management is Important?

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Look carefully to all process in

the development of an
application by different
companies…

Process in Application Development

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Process in Application Development

Process in Application Development

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Process in Application Development

Process in Application Development

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Process in Application Development

Process in Application Development

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What can you conclude about

the process in application
development?

Application Development Model

• Software development models provide the framework used to plan
and execute software milestones and delivery cycles throughout the
life of an application.
• While each design and development model has a different emphasis,
they all follow the same basic flow of researching the requirements,
design, implementation (coding), and verification or testing.
• The main difference is in the implementation of these phases.

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Waterfall Development Models

• Waterfall development models follow a sequential design process.
• The benefit of this model is that since each phase only begins when
another ends, the requirements and design of a program are finalized
before any coding begins
• This means that, resources, features, and program components are
carefully planned and thought out before implementation begins.

Waterfall Development Models

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Waterfall Development Models

• The disadvantage of the model is that when investing so much time in the early
stages, any problems arising later on are often more difficult and expensive to revise.
• And the longer the cycles are, the greater the chance that requirements defined early
in the process may no longer be relevant by the time the programmers actually begin
coding.
• In a competitive market, time to market can mean the difference between a
successful product and a product that is outdated before it is released.
• When this happens, teams often find themselves scrambling to revise and add
features, creating a domino effect on the user interface text.
• As the development team revises the code, the text already designed and written
generally becomes outdated as well, and you’ll have to rethink and rewrite information
that may have already been implemented and approved.

Iterative and Incremental Development Models

• While the phases of an incremental design model are similar to those of the
traditional waterfall model, iterative models use repeated cycles implemented in
shorter increments of time.
• This allows the team to implement smaller changes throughout the development
cycle.
• In recent years, more teams have been using agile development, and it has become
increasingly popular with both small and large organizations.
• This method uses iterative and incremental phases in which development tasks are
broken into small increments completed over very short periods of time.
• Iterations follow the same basic steps as traditional development methods, but it’s
done on a feature-by-feature basis, with short cycles and releases available at the
end of each cycle.
• This approach is considered agile in that it requires flexible management and
development based on team collaboration and customer feedback.
• In an agile development environment, the foremost goal is to deliver the application
quickly, and then add and update the application at regular intervals.

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Iterative and Incremental Development Models

Iterative and Incremental Development Models

• This incremental approach is particularly well suited for web applications where
features can be updated on an ongoing basis, and users may not even be aware of
subtle improvements and changes occurring from release to release.
• Frequent updates are considerably more difficult for packaged applications.
• However, at certain times, new features and updates can be downloaded from the
product web site or from an executable file sent via e-mail.
• Agile development has negative aspects as well.
• The first release of the application may be lacking in features, and users trying out the
application in its initial phases may be disappointed by a lack of functionality and by
poor performance.
• The text and guidance you build into the user interface will go a long way toward
getting users excited about using the application.
• In addition, because the application is developed on a feature-by-feature basis, and
often by different developers, it may lack cohesiveness.
• In an agile development setting, in order to provide a consistent experience, it’s crucial
that the user interface text and information experience be designed across all features.

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ADDIE Instructional Design Model

• The ADDIE instructional design model (Analysis, Design, Development,
Implementation, Evaluation) is traditionally used by instructional designers
and training specialists.
• This model, created in 1975, is still widely used to create and implement
instructional training programs.
• Originally consisting of 19 separate steps, it was eventually pared down and
grouped into five phases.
• At the time of its inception, the ADDIE model was entirely linear in its
implementation (i.e., a waterfall model).
• However, later trends, such as iterative and incremental development and
agile development frameworks, have influenced the implementation of the
ADDIE model to include incremental, formative evaluation throughout the
process.

ADDIE Instructional Design Model

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ADDIE Instructional Design Model

• The main idea behind the ADDIE model is to determine the user’s
learning needs and then define the goals and objectives of a
learning system based on those needs.
• This design model works well when thinking about the information
users need, either within the user interface or delivered through
another mechanism.
• Regardless of the development model your team uses, taking into
account the ADDIE concept will help you think about the learning
and instructional goals that will best meet the needs of your users.

Analysis Phase
• What is the typical background of the students/participants who will undergo the program?
Personal and educational information such as age, nationality, previous experiences and
interests should be determined. What is the target group? What are the educational goals, past
knowledge levels, experiences, ages, interests, cultural background etc. of the learners?
• What do the students need to accomplish at the end of the program? What are the learner’s
needs?
• What will be required in terms of skills, intelligence, outlook and physical/psychological action-
reaction? What are the desired learning outcomes in terms of knowledge, skills, attitudes,
behavior etc.?
• Determining popular methods being used around the subject and taking a look at what needs to
be developed and improved. Review of existing instructional strategies employed. Are they
adequate? What aspects need to be added, clarified and improved upon?
• Determining target objectives of the project. What instructional goals does the project focus on?
• Determining the various options available with respect to learning environment. What is the most
conducive learning environment? A combination of live or online discussions? What are the Pros
and Cons between online- and classroom-based study? What delivery option is to be chosen?
What type of learning environment is preferred? Does one opt for online or face-to-face or a
blend of both? If online is preferred what will be the difference in learning outcomes between
classroom-based learning and web-based learning?
• Determining limiting factors to the overall goal of the project. What limiting factors exist with
respect to resources, including technical, support, time, human resources, technical skills,
financial factors, support factors?

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Design Phase
• Different types of media to be used. Audio, Video and Graphics are prime examples.
Are third party resources going to be utilized or will the IDs create their own? Will you
prepare the teaching learning material?
• Various resources at hand required to complete the project. What are the available
resources at your disposal for completing the project?
• Level and types of activity to be generated during the study. Is it going to be
collaborative, interactive or on a per participant basis?
• Using a teacher’s style approach, how will you implement the parts of the project (i.e.
behaviorist, constructivist, etc.)?
• Time frame for each activity. How much time is to be assigned to each task, and how
will learning be implemented (per lesson, chapter, module, etc.)? Do the topics require
a linear progression in presentation (i.e. easy to difficult)?
• The different mental processes needed by the participants in order to meet the targets
of the project. What are the prescribed cognitive skills for students to achieve the
project’s learning goals?
• Knowledge and skill developed after each task. Do you have a way of determining that
such values have indeed been achieved by the students? What is the method adopted
by you to determine the acquisition of desired competencies by the students?
• The roadmap of how the study or project will appear on paper. Will it be advantageous
to the ID to create a map of the different activities to see if they are in line with the goal
of the project?

Design Phase
• If the project is web-based, what kind of user interface will you employ? Do
you already have an idea on how the site will look like?
• The feedback mechanism you will use to determine if the participants are
able to digest the lessons. What is the mechanism designed by you to obtain
the learners’ feedback on material learnt?
• Given the wide variety of student preferences and learning styles, what
method will you implement to make sure that the program fits their wants?
How will you design your project activities so as to appeal to diverse learning
styles and interests of students? Will you opt for variety in delivery options and
media type?
• Pinpoint the main idea of the project (training activity).

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Development Phase
• Is the time frame being adhered to in relation to what has been
accomplished in terms of material? Are you creating materials as per
schedule?
• Do you see team work across various participants? Are the members
working effectively as a team?
• Are participants contributing as per their optimal capacity?
• Are the materials produced up to task on what they were intended for?

Implementation Phase
• Advise on your preferred method of record keeping, as well as the actual data
you would like to mine from the experience of students interfacing with the
project.
• What is the emotional feedback given to you by teachers and students during
initial demonstration of the project? Are they genuinely interested, eager,
critical or resistant?
• As the project proceeds, do you see that IDs are able to grasp the topic
immediately or do they need help?
• Explain how you are going to deal with any possible errors during testing.
What will your response be if, after presenting activities to students, things do
not go as planned?
• Did you prepare a back-up tool in the event of initial failure of the project?
When technical and other problems arise do you have a back-up strategy?
• Will you go for implementation on a small scale or a large scale?
• When the student group gets the material can they work independently, or is
constant guidance required?

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Evaluation Phase
• Determine the categories that will be established to evaluate the
effectiveness of the project (i.e. improved learning, increased motivation etc.)
On what factors or criteria will the effectiveness of project be determined?
• Determine the way you will implement data collection, as well as the timing at
which it will be effectively made. When will the data related to the project’s
overall effectiveness be collected and how?
• Determine a system for analyzing participant feedback.
• Determine the method to be used if some parts of the project need to be
changed prior to full release. On what basis will you arrive at a decision to
revise certain aspects of the project before its full implementation?
• Determine the method by which reliability and content validity can be
observed.
• Determine the method by which you will know if instructions are clear. How is
the clarity of instructions assessed?
• Determine the method by which you can analyze and grade the response of
the participants on the project.
• Determine who gets to receive your final output regarding the project. Who
will prepare this report on the results of the evaluation?

Thank You

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