RGIS-IGDP

for Gravity Magnetic Electric and

Geochemical Data Processing

Version 2015en Beta

USER MANUAL

Development Research Center, China Geological Survey

June 2015
 Notes to the Software RGIS-IGDP
1. This manual is a user guide for the software Integrated Geophysical and Geochemical
Data Processing, shorted as RGIS-IGDP, which is developed on the basis of Resource
Geophysical Information System (RGIS), a Chinese software package for regional resource
exploration geophysical data coordination, management, processing and mapping.
2. The software RGIS-IGDP is mainly used for gravity, magnetic, electric and geochemical
data coordination, data management, data processing and data mapping based on a GIS,
Mapinfo Professional 6.5 or 7.0.
3. The RGIS-IGDP can be applied for integrated geophysical and geochemical data
management, data processing, and data integration with geological map and mineral data.
However, a successful geological interpretations mostly depend on knowledge and work
experience of the user.
4. The RGIS-IGDP is developed by The Development Research Center, China Geological
Survey (CGS). It is protected by copyright law.
5. The Copyrights of RGIS-IGDP and its manual belong to CGS. Any copy of this manual
should be allowed in written format by CGS.
6. Users are strongly recommended to use legal software of MapInfo Professional.

Contact:
RGIS-IGDP Group
Development Research Center
China Geological Survey
45 Fuwai Street, Beijing, 100037, China
Phone: 86-10-5858 4305
Fax: 86-10-5858 4359
Email: zminghua@mail.cgs.gov.cn
 Contents

Contents
CHAPTER 1 INSTALLATION AND STARTUP ......................................................... 1
1.1 The components of RGIS-IGDP2015en beta ......................................................... 1
1.2 The software system requirements ......................................................................... 1
1.3 The software installation......................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 2: DATA ORGANIZATION AND BASIC TERMINOLOGY ................... 5
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 5
2.2 File...... ................................................................................................................... 5
2.3 Map layer ................................................................................................................ 5
2.4 Map objects............................................................................................................. 6
2.5 Reviewing the windows in RGIS-IGDP ................................................................. 6
 Map window .............................................................................................. 6
 Browser window ........................................................................................ 7
 Graph window ........................................................................................... 8
 Legend window ......................................................................................... 8
 Layout window .......................................................................................... 9
2.6 Drawing objects .................................................................................................... 10
2.7 Object styles ......................................................................................................... 10
 Symbol style ............................................................................................ 10
 Line style ................................................................................................. 11
 Region style ............................................................................................. 12
 Text style.................................................................................................. 13
2.8 Main toolbar ......................................................................................................... 14
2.9 Object’s attribute................................................................................................... 16
2.10 Workspace ........................................................................................................... 16
2.11 Operation characteristics..................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 3: FILE AND BASIC OPERATION .......................................................... 18
3.1 Create a new table................................................................................................. 19
3.2 Open a table .......................................................................................................... 21
3.3 Close a table.......................................................................................................... 22
3.4 Close all open tables ............................................................................................. 23
3.5 Save a table ........................................................................................................... 23
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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
3.6 Recover a table...................................................................................................... 23
3.7 Open a workspace ................................................................................................. 24
3.8 Save workspace..................................................................................................... 25
3.9 Save screen ........................................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER 4: EDIT MENU ............................................................................................ 26
CHAPTER 5: DATA MANAGEMENT AND STATISTICS ........................................ 28
5.1 Gravity data management ..................................................................................... 28
 Import gravity data into database ............................................................. 28
 Gravity database maintenance ................................................................. 30
5.2 Magnetic data management .................................................................................. 31
 Import magnetic data into database ......................................................... 31
 Magnetic data maintenance...................................................................... 32
5.3 Geochemical data management ............................................................................ 33
 Import geochemistry data into database .................................................. 33
 Geochemistry database maintenance ....................................................... 35
 Draw geochemistry contour map ............................................................. 36
5.4 Selecting and querying data .................................................................................. 37
 Using select to create queries ................................................................... 37
 SQL select ................................................................................................ 38
5.5 Calculate statistics................................................................................................. 39
CHAPTER 6: DATA PREPROCESSING ...................................................................... 41
6.1 Terrain correction .................................................................................................. 41
6.2 Gridding ................................................................................................................ 42
6.3 Grid math .............................................................................................................. 43
6.4 Extract profile from grid ....................................................................................... 44
6.5 Column math......................................................................................................... 45
6.6 Blank fill ...............................................................................................................46
6.7 Blank revert........................................................................................................... 47
6.8 Grid expansion ...................................................................................................... 48
6.9 Profile interpolation .............................................................................................. 49
6.10 IGRF calculation ................................................................................................. 50
6.11 Magnetization calculation ................................................................................... 51
6.12 Regression analysis ............................................................................................. 52

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CHAPTER 7: GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC DATA PROCESSING AND
INVERSION ..................................................................................................................... 54
7.1 Gravity and magnetic grid data processing........................................................... 54
7.1.1 Potential field transformation in frequency domain .......................................... 54
 Upward continuation ............................................................................... 54
 Downward continuation .......................................................................... 58
 First derivative ......................................................................................... 58
 Second derivative .................................................................................... 60
 Total horizontal derivatives ..................................................................... 60
 Analytic signal ......................................................................................... 61
7.1.2 Potential field transformation in spatial domain ................................................ 61
 Upward continuation ............................................................................... 61
 Downward continuation .......................................................................... 63
 First horizontal derivative ........................................................................ 63
 First vertical derivative ............................................................................ 65
 Second horizontal derivative ................................................................... 66
 Second vertical derivative........................................................................ 67
7.1.3 Filtering and separation of potential field .......................................................... 69
 Regularized filter ..................................................................................... 69
 Compensation smoothing filter................................................................ 70
 Moving average filter .............................................................................. 71
 Trend analysis .......................................................................................... 72
 Potential field separation ......................................................................... 73
7.1.4 Potential field analysis ....................................................................................... 73
 Linear enhancement ................................................................................. 73
 Correlation analysis ................................................................................. 73
 Reduction to the pole ............................................................................... 74
 Magnetic components transformation ..................................................... 77
 Pseudo-gravity transformation................................................................. 79
7.2 Gravity and magnetic profile data processing ...................................................... 80
 Profile data processing in frequency domain........................................... 80
 Profile data processing in spatial domain ................................................ 83
7.3 Inversion and interpretation of gravity and magnetic anomaly ............................ 85

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
7.3.1 Calculation of depth to the magnetic source ...................................................... 85
 Depth to the magnetic source - profile ..................................................... 85
 Depth to magnetic source – grid .............................................................. 87
 Depth to magnetic source – interface....................................................... 87
7.3.2 Inversion for interface ........................................................................................ 89
 For density interface ................................................................................ 89
 For magnetic interface ............................................................................. 89
7.3.3 2-D Inversion ..................................................................................................... 90
 2.5-D Joint inversion of gravity and magnetic anomalies ....................... 90
7.3.4 3-D Inversion of gravity and magnetic data....................................................... 98
 3-D Automatic inversion of gravity and magnetic data ........................... 98
 3-D Human-computer interactive forward and inversion of gravity and
magnetic anomalies ........................................................................................... 103
7.3.5 3-D Modeling and inversion result view.......................................................... 118
 3-D Modeling and inversion result view ............................................... 118
 3-D Modeling result view ...................................................................... 124
CHAPTER 8: PROCESSING AND INVERSION OF ELECTRICAL DATA ...... 128
8.1 1D Resistivity/induced polarization (Res/IP) sounding forward modeling and
inversion .................................................................................................................. 128
8.2 2D Resistivity/induced polarization (Res/IP) sounding forward modeling and
inversion ............................................................................................................... ... 132
8.3 1D Magnetic source transient electromagnetic forward modeling and
inversion ............................................................................................................... ... 137
8.4 2.5-D Magnetic source transient electromagnetic forward modeling ................. 144
CHAPTER 9: DATA VISUALIZATION ...................................................................... 149
9.1 Create points ....................................................................................................... 149
9.2 Draw contour map .............................................................................................. 150
9.3 Create prism map ................................................................................................ 153
9.4 Create thematic map ........................................................................................... 155
9.5 Create 3-DMap ................................................................................................... 159
9.6 Create legend ...................................................................................................... 161
9.7 Draw frame ......................................................................................................... 163
 Draw standard frame .............................................................................. 163

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 Draw graticule ....................................................................................... 163
9.8 Clear custom label .............................................................................................. 164
9.9 Cosmetic layer .................................................................................................... 164
9.10 Geological data layer ........................................................................................ 165
CHAPTER 10: GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS .................................................................. 167
10.1 Set target ........................................................................................................... 167
10.2 Clear target........................................................................................................ 168
10.3 Aggregating and disaggregating data................................................................ 168
10.4 Combine objects ............................................................................................... 169
10.5 Splitting objects ................................................................................................ 170
10.6 Create a buffer .................................................................................................. 171
10.7 Create convex hull ............................................................................................ 172
10.8 Enclosing objects .............................................................................................. 173
10.9 Erase objects ..................................................................................................... 174
10.10 Overlay nodes ................................................................................................. 174
10.11 Reshape Map objects ...................................................................................... 175
10.12 Combine objects using column ....................................................................... 175
10.13 Check regions ................................................................................................. 176
10.14 Smoothing and unsmoothing lines.................................................................. 178
10.15 Convert to polylines/ regions .......................................................................... 178
CHAPTER 11: SYSTEM TOOLS ................................................................................ 179
11.1 Layer control ..................................................................................................... 179
11.2 Change view ..................................................................................................... 182
11.3 Clone a map view ............................................................................................. 184
11.4 Clip a region of a map....................................................................................... 184
11.5 Import/export yables ......................................................................................... 185
11.6 Export grid ........................................................................................................ 186
11.7 Map options ...................................................................................................... 186
11.8 Data visualization, data extraction and export .................................................. 190
CHAPTER 12: WINDOW ............................................................................................. 192
12.1 Toolbar and status bar ....................................................................................... 192
12.2 New browser window ....................................................................................... 193
12.3 New map window ............................................................................................. 193

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
12.4 New graph window ........................................................................................... 194
12.5 New layout window .......................................................................................... 196
12.6 Tile/cascade window ......................................................................................... 198
CHAPTER 13: PARAMETER SETTINGS STANDARD FOR BASIC MAP OF
REGIONAL GRAVITY DATA ...................................................................................... 199
13.1 Post map ............................................................................................................ 199
13.2 Bouguer and free-air gravity anomaly map ...................................................... 200
APPENDIX I: RGIS-IGDP DATA/FILE FORMAT ................................................... 208
I.1 The format of gravity data to be imported into database ..................................... 208
I.2 The format of magnetic data to be imported into database.................................. 209
I.3 The format of data to be gridded ......................................................................... 210
I.4 The format of data to be imported into database ................................................. 211
I.5 The format of gravity and magnetic data used for processing and inversion ...... 211
 Grid data format ..................................................................................... 211
 Profile data format ................................................................................. 213
 The format of controlling parameter file used in 3-D inversion ............ 214
I.6 Electrical data processing and inversion.............................................................. 215
 1D Resistivity / IP sounding .................................................................. 215
 2D Resistivity/IP profiling and sounding............................................... 218
 1D Magnetic source transient electromagnetic inversion ...................... 234
 2.5-D Magnetic source transient electromagnetic modeling ................. 237
APPENDIX II: INTRODUCTION TO DATA PROCESSING AND
INTERPRETATION METHOD IN RGIS-IGDP ........................................................ 239
II.1 Data preprocessing ............................................................................................. 239
 Scatter data gridding ............................................................................ 239
II.2 Analysis of anomaly ........................................................................................... 242
 Trend analysis ........................................................................................ 242
 Regression analysis ................................................................................ 242
 Linear enhancement ............................................................................... 243
II.3 Gravity and magnetic anomaly transformation (filtering) and inversion ........... 244
II.3.1 Gravity and magnetic anomaly transformation in frequency domain ............. 245
 Upward and downward continuation ..................................................... 246
 First derivative in random direction ....................................................... 246

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 Horizontal gradient modules.................................................................. 246
 Regularized filter ................................................................................... 246
 Compensation smoothing filter.............................................................. 247
II. 3 .2 Gravity and magnetic anomaly transformation in spatial domain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 8
 Upward and downward continuation ..................................................... 248
 First/Second horizontal derivative ......................................................... 249
 First vertical derivative .......................................................................... 250
 Second vertical derivative...................................................................... 250
 Gravity and magnetic anomaly grid expansion methods ....................... 252
 Reduced to the pole for magnetic anomaly ........................................... 252
 Single interface inversion of gravity and magnetic anomaly ................ 253
 1-D Gravity and magnetic inversion using 2.5D model ........................ 253
 2-D Gravity and magnetic modeling using 2.5D model ........................ 254
II .4 Processing andforward and inversion of electric data ........................ ......................2 5 6
 1D Resistivity/IP sounding forward and inversion ................................ 256
II .5 Gravity terrain correction ........................ ................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 9
 Middle area terrain correction in 1:50000 gravity measurement ........... 259

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 Chapter 1: Installa tion and Startup

Chapter 1 Installation and Startup

1.1 The components of RGIS-IGDP2015en Beta

Hardware：An encrypted USB flash drive;
Software：RGIS-IGDP2015en Beta installation CD-ROM;
Handbook: A user manual of The RGIS-IGDP2015en Beta;

1.2 The Software System Requirements

Operating system:
Windows XP SP2 or higher, Vista, Windows 7 or higher
Hardware:
Computer desktop or laptop
CPU Processor: PIII 800 or above;
RAM: 128Mb or above;
Hard disk space: 20G or bigger

1.3 The Software Installation

1. Installation
This software is developed on the basis of MapInfo®. Please make sure that MapInfo
has been installed on your computer before you install RGIS-IGDP2015en Beta. Insert the
RGIS-IGDP installation CD-ROM into your CD-ROM drive. Then, follow the steps below:
Detect installation of MapInfo → start the installation → set path → install.
The specific process is as follows:
1. Run the Setup.exe file on RGIS-IGDP2015en Beta installation CD-ROM.
RGIS-IGDP2015en Beta installation program detects whether Surfer and MapInfo
Professional is exist/installed on the computer or not. If no installation of Surfer or
MapInfo is detected, the installation progress is stopped.
A welcome screen displays and the installation of RGIS-IGDP starts, as shown in
Figure 1.3-1.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

Figure 1.3-1 Start screen

2. Following the installation prompts, click Next, specify the installation path of
RGIS-IGDP2015en Beta, as shown in Figure 1.3-2.

Figure 1.3-2 Choose installation path

3. Click Next, the installation program begins to copy RGIS-IGDP software files to your
computer. When the installation is completed, click Finish to exit the installation wizard, as
shown in Figure 1.3-3.

Figure 1.3-3 Installation wizard

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 Chapter 1: Installa tion and Startup

2. Install the driver for USB doggy

After the installation of RGIS-IGDP2015en Beta, a new directory named dogdriver
will be created in the installation directory (such as D:\Program Files\RGIS-IGDP2015en
Beta\dogdriver).
Plug in the doggy in your computer or laptop, And double click the setup.exe file in
dogdriver folder to install the driver for encryption USB ( the doggy). When the tail
indicator lamp lights, the installation is finished in success.

3. Get register code to run RGIS-IGDP2015en Beta

1. When you run RGIS-IGDP2015en Beta for the first time on your computer, your
registration code is required. A registration dialog appears on the screen, as shown in
Figure 1.3-4.

Figure 1.3-4 Register number and code

2. In this dialog, register number of your computer is shown. Copy the register number
and send it to the us (see contact information at ‘Notes to the Software RGIS-IGDP’ at the
beginning of this manual). You’ll then get the register code associated with your register
number.
3. Key in the register code in the dialog.
4. Click ok. If your register code is correct, RGIS-IGDP2015en Beta runs. Please feel
free to contact us If it is incorrect.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
This register code is asked only once for one computer system.

【Important Notes】
1． The running of RGIS-IGDP2015en Beta requires the installation of MapInfo® on
your computer first. Please make sure you have installed leagal version of MapInfo®
on your computer.
2． As for MapInfo®, you can install the full version or runtime version. And the version
of MapInfo should be 6.5 or 7.0.

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 Chapter 2: Data Organization and Basic Terminology

Chapter 2: Data Organization and Basic Terminology

2.1 Introduction
RGIS-IGDP, developed based on GIS technique, is a comprehensive computer
mapping and geophysical data processing program, and enables users to perform data
management, process and invert on gravity, magnetic and electrical data, and produce
different types of maps.
This chapter mainly focuses on the concepts of file, view, window, file organization,
map organization.

2.2 File
RGIS-IGDP organizes all its information in the form of tables. The table files of
information and graphic constitute the map file or the database file. All tables of the system
view must contain the following two files:
filename.tab：This file which is an ASCII text file describes the structure of the table
and the format of the file containing the table. This file can be opened in notepad.
filename.dat, or filename.txt, .wks, .dbf, .xls: Files of these types contain tabular
data. The data can also contain graphic objects. Once you assign the X and Y coordinates
containing geographic information to the data record, the table will also contain graphic
objects. If the table already contains graphic objects, there are two more files associated
with the table:
filename.map: The file describes the graphic objects.
filename.id: This is a cross-reference file that links the data with graphic objects.
A table may also contains an index file, which allows searching for map objects using
the Find command. The index is located in:
filename.ind
Note: While operating the table, all the relevant tables must be in the same
directory, otherwise , it will go wrong while opening the table.

2.3 Map Layer

The map is constituted by layers in RGIS-IGDP. Each layer contains different aspects
of the whole map. In RGIS-IGDP, begin with opening the table of data and displaying it in
a Map window, each table displays as a separate layer, and contains the table plus any map
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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
objects, such as regions, points, lines, and text.
Map layers form the building blocks of maps in RGIS-IGDP. The layer has multiple
different attributes, such as Visible, Editable, Selectable, and Auto Label. To make changes
to the objects in the layer, you must make the layer editable. Once you have created your
layers, you can customize them in a variety of ways, add and delete layers, or reorder them.

2.4 Map Objects

The maps in RGIS-IGDP are made up of layers of map objects. There are four basic
types of objects:
 Regions: closed objects that cover a given area in the RGIS-IGDP, including polygons,
ellipses, rectangles, such as country boundaries, map boundaries.
 Point objects: represent single locations of data, for example, city, the location of
gravity or magnetic stations. Points can also be combined into multipoint objects.
 Line objects: open objects that cover a given distance. These include lines, polylines,
and arcs. Examples are streets, rivers, railway, road, power lines.
 Text objects: text that describes a map or another object, such as labels and titles.
Each type of object can exist in a separate layer (most common), or you can combine
objects in the same layer. RGIS-IGDP lets you create, edit, customize, and display these
objects to make maps that meet your needs.

2.5 Reviewing the Windows in RGIS-IGDP

RGIS-IGDP allows you to display your data in many different windows and with
different views at the same time. For instance, you can display the WORLD table of
national boundaries in a Map window to view the geographic boundaries. At the same time
you can display the tabular data of the WORLD table in a Browser window to see the
country names, population, and other data in the file. If you made a change in one of the
windows, it would be reflected in the others.
There are many different types of windows you can display your data in, depending
upon what you need your data to communicate.

 Map Window
Map windows present information arranged as conventional maps, allowing you to
visualize the geographic patterns of your data. Figure 2.5-1 shows the systematic map
window of workspace. You can use Map windows to display the geographic objects from
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 Chapter 2: Data Organization and Basic Terminology
your table on a map. Map windows can display information from many tables at once, with
each table a separate layer. You can also create new maps or edit the existing maps. RGIS
can open multiple map windows with different projection (Figure 2.5-2). The map that
displays survey points has a latitude/longitude projection, and the other map that displays
contours has a non-earth projection.

Figure 2.5-1 Map window

Figure 2.5-2 The map of different projection

 Browser Window
Browser windows present information as tabular lists (just as conventional databases

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do), allowing you to fully examine tabular data (Figure 2.5-3). You can use Browser
windows to view and manipulate your data records in traditional row and column form,
typically used in spreadsheets and databases. Each column contains information about that
particular field, such as name, address, phone number, cable ID number, or order amount.
Each row contains all information relating to a single record. You can edit, copy, add and
delete records of the table in browser window.

Figure 2.5-3 Browser data

 Graph Window
Graph windows present information arranged as graphs, allowing you to visualize and
make comparisons of the purely numerical patterns.
The Graph window allows you to visualize statistical relationships in graph format.
You can create many different kinds of graphs: 3-D, area, bar, bubble, column, histogram,
line, pie, scatter, and surface graphs. You can also choose one from a number of different
graph templates.

 Legend Window
A legend is a key to understand what the symbols mean on a map. It takes the form of
a list containing color-coded symbols and their descriptions. You will most often find it
positioned near the edge of or in a corner of a printed map, and it is sometimes
accompanied by a scale bar. The legend window is dedicated to display legends or legend

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 Chapter 2: Data Organization and Basic Terminology
symbols of a graph or a chart.
You can create a legend for the map layers in your Map window (with the exception
of raster layers). The legend you create displays in a Legend Designer window where you
customize the elements of the legend to enhance your map presentation. Also, the Legend
Designer window offers alignment tools.

 Layout Window
Layout windows present information in a polished and attractive way and can be
embedded in other applications such as Microsoft Word or PowerPoint.
The Layout window allows you to combine Browsers, Map windows, Graph windows,
and other graphic objects into one layout which can then be sent to a printer or
plotter(Figure 2.5-4 ). You use this type of window to create presentation graphics. Layout
windows have scroll bars at the right and at the bottom like Map windows and Browser
windows. You can display rulers at the top and to the left to help you in positioning, sizing
and aligning objects.

Figure 2.5-4 Layout window

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

2.6 Drawing Objects

Drawing objects in RGIS-IGDP is easy. Once you have made the layer editable,
choose the appropriate tool. Using the shape tools, you can draw arcs, ellipses, circles, lines,
rectangles, and rounded rectangles on your map. You can either draw the object directly on
the Cosmetic Layer (and save it to another or new layer later) or make a map layer editable
and draw the objects there.
Once you have drawn the object, you can move the object, delete it, copy it to the
Clipboard, or paste it to another Map window.

2.7 Object Styles

RGIS-IGDP draws objects using the default color, fill pattern, line type, symbol, and
text settings for the layer you are drawing on.
For closed shapes such as circles and squares, you can change the fill pattern and color,
the style and color of the border, and the line width of the border. For arcs and lines, you
can change the type of line, its color, and the width of the line. In addition, you can use
interleaved line styles to create the appearance of intersections for overlapping
intersections and lines within a single layer. Interleaved line styles are available for use
with lines of the same style and color (they can have different widths).
Any edits to an object’s default settings will be applied during the entire work session
until you make new changes. To save the settings, you must save the table where the object
resides.

 Symbol Style
On the toolbar, click the symbol
style button . You can open the
symbol style dialog box. (Figure
2.7-1 )
In this dialog box, you can set the
following styles of a symbol.
Font - Choose a font from the
drop-down list. In addition to the
symbol sets, the list displays any fonts
installed on Windows. The Custom
Figure 2.7-1 Symbol style setting
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 Chapter 2: Data Organization and Basic Terminology
Symbols category lists those bitmaps you
have created and saved to the
CUSTSYMB directory.
Symbol - Choose a symbol type from the
symbol palette.
Color - Choose a color from this list for
the symbol.
Rotation Angle - Specify degrees of the
symbol should be rotated; 0-360.
Figure 2.7-2 Line style setting
Background - In this box, you can
specify a background. Select one of these:
None: Click this option to display no background.
Halo: Click this option to display a symbol with a white border outline.
Border: Click this option to display a symbol with a black border outline.
Effects - In this box, you can specify special effects for the symbol. Not all of these options
display all the time. You can select one or more of these:
Bold: Click this check box to draw the symbol in boldface.
Drop Shadow: Click this check box to draw a drop shadow under the symbol.
Sample - When you select a symbol style, it displays in this box to show you a sample of
the symbol using the designated selections.
Ok – Click OK to apply the changes.
Cancel – Click Cancel to cancel the changes.

 Line Style
Click the line style button on the toolbar. The line style dialog box is shown in
Figure 2.7-2.
Style - Choose a type of line from the drop-down list. If you choose N the word None
displays in the box. The other style attributes are grayed, and no line displays on the screen.
Color - Click the Color box to display its color palette, and choose a color for the line.
Width –Specify the line width.
Pixels: Enter a number from 1-7, each number represents a line width in pixels.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
Points: Select a point size from the drop-down list, or enter a point size.
Interleaved - If you select a line style that has multiple passes, the Interleaved check box is
enabled. Check the Interleaved check box to use the interleave feature.
The Interleaved option is not enabled for solid lines.
The Interleaved option is not activated for borders.
The Interleaved option is not appropriate for all `multiple pass' lines; if you activate
the Interleaved option in this instance, it may not appear as interleaved.
Sample - Displays a sample of the line.
OK -Apply the changes.
Cancel - Cancel the changes.

 Region Style
Click the region style button in the toolbar. The dialog box of the region style is
shown in Figure 2.7-3.
Fill Options available include pattern, foreground and background.
Pattern - Choose a palette for patterns. If you do not want to use a pattern, choose the
letter N, for none; the foreground and background color are disabled. If you choose the
solid black pattern, the background color is
disabled.
Foreground - Choose a color for the object(s)'
foreground. The Sample box displays the pattern
using the foreground color you chose. The
foreground color is applied to the part of the
pattern that displays as black. Therefore, to make
the object a solid color, choose the solid black
pattern in the Fill Pattern palette and a color from
the Foreground Color palette. The color you
chose displays in the Sample box as a
solid-colored region.
Background - Check the box to display a
background color; clear for a transparent
background. Choose a color for the object's
background. The background color is applied to Figure 2.7-3 Region style setting

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 Chapter 2: Data Organization and Basic Terminology
the part of the pattern that
displays as white. Background
color is grayed if you have
chosen the solid black pattern.
Border Specify the style, color
and width of the border of a
region.
Style - Choose a type of line
from the drop-down list. If you
check N, the word None displays Figure 2.7-4 Text style setting
in the box. The other border style
attributes are grayed, and no border displays on the screen.
Color - Click the Color box to display its color palette, and choose a color for the line.
Width
Pixels: Enter a number from 1-7, each number represents a line width in pixels.
Points: Select a point size from the drop-down list, or enter a point size.
Sample - Displays a sample of your selections.
OK - Apply the changes to the style of a region.
Cancel - Cancel the changes to the style of a region.

 Text Style
Click the text style button on the toolbar. Open the dialog box to set styles of a
text object(Figure 2.7-4).
Font - Choose a font from the Font drop-down list. Choose a point size from the Point size
drop-down list.
Text Color - Display the color palette; choose a text color.
Background Specify the background for the selected text.
None: Do not halo or box the text.
Halo: Display the text outlined in a designated color.
Box: Surround the text with a box in a designated color.
Color: Display the color palette; select a color to halo or box the text.
Effects Specify the special effects for the selected text.
Bold: Display text in boldface.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
Italic: Display text in italic.
Underline: Display text underlined.
All Caps: Display text in all upper case letters.
Shadow: Display a grey drop shadow under the text.
Expanded: Insert double spaces between each letter in the text.
Sample -Display the results of the options you choose in the box.
OK - Apply the changes
Cancel -Cancel the changes

2.8 Main Toolbar

The Main toolbar contains buttons for selecting objects, changing the view of the Map
window, getting information about an object, and showing distances between objects.

Select: Access the Select tool to select objects/records in a Map, Layout, or Browser

window. Also acts as the default pointer/cursor tool.

Grabber: Reposition a map or layout within its window.

Zoom-in: Display a closer view of a map or layout.

Zoom-out: Display a wider view of a map or layout.

Marquee Select:Select and search for map objects within a given rectangle.

Radius Select: Select map objects within a circular region.

Polygon Select: Select map objects within a polygon.

Boundary Select: Select map objects within a given region.

Invert Selection: Select all objects not included in the current selection.

Ruler: Determine the distance between two map points and the length of the path.
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 Chapter 2: Data Organization and Basic Terminology

Label: Label map objects with information from a related database.

Symbol: Place a symbol (point) on an editable map or active layout (like push pins).

Line: Draw a straight line in an editable map or active layout layer.

Polyline: Draw a polyline in an editable map or active layout layer (an open, connected

sequence of lines).
Arc: Draw an arc (size and shape of one quarter of an ellipse) in an editable map or
active layout layer.

Polygon: Draw a new polygon (a close, connected sequence of lines) in an editable

map or active layout.

Ellipse: Draw an ellipse or circle in an editable map or active layout.

Rectangle: Draw a rectangle/square in an editable map or active layout.

Rounded Rectangle: Draw a rounded rectangle/square in a map or layout.

Text: Add text (label, annotation) to a map/layout or edit Browser data.

Reshape: Turn reshape mode on/off. Reshape allows you to edit regions, polylines,

lines, arcs, and points by moving, adding, and deleting nodes that define them.

Add Node: Add a node to a region, polyline or line.

Symbol Style: Allow you to change the size, color and type of the symbol object.

Line Style: Allow you to change the style, color and width of line object.

Region Style: Specify the color, fill pattern and border style of closed objects.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

Text Style: Allow you to change the font typeface, color, size and background of the

text object.

Info: Display tabular information about map objects.

Layer Control: Manage map layering and display.

2.9 Object’s Attribute

Get Info allows you to display the Object Attribute dialog box for a selected object
(editable or read only) in a Map or Layout by double clicking on the object. Use this dialog
box (Figure 2.9-1) to specify geographic attributes for an object.
Get Info is active when a Map window or Layout is active and one object is selected.
If a layer is selectable but not editable, you can only read these attributes. If the layer
is editable, you can change the object’s attributes by entering new values to the edit
controls in the dialog box.

2.10 Workspace
A workspace is a list of all the tables, windows, and settings you are using, stored in a
file with the extension .WOR. Workspaces are a convenient way to return to a previously
created map without having to open each table file individually. The workspace keeps track
of the following elements:
 Map, Browser, Graph, and Layout
windows, including their size and
position
 Query tables created from base
tables using either the Select or
SQL Select statements (queries on
queries will not be saved)
 Graphs
 Thematic maps
 Legend Designer windows
 Cosmetic objects Figure 2.9-1 Object’s attribute

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 Chapter 2: Data Organization and Basic Terminology
 Labels
 Styles for fonts, symbols, lines, and fill patterns used to display objects
A .WOR file is RGIS-IGDP workspace file containing un-compiled MapBasic code
that RGIS-IGDP interprets to open a session with tables, windows, and settings the way a
user left it.
To view the contents in the workspace file, open the .WOR file in RGIS-IGDP, a text
editor or word processor.

2.11 Operation Characteristics

Document Scrolling: You can scroll the document vertically by pressing the
control key and moving the mouse wheel in the Map window and Browser window. The
effect is same as clicking the arrow at the end of the scroll bar.
Document Roaming: You can roam the document by holding down the mouse
wheel and moving the mouse in the Map window and Browser window. The roaming ends
when you release the mouse wheel.
Automatic Scrolling: The automatic scroll can be activated by clicking and releasing
mouse wheel in the Map window and Browser window. Once the cursor leaves the starting
point, the document will scroll in the direction of mouse’s movement. When the cursor
returns to the starting point, the scrolling will stop. You can cancel the automatic scrolling
by clicking mouse or any other keys.
Automatic Scrolling: The automatic scroll can be activated by clicking and releasing
mouse wheel in the Map window and Browser window. Once the cursor leaves the starting
point, the document will scroll in the direction of mouse’s movement. When the cursor
returns to the starting point, the scrolling will stop. You can cancel the automatic scrolling
by clicking mouse or any other keys.
Zoom-in/out: You can use the mouse wheel to perform zooming operation in the Map
window and Browser window. Roll the mouse button up to magnify the view and roll the
mouse button down to reduce the view.
Right Button Function by clicking the right mouse button in different windows, you
can quickly access regarding functions or modify the window’s properties rapidly. The
functions provided by the right key of each view window mainly contain the function
buttons to modify the window basically. You can use the right button to change the window
view’s properties in different window.

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Chapter 3: File and Basic Operation

RGIS-IGDP uses the tables to organize and storage your data. Using RGIS-IGDP, you
need to create a workspace to keep track of your previous work.
After you have brought your data into RGIS-IGDP and created table (with the
extension .tab) files, you can manage them within RGIS-IGDP. You can view any database
table, once you have converted it to RGIS-IGDP format. Additionally you can add or
remove fields, change the order, name, type, width, or index of any field. You can also
specify or determine the projection of the table from this dialog box.
A workspace is a list of all the tables, windows, and settings you are using, stored in a
file with the extension .WOR or .MWS. Workspaces are a convenient way to return to a
previously created map without having to open each table file individually.
Using the table in RGIS-IGDP, you can do the following:
 Creating a New Table
 Opening The Table
 Closing The Table
 Recovering The Table
Using the workspace in RGIS-IGDP, you can do the following:
 Opening Workspace
 Saving Workspace
When RGIS-IGDP starts up, it creates a default workspace automatically for your
convenience.
In this chapter, we focus on the File menu in RGIS-IGDP to describe the basic
operation on table and workspace. The File menu in RGIS-IGDP is shown in the following
Figure 3.0-1.

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 Chapter 3: File and Ba sic Operatio n

Figure 3.0-1 File menu in RGIS-IGDP

3.1 Create a New Table

You can import data tables from the following outside sources: dBASE, Excel, Access,
Lotus 1-2-3, shapefiles, Grid, comma delimited, and delimited ASCII. You can also create
your own database directly in RGIS-IGDP. These databases can be opened and displayed as
maps (providing they contain graphic objects), Browsers, or graphs.
To create a table in RGIS-IGDP:
 On the File menu, click New Table. The New Table dialog box is shown in Figure
3.1-1.
 Choose one or more from the following:
 Open New Browser - Click this check
box to display the new buffer in a
new Browser window only.
 Open New Mapper - Click this check
box to display the new buffer in a
new Map window.
 Add to Current Mapper - Click this
check box to display the new buffer
in the current Map window.
Figure 3.1-1 Creat a new table
 Do one of the following:

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 To create a new table and new table structure, click Create New.
 To create a new table based on the structure of an existing table, click Using
Table and select from the list of open tables.
 Choose Create. The New Table Structure dialog box is shown in figture 3.1-2.
 Choose Add Field to begin
adding new fields to the
database's structure. Give the
field a name, type, width, and
specify whether the field will
be indexed.
 Continue to add fields until
you have the structure you
want.
 Use the Up and Down
buttons to reorder the fields.
Keep in mind that the order
of fields in this dialog box
(top to bottom) will actually Figure 3.1-2 New table structure

display as columns (left to

right) in the Browser window.
 Choose Create. The Create New Table dialog box displays.
 Specify a location for the new table in the Save in box.
 Enter a name for the table in the File Name box.
 Specify the file type in the Save as type drop-down list in one of the following
formats:
 MapInfo (*.tab)
 dBASE DBF (*.tab)
 Microsoft Access (*.tab)
 Click Save. One of the following things occur:
 If you chose the MapInfo Professional format, RGIS creates your table.
 If you chose dBASE DBF, proceed to step 13.
 If you chose dBASE DBF, the dBASE DBF Information dialog box displays,
asking you to specify a file character set. Choose the one appropriate for your

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 Chapter 3: File and Ba sic Operatio n
language and click OK.
Click Save in the Create New Table dialog box (Figure 3.1-3)
 . RGIS-IGDP creates the new table.

Figure 3.1-3 Save table

3.2 Open a Table

Just about everything in RGIS-IGDP starts with opening a table. You can display the
information in your tables in a number of ways in RGIS-IGDP, as a table, in a browser, and
on a map.
To open a local table (which is a data file on your computer), go to the File menu,
click Open Table, the Open Table dialog appears shown as below.( Figure 3.2-1)

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Figure 3.2-1 Open table

In this dialog, you can open the .tab file which is the default RGIS-IGDP’s table file.
Also, you can open other files with the following three file types:
 . txt: ASCII data file
 . xls: Microsoft Excel data file
 .mdb: Microsoft Access database file
When you open a file with a file type of above 3 file types, RGIS-IGDP automatically
generates a table (.tab) file with the same file name and imports data into this new table
file.
Note: When you open .xls file, if the file has more than 32,700 records, RGIS-IGDP
cannot handle correctly for some reasons. We recommend that you convert the .xls file
to .txt or .mdb file.

3.3 Close a Table

Closing a table removes it from active use in your current session. Choose the Close
command from the File menu to close tables. When you close a table, you automatically
close all views of that table. If you close a table that is displayed in a Map window with
other tables, RGIS-IGDP removes that table from the window, but the Map window
remains open.
If you have made changes to a table but have not yet saved those changes,

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 Chapter 3: File and Ba sic Operatio n
RGIS-IGDP will ask you if you want to save them before closing the table. To save your
changes, choose Save Table from
the File menu.
To close a table:
1. Choose FileClose Table to
display the Close Table dialog
box (Figure 3.3-1).
2. Choose the table you want to
close from the list.
3. Click OK.
 When closing a table that
you are currently editing,
Figure 3.3-1 Close table
you are prompted to save
the changes. The table will be closed along with any windows associated with it.
 When closing a window but not the associated table, click the Ctrl-menu box
(Close box) in the upper-left corner of the window.

3.4 Close All Open Tables

To close all open tables:
1. Choose FileClose All. If you have edited one or more tables without saving before
closing, a message displays for each table you edited prompting to remind you to
either save or discard your changes.
2. Press Cancel to leave your pending edits unsaved and the table remains open.

3.5 Save a Table

In order to save the map object and changes on data, you must save the table.
To save to a table:
1. Select FileSave Table and the dialog appears.
2. Select the table you want to save.
3. Click OK.
You can also use Save Table As to save a copy of the table.

3.6 Recover a Table

Recover a Table is used to remove the modifications of the table. In many cases this
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feature is useful. For example, when you want to retain the original table which isn’t
backed up, you can save the table as another file and use this feature to recover the table to
its initial state.

3.7 Open a Workspace

RGIS-IGDP only allows opening one workspace. In order to avoid damaging the open
tables, use the Close All command in File menu to close and save the tables before opening
a workspace.
To open a workspace:
1. SelectFileOpen Workspace, Open Workspace dialog is shown in Figure 3.7-1.

Figure 3.7-1 Open workspace

2. Select workspace file with the extension .WOR.
3. Click OK. RGIS-IGDP opens the selected workspace.
Note: RGIS-IGDP provides a default workspace. You can continue to work on this
default workspace. You also can save your commonly working workspace as the default
workspace. When RGIS-IGDP starts up, the default workspace you saved is automatically
opened.

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 Chapter 3: File and Ba sic Operatio n

3.8 Save Workspace

In RGIS-IGDP, there are three saving modes to save current workspace.
 Save the workspace without saving the table.RGIS-IGDP only saves the
workspace file. Next time when you open the table, RGIS-IGDP reads a table
stored in the workspace file directly.
 Save the workspace, but also save the table. While RGIS-IGDP saves the
workspace, the table associated with Map Window is also saved in its original
directory.
 Save the workspace as the default one. Next time RGIS-IGDP starts up, it opens
the default workspace automatically.

3.9 Save Screen

Save Screen function is to capture the active window and save its screen into a picture
(.bmp, .jpg, .tif) or windows metafile (.wmf).
To save screen of map window:
1. Select FileSave Window, the dialog is shown in Figure 3.9-1.

Figure 3.9-1 Save graphic

2. Set the picture size and the file type you want to save.
3. Specify the output file path.
4. Click Ok.

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Chapter 4: Edit Menu

This chapter briefly describes the Edit menu in RGIS-IGDP.
The Edit menu in RGIS-IGDP includes Undo, Cut, Copy, Paste, Clear and Getting
object’s information.
Undo: Undo is to cancel the previous operation. RGIS-IGDP only supports one-time
undo. To undo the last operation, select EditUndo.
Cut: Remove the selected objects and copy them onto the clipboard. To do cut, select
one or more objects in Map window, and then select EditCut.
Copy: Copy the selected objects and place them on the clipboard. To do copy, select
EditCopy.
Paste: Copy the objects of the clipboard into the window being edited. To do paste,
select EditPaste.
Clear: Clear is used to remove the selected object or text on the map. The object must
be editable and on active layers. To remove one object, use selection tool to select the
object and then select EditClear.
Get Information: RGIS-IGDP can display object’s information, such as location and
style. To get information about one object:
Select the object in Map window by selection tool.
Select EditGet Info, or click the right mouse button in Map window to pop-up the
menu and click GetInfo. If the selected object is on an editable layer, the information can
be edited. If the selected object is on an non-editable layer, the information is not editable.
Object Information dialog displays. Different types of objects have different
information. The following figures show information of region object and polyline object.
(Figure 4-1, 4-2)

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 Chapter 4: Edit Menu

Figure 4-1 Editable information Figure 4-2 No editable information

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Chapter 5: Data Management and Statistics

Data management is designed to maintain and manage the gravity, magnetic and
geochemistry data. When getting the gravity or magnetic or geochemistry data in an area,
you can import and store the data in a database with the same structure. Thus, you can use
the data at any time. Also you can manipulate the data records and query and search data
from the database through the functions provided by RGIS-IGDP. Electrical data in a file
form is saved in specified directory and can be edited at any time.
This chapter introduces how to import data, maintain data, query data and do statistics
on data.

5.1 Gravity Data Management

 Import Gravity Data into Database
Before you import gravity data into database, you need to provide two files: data file
and information file. The information file describes the information about gravity survey
attribute, including title of the survey area, surveying department, survey date, survey scale,
number of data points, survey area, gravity system, gravity starting point, the radius of near
and median area terrain correction, near and median area terrain correction precision,
gravity meter type, gravity survey precision, horizontal coordinate survey method,
horizontal coordinate survey precision, height survey method, height survey precision, etc.
and its file format is described in appendix I. The data file describes the information about
measuring raw data, including station number, longitude coordinate, latitude coordinate,
elevation, observed gravity, near and median area terrain correction, far area Ⅰterrain
correction, far area Ⅱ terrain correction, Bouguer gravity anomaly, free-air gravity
anomaly, isostatic gravity anomaly, etc.. A data file has a header string with names of the
columns followed by the corresponding values. Its file format is described in appendix I.
To import gravity data into database:
1. Select DatabaseGravity Data ManagementImport Data. The Import Gravity Data
to Database dialog is shown in Figure 5.1.1-1

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 Chapter 6: Data Prepro cessing

Figure 5.1-1 Gravity data input（1/2）

2. Specify the file path of data file. The data file is mandatory to be specified. The data
file can be of these types: .txt, .xls, .dat, .mdb.
3. Specify the file path of information file. The information file is optional. If you have
no such information file, you can leave it empty.
4. Select the database type. RGIS-IGDP has predefined four types of databases with 4
different scales: 1:50000,1:200000,1:500000 and 1:1000000. The structures of the
four kinds of database are the same. You can also create a new table to store the data
with other scale. The structure of your new table is the same as that of predefined four
types of tables.
5. Choose Existing Table and select one of the predefined data types. Or choose New
Table and enter name for the new table.
6. Click OK. Configuration dialog is shown in Figure 5.1-2.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

Figure 5.1-2 Gravity data input setting (2/2)

This dialog contains two types information about information file and data file. If you
don’t specify the information file in step 3, you can enter that information in this dialog. If
you have specified an information file in step 3, click automatic configuration button and
RGIS-IGDP read the information from file and display them in the dialog. If none of
information files is specified, you can manually input information in corresponding text
box. To configure information about data file, select Next line button to find the header
string line. Select Select as headline button then set the each field by choosing the
corresponding column from the drop-down list.
7. Click OK. RGIS-IGDP starts to import data from data file into the database
(GravityData.mdb, this database file is located in RGIS-IGDP installation folder. A
message appears when importing is completed.

 Gravity Database Maintenance

In RGIS-IGDP, you can maintain data which has been imported into the database.
To maintain gravity database:
SelectDatabaseGravity Data ManagementDatabase Maintenance. The
maintenance dialog is shown in Figure 5.1-3.

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 Chapter 6: Data Prepro cessing

Figure 5.1-3 Gravity database maintenance

In the dialog, you can query data, delete data, delete table and compress database to do
database maintenance.
 Querying： System can search the gravity data by query name, and display the
result in the list box.
 Cancel： Cancel the query and return to the main interface.
 Compress Database：This function can release the extra space occupied by the
tables which have been deleted.
 Delete Data： Delete data that is retrieved.
 Delete Table： Delete table that is retrieved.

5.2 Magnetic Data Management

 Import Magnetic Data into Database
Magnetic data management is different from gravity data management. Gravity data is
imported into database based on measuring scale. When importing magnetic data into
database, you can create a new data table, or select an existing data table. There are two
kinds of magnetic data file that can be imported into database. One is the file that contains

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
information of point and line with extension .amd(Aero-Magnetic Data).The other is saved
in table-form files with extension .dat/.txt/.xls/.mdb. The file formats are described in
appendix I.
To import magnetic data into database:
1. Select DatabaseMagnetic Data ManagementImport Data. The Magnetic Data
Importing dialog is shown in Figure 5.2-1.

Figure 5.2-1 Magnetic data input

2. Specify the path of Data File
3. Select Target Table: Existing Table or New Table.
4. Do Column Setting: From list boxes to select correct column header.
5. Click Import button.

 Magnetic Data Maintenance

In RGIS-IGDP, to do magnetic data maintenance:
Select DatabaseMagnetic Data ManagementDatabase Maintenance. The
maintenance dialog is shown in Figure 5.2-2.

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 Chapter 6: Data Prepro cessing

Figure 5.2-2 Magnetic data maintenance

In the dialog, you can do:
 Query: Retrieve data within the given range of conditions; If conditions are not given,
RGIS-IGDP retrieves the first 1000 data and display them in the dialog.
 Compress Database: Compress the space of database.
 Delete Data: delete the querying data.
 Delete Table: delete selected table.

5.3 Geochemical Data management

The format of geochemistry data you want to import into database consists of separate
columns with X coordinate, Y coordinate, and the corresponding element values. The data
has the .xls, .txt, .mdb, or .dat extension.

 Import Geochemistry Data into Database

To import geochemistry data into database:
Select DatabaseGeochemistry DatabaseImport Data. The Import Geochemistry
Data to Database dialog is shown in Figure 5.3-1

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

Figure 5.3-1 Geochemistry data importing

Open source file: Click source file button, Open Geochemistry Data File dialog
displays. Specify the file type(*.txt,*.dat,*.xls,*.mdb) and the data file name. If you select
*.txt or *.dat file , the field name will appear in the Original Fields box. If you select excel
file(*.xls) or access (*.mdb), you should specify the source table name in the drop-down
list, after that the fields name will appear in the Original Fields box.
Set Target table: There are two selections for target tables: Exist Table or New Table.
If you select “new table”, you should specify the new table name. If you select “Exist
table”, you should select the table name in the list, and then the fields name of the existing
table will appear in the Target Fields box.
Build Correspond relationship: Building the corresponding relationship between
original fields and target fields can help us correctly import data. Select the field name in
original fields and its corresponding field name in target fields box, click Build button, the
selected fields name will be move to Correspond Relationship box and build the
relationship. You can select nothing and click AutoBuild button, the software will
auto-build the relationship in the same field name.
Disband Relationship: Select the relationship in the Correspond Relationship box
and click Disband button.
Import data: After you build the corresponding relationship, click OK button. After
finishing the settings , the finish Importing! dialog displays.

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 Chapter 6: Data Prepro cessing
 Geochemistry Database Maintenance
In RGIS-IGDP, you can maintain data which has been imported into database. To
maintain geochemistry database:
Select DatabaseGeochemistry DatabaseDatabase Maintenance. The maintenance
dialog is shown in Figure 5.3-2.

Figure 5.3-2 Geochemistry database maintenance

Search: At first, you should set the search conditions in data selection frame,
including select table name and set longitude and latitude range. After you set these
conditions and click Search button, the search result will appear in the data grid box.
Output: After finishing searching, you can output the search result. Click Output
button and specify the file name you want to save to.
Compressing database: This function will compress the Geochemistry database to
reduce the size of the file GeochDatabase.mdb in the Application directory. Just click
Compressing button.
Delete Data: This function will delete the search result data from the data grid. After
finishing searching, just click Delete Data button.
Delete Table: This function will delete the table in the table list. Just click Delete
Table button.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
 Draw Geochemistry Contour Map
To create a new geochemistry contour map:
1. To create the grid file that is used to produce the contour map by using the
Preprocessing Grid Map Data|Grid File Data menu option.
2. Select MapDraw Contour Map, the Draw Contour Map dialog displays.
3. Select FileOpen Grid, specify the input geochemistry grid data file. The contour
map is shown in Figure 5.3-3.

Figure 5.3-3 Contour map of Cu

In Draw Contour Map dialog, you can draw the contour in different ways by setting
Contour Map and Contour Properties(Figures 5.3-4 and 5.3-5).

Figure 5.3-4 Dialog for specifying settings of contour map

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 Chapter 6: Data Prepro cessing

Figure 5.3-5 Dialog for specifying the settings of contour properties

5.4 Selecting and Querying Data

 Using Select to Create Queries
In general the process for selecting objects using Select is as follows:
1. On the Database menu, click Select to display the Select dialog box (Figure 5.4-1).

Figure 5.4-1 Select

1 Select the table from which to select records.

2 Create the expression to select records.

3 Choose a storage place for results.

4 Choose column for sorting.

2. To see a list of the records you have selected, select the Browse Results check box.
RGIS-IGDP creates a Browser of the new selection table.
3. To display the query results in the currently active Map window, select Find Results in

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Current Map Window. If there are not open Map windows, this check box is disabled.
You cannot save this check box setting to a template. This option is cleared by default.

4. Click OK to start the query.

Creating Query Expressions

To perform a Select query, you must create an expression. An expression is a logical
statement that is used to ask your question. In above Select dialog, click Assist button and
Expression dialog will display. In Expression dialog (Figure 5.4-2), you can specify an
expression.

Figure 5.4-2 Expression

Columns
This pop up lists every column in the table from which you are selecting. If the table
contains derived columns from previous queries, those columns will also be listed.
Operators
This pop up contains mathematical and logical operation symbols. The mathematical
operators in this pop up include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, greater than,
less than, and equal signs.
Functions
This pop up contains mathematical functions that take one or more parameters and
return a value. You use functions to perform basic mathematical functions on the data in
that column.
Verify
This button reviews the expression you have created and verifies that it is valid. This
is particularly helpful if it is the first time for you to write expressions.

 SQL Select
SQL Select is a powerful tool. You can select DatabaseSQL Select to display SQL

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 Chapter 6: Data Prepro cessing
Select dialog box(Figure 5.4-3).

Figure 5.4-3 SQL select

5.5 Calculate Statistics

In RGIS-IGDP, you can easily get statistics information about one column data.
To do this, select DatabaseCalculateStatistics, the Statistics dialog is shown in
Figure 5.5-1. In the dialog, select table and column, click Ok button, then the statistics
information about your selected column data is shown in a pop-up dialog. The following
statistics information will be given:

Figure 5.5-1 Column statistics

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
 Table: The name of the table containing the column used for calculating statistics
 Column: The name of the column used for calculating statistics
 Count: the number of records in the table
 The Minimum Value: The minimum value in the column
 The Maximum Value: The maximum value in the column
 Range: the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the column in
the table
 Sum: the sum of all values in the column
Average: the average of all values in the column
Variance: The standard statistical measure of the variance in a distribution.
Standard Deviation: the square root of the variance.

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 Chapter 6: Data Prepro cessing

Chapter 6: Data Preprocessing

Data preprocessing plays an important role in geophysical data interpretation. In this
chapter, we cover data preprocessing functionality in RGIS-IGDP including coordinate
transformation, terrain correction, data gridding, blank data processing, data expansion,
data smooth filtering, profile extraction, IGRF(International Geomagnetic Reference Filed)
calculation and magnetization calculation.

6.1 Terrain Correction

RGIS-IGDP 2015 provides terrain correction for gravity data. The gravity data terrain
correction will be done in the following steps.
1. On Preprocessing menu, select Terrain Correction. The Terrain Correction dialog is
shown in Figure 6.1-1.

Figure 6.1-1 Terrain correction

2. Specify the gravity data file, terrain elevation grid file associated with grivaty data and
output result file.
3. Enter values of Start Radius and End Radius(in m). The default values are 20 and
2000 meters respectively.
4. Enter value of Crustal desinty(in g/cm3). The defualt value is 2.67 g/cm3.
5. Choose Square or Circle for External Interface/Internal Interface.
6. Click Ok button to create the output file.
Note: The input data file is organized as 5-column data in ASCII format (*.txt or
*.dat). The column data are sperated by space. These 5 columns by order are X, Y,
elevation, gravity data, near area terrain correction value. An example is showed as
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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
bellow:
2583250 19734545 9.70 978829.05 0
2583350 19738870 14.3 978828.09 0
…………..
2567910 19727340 3.10 978830.02 0.04

6.2 Gridding
In RGIS-IGDP, grid files are produced using Grid Map Data or Grid File Data
command. When no map data is selected, the gridding function is available for data stored
in a file, not available for data stored in database. The data file is *.txt of ASCII format,
and there must be at least 3 columns as X/Y/Z in the file.
To do gridding:
1. On the Preprocessing menu, select Grid File Data to display the Open Data dialog.
Select a data file and click Open. The Gridding dialog is shown in Figure 6.2-1.
2. In the dialog, specify the corresponding columns for the X data, the Y data, and the
Z data respectively.
3. Choose the gridding method from list box. (RGIS-IGDP has several different
gridding methods. These gridding methods define the way in which the XYZ data are
interpolated when producing a grid file.
4. Click Advanced Options button to display another dialog and specify the parameter
values of your selected gridding method.
5. Choose a path and file name for the output grid file in the Output Grid File group.
You can type a path and file name, or click the button to browse to a new path and enter a
file name in the Save Grid As dialog.
6. The Grid Line Geometry section defines the value of grid limits (Minimum and
Maximum X/Y Coordinate) and grid density (Spacing and number of Nodes).
7. Click OK to start gridding. After completion, a new grid file is created.

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 Chapter 6: Data Prepro cessing

Figure 6.2-1 Gridding

6.3 Grid Math

The Grid Math function creates a new grid file that transforms the Z values of a single
grid file or combines Z values from two grid files. The output grid file is based on a
mathematical function of the form f(A,B), where A, B represent input grid files. The
defined function is performed on corresponding nodes with the same row and column
coordinates from the input grid files, and the result of the calculation is placed at the same
coordinates in the output grid file.
On Preprocessing menu, select Grid Math to open Grid Math dialog shown in Figure
6.3-1.
The operation has the following two modes:
1. Take two grids as inputs: do math operation (+, -, *, /) on these 2 input grids.
2. Take one grid as input: do math operation (+, -, *, /) by one constant operand on the
input grid.
In the dialog, you choose the operation mode: Two Grids or One Grid.
If you select Two Grids, then specify the following:
 Input Grid A: the first input grid file
 Input Grid B: the second input grid file. In this 2nd input grid file, the grid
geometry information must be the same as the 1st input file.
 Output Grid C: the output grid file
 Operation: choose one of the following operations. You don’t need to enter the
value for Expression. After you choose for Operation, Expression value is shown.
 Add Two Grids

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
 Subtract Two Grids
 Multiply Two Grids
 Divide Two Grids
Click OK to create the new output grid file.
If you select One Grid, then specify the following:
 Input Grid A: the first input grid file
 Output Grid C: the output grid file
 Operation: choose one of the following operations.
 Grid Add Constant
 Grid Subtract Constant
 Grid Multiply Constant
 Grid Multiply Grid
 Expression: After your selection of Operation, default expression value is shown
which includes a constant operand such as C = A + 2. You can modify the constant operand
to your value.
Click OK to create the new output grid file.

6.4 Extract Profile from Grid

In order to do further study on the survey data, you usually want to extract a profile
from a grid whose starting and ending point you can arbitrarily assign. In RGIS-IGDP, you
can do this as following steps.
1. Click PreprocessingGrid
ExtractProfile to display the Grid
Data Slicing dialog.
2. In Grid Data Slicing dialog,
click menu FileOpen to open a
grid file. Then the contour map of
this grid file is displayed in this
dialog.
3. To specify starting point and
ending point of the profile you want
extract in two ways.
Figure 6.3-1 Grid math
3.1 Click menu

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 Chapter 6: Data Prepro cessing
SliceKeyboard Input to open a new dialog Slice By Keyboard Input shown as Figure
6.4-1. In this new dialog, input values for Starting point X/Y and Ending point X/Y in Slice
Points group.
3.2 Click menu SliceMouse Select, then keep the left mouse button depressed and
move the cursor in contour map and then release left mouse button. A new dialog Slice By
Mouse Select is shown in Figure 6.4-2. In this new dialog, values of Starting point X/Y and
Ending point X/Y in Slice Points group are automatically assigned.

Figure 6.4-1 Slice by keyboard Figure 6.4-2 Slice by mouse

4. Enter the value of Point Space parameter which decides the sample spacing of the
extracted profile.
5. Specify file path for output file.
6. If you want to also extract the elevation data associated with the grid file, select
Elevation Data option and specify file path of elevation grid file. Note: elevation grid and
the original grid should have the same grid geometry information.
7. Click Ok button. Two output files are created for the profile.

6.5 Column Math

Column Math is to perform a specific operation for one column data. Such operation
can be, for example, addition, subtract, multiplication, division. The input data file should
be XYZ file which contains column header information.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
To do grid column:
1. On Preprocessing
menu, select Column Math to
open dialog shown as Figure
6.5-1
2. Specify the input data
file path.
3. Choose the values for
the following parameters:
 the column ID
needed to be
Figure 6.5-1 Columns math
modified
 Operation
 Operand(Parameter)
4. Specify the result output file path
5. Click Ok button to start the processing.

6.6 Blank Fill

For surfer grid files, blank grid nodes can be placed in grid. A blank value
(1.70141e+038) is assigned to such blank grid nodes. As for some specific data processing
method, the blank value is unexpected for some calculation. In RGIS-IGDP, blank filling is
to assign a new value for such blank node. The new values are obtained by interpolation.
To do blank filling:
1. On Preprocessing menu, select Blank Filling to open the dialog shown as shown in
Figure 6.6-1.
2. Specify the file path for input file that has blank grid.
3. Specify the output file path.
4. Enter the value of the iteration times parameter (this default value is 100).
5. Click Ok button to start the process.
Note: you can click Contour Display button to open another dialog which shows
contour map to check the blank data information.

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 Chapter 6: Data Prepro cessing

Figure 6.6-1 Blank area filling

6.7 Blank Revert

In contrast with Blank Filling, Blank Reverting recovers the blank filled data to blank
data. There are two input grid files for this operation. The first input file of Blank
Reverting is the output file of Blank Filling and the second input file of Blank Reverting is
the input file of Blank Filling.
To do blank revert:
1. On Preprocessing menu, select Blank Reverting to open the dialog shown in Figure
6.7-1.
2. Specify the paths for two input grid file.
3. Specify the path for output file.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

Figure 6.7-1 Grid revert

6.8 Grid Expansion

Geophysical survey data sometimes need to be expanded on the basis of the four
bounder edge of survey area in order to improve accuracy of data processing. RGIS-IGDP
has the implementation of this functionality.
To do grid extension:
1. On Preprocessing menu, select Grid Expension to open the dialog shown as Figure
6.8-1.
2. Specify the input file path and the output file path.
3. Enter the parameter value of expanded size in each of left/ right/top/bottom
orientation.
4. Click Ok button to start.

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 Chapter 6: Data Prepro cessing

Figure 6.8-1 Grid expansion

6.9 Profile Interpolation

Data processing along a profile in RGIS-IGDP requires equal space data, therefore,
the irregularly spaced profile data need to be interpolated to produce equally spaced data.
RGIS-IGDP provide linear interpolation method for use. To do this in RGIS-IGDP, follows
the following steps.
1. Click menu item Preprocessing Profile Points Interpolation, to open Profile
Points Interpolation dialog shown as Figure 6.9-1.

Figure 6.9-1 Profile point interpolation

2. In the dialog, click Browse button in Input Profile group to open input profile data.
After this step, profile information (Number of Points, Xmin, XMax) is automatically

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
shown.
3. Specify the values of parameters: point spacing, Xmin, Xmax.
4. Specify the file path of output profile.
5. Click Ok button. A new profile file is created.

6.10 IGRF Calculation

RGIS-IGDP supports geomagnetic field component calculation using
IGRF(International Geomagnetic Reference Filed) model. It has two computation types:
Single-Point, File. To do IGRF(International Geomagnetic Reference Filed) computation,
conduct the steps as follows.

Figure 6.10-1 IGRF 11th

1. Click menu item Preprocessing IGRF to open IGRF 11th dialog shown as Figure
6.10-1.
2. Choose the option of Computational Type: Single Point or File.
3. If you choose Single Point, you should enter the values for 4 parameters (Time,
Altitude, Longitude, and Latitude) in Parameter Input group in this dialog for your single
point location, and then click Ok button. Geomagnetic component values are displayed in

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 Chapter 6: Data Prepro cessing
the dialog.
4. If you choose File, controls for Single Point are grayed. You should click Browse
button to specify file paths for input data and output data. Then click Ok button.
In input data file, four-column data are organized for multiply points. The four
columns are, by order, Longitude, Latitude, Altitude and Time of the input file, delimited
by space. The following is an example of such input file.
88.18291 43.41956 5251.55 1987.1

88.18446 33.42413 5233.98 1987.2

…………

88.20004 33.45550 5173.48 1989.6

6.11 Magnetization Calculation

Magnetization calculation in RGIS-IGDP includes three sub-modules:
1. induced magnetization calculation
2. total magnetization calculation
3. effective magnetization calculation
To do induced magnetization calculation, click menu item Preprocessing
MagnetizationIncluded Magnetization to open Include Magnetization dialog shown in
Figure 6.11-1. In this dialog, enter values for Total Magnetic Intensity and Susceptibility in
Input section, and then click Ok button. The resultant value of Induced Magnetization is
shown is the dialog.

Figure 6.11-1 Induced magnetization

To do total magnetization calculation, click menu item Preprocessing

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
MagnetizationTotal Magnetization to open Total Magnetization dialog shown in Figure
6.11-2. In this dialog, enter values for 6 parameters as shown in Input section in this dialog,
and then click Ok button. The resultant values are shown in the dialog.

Figure 6.11-2 Total magnetization

For effective magnetization calculation, click menu item Preprocessing
MagnetizationEffective Magnetization to open Effective Magnetization dialog shown as
Figure 6.11-3. In this dialog, enter values for 4 parameters as shown in Input section in this
dialog, and then click Ok button. The resultant values are shown is the dialog.

Figure 6.11-3 Effective magnetization

6.12 Regression Analysis

One variant linear regression analysis is a method that study the linear correlation of
two variables, it not only could explain that whether the two variables change at the same
time, and can calculate the prediction equation to predict how the two variables change. For

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 Chapter 6: Data Prepro cessing
example, you can get the correlation degree between elevation and gravity value by using
Linear Regression option. The input data must be organized in columns with .dat or .txt
extension.
The operation procedure of regression analysis is as follows.
1. Choose Processing -> Regression, to Open the linear regression dialog, shown in
Figure 6.12-1.
2. Click Browse button, specify the input data filename.
3. Specify the column you want to analysis the correlation in the Column Select
drop-down list.
4. Click Calculate, the results display in the text box. You can save the result file by
clicking Save button.

Figure 6.12-1 Linear regression dialog

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and

Inversion
The GM Grid system provides a variety of data-processing methods both in spatial
domain and in frequency domain for the gravity and magnetic anomaly data, including
various types of potential field transformation, processing and visual joint inversion of
gravity and magnetic profile data for the 2.5-D geologic body.
The GM Grid system can be used for the following tasks：
(1) 2-D Gridded and 1-D profile gravity and magnetic data processing, including
transformation, separation and correlation analysis of the gravity and magnetic anomalies
in spatial domain or in frequency domain.
(2) Inversion and interpretation of grid and profile data.
The grid data file format mentioned in this manual is the same as the format of Surfer
grid file (*.grd). The profile data file format is the same as the format of ASCII text file.
The potential field transformation approach is applicable to the gravity and magnetic
anomaly. Comprehensive interpretation using gravity and magnetic anomaly is frequently
implemented in practical work. Except for gravity and magnetic data transformation
modules, processing modules, and joint inversion modules, RGIS-IGDP has added some
functional modules which are exclusively used for interpretation of magnetic anomaly such
as reduction to the pole and calculation of depth to magnetic source.

7.1 Gravity and Magnetic Grid Data Processing

7.1.1 Potential Field Transformation in Frequency Domain

 Upward Continuation
Upward continuation calculates potential field anomaly on a surface higher than the
observation surface from observed anomaly. Upward continuation of potential field
anomaly enhances (less attenuate) anomaly caused by deep and large-scaled sources and
attenuate anomaly due to shallower and smaller sources.
The upward continuation calculation consists of the following steps:
1. Select GM Grid → Frequency Domain →Upward Continuation. The upward

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 Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and Inversion
continuation window is displayed.
2. Select file → Open grid to read the data file and display the contour map of data
file in the upward continuation window.
3.Select Data → Processing. The Upward Continuation dialog is displayed, as shown
in Figure 7.1.1-1.
The Upward Continuation dialog box has tabs for Grid Expansion and Continuation
Parameters. Grid Expansion is used to minimize the edge effect by expanding the rows and
columns of the input data grid before upward continuation. The number of rows and
columns must be expanded to integral power of 2 from FFT transformation in frequency
domain. For example, if the row number of data original file is 58 and the column number
is 136, row number and column number of the expanded data grid should be 128(=27) and
256(=28) at least respectively.
RGIS-IGDP System can automatically set Grid Expansion parameters according to
input grid data, which meets general requirements. When default parameters can’t fit the
actual request well, you can reset them as required.

Figure 7.1.1-1 Upward continuation parameter settings

Unique parameters for continuation is continuation height. The unit of continuation
height is the same as that of grid spacing. If unit of grid spacing is m, unit of continuation
height is also m, and also applicable to km.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

Figure 7.1.1-2 Upward continuation

Figure 7.1.1-3 Saved result grid (continuation result)

4. When parameter settings are completed, click OK. Contour map of continuation
field result is shown in Figure 7.1.1-2.
5.Select File → Save Grid. Specify resulting filename and click OK to save the
resulting grid and display contour map of continuation field result in a new window, as
shown in Figure 7.1.1-3.
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 Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and Inversion
The system has simple graphic operation function in data processing window for
making operation more convenient. During data processing, user can view directly or
switch between original and resulting windows. This function displays in the child window.
The menus consist of the followings:
DATA includes Data Processing, Contour properties and Contour switch.
 Processing you can also click
Data Processing Button on the
toolbar to open data processing
dialog. For more information on
it, please refer to the following
processing methods.
 Parameter Settings
Contour parameter settings
dialog is shown in Figure 7.1.1-4.
You can also click Contour
parameter settings button on the
toolbar to open the Contour
parameter settings dialog. Figure 7.1.1-4 Contour parameter settings
 Contour Switch It is used to
switch between original grid contour map and resulting grid contour map. You
can also click the Contour Switch button to perform the function.
 Contour Map Settings As
shown in Figure 7.1.1-5, you
can either display the color
scale, image map, label,
map frame and contour map
or not in the contour map
dialog.
View You can change types of
view by the view button. It is
comprised of Pan, Zoom in, Zoom out,
Restore and Update. All functions are
Figure 7.1.1-5 Contour map settings
corresponded by toolbar as follows:

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
Pan Tool By means of pan tool, you can change the display position of the
contour map arbitrarily.
Zoom In Tool Increase the view scale of contour map.
Zoom Out Tool Decrease the view scale of contour map.
Restore Tool Change the view scale of contour map to fit to window.
Update Tool Unselect all graphic operation tool.
There are the same function in all processing methods described later which have the
same effect, so it is not described in detail later.
Note：A study shows that there is no direct mathematical relationship between
continuation height and depth to related sources.

 Downward Continuation
Contrary to the upward continuation, downward continuation can compute potential
field anomaly at a level lower than the oberservation plane and close to the sources. So it
can enhance anomaly features due to local and shallow sources, and provide the better
separation of superimposed anomalies, and display the edges of sources clearer. Care
should be taken to specify the height depth of downward continuation, as in some
circumstance the downward continuation process may become unstable. The procedure of
downward continuation is the same as of upward continuation.
NOTE： Be sure the height(depth) of downward continuation should not be
lower than the top of the shallowest source.

 First Derivative
In gravity and magnetic anomalies processing and interpretation, you can use the first
horizontal derivative for locating the position of faults and identifying geologic boundaries
in gridded data. You can also understand the distribution of vertical fault structure by
means of derivative in different directions. By means of derivative in different directions,
you can enhance clearly the distribution of fault structure perpendicular to the derivative
direction. The first derivative processing sequence consists of the steps shown below:
1.Select GM Grid → Frequency Domain → First Order Derivative. The first order
derivative window is displayed.
2. Select File → Open Grid to read the data file and display the contour map of data
file in the first derivative window.

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 Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and Inversion
3. Select Data → Processing. The First Derivative dialog is shown in Figure 7.1.1-6.

Figure 7.1.1-6 First order horizontal derivative parameter settings

4. Parameter settings You should specify the grid expansion and parameters in First
Derivative dialog. Grid Expansion parameters are the same as the former described in this
section. The processing parameters consist of declination and inclination, which determine
the direction of derivative.
As for horizontal derivative, the declination could be set to any value between 0 ~
180° and the inclination must be specified as default 0. As for vertical derivative, the
inclination must be specified as 90°and the declination should be specified as default 0.
Note：You should specify the declination as 0 in calculating vertical derivative,
but it is not implied that the first horizontal derivative is also calculated.
5. When parameter settings are completed, click OK. Contour map calculation results is
displayed in the window
6. Select File → Save Grid to save result grid.
Figure 7.1.1-7 show calculation results of first derivative in different directions.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
4650000

4640000

4630000

4620000

4610000

4600000

4590000

A 4580000
17340000 17350000 17360000 17370000 17380000 17390000 17400000 17410000

4650000 4650000

4640000 4640000

4630000 4630000

4620000 4620000

4610000 4610000

4600000 4600000

4590000 4590000

B
4580000
17340000 17350000 17360000 17370000 17380000 17390000 17400000 17410000
C4580000
17340000 17350000 17360000 17370000 17380000 17390000 17400000 17410000

4650000 4650000

4640000 4640000

4630000 4630000

4620000 4620000

4610000 4610000

4600000 4600000

4590000 4590000

D4580000
17340000 17350000 17360000 17370000 17380000 17390000 17400000 17410000
E4580000
17340000 17350000 17360000 17370000 17380000 17390000 17400000 17410000

Figure 7.1.1-7 Processing results of first derivative

(A: original data, B, C, D and E: stand for derivative in direction of 0°, 45°, 90° and135°,
respectively)

 Second Derivative
Second derivative could enhance the effects caused by shallower and smaller sources,
and reduce the effects due to deeper and larger sources.
The computational process of second derivative is the same as that of first derivative.
Please refer to First Derivative.

 Total Horizontal Derivatives

Total Horizontal derivatives (Horizontal gradient module) of gravity or magnetic
anomaly can be used to locate the position of the linear structures such as fracture or to
indentify the geologic boundary. The horizontal gradient processing sequence consists of
the steps shown below:
1. Select GM Grid → Total Horizontal derivatives. The horizontal gradient window

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 Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and Inversion
is displayed.
2. Select File → Open Grid to read the data file and display the contour map of data
file in the horizontal gradient window.
3. Select Data → Processing. The parameter settings dialog is displayed. The
parameter settings are referred to the former description in this section.
4. Click OK to process the data file and then display the contour map of the result.
5. Select File → Save Grid to save the result grid.

 Analytic Signal
Analytic signal known as total gradient modules, can also be used to locate the
position of the linear structures such as fracture or to indentify the geologic boundary. The
analytic signal processing sequence consists of the steps shown below:
1.Select GM Grid → Analytic signal. The analytic signal window is displayed.
2. Select File → Open Grid to read the data file and display the contour map of data
file in the analytic signal window.
3. Select Data → Processing. The Analytic Signal dialog is displayed. The parameter
settings are referred to the former description.
4. Click OK to process the data file and then display the contour map of the result.
5. Select File → Save Grid to save the result grid.

7.1.2 Potential Field transformation in spatial domain

The software system has several data processing methods in the spatial domain
including filtering, derivative calculation, upward continuation and downward continuation.
These method modules all provide function of data information view via file and contour
map drawing to facilitate modifying for the parameters calculation real-timely according to
the calculation and obtaining satisfied results.

NOTE: The transformation methods in spatial domain in RGIS-IGDP require

that the row spacing is equal to the column spacing of the input grid. Blank area in
grid data is forbidden.

 Upward Continuation
As well as in frequency domain, upward continuation in spatial domain can be used to
reduce the effects due to shallow sources and to enhance the effects of deep sources.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
1.Select GM Grid → Spatial Domain → Upward Continuation. The upward
continuation dialog displayed in Figure
7.1.2-1 shows the dialog of upward
continuation in spatial domain.
2. Press the Browse button, select the
input grid data. Click the Contour button to
display the contour map of input grid data.
3. Specify the name of output grid file.
After process is performed, click the
Contour button to display the contour map
Figure 7.1.2-1 Upward continuation
of output grid. If the result is unsatisfying ,
you can change height of upward continuation and reprocess until getting proper result.
4.The processing parameter only consists of continuation height, and it is specified in
multiples of the grid spacing. For example, If the grid spacing is 500m, continuation height
is set to 2 means that continuation height is 1000 meters.
5.Click OK to process input grid and then to save the output grid.
6.Click Cancel to close the upward continuation dialog and to return to the main
window.
Figure 7.1.2-2 shows a comparison of raw data and result data (continuation height is
4 grid spacing) in contour maps.
4650000 4650000

4640000 4640000

4630000 4630000

4620000 4620000

4610000 4610000

4600000 4600000

4590000 4590000

4580000 4580000
17340000 17350000 17360000 17370000 17380000 17390000 17400000 17410000 17340000 17350000 17360000 17370000 17380000 17390000 17400000 17410000

a b
Figure 7.1.2-2 Example of upward continuation in spatial domain
(a: original data; B: calculation reslut)

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 Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and Inversion
 Downward Continuation
Downward continuation enhances the effects due to sources at a shallow depth, and
the shape of closed extreme line is more approximate to the top shape of the source. So it is
used to realize the plane projection outline of the sources. If the data contains short
wavelength noise, this noise should be removed before calculation of downward continue
the data. The steps of downward continuation are similar to that of upward continuation.
1.Select GM grid → Spatial Domain → Downward Continuation. The downward
continuation dialog is displayed in Figure 7.1.2-3.
2. Click the Browse button ,
select the input grid data and specify
the name of output grid file. After
process is performed, click the
Contour button to display the
contour map of output grid data. If the
result is unsatisfying, you can change
height parameter and reprocess until
getting proper result.
3.The processing parameter only
consists of continuation height, which
Figure 7.1.2-3 Downward continuation
unit is the grid space.
4.Click OK to process input grid and then to save the output grid.
5.Click Cancel to close the downward continuation dialog and to return to the main
window.
The continuation height is of a maximum of only 4 grid spacing during one procession.
The continuation height should be less than or equal to 4. If it is necessary to continue
greater distance , please do the procession repeatedly.

 First Horizontal Derivative

The objective of first horizontal derivative is to enhance the effects of linear structure
in gravity and magnetic field. The connection line of extreme points in derivative map
roughly corresponds to the position of linear structure. The direction of derivative should
be perpendicular to the stretching direction of the linear structure.
Generally speaking, In order to get general understanding of the distribution

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characteristics of structure in new area where distribution of geological structure is not
clear, four first horizontal derivatives in directions of 0°, 45°, 90° and 135° should be
calculated. Then adjust the direction of the derivation after comprehensive analysis of the
anomaly characteristics.
Since short wavelength and high magnitude signal caused by shallow interference
sources , it is necessary to remove them by a low-pass filter before the derivative
calculation.
it must be removed to prevent high magnitude and short wavelength noise in
processed data. You should use a low-pass filter to remove the short wavelength noise
before applying the derivative transformation.
1.Select GM Grid → Spatial Domain → First Horizontal Derivative. The first
horizontal derivative dialog is displayed in Figure 7.1.2-4.
2. Click the Browse button , select the input grid data and specify the name of output
grid file.
3. The module provides four
derivation directions(0°, 45°, 90° and
135°), you can choose it on the basis of
your requirement.
4.Specify the Computational
Distance, which refers to the distance
between two grid nodes. It is specified
in multiples of the grid spacing, which
is always even number such as 2, 4, 6,
8.
5. Click OK to process input grid
Figure 7.1.2-4 Horizontal first order derivative
and then to save the output grid.
6.Click Cancel to close the first horizontal derivative dialog and to return to the main
window.
Figure 7.1.2-5 shows the Bouguer anomaly map and it is the first horizontal derivative
map in various directions. The unit of the results is the unit of gravity or magnetic field per
the unit of grid spacing. For example, the unit of gravity anomaly is mGal, and the unit of
grid spacing is m, so the unit of derivative is mGal/m.

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4650000

4640000

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17340000 17350000 17360000 17370000 17380000 17390000 17400000 17410000
4590000

4580000
E 17340000 17350000 17360000 17370000 17380000 17390000 17400000 17410000

Figure 7.1.2-5 The results of first horizontal derivative

(A: Bouguer anomaly map, B, C, D and E: horizontal derivative in direction of 0°, 45°, 90°
and135°, respectively. Computational distance is two times ofthe grid spacing.)

 First Vertical Derivative

1.Select GM Grid→Spatial Domain→Vertical First Order Derivative. The first
vertical derivative dialog is displayed in Figure 7.1.2-6.
2. Click the Browse button ,
select the input grid data and specify
the name of output grid name. Click
the Contour button to display the
contour map of output grid data. If
the result is unsatisfying, you can
change the parameter and reprocess
until getting proper result.
3. Click OK to process input
grid and then to save the output grid. Figure 7.1.2-6 First order vertical derivative

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
4.Click Cancel to close the first vertical derivative dialog and to return to the main
window.
Figure 7.1.2-7 shows the contour map of the Bouguer gravity anomaly and its first
vertical derivative results.
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4630000 4630000

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4590000 4590000

4580000 4580000

17340000 17350000 17360000 17370000 17380000 17390000 17400000 17410000 17340000 17350000 17360000 17370000 17380000 17390000 17400000 17410000

a b
Figure 7.1.2-7 Bouguer gravity anomaly and its first vertical derivative results
(a: Bouguer gravity anomaly; b: its first vertical derivative results)
The unit of vertical first derivative is the unit of gravity and magnetic field divided by
the unit of grid density. For example, the unit of magnetic field is nT, and the unit of grid
density is km, so the unit of derivative is nT/km.

 Second Horizontal Derivative

1.Select GM Grid → Spatial Domain → Horizontal Second Order Derivative.
The second horizontal derivative dialog is displayed in Figure 7.1.2-8.
2. Click the Browse button ,
select the input grid data and specify
the name of output grid file.
3. The module provides four
derivation directions(0°, 45°, 90°
and 135°), you can choose it on the
basis of your requirement.
4. Click OK to process input
grid data and then to save the output
grid data.
5. Click Cancel to close the
second horizontal derivative dialog Figure 7.1.2-8 Second order horizontal derivative

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 Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and Inversion
and to return to the main window.
Figure7.1.2-9 shows an example of second horizontal derivative calculation.

a b c
Figure 7.1.2-9 Results of second horizontal derivative
(a: original anomaly; b and c: derivatives in direction of 0° and 90°)
The unit of second horizontal derivative is the unit of gravity or magnetic field per
square of the unit of grid spacing. For example, the unit of magnetic field is nT, and the
unit of grid spacing is km, so the unit of derivative is nT/km2.

 Second Vertical Derivative

Second vertical derivative can be used to reduce regional anomalies due to deep and
large source and to enhance local anomalies due to shallow and small source. It can reveal
the geologic boundary which can’t be identified by gravity and magnetic anomalies. Its
zero value line on contour map can be used to roughly identify the geologic boundary and
fault structure.
1. Select GM Grid → Spatial
Domain →Second Vertical Derivative.
The second vertical derivative dialog is
displayed in Figure 7.1.2-10.
2. Click the Browse button , select
the input grid data and specify the name
of output grid file.
3. Specify the algorithm for
calculating. This module provides five
equations for VSD calculation: Healck,
Rosenbach Ⅱ, ElkinsⅠ, ElkinsⅡ and
Figure 7.1.2-10 Vertical second derivative

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
Elkins Ⅲ.
4.Specify the Computational Radius parameter. Computational radius is a minimum
radius during derivative procedure. It is specified in multiples of the grid spacing.
4. Click OK to process input grid and then to save the output grid.
5. Click Cancel to close the second vertical derivative dialog and to return to the main
window.
Figure 7.1.2-11 shows an example of calculation of second vertical derivative. From A
to F are raw data and processing results using five methods, respectively. Computational
radius is set to 1.
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4650000 4650000

4640000 4640000

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4620000 4620000

4610000 4610000

4600000 4600000

4590000

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E
17340000 17350000 17360000 17370000 17380000 17390000 17400000 17410000
4590000

4580000
F
17340000 17350000 17360000 17370000 17380000 17390000 17400000 17410000

Figure 7.1.2-11 Calculation of second vertical derivative(SVD)

(A: Bouguer gravity anomaly; B: SVD by Healck equation; C: SVD by Rosenbach Ⅱ
equation; D: SVD by ElkinsⅠ equation; E: SVD by ElkinsⅡ equation; F: SVD by Elkins
Ⅲ equation. Computational radius is set to 1grid spacing)
The unit of second vertical derivative is the unit of gravity and magnetic field per
square of the unit of grid spacing. For example, the unit of gravity field is mGal, and the

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 Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and Inversion
unit of grid space is km, so the unit of derivative is mGal/km2.

7.1.3 Filtering and Separation of Potential Field

In gravity and magnetic interpretation, RGIS-IGDP system provides some types of
filtering method to enhance the effects caused by objective sources and to remove the
effects due to unwanted interference sources or noise. The following describes the
operation steps of every method. These methods can be used for separation of residual
anomalies and regional anomalies .

 Regularized Filter
The Regularized Filter is a low-pass filter using stable normalized filter factor . The
advantage of this method is as follows: the parameter of λ0 and f0 approximately
corresponds to the scale of local anomaly which should be removed. Besides, the scale of
local anomaly can be directly measured on profile or contour map of original anomaly.
1. Select GM Grid → Regularized Filter. The Regularized Filter window is
displayed.
2. Select File → Open Grid to read the data file and then display the contour map of
data file(Figure 7.1.3-1).
3. Select Data→Processing. The parameter settings dialog is displayed in Figure
7.1.3-1.
The dialog box has tabs for Grid Expansion and Filtering Factor Parameters. Grid
Expansion is used to minimize the edge effect by expanding the rows and columns of the
input data grid. For more
information about parameter
settings, please refer to Section
7.1.
Anomaly scale is the
maximum width of the
anomaly to be filtered ,i.e, the
anomaly which is less than this
scale will be removed. So
choosing the optimum scale
factor is significant for Figure 7.1.3-1 Regularized Filter

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
different regions and different purpose.
4.When parameters settings are completed, click OK .
Contour map of results is displayed in the window, as
shown in Figure 7.1.3-2.
As is shown in Figure 7.1.3-2, some small-scaled
anomalies are removed and the contour lines become
smoothing after filtering.
5. Select File → Save Grid to save resulting grid.

 Compensation Smoothing Filter

1. Select GM Grid → Compensation filter. The Figure 7.1.3-2 Results of
compensation smoothing filter window is displayed. Regularized Filtering
2.Select File → Open Grid to read the data file and then display the contour map of
data file.
3. Select Data →Processing. The Parameters Settings Dialog is displayed in
Figure7.1.3-3.
The dialog box has tabs for Grid Expansion and Processing Parameters.
Grid Expansion setting is the same as of Regularized Filter.
Processing parameter consists of exponent factor and compensation factor. You
should specify the two parameters according to raw data and the anomaly to be removed.
Generally speaking, the larger the exponent factor is, the more the filter is close to ideal
filter and thus the stronger the effect of filtering
is and the better the effect of removing high
frequency components is. For compensation
factor it is opposite.
4. When parameter settings are completed,
click OK . Contour map of results is displayed
in the window, some small-scaled anomalies
are removed and the contour become
smoothing after filtering.
5. Select File → Save Grid to save result
Figure 7.1.3-3 Parameter settings
grid.
dialog of compensation smoothing
filter

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 Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and Inversion
 Moving Average Filter
The objective of moving average filter is to eliminate the random observation noise,
calculation error contained in gridded data or to remove anomalies generated by
interference sources. When applying moving average filter to a grid data, the grid cell value
in the center of moving window is replaced with the average value of all values within
the window including itself.
1. Select GM Grid→Moving Average. The moving average filter dialog is displayed
in Figure 7.1.3-4.
2. Click the Browse button , select
the input grid data and specify the name
of output grid file. After the procedure,
click the Contour button to display the
contour map of output grid data. as
shown in Figure 7.1.3-5. If the result is
unsatisfying, you can change the
Figure 7.1.3-4 Moving average filter
parameter and reprocess until getting
proper result.
3. Specify the moving window size，the larger the window is, the better the effects of
removing high frequency components is. The row number and column number of
window here must be odd.
4. Click OK to process input grid and then to save the output grid.
5. Click Cancel to close the moving average filter dialog and to return to the main
window.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

a b
Figure 7.3.1-5 Diagram of moving average filter
(a: original data; b: calculation result)

 Trend Analysis
Trend analysis is an effective method for separating gravity anomaly into regional
component(the trend of Bouguer anomaly) and residual component. The regional
component caused by deep and large bodies is represented by a n-degree polynomial. The
residual component due to shallow and small bodies is represented by difference between
Bouguer gravity anomaly and the regional component.
1. Select GM Grid → Trend analysis. The trend analysis dialog is displayed in
Figure 7.1.3-6.
2. Click the Browse button, select the input grid data and specify the name of output
grid file.
3. Specify the order degree of polynomial. The system provides 1～20 order to choose.
The effect of trend analysis
firstly depends on whether
regional anomaly can
represented by a polynomial,
secondly depends on the order
of trend. If the order is too high,
the regional field inevitably
contains more components of
local anomalies. So in practical
application, the order should be Figure 7.1.3-6 Trend analysis

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 Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and Inversion
selected through test in the study area.
4.Click OK to process input grid and then to save the output grid.
5. Click Cancel to close the trend analysis dialog and to return to the main window.

 Potential Field Separation

You can get regional field through filtering or analysis calculation using the above
filters or trend analysis method. The residual field achieved by removing regional field
from the original field is called as local field. It can be realized by using Grid Math
function in the data preprocessing module menu in Section 6.5.

7.1.4 Potential Field Analysis

 Linear Enhancement
Linear enhancement is used to enhance the effects of linear structures in potential field
map. The linear enhancement processing sequence consists of the steps shown below:
1. Select GM Grid → Linear
Enhancement. The linear enhancement
window is displayed.
2. Select File → Open Grid to read the
data file.Then, the contour map of input data is
displayed in the linear enhancement window.
3.Select Data → Processing to process
the data and then display the contour map of
the result(Figure 7.1.4-1). The geologic
boundary, strike and scale may be more
distinct in the resulting grid.
4. Select File → Save Grid to save Figure 7.1.4-1. Linear enhancement
resulting grid.

 Correlation Analysis
The correlation analysis between gravity data and terrain data can be used to
understand the effects of terrain on gravity anomaly and the validity of terrain correction.
The grid spacing and x-y coordinate of gravity data and terrain data must be equal. The
correlation analysis processing sequence consists of the steps shown below:

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
1. Select GM Grid → Correlation analysis. The correlation analysis window is
displayed in Figure 7.1.4-2.
2. Click the Browse button select the input gravity and terrain grid data. Click the
Contour button to display the contour map of input grid data.
3. Specify the window size according to the grid spacing.
4. Specify the filename of output grid (correlation coefficient, slope and intercept).
5. Click OK to process input grid and to save the output grid. If the result is
unsatisfying, you can change parameter and reprocess until getting proper result. Figure
7.1.4-3 shows the contour map of correlation coefficient of the example just mentioned.

Figure 7.1.4-2 Correlation analysis Figure 7.1.4-3 Contour map of correlation

coefficient
7.1.5 Magnetic Data Processing and Transformation
The software system provides special modules used for magnetic data processing and
transformation，including reduction to the pole, components transformation, transformation
to any direction and calculation of depth to magnetic source , etc.

 Reduction to the Pole

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 Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and Inversion

Figure 7.1.5-1 Geomagnetic parameters Figure 7.1.5-2 The physical

meaning of gridding

Reduction to the pole is used to transform a grid of total magnetic intensity

measurements to a grid of total magnetic intensity measurements that would be observed at
the north magnetic pole. Reduction to the pole removes one level of complexity from the
interpretive process: it shifts anomalies laterally to be located over their respective sources
and alters their shape so that symmetrical sources cause symmetrical anomalies.
Figure 7.1.5-1 shows meaning of the geomagnetic parameters. In surveying, The
direction of survey line (X axis) is perpendicular to the direction of baseline (Y axis) in
data measurement. The Gaussian coordinate system or other earth projected coordinate
system are used to grid the data. Figure 7.1.5-2 shows the physical meaning. In this case,
the direction of row and column are the east and the north in geography, respectively.
If the coordinate system are not a projected coordinate system and the direction of the
profile is not from east to west, the directions of row and column in grid data are not from
east to west and from south to north, respectively. In this case, if you want to process data
using reduction to the pole or components transformation, you should specify the row
azimuth (e.g. profile azimuth).
In RGIS-IGDP, many modules of data processing and transformation are related to the
row azimuth and column azimuth, which is equivalent to the direction of profile and
baseline. Row azimuth is the angle between the direction of the row of grid data and the
geographic North (clockwise rotation means positive value), the column azimuth is the
angle between the direction of the column of the grid data and geographic North (clockwise
rotation means positive value). The reduction to the pole processing sequence consists of

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
the steps shown below:
1. Select GM Grid -> Reduce to the pole (RTP), The reduction to the pole window
is displayed.
2. Select File → Open Grid to read the data file and display the contour map of data
file in the reduction to the pole window.
3.Select Data → Processing. The parameter settings dialog is displayed in
Figure7.1.5-3.
4. Parameter settings Parameters of reduction to the pole consists of basic
parameters and grid expansion parameters. Grid expansion parameters are as that
mentioned in section 7.1.1. Basic parameters are described below:

Figure 7.1.5-3. The preferences window of reduction-to-the-pole

Row azimuth The angle between the direction of the row of grid data and the
geographic north.
Column azimuth The angle between the direction of the column of grid data and the
geographic north.
Inclination Geomagnetic inclination .
Declination Geomagnetic declination.
5.When parameter settings are completed, click OK to display contour map of result
grid.
6. Select File → Save Grid to save result grid.

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 Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and Inversion

Figure 7.1.5-4. A magnetic data before and after being reduced to the pole
(A: The aeromagnetic survey area; B: Gridded magnetic anomaly; C: The aeromagnetic
anomaly reduced to the pole)
Figure 7.1.5-4 shows, an aeromagnetic survey area(Figure 7.1.5-4 A) with profile
direction of 130(base line direction of 40), magnetic inclination of 56, magnetic
declination of -5. Measurement positioning use Gauss coordinates (in km). Gridded
magnetic anomaly is shown in Figure 7.1.5-4 B. The aeromagnetic anomaly reduced to the
pole is shown in Figure C.

 Magnetic Components Transformation

Magnetic components transformation is used to realize the transformation between the
components of Za, T, Hax, Hay.
You should specify the basic parameters, grid expansion parameters and advanced
parameters in parameter settings. The magnetic components transformation sequence
consists of the steps described below:
1.Select GM Grid -> Magnetic components transformation, The magnetic
components transformation window is displayed.
2.Select File → Open Grid to read the data file and display the contour map of data
file in the magnetic components transformation window.
3.Select Data → Processing. The parameter settings dialog is displayed in Figure
7.1.5-5.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

a b c
Figure 7.1.5-5 Parameter settings dialog of magnetic components transformation
(a:Basic Parameter; b:Grid Expansion; c:Parameter.)
The meaning of parameters is explained in Table 7.1.

Table 7.1 Meaning of parameters for magnetic components transformation

Parameters
Parameter Description Remarks
tabs

Row The angle between the row direction (X) of the

azimuth gridded data and geographic north

Column The angle between the column direction (Y) of

Basic azimuth the gridded data and geographic north

Parameters Magnetic The angle between the direction of geomagnetic

inclination field and the observation plane

Magnetic The angle between the projection of geomagnetic

declination field on observation plane and geographic north

rows Expansion number of rows Integer power of 2

Grid

Expansion
columns Expansion number of columns Integer power of 2

Original
Input magnetic component
Advanced component

Parameters Transformed
magnetic component to be transformed
component

Note: You should specify the magnetization direction (inclination and declination)
not only in magnetization direction transformation (e.g. magnetic components

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 Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and Inversion
transformation and reduction to the pole) , but also in Pseudo-Gravity transformation.
You should always determine the effective magnetization direction by measuring the
physical properties of samples , except that the remanent magnetization can be ignore.

 Pseudo-gravity Transformation
It was shown that the magnetic potential V and gravitational potential U caused by a
uniformly density and uniformly magnetized body are related by Poisson’s relation. The
total-field magnetic anomaly can be transformed into the gravity anomaly that would be
observed if the magnetization distribution were replaced with a identical density
distribution. The resulting quantity is called a pseudo-gravity anomaly. The pseudo-gravity
anomaly, calculated from the measured magnetic field, can be compared directly with
measurements of gravity field to understand whether the sources causing gravity anomaly
is the same as that causing magnetic anomaly. Pseudo-gravity anomaly is also called
gravity anomaly due to magnetic sources, or false gravity anomaly.
The pseudo-gravity transformation sequence consists of the steps shown below:
1.Select GM Grid -> Pseudo-gravity, The pseudo-gravity transformation window is
displayed.
2.Select File → Open Grid to read the data file and display the contour map of data
file in the pseudo-gravity transformation window.
3. Select Data → Processing. The parameter settings dialog is displayed in Figure
7.1.5-6.

Figure7.1.5-6 Calculation of pseudo- gravity anomaly

Parameters settings consist of basic parameters, grid expansion parameters and

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
advanced parameters, of which the basic parameters and grid expansion parameters are
same as the way described in section 7.1.1.
Advanced parameters include magnetization and density contrast.
Magnetization：magnetization of magnetic sources
Density contrast：density contrast of the gravity sources.
5.When parameter settings are completed, click OK to display contour map of
resulting grid.
Note: Pseudo-gravity is still the anomaly caused by magnetic sources, because it
is transformed by the magnetic anomaly with a assumed density contrast. A
pseudo-gravity anomaly is mainly used for comparing directly with measurements of
the gravity field, and is for reference in an area where no observed gravity data is
available.

7.2 Gravity and Magnetic Profile Data Processing

You can also process profile data both in frequency domain and in spatial domain
using RGIS-IGDP as well as processing gridded data. The sample spacing in profile data
must be a constant. The profile data file format is the same as the format of ASCII text file.
For more information on the format of profile data, please refer to Appendix I.

 Profile Data Processing in Frequency Domain

Profile data processing in frequency domain can deal with the following aspects:
 Regional and residual anomaly separation
 Low-pass filter
 First horizontal derivative
 First vertical derivative
 Analytic Continuation
 Reduction to the pole
 Pseudo-gravity transformation
 Horizontal anomaly separation
 Power spectrum.
The dialog of profile data processing in frequency domain is shown in Figure 7.2-1.

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 Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and Inversion

Figure 7.2-1. Profile data processing in frequency domain

The red curve and label in the profile window is the observed field and the blue curve
and label is the calculated field. After inputing the raw profile data, you can select the data
processing method from the method dropdown list.
The methods and their input parameters are shown in Table 7.2.
To process profile data in frequency domain, it is necessary for users to understand the
following information:
1. The sample interval in raw data must be equal.
2. The number of sample points must be odd.
3. To avoid the edge effects in FFT, the raw data should be expanded.
4. The unit of result data coordinate is in accord with the unit of original data
coordinate.
5. You can calculate the horizontal derivative of raw data before horizontal anomaly
separation, then specify the distance between two anomalies to be separated according to
the two extreme values of horizontal derivative. Anomaly amplitude rate greater than 1 is
recommended to get good separation effect.

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Table 7.2 Method and parameters for profile data processing in frequency domain
Method Input Parameters Description

Frequency of P1, P2, P3, You should first calculate logarithmic power spectrum,

Separation for and P4 and their then select points on the power spectrum curve. The

regional anomaly corresponding spectrum system automatically read into the frequency and

P5, P6, P7, P8 spectrum of the selected point.

Frequency of P1, P2, P3,

You should select points on the logarithmic power
Separation for and P4 and their
spectrum curve, the system automatically read into the
residual anomaly corresponding spectrum
frequency and spectrum of the selected point
P5, P6, P7, P8

The filter coefficient is between 1.0 and 2.5. The

Low-pass filter Filter coefficient
coefficient is normally set to be 1.5.

First horizontal
None
derivative

First Vertical
None
derivative

Continuation height should be actual height and the

Analytic unit is same as the point space of profile. Positive

Continuation height
continuation value represents downward continuation while

negative value represents upward continuation.

Reduction to the
Geomagnetic inclination The unit is decimal degree.
pole

You can specify Possion ratio as 1 or actual value to

Pseudo-gravity Geomagnetic
calculate the pseudo-gravity or gravity anomaly caused
transformation inclination, Possion ratio
by residual density, respectively.

Anomaly distance is the distance between the two

Horizontal anomalies to be separated. The distance between the

Anomaly distance,
anomaly two anomaly center is normally chosen and the unit
Amplitude ratio
separation is in sample spacing. Amplitude ratio is the amplitude

ratio of tow anomalies to be separated.

Power spectrum None

6. You should calculate logarithmic power spectrum of profile data before separating

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 Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and Inversion
regional and residual field. According to the power spectrum curve, you need to identify
the two straight line segments of corresponding deep and shallow sources, using the left
mouse button to determine the four points on power spectrum curve that represent two
straight line segments. Analysis of two straight line segments and the determination of four
points is the key. You should pay attention to their representation. P1, P2, P3 and P4 are
abscissa value of the four points whose unit is fundamental frequency, the vertical axis
value is corresponding spectrum value of the four points, that is P5, P6, P7, and P8. You
must make sure that P1 <P2 <P3 < P4 when you select points.

 Profile Data Processing in Spatial Domain

Profile data processing in spatial domain consists by least suqare smooth and
continuation.
Least suqare smooth includes five point second order smoothing, seven point second
order smoothing, seven point fourth order smoothing, nine point second order smoothing,
eleven point second order smoothing, eleven point fourth order smoothing and eleven point
third order smoothing.

Table 7.3 Processing method and Data missing number

Data missing
Processing method
number

Five points second order smoothing 4

Seven points second order smoothing 6

Seven points fourth order smoothing 6

Nine points second order smoothing 8

Eleven points second order smoothing 10

Eleven points fourth order smoothing 10

Eleven points fourth order smoothing 10

Continuation one space 20

Continuation two spaces 20

The continuation includes upward continuation one spacing, upward continuation two
times spacing, upward continuation three times spacing, downward continuation one
spacing(coeffcient I), downward continuation two times spacing(coeffcient I), downward
continuation three times spacing (coeffcient I), downward continuation one

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
spacing(coeffcient II), downward continuation two times spacing(coeffcient II), downward
continuation three times spacing(coeffcient II).
For example, the “five point second order smoothing” means that a second order
polynomial with its coefficients estimated by fitting five point data within a segment to
observed data to calculated a smooth anomaly at the midpoint of the segment.
Note : “continuation 1,2, or 3 times spacing” means that a continuation
calculation of anomaly on a surface at a height of 1,2,or 3 times spacing higher than
or lower than the observation surface from the observed anomaly.
The loss of data at the profile boundary will happen when processing data in spatial
domain. RGIS-IGDP provides the checkbox of expansion to choose for use.
The dialog of profile data processing in spatial domain is shown in Figure 7.2-2.
The color of curve and label of raw data is red, while the color of curve and label is
black and blue for

Figure 7.2-2 Profile data processing in spatial domain

expansion result data and non-expansion result data, respectively. After input the raw
profile data, you can specify the data processing method from the method dropdown list.
When processing the data without expanding, the number of missing data is shown in
the table. To process profile data by continuation, number of measure points must be
greater than 21.

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 Chapter 7: Gravity and Magnetic Data Processing and Inversion

7.3 Inversion and Interpretation of Gravity and Magnetic

Anomaly
7.3.1 Calculation Of Depth to the Magnetic Source

 Depth to the Magnetic Source - Profile

The software system provides the power spectrum method to calculate depth to the
magnetic source. The power spectrum will calculate logarithmic power spectrum of
magnetic anomaly along a profile. The logarithmic power spectrum is characterized by that
the low frequency curve representing deep sources decay fast, while the response curve
corresponding to shallow source decreases more slowly. Based on a relationship between
power spectrum and frequency, the average depth to the top of the magnetic sources can be
approximately calculated. This function module is mainly used for rough calculation of the
profile anomaly. This method is effective for isolated anomaly.
Select GM inversion → Depth to magnetic source →Profile data. The depth to
magnetic source – profile dialog is displayed in Figure 7.3.1-1.
The depth to magnetic source processing sequence consists of the steps shown below:
Select the data file Using the Browse button to select the input data and then the
curve of the profile data is displayed in the depth to magnetic source – profile dialog.
You can use either the whole profile or a part of the profile to calculate the depth of
magnetic source. The whole profile analysis is the default in system. If you want to analyse
using profile segment, you first need to select the profile segment.
Method: Hold down the Shift key, click on the curve in the upper part of dialog to
specify an endpoint of the profile segment, then right-click to specify the other endpoint of
the profile section. AS shown in Figure 7.3.1-1, A and B are the two endpoints of a profile
section.

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Figure 7.3.1-1 Calculation of depth to magnetic source - profile

Note: if you select only one endpoint, you will be prompted that Missing one
endpoint. You should select the other endpoint to calculate the depth of sources. The
selected profile segment is displayed in the lower part of the dialog window.
Draw the power spectrum click the Power Spectrum button. The power
spectrum curve is displayed in the central part of the dialog window. The horizontal axis is
the frequency and the vertical axis is the power spectrum amplitude.
Calculate the depth After selecting profiles or profile segments, according to the
shape of the power spectrum curve, specify the low frequency and high frequency, then
click the Calculation button to processing the data. The results are displayed in the depth
value textbox, as shown in Figure 7.3.1-1.
Note:
(1) Low frequency should not be 0. The low frequency must be less than the high
frequency, and high frequency cannot exceed the maximum frequency.
(2) You should choose a relatively stable section of the energy spectrum curve. If the
energy spectrum curve is not stationary, the difference between high and low frequency can
be large.
(3) The result is an average depth to the bottom of the sources in the selected profiles

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or profile segments, located at the center of the profiles or profile segments. The unit of the
depth should be consistent with the unit of section length.
Refresh when a profile data includes several complete anomalies or you are not
satisfied with the results, you can re-select the next anomaly or low frequency and high
frequency to calculate the depth to magnetic source through function of next part.

 Depth To Magnetic Source – Grid

The principles and operations of calculating depth to magnetic source from grid data
is the same as that profile data. You should input grid data in depth to magnetic source –
grid dialog, as shown in Figure 7.3.1-2.
Using the Browse button, select the input grid file. The power spectrum curve is
displayed in the dialog. The horizontal axis is the frequency and the vertical axis is the
power spectrum amplitude.
Hold down the left mouse button to select power spectrum curve segments which are
composed of low frequency and high frequency in power spectrum graph in the way of
dragging. You should choose a relatively stable section of the energy spectrum curve. If the
energy spectrum curve is not stationary, the
difference between high and low frequency can
be large. The green lines represent selected
power spectrum curve segments. Program
automatically calculates the depth to the
anomalous source reflected by the
corresponding spectral bands. The results are
displayed in the depth to magnetic source
textbox, as shown in Figure 7.3.1-2. The results
are an average depth to the top of the sources in
the selected area. The unit of the depth should
be consistent with the unit of profile length.

 Depth To Magnetic Source –

Interface
Through calculation of depth of 3-D
Figure 7.3.1-2 Depth to magnetic
magnetic source, we can understand the depth
source - grid

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and the 3-D spatial distribution of the geologic body.
Select GM inversion → Depth to magnetic source →Depth to interface. The depth
to magnetic source – interface dialog is displayed in Figure 7.3.1-3.
The depth to magnetic source
processing sequence consists of the steps
shown below:
Input grid and Output gird Click the
Browse button to selected the input grid
data and the output grid data.
Specify the parameters The
parameters include window size, moving
step, low frequency and high frequency.
Window size The current computer is
difficult to conduct Fourier transform of big
data, therefore, we use the approach of the Figure 7.3.1-3 Depth to magnetic source -
moving window. Unit of the window size is interface
in the grid space. The window size should
be the integer power of 2. You should specify the window size according to the anomaly
scale and the data accuracy. In general, the larger the window is, the slower the computing
speed is. Typically, you can specify the window size as 16 or 32.
Moving step Moving step is successive moving distance of the moving window,
which is also called calculated point distance. Moving step unit is the grid space. In general,
the larger the moving step is, the faster the calculation is. The less the calculation points are,
the point density of the depth values is more dilute.
Low frequency The low frequency means the frequency of the starting of flat
segment of power spectrum in the window. Low frequency cannot be set to 0.
High frequency The high frequency means the frequency of the ending of flat
segment of power spectrum in the window. You can specify a small value to estimate the
depth to large-scale and deep magnetic interface.
Calculation When parameter settings are completed, click OK button to process the
data.

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7.3.2 Inversion For Interface

 For Density Interface

Inversion for density interface can be used for calculating the undulate density
interface from gravity data. The inversion processing sequence consists of the steps shown
below:
1.Select GM inversion → Density interface. The inversion dialog is displayed in
Figure7.3.2-1.
2. Read in the data file, then specify the filename of results.
3.Specify parameters for the inversion, including density contrast, average depth,
iteration times and filter factor.
4. Click OK to process the input data and then save the results file. Click Contour
button to display the contour map of input data and results data.

Figure 7.3.2-1 Inversion for density interface Figure 7.3.2-2 Inversion for magnetic
interface
Note: You should choose km as the unit of data in gridding.

 For Magnetic Interface

Inversion for magnetic interface can be used for calculating the undulate magnetic
interface form magnetic data. The inversion processing sequence consists of the steps
shown below:
1.Select GM inversion → Magnetic interface. The inversion dialog is displayed in
Figure 7.3.2-2.
2. Read in the data file, then specify the filename of results.
3.Specify parameters for the inversion, including average magnetization, average

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depth, iteration times and filter factor.
4. Click OK to process the input data and then to save the results file..
Note: (1) In general, the magnetic source distribution can not form an interface.
When magnetic source distribution can be approximated to a interface, the inversion
for magnetic interface can be used. (2) The unit of space coordinates of the input data
is kilometers(km). The unit of magnetization is A/m. Therefore, please select km as the
unit in gridding.

7.3.3 2-D Inversion

 2.5-D Joint Inversion Of Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies

RGIS-IGDP provides a 2.5-D integrated gravity and magnetic inversion, using 2.5-D
prism model, for integrated gravity and magnetic forward modeling calculation and
inversion in the way of human-computer interactive visualization. You can create initial
model from the input geological map or seismic interpretation. Using combination of the
complex 2.5-D prism you can achieve 3-D inversion for similar 3-D body. The unit can be
m or km. You can also use the system for forward modeling.
The program interface is made up of the main menu bar, shortcuts bar, inversion
fitting region and status bar from top to bottom. Inversion fitting region is divided into
three sub-areas: the magnetic anomaly zone, gravity anomaly zone and model zone, as are
shown in Figure 7.3.3-1.

Figure 7.3.3-1 2.5-D Joint Inversion Of Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies

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Input Data The input data can be Bouguer gravity anomaly (g in 10-5m/s2) , total
magnetic anomaly(T in nT), or vertical magnetic anomaly component(Za, or Z),
horizontal magnetic anomaly component (Hax and Hay). You can only input the gravity
anomaly or the magnetic anomaly for the inversion.
The format of the input data format is shown in Figure 7.3.3-2. The gravity anomaly
data format is on the left side, the magnetic anomaly data format is on the right side. The
measurement point position, sample spacing and profile length of the gravity and magnetic
data can be different from each other. When elevation of gravity measurement station is
different from that of magnetic measurement station in the same point, the program will
prompt and discarding the elevation values of the latter input data , as are shown in Figure
7.3.3-3.
The format of input data is *.dat or *.txt. The Columns of data are 3. The instruction is
as follows.
There are 3 columns of data in the Bouguer gravity anomaly data or in the magnetic
anomaly data as follows: the left column is coordinates of measurement station, the mid is
elevation of the station, and the right is gravity anomaly or magnetic anomaly.

Figure 7.3.3-2. The input gravity and magnetic data

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Figure 7.3.3-3 Warming

information
Note:
(1) The three columns of data should be delimited by space character. The profile data
sample spacing can be different.
(2) The geographic location of gravity and magnetic data should be consistent.
(3) You can only input the magnetic anomaly or gravity anomaly to invert a single
anomaly.
(4) The direction of the profile is from left to right.
(5) Profile azimuth is calculated according to clockwise angle deviated from the
geographical north. The angle is defined in degree.
The input data dialog is shown in Figure 7.3.3-4 and Figure 7.3.3-5. After inputting
the data，the anomaly curve is displayed in the main window.

Figure 7.3.3-4 Input magnetic data

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Figure 7.3.3-5 Input gravity data

Parameter settings:
Modeling and its parameter settings:
Select File → Load Exist Model Data to load the existing model data, or Use Ctrl +
click to build model directly in the model area, or select File→Load Base BMP to build a
geological body model based on the background image.
Hold the Ctrl key down and move the cursor and click on the left mouse button in the
model window to create polygon body, which represents a geological body. The
cross-section is polygon and the length of vertical section is limited. The model setting
dialog is displayed in Figure 7.3.3-6. It is used for editing its physical and geometrical
parameters, color and pattern. The program provides a variety of patterns to fill the model.
You can specify the pattern of the model according to your customs and preferences.
When the model settings are completed, an anomaly curve by the corresponding
forward calculation is displayed in the anomaly window.
The mean square error between the original measured anomaly and the theoretical
anomaly due to the model can be displayed on the right side of anomaly axis so that you
can understand the fitting accuracy.
In the modeling, click the right button to delete the newly created corner.
Double-click to select the existing model. The model setting dialog is displayed and
you can edit the parameters. Relevant parameters are described below:
(1) D is density contrast of the model. The unit is g/cm3.
(2) J is the effective magnetization of the model. The unit is A/m.
Note:
a. The unit of the effective magnetization is 10-2A/m. If the actual value is 0.2A/m,
the input should be 20.
b. The effective magnetization vector is the vector sum of the induced
magnetization and remanent magnetization vectors. Without considering the

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remanence and demagnetization, the induced magnetization represents the
magnetization of the model, and its value is equal to the product of geomagnetic field
intensity and model susceptibility (J=kT0), and its direction is consistent with the
direction of the geomagnetic field.
c. In many circumstances, the influence of the demagnetization need not to be
considered. However, if the magnetism of the model is very strong, the effects of the
demagnetization need to be considered. The demagnetization effects is relevant to
the geometry of the model.
(3) I is Magnetization inclination, i.e., the angle between the direction of effective
magnetization and profile.
Note: Without considering the remanence and demagnetization, you should
choose the inclination of projection vector on profile of local magnetic field as
inclination.
(4) D stands for Magnetization declination. Without considering the remanent
magnetization and demagnetization, the magnetic declination should be specified as 0.
(5) Y1 defines the location of the far cross-section of the 2.5-D model. Y axis is
perpendicular to the screen. Y value is negative when it points inward toward the screen.
(6) Y2 defines the location of the near cross-section of the 2.5-D model. Y value is
positive when it points outward toward the interpreter.
A inversion of single model is shown in Figure 7.3.3-6, with the density contrast of
0.16g/cm3, and a magnetization of 1.2A/m. The model is perpendicular to the screen and
extends inward 100km and outward 200km. The effective inclination is 152, and
declination －4.

Figure 7.3.3-6 Model setting

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Displaying model and curve
The anomaly curve can be presented with three different line styles and different color
(i.e., point, line, line + point). The steps are shown below:
Right-click inside the data window, select Original Data → Display to choose one or
more ways to display the curve. Or select View → Magnetic/Gravity Window →
Original Data → Display to display the curve.
Modifying the background color
You can change the background color in anomaly window and model window by
modifying the background color. The steps are shown below:
Select View → Magnetic Window → Back Color, the background color settings
dialog is displayed in Figure 7.3.3-7. You can specify your favorite color from basic colors,
or specify the user-defined background color.
The system also provides some methods to
change the model view and display modes in model
window. Model view methods include displaying or
hiding vertex mark, vertex effect region, scaling of
the model window and background field settings.
View modes of the model in model window include
view by model and curve width, view by curve
width and view by model width.
Vertex mark
Vertex mark is used for marking the position of
the vertexes of the model. You can select View →
Model Window → Vertex mark to display or hide Figure 7.3.3-7 Background color
vertexes of the model.
Vertex effect region
The vertex effect region represents the size of vertex mark. Its value is from 3 to 8.
The greater the value is, the larger the size is. You can select View → Model Window →
Vertex effect region to change the size of the vertex mark.
Scaling
You can select View → Model Window → Compress | Enlarge to change the view
size of the model.
Modify the model

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If the anomaly caused by the model can’t fit well with the original data, you need to
modify the model.
Modify physical property
Right-click or double-click on the model. The model setting dialog is displayed, where
you can modify the physical property parameters of the model.
Modify the shape of model
Move the model
Move the cursor over the model then keep the left mouse button depressed to move
the model to a new location. The response of model will be automatically calculated and
displayed.
Move the vertex
Move the cursor over the vertex of the model then keep the left mouse button
depressed to move the vertex to a new location. The response of model will be
automatically calculated and displayed.
Edit vertex coordinates
Right-click on the vertex of the model, select Edit vertex coordinates, the edit vertex
coordinates dialog is displayed. Current vertex and other vertexes are displayed in the
upper part and the lower part of the dialog, respectively. Then you can modify the vertex
and click Modify to save results.
Delete vertex
Right-click on the vertex of the model, select Delete vertex to delete the vertex.
Add vertex
Right-click on a edge of the selected model, select Add vertex to add a vertex on the
edge.
Split model
The number of the vertex of the model that you wish to split is at least 4. To split the
model, please follow the steps below:
Select a model from the model window.
Select Model → Split model on the toolbar.
Move the cursor to the one of two vertices of the selected model that you want to split,
then the cursor will become a scissors shape.
Move the cursor to the other vertex and click on it. The original model is split into two
models.

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Merge vertex
To merge the vertexes of the model, you should press and hold down the left mouse
button to move the vertex to another vertex after positioning the cursor over the vertex.
Background physical properties and background field settings
In most case, the background field can be fit by using a linear function with distance.
You can adjust the background field to get a more reasonable result for inversion and
interpretation.
In the gravity or magnetic window, right-click to select background, the background
setting dialog is displayed in Figure 7.3.3-8
You can specify the background field value displayed in the dialog, if you select Auto,
the background field will automatically change during the process of modeling and
inversion.
You can add a slope background by clicking the Slope Background button when
inverse modeling with long profile length data, as is shown in Figure 7.3.3-9.
The program automatically specify the first value and the last value of the observation
profile data for reference.

Figure 7.3.3-8 Background field settings Figure 7.3.3-9 Slope background settings
Text and line
In the process of inversion, you can mark drilling and draw structure line on the
interface. The line styles include straight line, broken line, hand line, smoothing hand line
and so on. Text and lines can be displayed or hidden. As is shown in Figure 7.3.3-10.
You can modify the properties of the input text and line. On the text or line, click to
select the text or line, then right-click to select Line Edit, Text Edit or Delete Line/Text to
edit the text or line.
Integrated gravity and magnetic inversion
We provide the following three methods for different gravity and magnetic anomalous

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sources in the inversion:
1.When the magnetic anomaly and gravity anomaly are caused by the same sources,
the system calculates the density, magnetization intensity and shape of a model with the
same polygon cross-section.
2.When the magnetic anomaly and gravity anomaly are partly caused by the same
sources, you can split the geologic body into several polygon bodies (including 3parts:
gravity anomalous body; magnetic anomalous body; gravity and magnetic body;) to
calculate the response of each polygon body separately.
3.When body causing the magnetic anomaly is different from that causing the gravity
anomaly are caused by different sources, you can create two or more polygon bodies to
calculate the anomalies. For gravity anomalous body, its magnetization should be set to 0.,
for magnetic body, its density contrast should be set to 0.

Figure 7.3.3-10 The schematic diagram of geological messages

7.3.4 3-D Inversion of Gravity and magnetic Data

 3-D Automatic Inversion of Gravity and Magnetic Data

3-D automatic inversion of gravity and magnetic data is used for determining physical
property of each unit in 3-D model.

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The 3-D automatic inversion module of RGIS-IGDP system provides the weighted
inversion for physical properties using stochastic subspaces. The inversion setting interface
is shown in Figure 7.3.4-1

Figure 7.3.4-1. Inversion setting interface

The inversion sequence consists of the steps shown below:
After reading the field data file, the terrain file option bar is displayed, which is shown
in Figure 7.3.4-2.
Note: The dimensions (number of rows, number of columns, X and Y minimums, and
X and Y maximums)of the terrain grid and the field grid must be equal, otherwise the
error or warning dialog will be displayed.

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Figure 7.3.4-2. The interface of loading the original inversion data

If the original data is gravity data, we need to confirm whether the unit of grid space is
km or not, if it is, chose [km], if not selected, the default is [m]. Note: In inversion of
gravity data, the error of length unit will lead to the error result! For magnetic data, deselect
the [gravity data] option, because the inversion results of magnetic data are not affected
by the unit of grid spacing and the interface changes, which is shown in Figure 7.3.4-3.

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Figure 7.3.4-3. the interface of 3-D inversion of magnetic data

[Command file] is parameters for the inversion file (file extension is *. par). For more
information on command file format, please refer to Appendix. Only when all input
parameters and input files have no error, The OK button will be displayed, Using Browse
button to specify the filename of result grid then click the OK button to process the data, as
is shown in Figure 7.3.4-4.

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Figure 7.3.4-4. The interface of input parameters

You need to set up a range of the depth calculated by the inversion: Zmin ~ Zmax, the
default Zmin is one grid spacing, the default Zmax is approximately the half of the length
or width of measurement area. If the default depth values are not appropriate, you can
modify them.
The Forward Grid in output text is output grid that save the gravity data caused
by the calculated models(if the original data is magnetic data, the output is the magnetic
data), Voxel is the 3 D inversion results data (extension is *. vol).
It will take long time to do 3-D physical inversion. When the inversion is completed, the
program will display mean square error to prompt user whether to continue the inversion or
not. It is shown in Figure 7.3.4-5.

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Figure 7.3.4-5. Mean square error

If you are satisfied with the mean square error of the inversion, you can click the NO
button. The program may take long time to output results data by the inversion. It is shown
in Figure 7.3.4-6.

Figure 7.3.4-6 the output results dialog Figure 7.3.4-7. End dialog
Finally when the inversion results are saved, the dialog of hint that inversion is
finished will automatically display. It is shown in Figure 7.3.4-7

 3-D Human-computer Interactive Forward and Inversion of Gravity

and Magnetic Anomalies
This function module can be used for forward and inversion of gravity and magnetic
anomalies with terrain data on the basis of human-computer interaction. The inversion
includes the following two steps: the first step is interactive inversion; the second step is
automatic precise inversion in the later period of the interactive inversion. You can create
and edit topography and geological model, and calculate the synthetic anomaly.
Select 3-D Modeling, the 3-D gravity and magnetic modeling window is displayed, as
shown in Figure 7.3.4-8. There is an initial surface grid used to generate model data, users
who want to do the inversion may ignore this interface. There are two perpendicular
sections above the surface grid used to display the gravity or magnetic profile anomaly, a
main menu and toolbar at the top of the window, and a edit toolbar is on the right side.

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Figure 7.3.4-8. 3-D gravity and magnetic modeling window

Input data
Input gravity data: Select File → Open Gravity Grid or Click the icon on the
toolbar to open the open file dialog, select gravity grid file, and then click Open.
The module supports format of ASCII, Binary Surfer files and Surfer 7, the follows
are the same as that format.
Input magnetic data: Select File → Open Magnetic Grid or Click the icon on
the toolbar to open the open file dialog shown in Figure 7.3.4-9, select magnetic grid file,
and then click Open. The Magnetic Parameter dialog is displayed. Specify the type of
magnetic field, inclination and declination.

Figure 7.3.4-9. Magnetic parameter settings

Input topographic data: Select File → Open Terrain Grid or Click the icon

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on the toolbar to open the open file dialog, select terrain grid file, and then click Open.
It is recommended that you should input gravity and magnetic anomaly data first,
then input the terrain data.
Input model data: Select File → Open Model data or Click the icon on the
toolbar to open the open file dialog, select model data file, and then click Open.
Note: Model data is generated from model editing program of RGIS-IGDP.
Model data does not contain the grid information in the study area, so you should
input the model data after the gravity-magnetic anomaly data or the terrain elevation
data input.
If one or more model files already exist in the study area, when you want to input new
models, the dialog is displayed in Figure 7.3.4-10, the program will prompt you whether to
preserve existing model or not.
If you choose Yes, the program will check out vertex coordinates of the new model
and the existing model. When the new model and the existing model does not intersect, you
can input the new model. Otherwise, an error dialog will display, and the new model cannot
be input. If you choose No, the program will delete the existing model and input the new
model.

Figure 7.3.4-10. Input new model

Input RGIS files: Select File → Open RGIS File to open the open file dialog,
select RGIS-3-D file, and then click Open.
RGIS-3-D files are the output files of 3-D modeling module in RGIS-IGDP, and they
are comprehensive files, containing gravity and magnetic anomaly data, terrain data, model
data and forward modeling data.
Open previous workspace: Select File → Open Previous Workspace to open the
open file dialog, select the workspace file (*.wrk), and then click Open.
Save data
Save anomaly grid: Select File → Save Anomaly Grid to open the save file dialog,

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specify the filename and then click OK.
The output anomaly data are the anomaly caused by current model, which is stored in
grid file format, the same as Surfer binary format, and the follows are the same as that
format.
Save terrain grid: Select File → Save Terrain Grid to open the save file dialog,
specify the filename and then click OK.
Save model data: Select File → Save Model data to open the save file dialog,
specify the filename and then click OK. The format of the model data is *.mdl.
Save RGIS-3-D file: Select File → Save RGIS-3-D File to open the save file
dialog, specify the filename and then click OK. The format of the RGIS-3-D file is *.gm3.
Save current workspace: Select File → Save Current Workspace to open the save
file dialog, specify the filename and then click OK. The objective of saving current
workspace is to store current work to the project file(*.wrk) so that you can restore the
previous work quickly.
Edit model
Create new model: Select Model → New Model or Click the icon on the
toolbar to open the model parameter settings dialog, as shown in Figure 7.3.4-11. Specify
the parameters and then click OK.

Figure 7.3.4-11 Model parameter settings

There are two kinds of initial model: one is polyhedron similar to sphere. There are
four kinds of polyhedron according to the complexity , which have 20 faces, 80 faces, 320
faces and 1280 faces respectively. When you create the sphere model, you should specify
reasonable estimate values of the center coordinate and radius of the sphere.
The other kind of model is cuboid, when you choose the cuboid model, you should

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specify the coordinate of the center, the length, the width, the height and the horizontal
rotation angle of the cuboid, as shown in Figure 7.3.4-12.

Figure 7.3.4-12 Cube model parameters settings

When model parameter settings are completed, the model is displayed in the window
in Figure 7.3.4-13.

Figure 7.3.4-13. Initial cube model

Select current model: The 3-D modeling module can generate many geological
models, but only one of them can be in an editable state at one time, which is called current
model, while others are called existing models
Select Model → Select Current Model or Click icon on the toolbar, then click on
the model which need to be edited, the color of vertexes of the model change to green, and
the model has become the current model.

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Current model property: Select Model → Current Model Property, the current
model property dialog is displayed in Figure 7.3.4-14, you can specify the density (density
contrast) and magnetization intensity of the model.

Figure 7.3.4-14 Current model property settings

Note: The unit of magnetization intensity is 0.01A/m.
Current model color and geometry: Select Model → Current Model Color and
Geometry, the current model color and geometry dialog is displayed, you can specify the
color and geometry.
Note: Here you can modify the position of the center of gravity of the current
model(but it is not suggested), or you can also observe the depth and volume of the model.
Color of the model does not affect the inversion result.
Change the location of current model: Select icon , or press the keyboard L key,
Keep the left mouse button depressed and move the cursor across the screen, then you can
change location of the model.
If you keep the keyboard X, Y or Z key depressed at the same time, the movement of
the model is limited in X, Y, or Z direction.
Change the scale of current model: Select icon , or press the keyboard S key.
Keep the left mouse button depressed and move the cursor up or down the screen to reset
the scale of the current model.
If you keep the keyboard X, Y or Z key depressed at the same time, you can change
the scale of the model in the X, Y, or Z direction.
Rotate current model: Select the icon , or press the keyboard O key. Keep the
keyboard X, Y or Z key depressed, at the same time, keep the left mouse button depressed
and move the cursor up and down the screen to rotate the model about the X, Y, or Z axis.
Change the shape of the model: The shape of a polyhedral model is determined by
position of its vertexes. There are many vertexes in the current model, but only one of them

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can be editable at one time, which is called current vertex. This editable vertex color is
red, while the others color are green.
This system provides the rubber membrane technology to modify the shape of the
model. When dragging the selected vertex to a new position, the other vertexes near it can
be automatically repositioned using the rubber membrane technology. Multiple levels can
be selected from the drop-down list on the speed toolbar (Figure 1-9). 0 level means rubber
membrane technology will not be used and only selected vertex can be permitted to drag to
a new position. 1 level means during dragging the selected vertex, a few other vertexes
close to it will be automatically dragged. The greater the level, the greater the number of
vertexes automatically repositioned.
The steps of changing the shape of the model are as follows:
Select the icon, or press the keyboard P key, then select the level of rubber
membrane function from the drop-down list. Keep the left mouse button depressed after
positioning the cursor over the editable vertex and move the cursor to a new position.
When releasing the left mouse button, the shape of the model will be modified.
If you press and hold the left mouse button, at the same time press X, Y, or Z, the
position of the vertexes will be limited in the X, Y, or Z direction.
Reselect current control-vertex of the model: Select the icon on the toolbar, or
press the keyboard N key, then click on the control-vertex.
Note: If successfully selected, the vertex becomes current control point which color is
red. You can change the position of this vertex using the mouse.
Add a new control-vertex on the model: Select the icon on the toolbar, click on
the model to add a new control-vertex.
Click inside the interior of a triangle to add a control-vertex, which divides the
triangle into three triangles, as is shown in Figure 7.3.4-15-(A); Click on the edge of a
triangle to add a control-vertex, where the adjacent triangles are both divided into two
triangles, as is shown in Figure 7.3.4-15-(B); Click on the vertex of a triangle to add a few
control-vertexes around it, as is shown in Figure 7.3.4-15-(C).

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Click position Click position

Click position

(A) (B) (C)

Figure 7.3.4-15 Three ways to add control-vertex
Undo : The undo function in this system can only be used to undo the last editing
operation performed. Select Edit → Undo or click the icon on the toolbar to undo the
last operation. After this operation, the system will recalculate the anomaly.
Finish current model: After finishing editing of the current model, you can make the
model to be in non-editable status, thus the model becomes existing model.
Select Model → Finish Current Model or click the icon on the toolbar. After the
current model becomes the existing model, control-vertexes around the model will
disappear.
Remove current model: Select Model → Remove Current Model or click on the
toolbar icon , click OK button on the dialog.
You can only delete the current model, if you want to delete exiting model, you need
to specify the exiting model as current model.
Move all models: If there exists many models in the survey area, you can change
positions of all models at one time by this function. Press the icon on the floating
toolbar, press and hold left mouse button and move all models in the X, Y direction.
If you press X, Y, or Z at the same time, then the movements will be limited in X, Y,
or Z direction.
Scale all models: If there are many models in the survey area, you can change the

size of all models at one time by this function. Press the icon on the floating toolbar,

press and hold down left mouse button to increase or reduce the size of all models.
Change the location of reference point: Reference point is the focus of the screen.
Select the icon on the floating toolbar, keep the left mouse button depressed and move
the cursor across the screen, and hold down the keyboard X, Y, or Z key at the same time to

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change the location of the reference point.
Note: There is a more convenient way to change the position of the reference point,
which is to right-click to display pop-up menu. You can put the reference point at the
following 5 locations commonly used .
 1. Terrain center: The center of the surface grid.
 2. Space center: The center of the bounding box of the surface grid and all the
models.
 3. Model center: The gravity center of the current model.
 4. Point on model: When selecting this option, you need to click on the model,
and the intersection of the cursor and the model is the reference point.
 5. Initial center: The grid center is defaulted.
Change the location of the stick: Select the icon on the floating toolbar, press
and hold down the left mouse button and move the mouse to change the location of the
stick. The X,Y and Z coordinates of intersections of the stick and the model and terrain
surface are displayed near the probe location, the Z coordinate of the intersections is
displayed on the left side of the status bar, as is shown in Figure 7.3.4-16.
Instructions: Select View → Stick to display the stick or not.

Figure 7.3.4-16 Stick of the model

Graphic display
change the view angle and distance: Select the icon on the floating toolbar, or

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press the keyboard E key, keep the left mouse button depressed and move the cursor across
the screen to change the view angle.
Note: If you press Z at the same time, the image will be rotated about the Z axis,
which is a preferred rotation way. Press and hold left mouse button and at the same time
press the keyboard D key to change the view distance and zoom in and out the model.
In addition, you can observe from specified angle by right-clicking. For example: Top
view, Bottom view, horizontal view, and initial view. Initial view is the observing angle
which the system starts with.
Display finished models: Select View → Finished Models to turn on/off the display
of finished models.
Multi-windows display: You can add a split window and a orthogonal projection
window to conveniently edit the model. Models can be edited from different angle in split
window. The orthogonal projection window is only used to view the model. So, part of the
content is displayed in orthogonal projection window.
Display the split window: Select View → Split Window.
Display the orthogonal projection window: Select View → Orthogonal Projection.
Change the scale in the Z direction: While the flat model is edited, you can increase
the scale factor in the Z direction.
Select Setting → Scale in Z Direction, the Z-scale setting dialog is displayed in
Figure 7.3.4-17.

Figure 7.3.4-17 Z-scale setting

Note: The normal scale value is 1, the graph will be magnified if the scale is greater
than 1, and be reduced if the scale is less than 1.
Set white background: If you want to change the background color from black to
white, you can apply this function. Select menu Setting → White Background.
Calculate anomaly
The anomalies are automatically calculated. On the Anomaly menu, you can view or

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set the current anomaly type to be calculated and displayed.
 Gravity Forward means that the calculation is for inversion of gravity anomaly;
 Magnetic Forward means that the calculation is for inversion of magnetic
anomaly;
 Not Forward means no inversion is conducted.
Real-time Forward Calculation: When the quantity of data is little (for example, the
surface grid and model are relatively simple), you can calculate the anomaly instantly and
automatically. In this case, the anomaly will be calculated instantly when the model is
modified, which is useful for human-computer interaction inversion. Select Anomaly →
Real-time Forward to check it.
Non-real-time Forward: It is difficult to make real-time calculation with a large
quantity of data, so we adopt this strategy. Select Anomaly → Real-time Forward to
uncheck it. In the case, the anomaly is only calculated when an edit operation is performed
(with the left mouse button pressed and released).
Not Forward: When the quantity of data is very large, you should calculate the
anomaly when the model is completed. First select Anomaly → Not Forward, when the
model is almost completed, select Anomaly → Gravity Forward | Magnetic forward.
Automatic inversion: When a good fit between the observed and synthetic anomaly
curves is achieved, the fine inversion can be performed to get better fit by using automatic
inversion. Select Anomaly → Inversion or click the icon on the toolbar.
Note: When the number of grid points of computation data are less than 3 times the
number of the model vertexes, the automatic inversion cannot be performed.
Display anomaly
There are two ways to display the anomaly in the 3-D modeling window: one is to
display anomaly on surface using color block mapping technique, the other is to display
anomaly curve in the section view above the surface. The anomalies to be displayed
include the measured anomaly, synthetic anomaly by current model, total forward anomaly
by all models and residual anomaly.
The surface anomaly color block map: The surface anomaly color block map can
only be used to display one type of anomaly. You should switch to display other types.
 Measured anomaly: Select View → Measured anomaly or press key M
(measured).
 Current model anomaly: Select View → Current model anomaly or press key C

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(current).
 Total forward anomaly: Select View → Total forward anomaly or press key A
(all).
 Residual anomaly: Select View → Residual anomaly or press key R (residual).
The section anomaly curve: The measured anomaly and total forward anomaly are
both displayed in the section.
Whether or not to display section: There are two sections, one is in X direction and
the other is in Y direction. You can display them or not through the menu option.
The section in X direction: Check or uncheck View → X - Section to display the
section or not.
The section in Y direction: Check or uncheck View → Y - Section to display the section
or not.
Change the position of section: Select the the icon on the floating toolbar. The
location of section can be altered by positioning the cursor over the section and keeping the
left mouse button depressed and moving the cursor.
Section parameter settings: Select Setting → Section setting, the section setting
dialog is displayed in Figure 7.3.4-18.

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Figure 7.3.4-18 Section setting
Note: If the distance of the labels or grid lines is too small, you should specify the
appropriate parameters. Parameters can be set as follow:
 Section height: The section, displayed above the terrain, is a rectangle whose
bottom edge changes according to terrain. You can specify the height in unit of m.
(default height is the 1/5 of grid length).
 Anomaly value range: You can specify the scale of anomaly curve.
 Line / Curve Color: You can specify the color of background, measured curve
and forward curve. Color value of R,G, and B is in the range from 0 to 255.
Section grid: In order to read easily the curve value, the grid lines and labels can be
displayed in the section as required.
 Vertical line interval: The unit is surface grid space, so the vertical lines are
always located at the intersection of surface grid.
 Horizontal line interval: Its unit is the same as the unit of anomaly.
 Label frequency: It is the number of labels to skip.
Edit Grid
This system can create rugged terrain grid as required and compute the forward
response of models at corresponding grid location for training purpose. Creation of the
terrain can be done in the following two major steps:
Create the initial horizontal grid: Select Setting → New Grid, the new grid setting
dialog is displayed, you should
specify the parameters, as shown in
Figure 7.3.4-19.
The parameters are shown below:
 Lower-left corner coordinate
of the grid: X axis points to
the east, the Y axis points to
the north, and the Z axis
points up vertically.
 The number of grid lines:
The number is one larger
than the number of the grid.
 Grid spacing: The unit is Figure 7.3.4-19 New grid setting

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meter.
Adjusting the Z coordinate of grid Select Edit → Terrain grid, or click the
icon on the floating toolbar, the z value of terrain grid can be adjusted by positioning cursor
over the grid point and keeping the left mouse button depressed to move the cursor. The
rubber membrane technique is available here.
Summary table of shortcut keys and auxiliary keys
Change the eye: Press the keyboard E key, then keep the left mouse button depressed
and move the cursor.
Graphic rotation about the Z axis: Press the keyboard E key, then keep the keyboard Z
key and the left mouse button depressed and move the cursor up or down.
Graphics zooming: Press the keyboard E key, then keep the keyboard D key and the
left mouse button depressed and move the cursor up or down.
Don’t use multiply auxiliary keys at the same time. You should move the cursor up or
down while using the auxiliary key.

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Table 7.4 multiply auxiliary keys

Shortcut
Function Assistant keys
keys

Change the view angle and Z: the graphics rotate about the Z-axis
E
distance D: graphics scaling

Respectively press and hold down the keyboard X, Y, Z

Change the location of current
L key: The model is moved in the corresponding coordinate
model
axis direction.

Change the scale of the current Respectively press and hold down the keyboard X, Y, Z
S
model key: Scale the model in the corresponding direction.

Change the orientation of the Respectively press and hold down the keyboard X, Y, Z
O
current model key: model rotate about the corresponding axis.

Respectively press and hold down the keyboard X, Y, Z

Change the location of current
P key: model’s vertices move in the corresponding
control-vertex
coordinate direction

Re-select the current No: but you need to use the mouse to select a new
N
control-vertex control point

Respectively press and hold down the keyboard X, Y, Z

Chang the location of reference
None key: the reference point move in the corresponding
point
coordinate direction

M Display the measured anomaly

Display anomaly of the current

C
model

A display anomaly of all models

R Display residual anomaly

Press the left button and move all models in X, Y axis

direction. If you press and hold down both left mouse

Move all models
button and the keyboard X, Y, or Z key, the models are

restricted to move in the X, Y, Z axis direction.

Press and hold down both left mouse button and the
Scaling all models
keyboard X, Y, or Z key to change the scale of all models

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in X, Y, or Z direction.

7.3.5 3-D Modeling and Inversion Result View

 3-D Modeling and Inversion Result View

The 3-D modeling and inversion result view module can be not only used to visualize
interactive inversion using 2.5-D modeling result, 3-D automatic inversion result and 3-D
interactive modeling result, but also used for the following tasks:
(1) Provide the functions of human-computer interactive editing, creating 3-D
modeling model data and outputting model to the model data of 2.5-D modeling result and
3-D automatic inversion result.
(2) Display contour surface of the 3-D automatic inversion result.
(3) Create slices on the X, Y, Z or arbitrary plane to the model data of 3-D automatic
inversion result and 3-D modeling result.
(4) Create slices on the X, Y or Z plane and save resulting slices to the model data of
3-D automatic inversion result and 3-D modeling result;
(5) Provide the functions of image rotation, image scaling, and image pan to model
data of 2.5-D modeling result, 3-D automatic inversion result and 3-D modeling result.
Input data
3-D modeling and inversion result view module supports these types of data: 3-D
automatic inversion model data(*.vol) and 3-D modeling data (*.mdl) and model data of
2.5-D modeling result(*.mod).
3-D automatic inversion model data file :
1.Select GM inversion → 3-D inversion result view. The inversion voxel data
viewer window is displayed.
2. Select File → Open File, the input inversion voxel file dialog is displayed, you can
select the input data, as shown in Figure 7.3.5-1.

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Figure 7.3.5 -1 The input inversion voxel file

3-D modeling data file:
1.Select GM inversion → 3-D modeling result view. The polyhedron modeling data
viewer window is displayed.
2. Select File → Open Data, the input measured grid and polyhedron model dialog is
displayed, you can select the input data, as shown in Figure 7.3.5-2.

Figure 7.3.5-2 The input measured grid and polyhedron model

Graphic display
Graphic display setting in 3-D inversion result view module includes display type,

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view direction, restore, color setting, axis control, lighting environment settings and
additional border.
Display type: For the mode data of 3-D gravity and magnetic automatic inversion, the
module provides both wireframe type and fill type, as shown in Figure 7.3.5-3.
Select Settings → Display Type to choose the display type.

a b
Figure 7.3.5-3 Graphic display type
(a)wireframe type; (b)fill type
View direction: The view direction includes downward, upward, left, right, front and
back.
Select Settings → View Direction to choose the view direction.
Restore: this feature enables you to get all the custom display parameters take default
values.
Select Settings → Restore .
Color setting: Select Settings → Color Setting, the color setting dialog is displayed,
you can specify the color of background, axis and label, you can also choose to display the
color scale or not, as shown in Figure 7.3.5-4.

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Figure 7.3.5-4 color setting Figure 7.3.5-5 Volume data slice

Axis: Select Settings → Axis to choose display the axis or not.
Lighting: Select Settings → Lighting.
Data slice
This module includes model data slice, model data isosurface and slice/entirety
switch.
Regular slice: Select Display → Regular Slice, the regular slice dialog is displayed
in Figure 7.3.5-5，you can adjust the parameters to display the X, Y, Z vertical slice. Select
the direction of vertical slice in the Slice Direction drop-down list, drag the slider in the
slider bar to set the vertical slice location, click the Regular Slice button to add a regular
slice to the system. The information of this slice is shown in the regular slice dialog, as
show in Figure 7.3.5-6.

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Figure 7.3.5-6. Regular slice and its setting

Free slice: Select Display → Free Slice, the reference surface is displayed in the
inversion voxel data viewer window, double-click on the reference surface to input the
control point coordinates of free slice, then right-click to generate the free slice. The system
can only generate free slice in the vertical direction, as shown in Figure 7.3.5-7.

Figure 7.3.5-7 Free slice

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Isosurface: Select Display → Isosurface, the isosurface setting dialog is displayed in
Figure 7.3.5-8, The meanings of parameters are as follows:
 Value : Drag scroll bar to set the value of isosurface. The closed region, formed
by the boundary surface whose value is greater than the isosurface value, is
displayed in the window.
 Delete : Delete current display settings.
 Reverse color scale: Invert the relation between property value and the color
value, mainly used to highlight the display of isosurface.

Figure 7.3.5-8. Isosurface and its setting

Slice / entirety switch: Select Display → Slice / Entirety Switch to switch the
display type from slice to entirety, as shown in Figure 7.3.5 -9.

Figure 7.3.5 -9. The slice and the entirety of volume data

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 3-D Modeling Result View
The 3-D modeling result review module is used to display and edit the 3-D modeling
result.
1.Select GM inversion → 3-D Modeling Result View, the polyhedron modeling data
viewer window is displayed in Figure 7.3.5-10.

Figure 7.3.5-10 Polyhedron modeling data viewer

The window is divided into four sections, including field and 3-D model display
area (the upper left), field and model slice interactive area (the upper right) and field
sections and model cross-section display area.
You can select one of them and double click on it to switch it to full screen display,
double click it again to change back to four views.
Display settings
Display settings: Select Setting → Display Setting, the display setting dialog is
displayed. You can specify the color of background, axis and label and the transparency, as

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shown in Figure 7.3.5-11.

Figure 7.3.5-11. Display color settings

Line/Curve color setting: Select Setting → Display Setting, the line/curve color
setting dialog is displayed. You can specify the color of grid line, forward curve, measured
curve and terrain curve in the field sections and model cross-section display area, as
shown in Figure7.3.5-12.

Figure 7.3.5-12. Line/Curve color settings

Graphic operation
Graphic operation includes zoom in, zoom out, rotation, restore display and so on.
Zoom in and zoom out can be only used in field sections and model cross-section
display area. Click this area, then press and hold the left mouse button and drag the
mouse.
Rotation and restore can be only used in field and model 3-D display area. Click this
area, then press and hold the left mouse button and drag the mouse to rotate the graphic in

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any direction. Select Setting → Restore to restore the graphics.
Model slice
The module provides three methods of model slice that are regular slice in grid line
direction by mouse, slice in arbitrary direction by mouse, custom (control point) slice.

Figure 7.3.5-13. Model slice

Regular slice in grid line direction and in arbitrary direction can be used in field and
model slice interactive area. Select Slice → Gridline Direction | Arbitrary Direction ,
click on this area, the two perpendicular lines are displayed. Move mouse to the expected
position and click to finish it, as shown in Figure 7.3.5-13.

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Figure 7.3.5-14. Control point slice

You can also select Slice → Control point to input the coordinates of slice, as shown
in Figure 7.3.5-14. You should specify one point coordinate or two point coordinates for
regular slice or arbitrary slice, respectively.
Export data
Select File → Save Slice Data to export measured field data, forward field data,
terrain data and coordinates of two sections.

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Chapter 8: Processing and Inversion of Electrical

Data
The electrical method module of RGIS-IGDP includes 1D resistivity/induced
polarization (Res/IP) sounding forward modeling and inversion, 2D resistivity/induced
polarization (Res/IP) sounding forward modeling and inversion, 1D transient
electromagnetic method (TEM) inversion and 2.5-D transient electromagnetic method
(TEM) modeling. At present, the data preparation of these functional modules is not very
convenient for users, it will be improved through the feedback of users.

8.1 1D Resistivity/Induced Polarization (Res/IP) Sounding

Forward Modeling and Inversion
This module can be used to calculate the apparent resistivity and apparent
chargeability of 1D layer medium or to invert the layer parameters using measured
apparent resistivity and measured apparent chargeability. Field surveys use the different
electrode arrays. This module supports five
array types for surveys:
 Pole-pole
 Symmetrical four-pole (MN>0)
 Symmetrical four-pole (MN=0)
 Dipole-dipole (MN>0)
 Dipole-dipole (MN=0)

The steps of Forward modeling are

shown below:
Select "Electrical method" →
"Res/IP Sounding", the 1D Res/IP Figure 8.1-1 1D Res/IP sounding

sounding window is displayed in Figure 8.1-1. You can calculate forward and inverse
problems, which are shown below.

 Parameter settings: Select "Forward" → "Open File", or click the open file
icon ( ) on the toolbar. The parameter select dialog is displayed in Figure 8.1-2.

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You can specify the parameters and array types.

Figure 8.1-2 Parameter select settings

 Input data: when parameter settings are completed, click the "OK" button, the
input forward file dialog is displayed. You should choose the input data file then
click "Open", the forward layer parameters dialog is displayed in Figure 8.1-3.

Figure 8.1-3 forward layer Figure8.1-4 Layer parameter

 Input layer parameters: You should specify the layer number then click the OK
button. The layer parameter input dialog is displayed. You should specify the
input layer parameters, including resistivity, thickness, chargeability, as
shown in Figure 8.1-4.
 Forward calculation: When the parameter settings are completed, click the
"OK" button, then select "Forward" → "Calculation" to calculate the forward
data. The result curve is displayed in the main window and the save result dialog
is displayed, you can choose to save result data or not, as shown in Figure 8.1-5.

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 Save result image: if
you want to save the
result image, you should
select "File" → "Save
Screen" or click on the
save screen image icon

( ).

The steps of inversion are

shown below:
 Input data ： The steps
are same as of forward
modeling.
Figure 8.1-5 The forward curve
 Sounding points setting:
When the data file is input, the sounding points dialog is displayed, you should
specify the point number, as shown in Figure 8.1-6.

Figure 8.1-6 point number setting Figure 8.1-7. Iteration parameter setting
 Input iteration times and iteration misfit: Click the "OK" button to open the
inversion parameters dialog. You should specify the iteration times and iteration
misfit, the default values is normally used, as shown in Figure 8.1-7. Click the
"OK" button, the curve of this point is displayed in the main window, as shown
in Figure 8.1-8.
 Curve transformation: For pole-pole and symmetrical four-pole, you can
specify the initial parameters from the curve using curve transformation. Select
"Inversion" → "Curve transformation", the transformed curve is displayed,
you can specify the layer number according to the features of transformed curve.
as shown in Figure 8.1-9.

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 Specify the initial value: Select "Inversion" → "Initial Value" to specify the
layer number. For dipole-dipole, you should specify the initial value of each layer,
as shown in Figure 8.1-10.

Figure 8.1-8 the measured curve Figure8.1-9 transformed curve

Note: The initial value of layer parameters is not important, but the layer
number should be correct.
 Inversion calculation: Select "Inversion" → "Calculation" to calculate the
inversion result, the result curve will be displayed after half a minute, the
inversion result dialog is displayed. If you are not satisfied with the results, click
the "NO" button, and then re-select the initial value for inversion. If satisfied,
click the "Yes" button to save the result data, as shown in Figure 8.1-11.
 Save result image: if you want to save the result image, you should select "File"

→ "Save Screen" or click on the save screen image icon ( ).

Figure 8.1-10. initial value settings Figure8.1-11. Inversion calculation

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For more information about the format of input file and output file, please refer to
Appendix I.9.

8.2 2D Resistivity/Induced Polarization (Res/IP) Sounding

Forward Modeling and Inversion
Field surveys use the different electrode arrays. This module supports many array
types for surveys, including misa-a-la-masse, central gradient, pole-pole profiling,
combined profiling, symmetrical profiling, dipole-dipole profiling, pole-pole sounding,
pole-dipole sounding, symmetrical sounding and dipole-dipole sounding.
The module can be used for the following tasks:
 Calculate the forward and inversion of apparent resistivity and apparent
chargeability in 2D rough terrain.
 The powers of charging device can be located on the surface or in the
underground (but the observation is on the surface); the number of the charging
power can be more than one; Power charging method includes potential
observation method and gradient observation method.
 Calculate apparent resistivity and apparent chargeability in rough terrain using
potential or gradient.
 Calculate apparent resistivity and apparent chargeability of many different
interval coefficients in dipole-dipole profile method. The interval coefficient
should not be more than 8.
Note: The wiring direction of the sounding device should be along the direction of
2D profile.
Before using this module, you need to prepare the data files. You should specify the
calculation type, calculation method and array type. If the topography is not flat, you need
to input the terrain data. You also need to input the measured apparent resistivity data and
measured apparent chargeability data using trial and error method. For more information
about the data format, please refer to appendix I.9.
The steps of processing are shown below:

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Figure 8.2-1 2D Res/IP profiling and sounding

Select "Electrical method" → "2D Res/IP modeling", the 2D Res/IP profiling and
sounding window is displayed in Figure 8.2-1.
 Select "File" → "New", the 2D Res/IP profiling and sounding parameter settings
dialog is displayed in Figure 8.2-2.
 Input data file: You need to specify the calculation type, calculation method,
topography and array type. When parameter settings are completed, click "OK"
to read the data files. If the format of data is not correct, the file error dialog will
be displayed, you need to re-select parameters and the data file.
 Point-number mark:
Select "Edit" → "Dot
Sign", the cursor changes
to a crosshair, click on the
left-lower part of the
window. The point-number
mark dialog is displayed in
Figure 8.2-3. The current
number, start number, end
number and space are
shown in this dialog. Click
"OK", the initial Figure 8.2-2 2D parameter setting

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geoelectric section model is
displayed, the curve in Figure
8.2-4 is topography curve. You can
also click the zoom in or zoom out

icon( ) to zoom in or zoom

out the map.

 Chargeability curve: If the Figure 8.2-3 Point-number mark

calculation parameters include both apparent resistivity and apparent

chargeability, you can select "Display" → "Induced Polarization" to display the
apparent chargeability curve.
Create geoelectric section: Using the "Line" and "Polygon" on the toolbar to
create a complex 2D geoelectric section on the initial geoelectric section model, as
shown in Figure 8.2-5.

Figure8.2-4 topography curve

Figure 8.2-5 creating geolectric section

Note: The drawing polygons or lines should intersect with other lines, including

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terrain curve, boundaries, and drawing lines, to form a closed region. If you are not
satisfied with the drawing line or polygon, you can delete it using the Edit menu.
 Create initial model: Select "Forward Modeling" → "Create Initial Model",
you can specify the electric parameter
values for the geoelectric section.
Double click on a part of the geoelectric
section, the electric unit assignment
dialog is displayed in Figure 8.2-6.
You should specify the resistivity and color of
each part of geoelectric section, then click "OK",
Figure 8.2-6 electric unit
the color and legends are displayed in the right.
You need not to specify the parameter of air. You can also specify the chargeability of
geoelectric section using "Induced Polarization" menu.
Delete area: Select "Edit" → "Delete area" to remove the resistivity values and
colors of an area. Now that the geoelectric section have been created, as shown in Figure
8.2-7.

Figure8.2-7 The created geoelectric section

 Establish cells: Select "Forward Modeling" → "Establish Cells" to generate
the finite element mesh, as shown in Figure 8.2-8.
 Obtain cells data: Select "Forward Modeling" → "Obtain cells data", the
program reads the parameters values of each cell. The program also does the
same for chargeability data.
 Calculate and display the results: Select "Forward Modeling" →
"Calculation" to calculate the forward results. When the calculations are
completed, the forward modeling completed dialog is displayed, click "OK".
The result curve is displayed in the window, as shown in Figure 8.2-9. Now that

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you have completed the forward modeling.
 Output modeling map and data: Select "Output" → "Modeling Map" to
export the result map. Select "Output" → "Modeling Data" to export the result
data.
 Modify the geoelectric section: If you want to modify the shape and the cells’
value of the geoelctric section, select "Forward Modeling" → "Modify cells
data", click on the geoelectric section to form a closed region, then right-click,
the electric unit assignment dialog is displayed, you can re-specify the
parameters. For a mesh cell, right-click on it to specify the parameters directly. At
last, select "Forward Modeling" → "Calculation" to re-calculate the forward
result.

Figure 8.2-8 Establish cells

Figure 8.2-9 Forward results curves

Note: You can only edit one cell a time using "Modify cells data" menu, if you
want to edit more cells, you should use "Modify cells data" menu at every edit. You
should modify the resistivity map and the chargeability map, respectively.
The steps of inversion are same as of forward modeling.

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For more information about the format of input file and output file, please refer to
Appendix I.

8.3 1D Magnetic Source Transient Electromagnetic Forward

Modeling and Inversion
The 1D magnetic source transient electromagnetic forward modeling and inversion
module can be used for the following tasks:
 Calculate the induced electromotive force (EMF) or vertical magnetic field of 1D
layer medium for different loops and different delay time (1.0e-6~10 seconds).
 Calculate the inversion result of 1D layer medium using induced electromotive
force (EMF) or vertical magnetic field
 The delay time interval can be calculated in logarithmic, arithmetic and custom
way.
 The induced electromotive force (EMF) and vertical magnetic field can be
transformed to apparent resistivity or apparent depth. The program provides
reasonable demarcation point and demarcation time between early and later
electromagnetic field
 The conductivity data, approximate resistivity data and apparent resistivity data
are provided for you to specify the initial value of inversion.
Select "Electrical method "→"1D TEM Inversion" on the main menu, the 1D
magnetic source transient electromagnetic forward modeling and inversion window is
displayed in Figure 8.3-1.

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Figure 8.3-1 1D TEM inversion window

Input forward data: Select "Forward"→"Open Data" to import the forward data.
Forward calculation: Select "Forward" → "Calculation" to calculate the forward
result, when the calculation is completed, the forward completed dialog is displayed.
Select "Forward" → "Data View" to display the curves of various types of data,
including vertical magnetic field curve, induced electromotive force curve, apparent
resistivity curve calculated by vertical magnetic field data and induced electromotive force
data, apparent depth -- apparent resistivity curve calculated by vertical magnetic data and
induced electromotive force data, as shown in Figure 8.3-2.

Figure 8.3-2 The data view option

Select "Forward" → "Data View" → "HzF" to display vertical magnetic field
curve , as shown in Figure 8.3-3. Select "Forward" → "Data View" → "Voltage" to
display the induced electromotive force curve, as shown in Figure 8.3-4.
Similarly, apparent resistivity curve and apparent depth -- apparent resistivity curve
can be displayed in Figure 8.3-5 and Figure 8.3-6.

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Figure 8.3-3 Vertical magnetic field curve Figure 8.3-4 Induction electromotive
force curve

Figure8.3-5 Apparent resistivity curve Figure8.3-6 Apparent resistivity versus

depth curve
Save results: Select “Forward” → “Save Result” to save the forward result data.
Input the inversion data: Select "Inversion"→"Open Data" to import the
inversion data.

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Figure 8.3-7 Apparent resistivity curve and the apparent depth - apparent resistivity curve
Select "Inversion" → "Data View" to display the curves of various types of data,
including vertical magnetic field curve, induced electromotive force curve, apparent
resistivity curve, apparent depth -- apparent resistivity curve, as shown in Figure 8.3-7 and
Figure 8.3-8.
Select "Inversion" → "Initial Value", the program provides two methods to specify
the initial values, including mouse pickup and importing file, as shown in Figure 8.3-9.
You need to input the initial value file when you select “file” option. When you select
“Mouse pickup” option, you should observe the curve and specify the layer number by
inflection point.

Figure 8.3-8 Result view option Figure 8.3-9 Initial value option
Click on the approximate resistivity curve to specify the inflection point as initial
value. The conductivity curve, approximate resistivity curve and apparent resistivity curve
are displayed in this window for reference.
The inversion initial value of resistivity and thickness are shown in the left sheet, as
shown in Figure 8.3-10.

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Figure 8.3-10. Specifying initial value using mouse pickup option

Note: N layers only need N-1 inflection points. Click on the curve to determine the
position of the inflection point. If you are not satisfied with the selected position of the
inflection point, right-click to cancel it. And
double-click to determine the position of last point.
Select "Inversion" → "Setting", the setting dialog is
displayed, you should specify the iteration times and
iteration misfit, as shown in Figure 8.3-11. The default
values are normally used.
Inverse calculation: Select "Inversion" → Figure 8.3-11. Inversion
"Calculation" to calculate the inversion result. In the parameter setting
iterative inversion process, the apparent resistivity curve
and misfit curve are displayed in every iterative process, the resistivity and thickness are
also shown in the left sheet, as shown in Figure 8.3-12.

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Figure 8.3-12 Inversion parameters and curves

When the inversion calculation is completed, the inversion completed dialog is
displayed. The inversion result curves are displayed in the window, as shown in Figure
8.3-13.
Save inversion results: Select "Inversion" → "Save Result" to save inversion
results.
Note:
 The induced electromotive force is derivative of magnetic field with higher
resolution, so the inversion results of induced electromotive force are better than
of magnetic field.
 Due to the induced electromotive force decays fast with time, the tail branch
error is much larger than the anterior branch. In addition, caudal branches
converge to progressive values slowly.

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Figure 8.3-13. The inversion result curves

 In general, the initial values, specified by mouse pickup, is OK. If the differences
of resistivity values are very large, you can modify them by increasing values of
high resistivity layer and decreasing values of low resistivity layer. If the misfit
curve are gradually flat, the inversion results are well. Or you should modify the
parameters.
Map settings include axis setting, axis label setting and curve setting, as shown in
Figure 8.3-14.

Figure 8.3-14 Map settings

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Details of each setting are as follows:
 The axis setting is used to set axis scale mode, including: bilinear, X-log,
Y-log and log-log;
 The axis label setting is used to set the labels of axis, including: X-axis label,
Y-axis label and title.
 The curve setting is used to set labels of curve, including: color, style and
text label.
Save screen: Select "Map" → "Save Screen" to save inversion result maps.
For more information about the format of input file and output file, please refer to
Appendix I.9.

8.4 2.5-D Magnetic Source Transient Electromagnetic Forward

Modeling
The 2.5-D magnetic source transient electromagnetic forward modeling module can
be used for the following tasks:
(1) Calculate the induced electromotive force (EMF) or vertical magnetic field of 2D
geoelectric section in the presence of topographic relief;
(2) Calculate the apparent resistivity using the induced EMF or the vertical magnetic
field;
(3) The calculation time range of 2.5-D forward modeling is between 0.000001 second
and 0.01 second. The interval of calculation time is logarithmic.
(4) Modify the geoelectric section and use trail and error method for inversion.
Start program Select "Electrical Method" → "2.5-D TEM Modeling". The 2.5-D
magnetic source transient electromagnetic forward modeling window is displayed in Figure
8.4-1.

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Figure 8.4-1. 2.5-D TEM modeling window

Figure 8.4-2 Mesh generation results

The main window consists of two parts, the upper part is curve display region and the
lower part is mesh generation region.

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Input data Select "File" → "Open Data" to read the input data. If the format of data
file is correct, the grid will display in the mesh generation region, as shown in Figure 8.4-2.
You can input both the forward and inversion data using "Open Data" option, you can
also import data using "Open Forward Workspace" or "Open Inversion Workspace"
option.
Modeling Click the “Rectangle” ( ) or “Polygon” ( ) icon on the toolbar to
model on the grid, as shown in Figure 8.4-2.
Right-click to complete modeling, the electric unit assignment dialog is displayed in
Figure 8.4-3. You should specify the value and color of this unit.
If the grid is sparse, you should quit the program and re-design a dense grid, or add
grid points. Select "Grid" → "Add Grid Line", then right-click on the mesh generation
region, the context menu is displayed in Figure 8.4-4. You can select "Add a Horizontal
Line" or "Add a Vertical Line" to add grid line. You can only add a line once.

Figure 8.4-3 Electric unit assignment Figure 8.4-4 The context menu
You can select "Grid" → "Save Subdivision Data" to save the subdivision data,
which is convenient to calculate next time.
Forward calculation Select "Forward" → "Calculation" to calculate the forward
data. Because of the long computation time, you need to wait patiently. When calculation is
completed, the forward modeling completed dialog is displayed.
View Forward result When calculation is completed, you can select "Forward" →
"View Result", the forward modeling result dialog is displayed in Figure 8.4-5. The
forward results include attenuation curve, apparent resistivity curve and apparent resistivity
versus depth curve. These curves can be displayed in one point or several points.

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Figure 8.4-5 Forward modeling result

Save forward result Select "Forward" → "Save Result" to save the forward
results, including data, curve map and model map.
Inversion calculation The steps of inversion calculation is same as of forward
calculation. The induced electromotive force (EMF) or vertical magnetic field are
calculated simultaneously in forward calculation, while they are calculated separately in
inversion calculation.
View Inversion result When inversion data is input, you can select "Modeling" →
"View Result", the modeling data dialog is displayed in Figure 8.4-6. The modeling results
include attenuation curve, apparent resistivity curve and apparent resistivity versus depth
curve. These curves can be displayed in one point or several points.
Save modeling results : Select "Modeling" → "Save Result" to save the modeling
results, including data, curve map, model map and result map.

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Figure 8.4-6 Modeling data

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 Chapter 9: Data Visualization

Chapter 9: Data Visualization

Data visualization is mainly used to realize various visual presentation of information.
Here, we can create different types of maps to display different kinds of data fields more
clearly. The ways include the drawing of contour maps, points map, statistical graphs,
thematic maps of data and the drawing of standard map frames and so on. Before we create
different ways to display all kinds of data, a data column with geographic information is
necessary.

9.1 Create Points

Create Points function allows you to create point objects for each record in your
database that has X-Y coordinate information and displays them in a map window. The
table has X and Y coordinate information but RGIS-IGDP cannot display the information if
you do not create points for that coordinate data. Follow the steps below to create point.
1. Select File->Open Table to open the table for which you want to create points. The
table must have x and y coordinate information and cannot be read only.
2. Select Map->Create Point to display the Create Point dialog.( shown in Figure
9.1-1)

Figure 9.1-1 Create point

Using symbol
Click this box to display the Symbol Style dialog box, which allows you to choose a
symbol to represent the points.

Get X coordinates from column

Displays a drop-down list where you specify the column for obtaining X coordinate

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information.

Get Y coordinates from column

Displays a drop-down list where you specify the column for obtaining Y coordinate
information.

Multiply the X coordinates by

Specify a multiplier for the X coordinate. Multipliers vary depending on the GIS
system. You can specify a different multiplier for each coordinate.

Multiply the Y coordinates by

Specify a multiplier for the Y coordinate.

Projection
Click the Projection button to access the Choose Projection dialog box that defaults to
no Datum longitude-latitude projection. The Projection button is used to choose the
coordinate system of the coordinates in the table (Figure 9.1-2，3) .

Figure 9.1-2 Choose projection Figure 9.1-3 Non-earth projection

3. Select Ok to begin to create points and select Cancel to discard setting.
4. Select System Tool -> Layer control -> Add Layer to add the new table into current
map window.

9.2 Draw Contour Map

The function of Draw Contour Map enables users to plot different types of contour
maps. The data can be based on different coordinate systems. The contour maps created
will be added to the current Map window.
To create a new contour map:
1. Click Map > Draw Contour Map and then the Draw Contour Map dialog box

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appears.
2. In the Draw Contour Map dialog, specify the following parameters and click Ok.
 Grid Files: The input file format must be .grd. Click the Info button, and you can
review the grid geometry information(Figure 9.2-1).

Figure 9.2-1 Contour line drawing

 Level: Click Level button to set up the interval between contour lines. Click
“Using the default value” (Figure 9.2-2), RGIS-IGDP automatically defines the
contour interval according to current input data.

Figure 9.2-2 The contour interval setting

 Line: The style of contour lines.
 Fill: The fill pattern and color of contour map. You can change it by specify a
setting file
 Label: The contour labels indicate the value of the contour line. You can choose
Yes or No. (as shown in Figure 9.2-3,4)

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Figure 9.2-3 The interval setting Figure 9.2-4 The text setting
of label of isograms of label of isograms
 Hachure: Hachures are small tick marks placed along the contour lines to
indicate the direction of slop. The opinion allows you to point hachures towards
contours of lower or higher value.
 Projection: Set coordinate system and projection for the contour map. Click this
button to open a dialogue box of setting projection. (as shown in Figure 9.2-5)
The system provides three map projections: Longitude/Latitude, Gauss-Kruger
and Lambert projection.

Figure 9.2-5 The projection setting of the contour line

3. Select Save Setting to create a .lvl file containing the information of contour map
properties including the contour levels, line properties, fill properties, contour labels, and
hachure information.
4. You can select Load setting to load a .lvl file to set the contour map properties.
5. Click Ok, system produces the contour map and displays it in the current map
window. (as shown in Figure 9.2-6)

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Figure 9.2-6 The window view of the contour line

After contour maps have been created, the system will generate a file of “Original
File Name＋PL.TAB” in the same directory. If you choose Fill contours, then the system
will generate a chart of “Original File Name＋R.TAB”. If all the files have been created,
you need not to create contour lines next time and can directly open those files to display.

9.3 Create Prism Map

You can create a prism map, which displays the base geometry to the height of a
corresponding row value. A prism map displays the magnitude of certain mapped values
with respect to others. You can combine a prism map with a color thematic map to display
two attributes onto one map to correlate and compare various values.
To create a prism map:
1. Make sure a Map window is the active window and that it has a layer containing area
objects.
2. Choose Map > Create Prism Map. The Create Prism Map dialog box displays (Figure
9.3-1) .
3. In this dialog box, specify the following parameters.
Choose Layer and Column
Specify a value to use as the height of a specific object. This can be a single column or
a complex expression.
 Layer: Choose a layer from the drop-down list.

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 Column: Choose a column from the
drop-down list. Only numeric
columns from the designated layer
display in the drop-down list. Choose
Expression to display the Expression
dialog box. Use this dialog box to
create an expression to convert the
character string to a number using the
Val() function. This will return zero
for any character string that has no
numeric meaning.
Appearance
 Background Color: Click on the
Background Color box to display its
Figure 9.3-1 Create prism map
color palette, and choose a color for
the object's background.
 Light Color: Click on the Light Color box to display its color palette. Choose a
color that covers the camera's lens as it views the map.
Camera
Specify the camera position and orientation.
 Horizontal Angle: Ranges from 0-360 degrees and rotates the map around the
center point of the grid.
 Vertical Angle: Ranges from 0-90 and measures the rotation in elevation from the
start point directly over the map.

4. Click Ok to display the prism map in a new map window (Figure 9.3-2).

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Figure 9.3-2 Prism map

9.4 Create Thematic map

Thematic mapping is the process of enhancing your map according to a particular
theme. Themes represent your data with shades of color, fill patterns, symbols, bar and pie
charts, and grids. The Thematic Map feature uses a wizard made up of a series of three
dialog boxes to help you choose the type of thematic map you want, the table(s) and fields
that will be used to construct the map, and a variety of options to customize your map.
With RGIS-IGDP you can create seven types of thematic maps: Ranges, Bar Charts,
Pie Charts, Granulated, Dot Density, Individual, and Grid(Figure 9.4-1). Each has its own
purpose and unique attributes. You are not limited to representing the numeric values with
thematic map. Nominal values also may be shaded thematically. Before you create a
thematic map, it is important to know about the elements that make up a thematic map and
how to put them together. The elements that make up a thematic map are as follows:
 Ranges
 Bar Charts
 Pie Charts
 Granulated

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 Dot Density
 Individual
 Grid
There are many kinds of
thematic maps, but the process for
creating each type of map is the same.
In this section, we only cover the
creation of grid thematic maps.
To create grid thematic map:
1. Make sure a Map window is the
active window and that it
contains a layer.
2. Choose Map > Create Thematic
Map. The Create Thematic Map
Figure 9.4-1 Create thematic map(1/3)
dialog box displays.
3. In the Create Thematic Map dialog box, choose Grid type and click Next button. The
Step2 of 3 dialog box displays (Figure 9.4-2) .
4. In this dialog, specify the following items.
Select a Table and a Field:
 Table: Choose a source table for this
thematic map from the list of open
tables of the active Map window. All
open, mappable tables are listed. If you
have created a selection of objects in
the map, the option Selection also
displays. Using this option allows you
to create a thematic map based on the
selection you created.
 Field: The drop-down list displays all
the numeric fields in the table you
chose from the Table list (integer, small
integer, float or decimal, but not date
or character). Choose the field or Figure 9.4-2 Create thematic map(2/3)

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expression you want to use.
Ignore Zeroes or Blanks
Disabled for Dot Density. Select this check box to ignore zero values and blank values
in the table. Because you are creating a thematic map based on one field in a table, any zero
or blank values in that field will cause the whole record to be ignored. In the case of grids,
points with a zero value are not interpolated if this box is selected.
Grid Options
Select a Table of Boundaries to Clip Against.
Table
Choose a table of regions to clip the grid against. Defaults to none.
Grid File Name
Specify the directory and name of the new grid file that will be created. By default the grid
file and accompanied tab is named according to the source table and z-value expression.
Browse Button
Click this button to display the Choose Directory dialog box. Choose the path you
want to save the thematic raster file to.
5. Click Next and Step 3 of 3 dialog box
displays. (as shown in Figure 9.4-3)
Preview
Displays a sample legend of the
thematic map you are creating or
modifying.
Customize
The buttons in the Customize group
enable you to change the default settings of
particular aspects of your thematic map.
Ranges
This option is only available for ranged
and grid maps. Allows you to customize
Figure 9.4-2 Create thematic map(3/3)
ranges on a ranged map.
Settings
This option is only available for graduated symbols, dot density and grid maps.
Allows you to customize the settings on a dot density map. Depending on whether you

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chose IDW or TIN from the Interpolator drop-down list, the corresponding dialog box will
display.
Styles
Allows you to customize range style attributes such as color and size. This option is
available for ranged, pie, bar, individual and grid value maps.
Legend
Allows you to customize your legend. This option is available for all types of thematic
maps.
Interpolator
This option only appears for grid maps with interpolator settings. Interpolators
produce raster grid files, which appear as raster layers in a Map window. Choose the
Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolator or the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)
interpolator.
Swatch Size
This option only displays when modifying legends that were generated before version
11.5. Select the font size for the list in the frame legend. Options include Font Size, which
is the actual font size, Small size, and Large size.
Templates
The buttons in the Templates group enable you to specify a name for a template, save
the thematic map as a template, and when modifying an existing theme merge the thematic
map with another template.
Save As
Displays the Save Theme to a Template dialog box. Type a unique name or highlight
an existing name and overwrite it. If you overwrite an existing name you will be asked to
confirm this action.
 Save Customized Legend Text - Enabled when a legend's text has been changed.
Choose to save the customized text.
 Save Individual Values Categories - Enabled only if the selected individual value
template contains the names of the individual categories and their associated styles. If
checked, the theme is created using the individual categories from the template. Any
names of categories found in your data that are also found in the template, will receive
the individual category style for the name from the template. If unchecked, the
template is applied to the theme without regard for the individual category themes. If

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you have created a grid thematic map, the Grid Theme Options display:
 Save Inflection Values - Save the percentiles and calculate the active values from the
minimum and maximum of the data source table.
Merge
Select this option to display the Merge Template dialog box. This dialog box displays
only themes of the same type as the theme you are merging. The Theme button is enabled
only when you are modifying an existing theme, not when you are creating a theme.
Number of Columns
Select the number of columns to use for the legend list. Selecting multiple columns
will create a wider legend.
Legend Label Order
Determines the order in which range and value labels (for ranged and individual
values maps) and field labels (for all other thematic maps) appear in the legend. If you are
creating a ranged map, the order you specify is also shown in the Customize Range Styles
dialog box.
Ascending
Ranges display from lowest to highest value.
Descending
Ranges display from highest to lowest value.
Back
Choose Back to go back to the previous thematic dialog box.
OK
Creates a thematic map based on either the default or customized settings.
Cancel
Cancels the operation and returns you to the map.

9.5 Create 3-DMap

3-D map is a window that allows you to view your maps containing continuous grids
from various viewpoints in 3-D Format. Create 3-D Map is made active when the active
map contains a grid surface thematic map.
To create a 3-D Map:
1. Open a grid thematic map.

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2. Choose Map > Create 3-D Map. The Create 3-DMap dialog box displays (Figure
9.5-1) .

Figure 9.5-1 Create 3-D map

Note: This menu option is only available if the active Map window contains a Grid
Thematic map.
From this dialog box you can set:
Camera: Specify the camera position and orientation.
Light: Designate the position and color of the light source.
Appearance: Specify appearance attributes including Units, Resolution, and Scale.
Units is only available when first creating a 3-DMap. Resolution and scale are available
later as well.
To create a 3-DMap using the default settings click OK. The 3-D View of the map
displays. Use the left mouse button to manipulate the 3-DMap.
3. Click Ok to display the 3-Dmap in a new map window (Figure 9.5-2) .
You can rotate, zoom, and pan the 3-D view. To change the settings in a 3-DMap
window, select Viewpoint Control on the context pop-up menu (Figure 9.5-3) .

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Figure 9.5-2 3-D map Figure 9.5-3 viewpoint contral

9.6 Create Legend

Creating a map legend is easy. When you select the Create Legend option from the
Map menu it launches the Create Legend wizard, which steps you through the process. The
wizard has three screens; the second and third screens provide customization options, and
are optional. You can select to customize a legend when you are creating it, in the second
and third screens of the Create Legend wizard, or afterwards from the Legend Designer
window (Figure 9.6-1/2/3).

Figure 9.6-1 create legend (1/3)

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Figure 9.6-2 create legend (2/3) Figure 9.6-3 create legend (3/3)
There is no size limitation on a map legend. However, there is a size limitation of
1600 rows for a legend frame, which ensures that it does not slow resizing the Legend
Designer window. A message displays to warn you when a legend frame list is truncated to
1600 rows.
To create a map legend:
Make sure your Map window is active and click Map > Create Legend.
In the Create Legend Choose Layers screen, select the map layers to include in the
legend. All the layers in your Map window are included in
the Legend Frames box by default, so that they will be in
your legend. Use the Remove button to exclude layers from
the legend.
The legend will have one frame for each layer in the
Legend Frames box. The frames display in the order that they
appear in the list. Use the Up and Down buttons to change
the order.
A layer must contain style attributes to appear in the
Legend Frames list; therefore, raster layers are not included
in the list.
Click Finish to create the Legend. (as shown in Figure
9.6-4)
Figure 9.6-4 create legend

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9.7 Draw Frame

 Draw Standard Frame
This is used to generate standard frames in different scales. Four standard frames are
provided: 1/200,000 1/250,000 1/500,000 and 1/10, 00,000.
To draw standard frame:
1. Click Map > Draw Frame > Draw Standard Frame. The dialog box appears. (as shown
in Figure 9.7-1)

Figure 9.7-1 Draw standard frame

2. Select the scale of the frame that you want to create. You need to give the starting
longitude and latitude in “degrees minutes seconds” format and then specify the
saving path of the frame file that will be created.
3. Click OK. A standard frame file is generated located in your path specified.
Meanwhile, the Map window will also show the frame.

 Draw Graticule
This command can be used to create a graticule for a map divided by meridians and
parallels.
To create graticule:
1. Click Map > Draw Frame > Draw graticule. The dialog displays below. (as shown in
Figure 9.7-2)

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Figure 9.7-2 Draw graticule dialog

2. In the dialog, specify the starting/ending longitude/latitude, border width and color,
the longitude/latitude intervals and lines style, label font color, etc..
3. Click Ok.

9.8 Clear Custom Label

In RGIS-IGDP, you can clear all custom labels that you do not display in the map
window by selecting Map > Clear Custom Label.

9.9 Cosmetic Layer

A cosmetic layer is created when a map window is opened. The default status of a
cosmetic layer is editable. Cosmetic layers are transparent and lie on top of all others layers.
It is used to save store titles of the map and other graphic objects that created throughout
the work session. You can neither remove nor reorder the cosmetic layer.
You can only make the cosmetic layer editable or selectable when you work on it.
Other layer control operations such as labeling, zoom in, zoom out, display mode and etc.
are not available for the cosmetic layer. Change the view zoom of the map (from 30km to
100km) and the size of the objects in the cosmetic layer will appear smaller.
Though the cosmetic layer can’t be deleted and moved, the operations, such as delete
and save, can be implemented on objects in this layer. Delete an object in an cosmetic layer
by selecting select Map > Clear Cosmetic Objects.
The objects in the cosmetic layer won’t be saved by itself. So, when you close the
Map window, you need to save the table into a workspace. If you close a table without
saving cosmetic objects, a dialog box will display and indicate you to save the workspace.

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You can also save the cosmetic layer into table, select Map > Save Cosmetic Objects.
This operation can save the object into an existing map layer or a newly created layer.

9.10 Geological Data Layer

The system can import geological map in different scale (e.g. 1:50 0,000 Geo-spatial
database) from database to build geological data layer for the use of gravity data
interpretation and compiling reports. To do this, you should convert the geological map
data into MIF file first, then click System Tool > Import.
The number of geological data layers can be partitioned by users before importing. It
can also be edited after the process, which means you can recombine and create new layers
after all data have been loaded in.
The following picture shows a combination of geological map data layer which had
already been loaded into RGIS-IGDP. The data in geological map database, in a scale of
1:500,000, was divided into 6 layers according to K4720 map sheet’s boundary. These 6
layers, including attribute, residence, boundary, highway, geological line-DIZHIXIANL,
and geological range-DIZHIMIANR, can also being edited and ordered like other layers.
For example, you can put a gravity and magnetic anomaly contour map or interpretation
result layer on the geological map layer. (as shown in Figure 9.10-1)

Figure 9.10-1 Geological map layer

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Geological data layer manifest the result of geological mapping, like terrain boundary,
rift and etc. It can certain provide some guidance and reference to interpret the gravity and
magnetic anomaly. On the other hand, the interpretation of gravity and magnetic can also
help to reveal some latent geological conditions.

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Chapter 10: Graphical Analysis

Two of the most important features in RGIS-IGDP are buffers and the tools we
provide to work with objects. Buffers allow you to create grouping areas around objects,
lines and regions, which is important for providing a visual analysis. You can edit and
manipulate objects in a wide variety of ways. The Set Target editing model allows you to
apply a wide range of editing operations to an object or a series of objects.
The aim of the graphics analysis in this chapter is to analyzing the properties of map
objects, the relationship between different objects and the superposition display mode of
different maps. Users can use tools to amend properties of some objects, or to change the
structure and content of the table according to the properties of objects.
In this chapter, using conditions and methods for use of various tools will be
illustrated in detail.

10.1 Set Target

Use Set Target to prepare a selected object to accept subsequent editing commands
(Combine, Split, Erase map objects, and Overlay Nodes). This model allows you to use
objects from the same table or another table to create new objects. Sophisticated data
aggregation methods allow you to calculate new data that match the new objects.
The Set Target editing model in RGIS-IGDP allows you to set a map object as the
target for editing, then create a modifying object that will act as the cookie cutter that
overlays the target and performs the editing action on the target. You are not limited to
working with map objects in the same layer. While the target objects must be in the
Editable layer, you can choose the modifying objects from another layer.
To set a map object as a target:
1. Choose System Tool > Layer Control. The Layer Control window displays.
2. Click the Editable icon for the layer containing the map object.
3. Select the object(s) to be the target for editing.
4. Choose Object Analysis > Set Target.
The Set Target model for editing map objects can be broadly described as a three-step
process:
1. Set the object you want to edit as the target.
2. Choose and select another object or objects to act as the modifying object for the

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editing operation. You can also create a new object.
3. Perform the edit operation (combine, split, erase, erase outside, or overlay
nodes).
A new object (or objects) is created in place of the target object.

10.2 Clear target

If you do not want to edit an object after it has been set as the target, use Clear Target.
The object will no longer be highlighted or marked for editing. An object will also be
cleared as a target automatically if it has been deleted or modified by Combine, Erase,
Erase Outside, Split, Overlay Nodes, or if you have chosen a new target.
To clear a target, choose Object Analysis> Clear Target.

10.3 Aggregating and Disaggregating Data

If you have data attached to map objects that will be edited, you can proportion the
data for each field to match the new object(s). This is called data aggregation or
disaggregation, depending on whether you are combining or splitting objects. MapInfo
Professional calculates new data values for the object depending on how you specify the
aggregation or disaggregation.
When combining objects, you can choose from several methods of data aggregation,
including:
 Sum - adds the field values from the original objects to create a total for the field in
the new object.
 Average - averages the field values from the original objects.
 Weighted average - gives more weight to one value over another when averaging. You
can choose a numeric field in your table as the weighting factor or choose area (where
the weighted average is based on the relative geographic area of the regions to be
combined).
 Value - stores a specific value in the field of the new object.
 No Change - maintains the value of the target object in the new object.
When splitting or erasing portions of a map object, you can choose from:
 Blank - removes the original value of the target object.
 Value - maintains the original value of the target object.
 Area proportion - removes a portion of the original value based on the size of the new

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object.
With any of the editing operations under Set Target, you can elect not to bring over
any data at all by choosing the No Data check box. You might do this, for instance, if you
are only editing map objects for presentation purposes and do not need any data associated
with the objects.
The Data Aggregation (or Disaggregation) dialog box displays after you have set the
target, chosen the modifying object, and chosen an editing operation. In these dialog boxes,
you must specify how you want the data calculated for each field. Once you are satisfied
with the aggregation method, you can carry out the editing operation.

10.4 Combine Objects

When you choose Combine, RGIS-IGDP performs two operations:
1. To geographically combines the selected objects. The new object represents the
geographic union of the original objects. Therefore, if you select two adjacent region
objects and choose Combine, RGIS-IGDP combines the regions into a single object,
and the border between the regions disappears.
2. To perform data aggregation.
Combining Objects with Set Target
Before you choose Combine, you can select one map object, and designate that object
as the editing target. You can then select additional map objects and choose Combine to
combine the selected objects with the target. If you set a target before you choose Combine,
the Combine operation is more flexible, allowing you to combine objects from different
tables.
You should assign a target object if one of the objects you are combining is more
important than any of the other objects. For example, if you want to add small, unnamed
islands to an existing "mainland" region, you should make the mainland region the target
object. If you designate the mainland region as the target, RGIS-IGDP is able to retain the
mainland region's name after the objects are combined.
Using Combine with Set Target allows the mainland region to retain its name after the
objects are combined. You can only set one object as the target at a time when using
Combine with Set Target. The modifying object can consist of more than one object.
To combine map objects using Set Target:
1. Select one object in an editable layer to be the target object.

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2. On the Object Analysis menu, click Set Target. The object displays in a different style
to indicate that it is the target object.
3. Select (or create and select) one or more map objects from any layer in the Map
window. This is the modifying object.
4. On the Object Analysis menu, click Combine. The Data Aggregation dialog box
displays.
5. Choose the appropriate aggregation method (or No Data) for each field in the
Destination list.
6. Select one or more columns by clicking in the list at the top of the Data Aggregation
dialog box.
7. Choose a data aggregation method: Blank, No Change, Value, Sum, Average, or
Weighted Average. (Depending on whether you specified an editing target, some of
these aggregation methods may not be available.) MapInfo Professional updates the
column list in the upper half of the dialog box to show the chosen method.
8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for all columns in your table and click OK.
RGIS-IGDP computes the new object and displays it as a single object. Use the Info
tool to view the aggregated data (if any) associated with the object.

10.5 Splitting Objects

Splitting Objects allows you to divide the target object into smaller objects, using
another object as a cutter. You can also combine objects into territories using redistricting.
For example, you might use Split to separate a large territory into smaller units.
You can split either closed objects (regions, ellipses, rectangles, or rounded rectangles)
or open objects (polylines, lines and arcs) using the Split command. You cannot use Split
on points or text objects or to cut objects that are not in editable layers.
To split map objects using Set Target:
1. Select the object(s) in an editable layer to be the target.
2. On the Object Analysis menu, click Set Target. The object(s) displays in a different
style to indicate that it is the target object.
3. Select (or create and select) one or more map objects from any layer in the Map
window to be the cutter object. The object must be a closed object.
4. On the Object Analysis menu, click Split. The Data Disaggregation dialog box
displays.

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5. Highlight each field and select the appropriate disaggregation method in the
Destination list. You can select the No Data check box to indicate that you want to
bring over no data for any fields.
6. Click OK.

10.6 Create a buffer

A buffer is a region that surrounds a line object, another region, symbol, or any other
object in a Map window. You can create a single buffer to include all selected objects, or
create individual buffers for each object. There are two ways you can buffer multiple
objects at the same time. The first method is to create one buffer for all objects. Buffers are
produced around each input object, and the resulting buffer objects are combined into a
single output object.
To buffer objects:
1. Select the objects that you want to buffer. Make sure there is an editable layer in the
Map window. The output buffered objects will be placed in that layer.
2. On the Object Analysis menu, click Buffer. The Buffer Objects dialog box displays
( Figure 10.6-1) .
3. Select appropriate buffer radius, segments per circle, distance type calculation to use,
and buffer method. The radius is the width of the buffer you want to create around the
object you selected. The Value and the
From Column radio buttons give you
different ways to specify that width. Type
a value into Value field if the radius of the
buffer you want to create is a specific
distance. Select From Column radio
button if the buffer you want to create is
specified in a particular column or is to be
calculated by an expression. Then select
the column or choose Expression from the
drop-down list.
4. When you have completed your entries
and selections in this dialog box, press the
Next button. The standard Data
Figure 10.6-1 Buffer objects

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Aggregation dialog box displays.
5. Highlight each of the columns to complete the fields in this dialog box.
6. After setting the appropriate data aggregation parameters, click OK. RGIS-IGDP
calculates the buffer according to the parameters you set and creates the new objects
in the editable layer. The original objects remain unchanged. Once RGIS-IGDP has
created the buffer region, it puts it in the editable layer.

10.7 Create Convex Hull

Convex Hull allows you to create a polygon representing a convex hull around a set of
points. It provides another means of creating a polygon around a selected object or objects.
Convex Hull is similar to creating a buffer in several ways. Like a buffer, the Convex Hull
command always creates an object from the input objects, and it will place the result
objects into the editable layer. In addition, you have a choice to create one convex hull
object from all of the input objects, or to create one convex hull object for each input
object.
The resulting region object(s) are based on the nodes from the input object. The
Convex Hull operation can be thought of as an operator that places a rubber band around
all of the points. It consists of a minimal set of points such that all other points lie on or
inside the polygon. Since the polygon is convex, no interior angles are greater than 180
degrees. No attribute data is aggregated in this operation. To use Convex Hull, a Map
window must be active, it must have an editable layer, and objects in the editable layer
must be selected.
To create convex hull objects:
1. On the Object Analysis menu, click
Convex Hull. The Create Convex
Hull dialog box displays. (as shown
in Figure 10.7-1)
2. Select the type of convex hull objects
you want to create. You have two
options: Figure 10.7-1 Create convex hull

 One output object for all input

objects button is the default setting. It creates one convex hull object around all
of the selected objects.

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 Cha pter 10: Gra phics Analysis
 One output object for each input object button creates a convex hull object
around each selected object.
3. Click OK. Your map redisplays. The convex hull object(s) is displayed over the input
objects. If you want to save this data, save the editable table. The convex hull object is
selected when it displays.
4. To change the fill of the convex hull object, do one of the following:
 Double-click it to display the Region Object dialog box. Click the Style icon at
the bottom of the dialog box to display the Region Style dialog box. Make any
changes you like and click OK.
 Select the convex hull object, if it is not already, and on the Options menu, click
Region Style. The Region Style dialog box displays. Make the changes you want
and click OK.

10.8 Enclosing Objects

Use the Enclose command to create regions from polygonal areas formed by
intersecting polylines. You can form a new region network anyplace where the polylines
form an enclosed area. For example, you could create regions from a road net, where the
regions are the parcels of land between the roads.
You can also use the Enclose command with region objects. This command is
modeled after the Combine command, but has two important differences:
 Combine always produces one object, while Enclose may produce many objects.
 No data aggregation is performed with the Enclose command.
Enclose is active when all of the following conditions exist:
 A Map window is the active window.
 The Map window has an editable layer.
 There are objects selected
To form regions from the selected polylines:
1. In the active Map window, make the layer you want to select from editable.
2. Select the objects you want to enclose.
3. On the Object Analysis menu, click Enclose. The Create Region Objects from
Enclosed Areas dialog box displays.
4. Your map displays. The newly formed polygons are selected
Enclose preserves the original objects. The selected objects are used as the input

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objects, and the results of the operation are placed in the current editable layer in the active
Map window.

10.9 Erase Objects

You have two choices in the Object Analysis menu when you want to remove some
portion of the target map object. Use Erase to erase the portion of the target object that is
overlapped by the cutter object. Use Erase Outside to remove the portion of the target
object that is not overlapped by the cutter object.
Both the Erase and Erase Outside commands support point, multipoint, and
collection objects.
To erase map objects using Set Target:
1. Select the objects in an Editable layer to be the target.
2. On the Objects Analysis menu, click Set Target. The objects display in a different style
to indicate that it is the target object.
3. Select (or create and select) one or more map objects from any layer in the Map
window to be the cutter object. The object must be a closed object.
4. On the Object Analysis menu, click Erase (or Erase Outside). The Data
Disaggregation dialog box displays.
5. Choose the appropriate disaggregation method (or No Data) for each field in the
Destination list.
 Shift-click to apply the same method to consecutive fields
 Ctrl-click for non-consecutive fields
6. Click OK.

10.10 Overlay Nodes

The Overlay Nodes command adds nodes to the target objects, at all points where the
target objects intersect the currently selected objects.
Overlay Nodes is active when these conditions exist:
 A map editing target has been chosen in the active edit window.
 One or more objects are selected in any layer of the active Map window.
To access Overlay Nodes:
Choose Object Analysis> Overlay Nodes.

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10.11 Reshape Map Objects

You can reshape regions, polylines, lines, arcs and points. A region is an object created
with the Polygon tool. You cannot reshape objects created with the Rectangle tool, the
Rounded Rectangle tool, or the Ellipse tool.
Use reshape to edit regions, polylines, lines, and points by moving, adding, and
deleting nodes that define line segments. You can also copy and paste selected nodes to
create new polylines.
To reshape an object:
1. Select an object with the Select tool.
2. On the Object Analysis menu, click Reshape.
You are now in Reshape mode. RGIS-IGDP draws nodes at every juncture where two
polyline or polygon line segments meet.
3. To reshape the object, move the nodes, add nodes, or delete nodes from the object.
To move a node, click it and, while holding down the mouse button, drag the node to
the desired location. The line segments connected to the node are moved to a new position.
To add a node, click the Add Node tool from the Toolbar, position the cursor where
you want to add the node, and click the mouse button. You can move this node or delete it,
just as you would any node.
To delete a node, position the cursor over the node, click it, and press the Delete key.
To delete the last node when creating a polyline or polygon, click the Backspace key.

10.12 Combine Objects using Column

Combine Objects Using Column allows you to modify geographic data to create new
map objects that contain data about the group. This feature is similar to redistricting in that
it groups objects together, but goes beyond redistricting to combine a copy of the relevant
objects while leaving the original objects untouched.
To combine objects using a column:
1. Open at least one native table.
2. Choose Object Analysis > Combine Objects Using Columns to display the Combine
Objects Using Column dialog box. (as shown in Figure 10.12-1)

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Figure10.12-1 Combine objects using column

3. Choose the objects from the table you want to combine.
4. Choose the column you want the objects to be grouped by.
5. Choose the table in which you want to store the results.
6. Choose Next to display the Data Aggregation dialog box. (as shown in Figure 10.12-2)

Figure10.12-2 Data agregation

7. Specify computations in the Data Aggregation dialog box.
8. Choose OK, and the objects will be combined.
If you specified a field where all values are unique for each object, no groups will be
created.

10.13 Check Regions

You can check region maps for possibly badly formed objects with the Check Regions
command, which is available by selecting the object you want to check and on the Objects
menu, click Check Regions.
Check Regions detects errors in your data that may produce problems or incorrect

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 Cha pter 10: Gra phics Analysis
results when various operations are performed. There are a couple of rules associated with
the Check Regions dialog box. You must select the regions you want to check before you
use the Check Regions command. The objects must reside in one layer, and they must all
be closed objects. MapInfo Professional places the Check Region results in the current
editable layer in the active Map window. There is no data aggregation or disaggregation
performed on this data and no data is associated with the objects created. The options for
the Check Region dialog box are explained in detail in this section. To see examples of the
gap and overlap regions, see the illustrations at the end of the Cleaning Objects section.
To use the Check Regions command:
1. Make sure your Map window is active and that you have an editable layer.
2. Select the region object(s) that you want to check.
3. On the Object Analysis menu, click Check Regions. The Check Region Objects dialog
box displays. (as shown in Figure 10.13-1)
4. To check for self-intersections, select the Detect Self-Intersection check box. The
Symbol Style button enables. The check box is set by default.
5. To check for region overlaps, select the Detect Overlays check box. The Style button
for Overlap Detection enables. The check box is cleared by default.
6. To check for gaps, select the Detect
Gaps check box. The Region Style
button, the Maximum Gap Area, and
the Area Units are activated. The check
box is cleared by default.
7. Click the Symbol Style button to
change the symbol style used to
indicate the location style of the
self-intersections.
If you specified Overlap Detection,
click the Region Style button to change
the fill pattern for the regions that
represent the areas of overlap.
8. Click OK. Your map redraws, and the
self-intersections, overlapping regions
and gaps, if specified, are displayed. If
Figure10.13-1 Check region objects

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you specified Gap Detection, check the Region Style button in the Gap Detection
group to change the fill pattern and color used to represent gaps.

10.14 Smoothing and Unsmoothing Lines

You can use the Smooth command to convert polyline angles into polyline curves.
To smooth a polyline angle into a polyline curve:
 Click a polyline with the Select tool and on the Object Analysis menu, click
Smooth. RGIS-IGDP smoothes the line so that it appears to be one continuous
line with curves instead of angles.
 To undo the process choose either the Undo Smooth command or on the Objects
menu, click Unsmooth.
Both the Smooth and Unsmooth commands can be used only on polylines. A polyline
is a line drawn with the Polyline tool. Smooth and Unsmooth do not work with objects
drawn with the Line tool. If you attempt to smooth or unsmooth any object besides a
polyline, MapInfo Professional displays a warning message.

10.15 Convert to Polylines/ Regions

You may find it necessary, on occasion, to change an object into a polyline or a
polyline into a region during an editing session. You can do so simply by selecting the
object and on the Objects Analysis menu, click Convert to Region or Convert to Polyline.
For instance, you select a group of nodes that you want to copy and paste elsewhere
on your map. RGIS-IGDP treats the group as a polyline and copies it to the clipboard. After
you paste the polyline on your map, you can convert it to a region on the Objects Analysis
menu, click Convert to Region.

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 Chapter 11: System Tools

Chapter 11: System Tools

This chapter introduces the system control tools in RGIS-IGDP.
System Tools mainly provided the functions of change the map view and parameter
settings. Through using system tools you can convert various views and set the view
property, and you can set some important information like the projection of the initial
system, the map unit and the proportion of the windows according to the requirements of
the initial mapping.

11.1 Layer Control

The Layer Control window lets you control the layers on display for all maps open in
RGIS-IGDP.
To access the Layer Control window, do one of the following:
 Click the Layer Control tool in the main toolbar.
 On the System Tools menu, click Layer Control.sa shown in Figure 11.1-1.
Use Layer Control to manipulate the layers and their attributes to determine the map
display.

Figure11.1-1 Layer control

 Layer List
 Visiable indicates whether the layer is visible. Check to display the layer. The
Cosmetic layer display is always on. When zoom labeling is in effect and the layer is
outside of its zoom range, then the layer name is dimmed and there is an asterisk (*)
beside the Visible On/Off check box. Zoom labeling specifies the layer displays only
within a certain zoom range.

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 Editable indicates whether the layer is editable. Click for the layer you want to
make editable. Only one layer per map can be editable. Objects in an editable layer
can be edited (moved, colored, deleted, reshaped, etc.). Objects are also drawn or
pasted to the editable layer. Neither thematic nor raster layers can be edited. A layer
must be displayed to be made editable.
 Selectable indicates whether the layer is selectable. Click to make selectable.
Layers must be selectable if you want to choose or label objects or use the Info tool. A
layer must be displayed to be made selectable. More than one layer may be selectable
at the same time. You may, however, only select from one layer at a time.
 Automatic Labeling Indicates whether the layer should be labeled automatically.
Click to view labels on the map. Labels come from the table column designated in the
Layer Properties dialog box, by selecting from the Label with list in the Label Display
tab. When zoom labeling is in effect and the layer is outside of its zoom range, then
the layer name is dimmed and there is an asterisk (*) beside the Visible On/Off check
box.
 Display
Display Options dialog box is displayed as shown in the following. Use this Properties
dialog box can specify the map layer’s Display Properties. If you want to modify the Map
Layer Properties, select a layer first, click this button, open the Layer Display Options
dialog box.
In the Display Options dialog box, you can modify the following contents.
 Display mode If you want to replace the default style of the layer, Check the box style
replacement, then click the style button and the setting dialog box is displayed. You
can change the object’s attributes such as size, style, color and so on.
 Layer Zooming Displayed in the zoom range, you can select the active layer to zoom.
 Minimum field of vision The Minimum visible distance of the layers.
 Maximum field of vision The maximum visible distance of the layers.
You can set the map scale. This ratio can decide which layer will be showed at some
point in the map window. Layer scaling allows the user to set the minimum and maximum
distance of a layer visible.
For example, if you want the streets on the map reduced to within three miles are
visible, you can set 0 to the minimum field of vision, set 3 to the maximum field.
 Display the line direction If you want to display the line direction of the object,

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Check the box which labeled Show line direction.
 Display node If you need to see the object node when you edit the object, check the
box Show node.
 Display center If the center of the object need to be displayed, select the Show
Center check-box.
 Label
It’s available only when the selected layer is not a thematic layer or raster layers. If
you want to change the label content of the layer, click this button.
 Mark Item Choose the column which need to reflected in the label or choose
expression to create a custom label.
 Visibility
 On Select it to display the label.
 Off it doesn’t display automatic annotation. The label which are added by the
annotation tools will be displayed.
 Display in the zoom range If the layer for label’s visibility settings is displayed in the
zoom range and the map does not show the automatic annotation, the map’s zoom
level outside the marked minimum /maximum field of view, the layer’s automatically
labeled box (check box under the label icon) check mark will become purple.
 Allow text to repeat Select it then you can place a label on the map repeatedly.
 Allow text to overlap Select it to allow adjacent label overlap each other.
 Mark part of the object Check it then you can mark the broken line when it’s
only a small portion of the currently visible.
 Maximum label input The maximum label number can be displayed. Label can
be removed from the table according to the order of the input table.
 Style
 Text style button Click the Text style button to display the Text Style dialog box.
 No Do not show the marked line.
 Single line Use the single line which connecting the label and anchors to create
citations.
 Arrow Line Use the arrow and line which connecting the label and anchors to
create citations. When you remove the label away from the original created
position, the marked line will be shown.
 Location

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 Anchor Specify the label placement of the anchor relative to the object.
 Mark along the line Select the rotatable text to maintain parallel with the line
segment.
 Label offset Specify the numbers of the point between where the label placed
and the anchor.
 Ok Accept the dialog box options.
 Cancel Cancel the dialog box options.
 Thematic Layer
This button is only for thematic layer. Namely, only if the selected layer is thematic
map layer, this button is enabled. When this button is enabled, click this button to show
Modify Thematic Layer dialog and modify the atttributes of the selected thematic layer.
 Hotlink
Click this button to open the Hotlink Options dialog box where you can specify
filename expression, file locations, what activates Hotlink, and saving options to table
metadata.
 Add or Remove Layers
 Add Click this button to add one or more layers to the map. Select from the list of
open tables.
 Remove Click this button to remove selected layers from the Layer list.
 Reordering Map Layers
Map layers display in the order that they are listed in the Layer Control window, with
the bottom layer drawn first and the top layer (which is always the Co smetic Layer) drawn
last. It is important to order your layers correctly.
 Up Move the selected layer up
 Down Move the selected layer down
 Ok Click this button to accecpt the options in this dialog.
 Cancel Click this button to cancel all options in this dialog.

11.2 Change View

You change a map's zoom level by specifying certain parameters in the Change View
dialog box. Use this dialog box to specify settings for Map window width, map scale, map
resizing, and centering your map.
To change a map's zoom level do one of the following:
 Choose System Tool> Change View. The Change View dialog box displays. (as shown
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 Chapter 11: System Tools
in Figure 11.2-1)
 Click the Change View button on the Main toolbar. The Change View dialog box
displays.

Figure11.2-1 Change view

Zoom (window width): Allows you to specify the width of the window in the
specified Distance Unit. To specify what unit to use (miles, nautical miles, yards etc.),
choose System Tool > Options to access the Map Options dialog box. Type in a distance, in
geographic units (such as miles or kilometers). When you click OK, the Map window will
redraw, showing an area that wide.
Map scale: Allows you to specify the map scale to use for your map. A map's scale is
a numerical ratio, which defines the unit of map space (Paper & Layout Units) showing a
corresponding unit of the map's surface. For example, 1 inch = 20 miles, or 1 millimeter =
10 nautical miles.
Center of window: Displays and allows you to change the X and Y coordinates of the
Map window's center or if using Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) or United States
National Grid (USNG) reference, then a single MGRS or USNG string needs to be entered.
If an invalid MGRS or USNG string is passed, then the Map Window does not change
position.
OK: Applies the settings you chose.
Cancel: Discards settings.
The Change View dialog box allows you to set various parameters of the map
including:
 Display the current zoom, scale or cursor position in the status bar (the default unit of
distance is miles which is specified in System Tool > Options).
 Change the zoom, scale, and the center point of the current map view.
 Behavior of the map when you resize the window.

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 Resize the map to fit the new window, keeping the view the same.
 Set the map to preserve the current scale, so that resizing the window has the effect of
letting you see more or less of the map.

11.3 Clone a Map View

You can create a second view of your map with the Clone View command. Clone
View creates a duplicate Map window that you can then alter to create a different view of
your map, for example, a street map of a city and a zoomed in view of a major intersection,
or use a different kind of thematic analysis for each view. It is particularly useful when you
are creating a Layout and you want to present side-by-side views of the same location.
Note: Cloned windows in a workspace are written as MapBasic commands to
the .WOR file. These command statements cannot exceed 32,000 bytes.
You can also use the Copy command on the Edit menu to copy a map window to the
clipboard and then paste the copy into another view window.
Repeatedly use the Previous View command can switch back and forth between two
views of the Map or Layout. Return to the previous view of the map:
Select System Tools > Previous View.
You can also use the check Entire Layer command to display the entire contents of a
layer or all layers. It can adapt to our requirements of capturing the distribution of the map
from the overall.

11.4 Clip a Region of a Map

You can use System Tool > Set Clip Region to isolate a region of a map for display
and/or printing. The clipped region may be a pre-defined map region, such as a state, or
you can use a drawing tool to define a region. Use the Select tool to select a pre-defined
region or a region that you defined. Thematic maps and seamless layers, labels, and points
displayed on the map will be included in the clipped region.
To clip a region of a map:
1. Use the Select tool to select the region of the map you want to clip. Only one region
can be selected. If you select another clip region, you will be prompted to replace or
retain the current clipped region.
2. Do one of the following:
 Choose System Tool > Set Clip Region
 Click the Set Clip Region button in the Main toolbar.
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The map redraws; only the clipped region displays.
To redisplay the entire map, do one of the following:
 Choose System Tool > Clip Region On/Off or
 Click the Region On/Off button in the Main toolbar.
To toggle between the map and the clipped region, you may find it useful to use the
Clip Region On /Off command.
To clip a raster image, use an object created in the cosmetic layer, or an object from an
existing vector layer.

11.5 Import/Export Tables

Most programs require you to import files created in some other programs.
RGIS-IGDP allows you to work directly with files created in other programs. When you
have a file in one of the following non-RGIS-IGDP formats, you do not have to import it.
However, for some graphic files, RGIS-IGDP have to import them to table. The
supported graphic file formats are: .mif, *.dxf, *.mib, *.img.
To import a graphic file:
1. Choose System Tool > Import to display the Import File dialog box. Specify the
location, name, and format of the file you want to import.
2. Click Import to display the Import into Table dialog box.
3. Specify the name and new table format for the table you are creating.
4. Click Save. The file is imported into the file you named with the specified format.
Select System Tool > Export to open the Export Table to File dialog box to export the
table. You can export graphics and tabular data to format (MIF). Only tabular data can be
exported to Delimited ASCII (*.txt), dBASE DBF (*.dbf), and Command delimited CSV
(*.csv).
To export a single table:
1. Choose System Tool > Export and the Export Table to File dialog box displays.
2. Choose a directory for your exported file. The path and directory that the file is
exported to displays in the Save In box.
3. Type a name for the file in the box under File Name.
4. Click the Save as type drop-down list and choose the file format you want the file
saved in.
5. Click OK.

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11.6 Export Grid

The function of Export Grid is to covert the grid files stored in ASCII format (.grd)
into data file with geographic coordinates. The data file contains three columns: longitude,
latitude and measurement data.
To export a grid file:
1. Select System Tool > Export Grid. The Export Grid File dialog box appears.(as shown
in Figure 11.6-1)

Figure 11.6-1 Export grid file

2. Specify the file paths for Input File and Result File.
3. Click Ok. RGIS-IGDP starts to convert the grid file and save the result file to your
specified path.

11.7 Map Options

The Map Options command allows you to specify Coordinate Units, Distance Units,
and Area Units for your map. New units appear in places such as the Ruler Tool window,
on the status bar (if you've set up the map to show coordinates), and in dialog boxes that
display area measurements, such as Region Object.
Select System Tools > Options to open the Map Options dialog box. (as shown in
Figure 11.7-1)

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 Chapter 11: System Tools

Figure 11.7-1 Map options

 Map Units
 Coordinate Units： Earth Maps - The menu always contains degrees. It may
also contain the native units for the coordinate system if they are not degrees.
Non-Earth Maps - inches, feet, yards, miles, millimeters, centimeters, meters,
and kilometers.
 Distance Units：Options include US Survey feet*, yards, rods, chains, miles,
nautical miles**, millimeters, centimeters, meters, kilometers. *One US Survey
Foot is equal to 12/39.37 meters or approximately 30.48006 centimeters. **A
nautical mile equals 1852 meters.
 Area Units：Options include square inches, square links, square feet, square
yards, square rods, perches, square chains, roods, acres, square miles, square
nautical miles, square millimeters, square centimeters, square meters, hectares,
and square kilometers.
 Distance/Area using
 Spherical：Spherical calculations are used for distance methods, which attempt to
keep the measurement on the curved surface of the earth. The data is first
converted to Latitude/Longitude and then a calculation is produced. Lat/Long
data will always use Spherical calculations.

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 Cartesian：Cartesian methods are used to perform calculations on Non-Earth
data. Cartesian coordinates are a pair of numbers, (x, y), defining the position of
a point in a two-dimensional space by its perpendicular projection onto two axes
which are at right angles to each other.
 Image Processing button
Select this button to change the raster image reprojection options for the current map.
 Projection button
Use this button to access the Choose Projection dialog box.
 Display in Status Bar
Determines what displays in the Status Bar.
 Zoom (Window Width) ：The Status Bar shows the horizontal distance in the
Map window.
 Map Scale：The Status Bar displays the map scale.
 Cursor Location：The Status Bar displays the X and Y coordinates of the
cursor's location.
 Apply Clip Region Using
 Window Device Clipping (all objects) ：The Windows Device Display (screen
or printer) provides the clip region functionality. All objects (including points,
labels, text, raster, and grids) will be clipped at the Clip Region boundary. This is
the default mode.
 Windows Device Clipping (no points, text) ：The Windows Device Display
provides the Clip Region functionality. All objects are using Erase Outside
except points and labels. Points and labels will be completely displayed only if
the point or label point lie inside the Clip Region object. Text objects are always
displayed and never clipped.
 Erase Outside (no points, text) ： This option uses the Erase Outside
functionality to produce the clipping. The Clip Region object is the Cutter object,
and all other objects are Target objects for this operation. All objects are clipped
using Erase Outside, except points and labels. In addition, points and labels will
be completely displayed only if the point or label point lies inside the Clip
Region object. Text objects are always displayed and never clipped.
 When Resizing Window
Allows you to determine what happens to the map when its Map window is resized.

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 Fit Map to New Window：Retains the same view but at the new size.
 Preserve Current Scale：Preserves the map scale, which means that you see
more or less of the map when the Map window is resized.
 Display Coordinates
 Degrees Decimal：Degrees decimal is the default. When checked, RGIS-IGDP
will display coordinates for that particular map in degrees decimal (for example
-97.90052°, 42.85732°).
 Degrees Minutes Seconds：When checked, RGIS-IGDP will display coordinates
for that particular map in degrees, minutes, and seconds (for example -97° 54'
1.908", 42° 51' 26.28"); when unchecked, coordinates for that particular map will
be displayed in degrees decimal. The default is to display degrees according to
the setting in the Map Window Preferences dialog box.
 Military Grid Reference：When checked, RGIS-IGDP will display coordinates
for that particular map in the Military Grid Reference format system. Coordinates
are converted to the Military Grid Reference System format using the World
Geodetic System (WGS) of 1984 Datum (for example 14TNN8982545555).
 US National Grid Reference (NAD 83/WGS 84) ：When checked, RGIS-IGDP
will display coordinates for that particular map in the United States National Grid
(USNG) reference system. Coordinates are converted to the United States
National Grid format using the North American Datum of 1983 / World Geodetic
System (WGS) of 1984 Datum (for example 14TNN8982545555).
 US National Grid Reference (NAD 27) ：When checked, RGIS-IGDP will
display coordinates for that particular map in the United States National Grid
(USNG) reference system. Coordinates are converted to the United States
National Grid format using the North American Datum of 1927 (for example
14TNN8985745342 (NAD 27)).
 Scroll Bars
Select this check box to show or hide the scroll bars.
 Auto Scroll
When checked the window scrolls when you drag a double-click tool outside of the
windows boundaries.
 Enhanced Rendering
Enable Enhanced Rendering

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Use this check box to turn on the advanced rendering functionality for labels, objects,
lines and borders, and images. You must select this check box to enable the enhanced
rendering features that are listed below it.
Smooth Text & Labels
When you choose to smooth text and labels, RGIS-IGDP removes the appearance of
jagged characters in horizontal and rotated labels and on any custom text objects that
display in the map. Use this drop-down list to choose whether to "smooth" the display the
text and labels. Smoothed text and labels look better on your map, but because these
objects require more rendering, it may take longer to display your map.
The two options are:
None, which indicates that you want no text or labels to be smoothed.
Anti-alias, which indicates that you want all text and labels to be smoothed.
Smooth Images
When you use this option, RGIS-IGDP removes the appearance of jagged edges in
images that display in the map. Use this drop-down list to choose whether to smooth the
map images; options include:
None, which indicates that you do not want to smooth the map images.
Low Quality, which indicates that you want some image smoothing but do not want
the performance impact that High Quality would have.
High Quality, which indicates that you want the most image smoothing that
RGIS-IGDP can provide. Selecting this option would cause your map image to draw more
slowly.
Smooth Lines & Borders
When you use this option, RGIS-IGDP removes the appearance of jagged edges in
lines and borders that display in the map. Use this drop-down to select from these options:
None, which indicates that you want no lines or borders to be smoothed.
Anti-alias, which indicates that you want all lines or borders to be smoothed.

11.8 Data Visualization, Data Extraction and Export

1. Data Visualization
You can visually display data with coordinates in RGIS-IGDP. Such data can be
measurement point data, discrete point data or grid point data. The coordinates can be
latitude/longitude (geographic coordinates), projected coordinates (such as Gauss, Mercator,
and UTM) and Cartesian coordinates.
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 Chapter 11: System Tools
To visualize measurement points:
1. Prepare the data file you want to display. The data file can be of such formats:
ASCII text (.txt), Excel sheet (.xls) or MS Access database (.mdb).
2. Select File > Open Table to load your prepared data file into a table file that is
generated automatically with the same name as your input file.
3. Select Map > Create Points. In the consequent pop-up dialog to specify parameter
settings for Create Points: select the table generated in step 2, X coordinate column, Y
coordinate column. If necessary, depending on your data property, perform projection
setting for display.
4. Click Ok.
5. Select File > Open Table to open the table file generated in step 2.
6. Select System Tool > Layer Control to add a new layer for the create point table
generated in step 3.
Now, in the Map window, you can see the display of your point data.
After the completion of the above data visualization, the work of the data transferring
is also completed. The next time you use it, you can directly open the corresponding table
to display data, as well as gridding, plotting contours, processing the gridded data and so
on.
2. Data Extraction and export
1) Extract Selected Data
1. Select System Tool > Layer Control. In Layer Control window, move the
layer up to the most top in which you want to select data.
2. Use selection tool (Marquee Select/ Radius Select/ Polygon Select) to select
the point objects. The selected points are highlighted in the Map window.
3. Select Window > New Browser Window. In the dialog to select the default
selection. In the Browser Window, the selected/extracted data is displayed.
4. Select File > Save Table to save the selected data.
2) Export Extracted Data
1. Select System Tool > Export. In the Export Table dialog box, choose the
table you want to export.
2. In the Export Table to file dialog, specify the file name and file type and
then click Save.

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Chapter 12: Window

RGIS-IGDP allows you to display your data in many different windows and with
different views at the same time. For instance, you can display the WORLD table of
country boundaries in a Map window to view the geographic boundaries. At the same time
you can display the tabular data of the WORLD table in a Browser window to see the
country names, population, and other data in the file. If you make a change in either
window, it is reflected in the other.
This chapter describes the following 4 types of windows available in RGIS-IGDP.
 Map window
 Browser window
 Graph window
 Layout window

12.1 Toolbar and Status bar

RGIS-IGDP provides a complete set of drawing tools and editing commands in the
main toolbar. These tools allow to draw and modify objects on the map, you can also use
these tools to custom colors, fill patterns, line styles, symbols and test on the map.
On the Window menu, click Tool Bar to control the display of the Tool Bar.
The Status Bar along the lower edge of your window provides helpful information
during your mapping session. Window menu, click Status Bar to control the display of the
Status Bar. The status bar can display the information below:
Note: Not all entries display in the Status Bar at all times. Entries display when a
feature is active.
 Zoom, Map Scale, Cursor Location: View any one of these settings in the Status
Bar. These displays setting are controlled in the Option dialog box(on the System
Tool menu, click Option).
 Editable Layers: To keep track of which layer is currently editable, RGIS-IGDP
display the layer in the Status Bar. When you change the editable layer, the status
bar automatically updates and shows the new editable layer. If no layer is
editable, text of Editting: NONE is displayed in the status bar.

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 Chapter 12: Window

12.2 New Browser Window

Browser windows present information as tabular lists (just as conventional databases
do), allowing you to fully examine tabular data. You use Browser windows to view and
manipulate your data records in traditional row and column form, typically used in
spreadsheets and databases. Each column contains information about that particular field.
Each row contains all information relating to a single record. You can edit records in your
table, copy records, add new ones, or delete existing records. New Browser window is
made active when at least one table is open.
To open a Browser directly, on the Window menu, click New Browser Window. (as
shown in Figure 12.2-1).Choose a table you want to browse from the list box. One table
can only be selected at one time.

Figure12.2-1 Browse table

12.3 New Map Window

Map windows present information arranged as conventional maps, allowing you to
visualize the geographic patterns of your data. New Map Window command allows you to
display a table as a map. New Map Window command is active when at least one
mappable table (a table in which graphic objects are attached to the records) is open.
1. Open a table contains map file in the browser window.
2. Select Window > New Map Window. And the dialog box displays. (as shown in
Figure 12.3-1)
You can create map window for four tables at a time. Select the table file you
want to create from the drop-down list.
3. Click OK. RGIS-IGDP will open the selected table’s map view in the Map
Window.

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Figure12.3-1 New map window

12.4 New Graph Window

The Graph window allows you to visualize statistical relationships in graph format.
You can create many different kinds of graphs: 3-D, area, bar, bubble, column, histogram,
line, pie, scatter, and surface graphs. You can also choose from a number of different graph
templates.
To display a table as a graph:
1. From the File menu, click Open and select the table that you want to display as a
graph.
2. Choose Window > New Graph Window. (as shown in Figure 12.4-1)
3. Select a chart type from the chart type field, and select a template from the
corresponding template.
And click Next. The step
2 dialog box displays. (as
shown in Figure 12.4-2)

Figure12.4-1 Create graph(1/2)

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 Chapter 12: Window

Figure12.4-2 Create graph(2/2)

 Table: The drop-down list displays the tables that are mapped in the active Map
window. Choose the table on which you want to base the graph.
 Fields
 Fields from Table: Displays all the numeric fields in the table you selected from
the Table list. Choose the field, or create an expression that contains the data
values fields that you want used when creating your graph.
 Add button: Use this button to move the table fields you selected in the Fields
from Table window to the Fields for Graph window. These are the fields that will
be used when creating your graph.
 Remove button: Use this button to remove fields that you no longer want to use
for your graph.
 Fields for Graph: Indicates the fields or expressions you have chosen for your
graph.
 Label with Column: Choose the column that you want reflected in the label.
 Series in Rows: Choose this option when you want your graph data organized in
rows.
 Series in Column: Choose this option when you want your graph data organized
in columns.

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 Back: Choose Back to go back to the previous dialog box.
4. Click Ok. Display the graph.

12.5 New Layout window

Creating a layout involves adding your Map, Legend Designer, Graph, and Browser
windows to the Layout window, positioning these items where you want them, and adding
any annotations such as text and titles so that your final layout presents the message you
want to send.
You bring your windows into the Layout window by adding them to placeholders, or
frames. A frame is a graphic object through which you can view a window. Each frame
may contain the contents of one Map, Graph, Browser, or Legend Designer window.
First, decide what you want to put in the Layout window. You can choose whether
you want to display all, some, or none of your open windows.
To create a Layout window:
1. Choose Window > New Layout Window. (as shown in Figure 12.5-1)
When no windows are open, RGIS-IGDP creates a blank Layout. When there are
windows open, RGIS-IGDP displays the New Layout Window dialog box.

Figure12.5-1 New layout window

2. Choose one of the options.
3. Click OK. RGIS-IGDP opens and displays that Layout. (as shown in Figure 12.5-2)

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Table 12-1 Three situation of new created window

Situation Description

One Frame for MapInfo Professional places a single open frame in the center of the layout. You select

Window the contents of this frame through the drop-down menu that lists all open windows.

If you choose a Map or Graph window from this list and there is an active map

legend, MapInfo Professional automatically places the map legend in the layout. You

can reposition or delete this map legend from the layout. A legend in the Legend

Designer window is positioned in the same way as Map, Browser, and Graph

windows. Their relative locations are preserved on the screen.

Frames for all This option tells MapInfo Professional to place all open windows in the layout. Since

Currently open MapInfo Professional places windows in the approximate location and size as they

Windows appear in the MapInfo Professional window, you should arrange and size the windows

before you bring them into the layout.

No Frames If you prefer, you can create a blank layout by choosing the No Frames option. If you

do not have any windows open, choosing New Layout Window automatically creates

a blank layout. The New Layout Window dialog box does not display.

Figure12.5-2 Layout window

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12.6 Tile/Cascade window

 Cascade Windows allows you to overlap your windows. Only the contents of the top
most window is visible and the titles of the other windows you are working with.
Cascade Windows is active when a Browser, Map window, Graph window, or Layout
window is open.
To access Cascade Windows: Choose Window > Cascade Windows.
 Use Tile Windows to arrange windows side by side so that all windows are visible.
Tile Windows is active when one of the following conditions exist:
 A Browser window is open.
 A Map window is open.
 A Graph window is open.
 A Layout window is open.
To access Tile Windows: Choose Windows > Horizontal or Vertical Tile Windows.
All the open windows each have a number showing at the bottom of the window.

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 Chapter 13: Parameter Settings Standard for Basic
Map o f Regio nal Grav ity Data

Chapter 13: Parameter Settings Standard for Basic

Map of Regional Gravity Data

This chapter introduces China’s national standards of parameter setting for basic map
of regional gravity data. The covered parameter settings are based on RGIS-IGDP.

13.1 Post Map

The post map contains information about survey station location, station number,
Bouguer gravity anomaly or free air gravity anomaly, base station location and base station
number, etc..
As standard, on post maps of different scale, gravity base station of different level
should be indicated by using standard symbol styles. The relationship between the scales of
gravity post map and gravity station levels are listed in the Table 3-1.

Table 13-1 The relationship between the scales of gravity post

map and gravity station levels
Map scale Station level

National gravity base station

1:200,000 National first-order gravity station

1:250,000 Geophysical classⅠ gravity base station

Geophysical classⅡ gravity base station

1:1,000,000 National gravity base station

1:500,000 National first-order gravity station

Geophysical classⅠgravity base station

Symbol styles of survey station location:

 Filled circle
 Symbol Size: 0.4mm(No. 2)
Symbol styles of survey station number and gravity anomaly:

 Presented in the format of a fraction, for example, 0.2(gravity anomaly )

2(station number )

 Font: bold
 Font size: 2.0mm×2.0mm (No.8)
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The symbol styles standards of gravity base station are listed in Table 13-2.

Table 13-2 The symbol styles standards of gravity base station

Symbol size
Symbol Base Station Level Color
mm×mm No.

Red[RGB(255,0,0),
National 3×3 11
CMYK(0,99,100,0)]

National first-order 3×3 11 Red

Black[RGB(35,31,32),
Geophysical class Ⅰ 2.5×2.5 9
CMYK(0,0,0,100)]

Geophysical class Ⅱ 2.0×2.0 8 Black

Geophysical class III 1.8×1.8 7 Black

Geophysical class IV 1.5×1.5 6 Black

13.2 Bouguer and Free-air Gravity Anomaly Map

1. The standard map to display Bouguer/free-air gravity anomaly is Contour Map. The
contour interval must base on value 0. The contour intervals are different for different
map scales. The standards are listed in Table 13-3.

Table 13-3 The standards of contour intervals for different map scales
Contour Level Interval (10-5m/s2) Label Label Size
Scales
Bouguer gravity Free-are gravity Font (mm) No.

1:200 000 1、2 1、2 Song 2.2×2.2 9

1:500 000 2、5 2、5 Song 2.2×2.2 9

1:1 000 000 5 5 Song 2.2×2.2 9

2. Drawing style of contour lines:

a) Contour lines drawing style:
 0 level  dot-dash style
 positive/negative levelssolid style
b) Bolding: draw contour line every 5 index contour line.
c) Labeling:
 for suitable display
 The most inner closed contour line must be labeled.
d) Contour line width:

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 Chapter 13: Parameter Settings Standard for Basic
Map o f Regio nal Grav ity Data
 Intermediate contour line0.2mm(0.9pt)
 index contour lines0.4mm(1.2pt)
 lines of 0 level0.4mm(1.2pt)
e) Marking for closed contour line:
 Use marker + for positive gravity
 Use marker – for negative gravity
3. The standards of contour line/label color and label font are listed in Table 13-4.

Table 13-4 The standards of contour line/label color and label font
Label Label Font
Color of line and label
Scales Font Size

positive gravity Negativegravity gravity of 0 Name (mm) No.

1:200

000 Red[RGB(255,0,0), Cyan[RGB(46,49,146)， [RGB(35,31,32)，

2.2×2.2 15
1:250 CMYK(0,99,100,0)] CMYK(100,100,0,0)] CMYK(0,0,0,100)]

000

1:500 Song

000
Black[RGB(0,0,0)， Red[RGB(255,0,0), [RGB(35,31,32)，
1:1 2.2×2.2 9
CMYK(0,0,0,100)] CMYK(0,99,100,0)] CMYK(0,0,0,100)]
000

000

4. Printing standard:
a) The error of width/height of Printed Map should be limited within the range of
[-0.3mm, +0.3mm](0.15pt);
b) The diagonal length error of Printed Map should be limited within the range of
[-0.45mm, +0.45mm](1.25pt);
5. The following map elements are also required to be included.
a) Map border
b) Border division
c) Coordinates lettering
d) Common lettering
e) Boundary lettering
f) Map title

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g) Sheet name
h) Sheet number
i) Digital scale
j) Bar scale
k) Projection
l) Legend
m) Technical notes
n) Complication Organization
o) Complication Date
6. The layout of map elements:

Table 13-5 The layout of map elements

Map Element Location

Map title Top

Sheet name Under map title

Sheet number Under map title, on the same line of sheet name

Digital scale Bottom

Bar scale Under digital scale

Projection Under digital scale

Legend Left

Technical notes Left, under legend

Complication Organization Lower left

Complication Date Lower right

7. The fonts setting of map title and number are listed in Table 13-6.

Table 13-6 The fonts setting of map title and number

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 Chapter 13: Parameter Settings Standard for Basic
Map o f Regio nal Grav ity Data
word

Font size space

Names Font
(mm)

mm×mm size

Country Song 7.5×7.5 29 8

Maps of bouguer gravity anomaly bold 12.0×12.0 46 6

Map title clarendon 5.5×5.5 22 2.0

Sheet Number clarendon 4.0×4.0 14

Sheet Index Name and Number Thin gothic letter 2.0×2.0 6

8. Legend and technical notes:

All of the color symbols, lines, and annotations except common geographic symbol
should be included in legend and their meanings should also be explained.
The layout order of these legends is as bellows.
a) national gravity basis station
b) national first-order gravity station
c) Geophysical classⅠ/Ⅱ gravity base station
d) survey station location/number
e) gravity anomaly
f) contour line and label
g) positive/negative gravity marker
The technical notes include: coordinate system, height datum, gravity system, and
formula for normal gravity value, density of middle layer, formula of bouguer correction,
terrain correction radius and the total precision of gravity.
Font setting of legend and technical notes:
Legend and technical notes: bold 5.0mm×5.0mm(19)
Labels in the legends: song 2.5mm×2.5mm(9)
Labels in the technical notes song 2.5mm×3mm(9)
9. Font setting of labels:
Scale 1:1 000 000, 1:200 000 song size 5mm×5mm(14)
Label of linear scale thin gothic letter size 1.75mm×1.75mm(7)
Label of Projection song size 2.5mm×2.5mm(9)
10. Drawing of the map border
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The gravity anomaly map with the scale of 1:1000000, 1:500000, 1:250 000, and
1:200 000 should have inner and outer border line, fictitious graticule, kilometer grid
annotation, main road direction annotation and state boundary annotation. We should also
use the map frames for the scale of 1:250 000 and 1:200000 to figure out the grid points of
longitude and latitude differences in theory, and four maps of kilometer grid with the scale
of 5cm×5cm.Lines of longitude are straight lines and lines of latitude are fold line.

Table 13-7 Drawing of the map border map different scale

Longitude Latitude Width of the
Net Line color
Scales error error longitude lines
points
in theory in theory (mm) Points RGB CMYK

1:200 000 15′ 10′ 25 0.1 0.3 (35,31,32) (0,0,0,100)

1:250 000 15′ 10′ 25 0.1 0.3 (35,31,32) (0,0,0,100)

1:500 000 30′ 30′ 35 0.1 0.3 (35,31,32) (0,0,0,100)

1:1000
1° 1° 35 0.1 0.3 (35,31,32) (0,0,0,100)
000

11. Notes for the map frame.

Table 13-8 Notes for the map frame

Font size

Names Font Font

mm×mm
number

longitude/latitude

coordinates annotation of song 2.0×2.0 8

map border

kilometer grid Size of the big numbers in the front 2.2×2.2 9

clarendon
coordinates annotation Size of the small numbers in the back 3.0×3.0 11

Road direction annotation song 2.5×2.5 10

State boundary annotation song 2.5×2.5 10

Compilation organization song 3.00×3.25 12

Compilation date song 3.00×3.25 12

13.3 Standards of geographic base map

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Map o f Regio nal Grav ity Data
1. Selection of populated places
Selection principles of populated places are 4-6 places per square decimeter. It can
have minor change in special situations. The selection principals are as bellows:
 The populated places hosted gravity base station or gravity anomaly location
should be considered first.
 They are selected from big populated places to small ones, and then make them
evenly distribute on map.
 In foreign countries, we can reduce the places properly.
The annotations for populated places are divided into five classes: capital, province,
autonomous region, municipalities directly under the central government, headquarters,
ground, state, alliance, level city, stations at county level, town city and others. Places with
important significances should be annotated with vice name.

Table 13-9 The label of five classes

Font Size

Names Font Name

mm×mm Font number

Capital Bold 3.5×3.5 13

Province Bold 3×3 12

State Bold 2.75×2.75 10

Town Song 2.5×2.5 9

Village populated place Song 2×2 8

2. Communication network
All of the railways and highways should be marked on the map and they are not rated
into different levels. Railways in the suburb or service for mine industries should may not
be marked as well as small roads and crossroads. In some traffic developed areas, we can
mark the highways only. But all the bridges and sailing lines should be marked. We can
note the mileage only when we can find the starts and ends on the map and when we cannot
find them then they should also be marked clearly.

Table 13-10 The label of communication network

Names Line width Line color

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
(mm) Point RGB CMYK

Railway 0.6 1.3 (35，31，32) (0,0,0,100)

Highway 0.6 1.3 (194，121，19) (0,47,100,25)

3. River system.
Color: [RGB(0,255,255)，CMYK(52,0,13,0)]
The width of river line is 0.12mm (0.6 point) and the width of the wired river depends
on the length of it, it is 0.1-0.4mm commonly. Oceans, seas, channels, big rivers, lakes,
reservoirs, gulfs, islands and reefs should be marked in different ranks.
In the sea areas, the isobaths of 10m, 50m, 100m, 200m and their integral multiples
for 1:1 000 000, 1:500 000, 1:250 000, 1:200 000 gravity anomaly map are represented
respectively.
4. Contour
Topographic contours are got from different ways. For example, we can get them by
victories the topographic of different scales (1:1 000 000, 1:500 000, 1:250 000, 1:200 000)
or we can get from national digital geographical version of the scale of 1:250 000.
The contours with the scale 1:200 000、1:250 000 have the width 0.15mm (0.8
point),and the color of the full lines is brown [RGB (213, 148, 20),CMYK (0, 36, 100, 17)].
The noted words are clarendon, their size are 1.8mm×1.8mm (3) and the color is brown.
There are about 2-3 contours’ annotations per square decimeter on the map. In some
areas where there are complex terrain and more crushs, we should add some annotations.
5. Others
The great wall and some other big mountains should also be marked on the map. We
should mark some trigonometrically stations, bench marks and altimetry points on the
gravity anomaly maps with the scale of 1:1 000 000, 1:500 000, 1:250 000, and 1:200 000
to show the anomaly locations and landform trend.

Table 13-11 The other elements marked on the map

Font Size
Names Font Name
mm×mm Font number
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Map o f Regio nal Grav ity Data
Trigonometrically stations bold 1.6×1.6 3

Bench marks bold 1.6×1.6 3

Altitude points bold 1.6×1.6 3

Generally speaking, peaks, rocky summits, ghats, abrupt cliffs, gulchs, dryrivers, dry
lakes, snow Mountains, dams, Gobideserts, deserts and some other areas are not marked on
the map.

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Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data/File Format

RGIS-IGDP involves a variety of data processing and interpretation methods. For
different method, input data file may have different format. All the file formats related to
the data are collected together in this appendix for your convenience.
Note: All of the .dat or .txt files mentioned in this appendix must be space or comma
delimited.

I.1 The Format of Gravity Data to be Imported into Database

Gravity data format is consistent with the regional gravity database format used by
China Geological Survey. To generate a gravity database in such format, RGIS-IGDP
should take a table data file and an information data file as input files. Table data files must
be in the .dat or .txt format.
The table data file is organized as follows:
No DD X Y H Og 2km 20km 166.7km Bg Fr Iso

1 8399 97.7951144 41.37770602 1500.3 96.6 0.05 0.079 -7.417 -202.49 -33.62

-32.65

2 8197 97.7790865 41.36482393 1488.9 95.3 0.04 0.073 -7.325 -204.9 -37.28

34.77

3 9804 97.8505064 41.51266878 1556.9 95.1 0.05 0.185 -7.827 -204.81 -29.78

-33.92

……

8 8089 97.6816023 41.34697453 1571.5 72.3 0.05 0.082 -7.97 -209.98 -33.2

-34.8

The first header line provides information about measuring data and user can specify
different field name. The columns of data file that you want to import can be in different
order with the above order. The meaning of the header is described in the following table.

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 Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data and File Format

Table I-1 The format of gravity data

Term Description Term Description

No data point number DD station number

X longitude coordinate Y latitude coordinate

H elevation of obsrvation points Og observed gravity

2km near and middle area terrain correction 20km far area Ⅰterrain correction (with a
(with a radius of 0~2km) radius of 2~20km)

166.7km far area Ⅱ terrain correction (with a Bg Bouguer gravity anomaly values
radius of 20~166.7km)

Fr free air gravity anomaly values Iso isostatic gravity anomaly

The information data file must be organized as following example:
survey location：M-51-(09) Kara Linchang
survey team： Heilongjiang Geological Survey Institute
survey data(year)：2002--2002
survey scale：1/200,000
number of data points：1028
survey area(km2)：5206
Gravity system.：China national gravity network 85
Gravity starting point：grade point A in the Harbin Majiagou Airport in 57 net
the radius of near and median area terrain correction：0~2km
near and middle area terrain correction precision(×10－5m/s2)：0.058
The type of gravimeter：Z400
gravity survey precision(×10－5m/s2)：0.124
horizontal coordinate survey method：GPS
horizontal coordinate survey precision(m)：2.42
height survey method：GPS
height survey precision(m)：1.91

I.2 The Format of Magnetic Data to be Imported into Database

Magnetic data file you want to import that in RGIS-IGDP database has two formats.
One is the table data file saved as *.dat or *.txt format. The data file must include 3
columns, which is X coordinate, Y coordinate and anomaly values. It can contain other
columns, such as station number, line number, elevation, ᇞZ component and ᇞX
component. The format is as follows：
Y, X, line, point, dT

603500, 3265200, 35, 652, 71.63

603500, 3265300, 35, 653, -6.37

603500, 3265400, 35, 654, -74.33

……

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
603500, 3265800, 35, 658, 61.49

Each column above is followed by Y coordinate(easting), X coordinate(northing), line number,

station number, and ᇞT anomaly value.

The other format is aeromagnetic data file that has the .amd extension. Its format is as follows：
//Flight 0

//Date 2007/05/15

Line 8

646686.00 4566613.00 -132.49

……

648628.00 4566613.00 -93.49

Line 481

691352.00 5025896.00 -47.43

692323.00 5025896.00 -71.17

Note：
//Flight 0 // Flight number
//Date 2007/05/15 // Flight date

Line 8 // Line number

646686.00 4566613.00 -132.49 // Y coordinate, X coordinate, anomaly value

I.3 The Format of Data to be Gridded

The file you want to grid must have the format of ASCII code file with the .txt or .dat
extension.
It contains at least three columns of data and two columns of them must provide the
information about the coordinates of survey stations. The first line is the identifier. An
example is shown as follows:
Gx Gy dT

4532002 17235670 10.3

4534590 17246544 18.9

……

4539807 17248718 16.1

The format of gridded data files is consistent with Surfer ASCII grid files format
with .grd extension. See Section I.7.

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 Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data and File Format

I.4 The Format of Data to be Imported into Database

1. The format of data file with *.txt and *.dat extension：
x y h Og 2km

4583302 17399205 1500.3 979796.6 0.05

4581890 17397844 1488.9 979795.3 0.04

4584943 17388055 1565.5 979776.6 0.02

4585677 17385955 1592 979764.7 0.03

4596987 17402762 1594.2 979789.6 0.07

The file is one where each column is separated from others by delimiter characters of
tabs, commas, spaces.
Note: The delimiters appear in header line and data columns must be the same
characters.

2. The format of the file with*.xls and *.mdb extension：

These two types both contain header information.

I.5 The Format of Gravity and Magnetic Data Used for

Processing and Inversion
 Grid Data Format
Data processing modules provide a variety of conventional gravity processing
methods containing filtering, derivative calculating, potential field transformation, filed
continuation. The above methods require that the data format is ASCII or binary “*.grd"
format of the Golden Surfer software. ASCII grid file format is as follows:

Table I-2 Grid Data Format

Order Element Description

The identification string DSAA that identifies the file as

Line 1 DSAA
an ASCII grid file

The integer number of grid lines along the X axis

Line 2 201 101
(columns) and Y axis(rows)

Line 3 0 400 The minimum and maximum X values of the grid

Line 4 0 200 The minimum and maximum Y values of the grid

Minimum and maximum Z

Line 5 The minimum and maximum Z values of the grid
values

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

Table I-2 Grid Data Format

Order Element Description

-30.435939788818
That corresponds to Z values of the first row. The number
Line 6 -30.593700408936 ……-30.
of values is 201.
752780914307

Line 7 Space row delimiter

-28.765499114990
That corresponds to Z values of the second row. The
Line 8 -29.078920364380 ……-29.
number of values is 201.
385129928589

Line 9 Space row delimiter

……… ……… ………

-27.871459960938
That corresponds to Z values of the 101st row. The
Line n -28.331760406494 ……-28.
number of values is 201.
769500732422

Binary grid file format is very similar to the ASCII grid file format. The only
difference is in the identification string and that files are binary.

Table I-3 The data type of Binary grid file format

Type Description

Char Single-byte

short 16-bit signed integer

float 32-bit single-precision floating point value

double 64-bit double-precision floating point value

The data file format is listed in Table I-4:

Table I-4 The Binary grid file format

Element Type Description

id char 4 byte identification string (DSBB) which identifies the file as a

binary grid file

nx short number of grid lines along the X axis (columns)

ny short number of grid lines along the Y axis (rows)

xlo double minimum X value of the grid

xhi double maximum X value of the grid

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 Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data and File Format

Table I-4 The Binary grid file format

Element Type Description

ylo double minimum Y value of the grid

yhi double maximum Y value of the grid

zlo double minimum Z value of the grid

zhi double maximum Z value of the grid

z11, z12, … float first row of the grid. Each row has a constant Y coordinate. The

first row corresponds to ylo, and the last row corresponds to yhi.

Within each row, the Z values are ordered from xlo to xhi.

z21, z22, … float second row of the grid

… float …

Note: GRD files generated by all the functional modules of RGIS-IGDP are GS
BINARY grid file format.

 Profile Data Format

1. The format of input data used in 2.5-D modeling
In the RGIS-IGDP, the input data used in 2.5-D modeling module is a space delimited
ASCII file with .dat or .txt extension. Gravity and magnetic anomalies data is stored in two
different files. The starting coordinates and sample intervals of gravity and magnetic profile
survey can be constant or non-constant value. The starting X coordinate value of profile
survey can be not 0.
The format of data containing terrain elevation is described as follows:
0.000 1.586 -208.782

0.160 1.586 -208.816

……

4.111 1.590 -210.524

The values of the first column correspond the survey station coordinate which unit is
m or km. The second column corresponds the elevation of survey station and the third
column corresponds the anomaly. The elevation value can be a constant value. The format
of data containing a constant elevation is described as follow:
0.000 0.000 -208.782

0.160 0.000 -208.816

……

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
4.111 0.000 -210.524

2. The format of input data used in profile processing

Profile data processing functions of RGIS-IGDP in the frequency domain and space
domain require that the data format is same as the data format used in 2.5-D modeling. But,
the sample interval of data must be a constant value and the number of data points must be
an odd number.

 The Format of Controlling Parameter File used in 3-D Inversion

Controlling parameter file is in ASCII format with .par extension:
CA=RV
4
1 1
1 -1.0 1.0 [description: The first parameter represents whether physical property
values are constrained during the inversion. Set it to be 1 to use the
constraint. The second parameter is the minimum physical property
value. The third parameter is the maximum physical property value.
7 [description: total number of controlling nodes]
0.00 0.00 [description: normalized location and weighted value of the first
controlling node]
0.25 0.25 [description: normalized location and weighted value of the second
controlling node]
0.50 0.30
0.75 0.40
0.80 0.80
0.90 0.70
1.00 0.50 [description: normalized location and weighted value of the last
controlling node]
0 5
VW=0
0.1 1.0
0
layers.vol
1
CA=F3
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 Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data and File Format
1
CA=FS
1

I.6 Electrical Data Processing and Inversion

 1D Resistivity / IP Sounding
File format of forward data:
The forward data file simply needs to store electrode distance(AB/2、AM、OO′/2)and
measuring electrode distance value(MN/2(m)).The forward data file has the commonality,
while there are some changes in the file’s header. The forward data file format is as
follows:
 The 1st line: method of calculation (forward calculation ,taking 1
number),calculation parameter (only forward calculation of apparent resistivity
taking 1, forward calculate of both the apparent resistivity and the apparent
polarizability taking 2), device types (based on different types can respectively
take 1~5,diode device taking 1;symmetrical quadrupole (MN>0) taking 2;
symmetrical quadrupole (MN=0) taking 3;axial dipole sounding (MN>0), taking
4 ;axial dipole sounding (MN＝0),taking 5);
 The 2nd line: electrode number, the rows number of data;
 The 3rd line：electrode distance（AB/2,or AM, or OO′/2, range from small to
large;
 The 4th line: MN/2 corresponds to the arrangement of AB/2, when the device
type takes 1, 3, 5, this line missing.
For example ： For the input file of resistivity forward with symmetrical
quadrupole device , the extension is *.s2f：
112 //forward calculation taking 1, take forward to the apparent resistivity using 1,symmetrical

quadrupole (MN>0) using 2

18 2 //electrode number, the rows number of data

3.500 5.000 7.500 10.00 15.00 22.50 35.00 50.00 75.00 100.0 150.0 225.0 350.0 500.0 750.0 1000

1500 2250 //18 electrode distance（from small to large）

0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00

50.00 50.00 //MN/2 corresponds to the arrangement of AB/2, when the device type takes 1,3,5, this

line missing.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
For example：For the output file of resistivity and apparent polarizability
forward with symmetrical quadrupole device , the extension is *.dat：
Forward calculation results of electrical sounding with 1D symmetric quadrupole device ( MN >

0) .

The layer parameters are as follows:

Number of layers:2

Number of layers resistivity (Ωm) thickness (m)

1 50.000 50.000

2 100.000

electrode distance(m) apparent resistivity (Ωm)

3.500 50.569

5.000 50.572

7.500 50.582

10.000 50.602

15.000 50.681

22.500 50.918

35.000 51.804

50.000 53.689

75.000 58.269

100.000 63.448

150.000 72.544

225.000 80.653

350.000 89.234

500.000 93.880

750.000 97.121

1000.000 98.474

File format of inversion data

The inversion data required to prepare for two documents: inversion data files and
work-area location files. The former stores electrode distance of more sounding points, the
measured apparent resistivity and apparent polarizability in one work area. The latter stores
location information of each sounding point in order, so that naming the inversion figures.
The program can find automatically by the order of sounding points.
The format of the inversion data file are as follows:

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 Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data and File Format
 First line: Calculation method (inversing calculation takes 2), Calculation
parameters (inversing apparent resistivity only takes 1.while inversing apparent
resistivity and apparent polarizability together takes 2).Device type (according to
different types, takes 1~5. That is, double-pole device takes1, symmetrical
quadrupole (MN> 0) takes 2, symmetrical quadrupole (MN = 0) takes 3,axial
dipole sounding (MN) takes 4 and the axial dipole sounding (MN = 0) takes 5);
 Second line: the numbers of electrodes, sounding points and data rows
respectively;
 Third line: the values of AB / 2, AM and OO '/ 2 are in ascending order;
 Fourth line: the corresponding values of MN / 2, this line is missing when the
type of device takes the 1,3 or 5;
 Fifth line:ρS apparent resistivity value of the first sounding point;
 Sixth line: polarizability values ηs of the first sounding point , this line is
missing when calculation parameter takes the 1;
………………
 (2×N +5)th line: apparent resistivity valueρS of the Nth sounding point(the
sounding point numbers >1);
 (2×N +6)th line: polarizability values ηs of the Nth sounding point, this line is
missing when calculation parameter takes the 1(the sounding point numbers >1).
Examples: With symmetric quadrupole device (MN> 0), only inverse resistivity
and the extension of the file is *.s2i:
212 // inversion calculation takes 2, while only inversing resistivity takes 1, and
symmetrical quadrupole (MN> 0) takes 2
18 1 3 // the number of electrodes, sounding points and data rows respectively
3.5 5.0 7.50 10.0 15.0 22.50 35.0 50.0 75.0 100.0 150.0 225.0 350.0 500.0 750.0 1000.0 1500.0

2250.0 // the distance between electrodes (the value of AB/2 in ascending order)
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0

50.0 // the corresponding values of MN / 2, this line is missing when the type of device
take the 1,3 or 5
100.4 99.04 94.79 88.16 70.71 48.69 25.62 20.14 24.69 31.71 45.76 63.44

93.86 125.7 170.4 207.4 264.9 324.2 //apparent resistivity value ρS of the first sounding
point

Extension of data file

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
In forward and inversion procedures of apparent resistivity and apparent polarizability
with 1D DC sounding device, all the input files are ASCII format, the extensions are shown
in Table I-5.

Table I-5 Extension of data file

Type of device Forward calculation Inverse calculation
Double-pole device *.s1f *.s1i
Symmetrical quadrupole(MN>0) *.s2f *.s2i
Symmetrical quadrupole(MN=0) *.s3f *.s3i
Axial dipole device(MN>0) *.s4f *.s4i
Axial dipole device(MN=0) *.s5f *.s5i

Note: Electrode distance row should enter the work area's largest electrode distance in the

inversion data files. Each sounding point shall be input according to the number of the measured

apparent resistivity, shortfall vacancies, but can’t fill a value of 0. The measured apparent resistivity

often exists with a connector point, but the software does not allow the connector point having

double values. Please input the average of the double values at the connector point.

Attentions in preparing data files

 Electrode distance and MN / 2 data must be entered completely each on one line,
and does not allow line breaks. The header of the line does not allow the
retention space. Data are separated by spaces.
 The data allow the use of d, e, f format, but we should not use double precision in
FORTRAN. Represent 1.0e3, not 1.0d3. Also do not allow the use of simple
input. 0.5 is right, not .5. In addition, the same data must be input one by one, and
don’t use 3 * 0.5 to represent three numbers 0.5, 0.5 and 0.5.
 Electrode distance and MN / 2 data are in meters (m) as a unit. Apparent
resistivity is in ohm • m ( • m) for unit, and apparent polarizability is in
percentage (%) as a unit.

 2D Resistivity/IP Profiling and Sounding

The file format of the input data
The forward and inversion program of 2D resistivity/polarizability interaction is
applicable to many types of devices with different device parameters. Therefore carefully
read this section. Understanding the data file format, so properly use the program.
The data files of forward and inversion are divided into two kinds according to the
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 Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data and File Format
observation device. One is universal data-independent part of the observation device. The
other is the data portion related to observation device.
Observation device parameters table Observation device parameters table of the
forward and inversion program of 2D resistivity/polarizability interaction is shown in Table
I-6：

Table I-6 Observation device parameters table

Parameter value Observation device name
Wq＝1 Charging device
Wq＝2 Central gradient device
Wq＝3 Diode potential section device
Wq＝4 Joint section device
Wq＝5 Symmetrical quadrupole section device
Wq＝6 dipole section device
Wq＝7 Diode potential sounding device
Wq＝8 Three-pole sounding device
Wq＝9 Symmetrical quadrupole sounding device
Wq＝10 dipole sounding device
The data format of universal part: The data formats of universal part are shown in
shown in Table I-7.

Table I-7 The data formats of universal part

Serial
Parameter Parameter description
number

First line Method of calculation ww、 1. In the forward calculation, the value of ww is1.In

Calculation parameters wu、 inversion ww is 2；

Topographic parameters wh and 2. In the apparent resistivity calculation, the value of

Device type wq wu is 1. In the apparent resistivity and apparent

polarizability calculation together, the value of wu is

2；

3.Flat terrain: wh is 0.Not flat: wh is 1；

4. According to different observation device, wq is

from 1 to 10. For details see table above.

Second Starting measurement point number 1. The unit of dn is m；

line nb of computational area (namely 2.nb，ne must be integer data;

the geoelectric section range)、the 3.The devices(wq＜7) must cover the electrical

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

Table I-7 The data formats of universal part

Serial
Parameter Parameter description
number

terminating measurement point section A，B，M，N electrode. That is, the electrode of
number ne and the measured point most edge must be within the range of the

distance dn measurement points (Intermediate Gradient device，

except A，B powered electrode). When the terrain is

not flat, it must have a relative measurement elevation

of these points.

Third line The relative elevation of each 1. Relative elevation data number is ne－nb＋1；
measuring point 2. When the terrain is flat, these data are missing.

The forward and inversion program of 2D resistivity/polarizability interaction requires

that workers must supply the elevation in the range of the sounding results. When polar
distance is large, limited terrain uneven is negligible. When polar distance is very small, it’s
regarded as flat terrain. The elevation in starting and ending point number range, for
example, elevation maximum difference is from 30 to 50m，it will affect apparent
resistivity in a few hundred meters of polar distance range. You should give the terrain
elevation of the calculation area. The program takes the edge elevation epitaxial calculation
automatically for the remaining shortfall. Counted district range is automatically adjusted
to the distance slightly further from the maximum sounding pole pitch.
The data format of the relevant data
Part of the relevant data of forward and inversion data file are related to the
observation device. Now described separately.

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 Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data and File Format

Table I-8 The data format of the relevant data

device Serial Parameter Parameter description

number

1 Calculation of the physical 1. Data integer ,calculate the potential or potential

Charging device

field parameters wi gradient;

2.wi＝1 means that calculates the apparent resistivity

with potential，wi＝2 means that calculates the

apparent resistivity with potential gradient ;

3. Both the calculation of apparent polarizability is

based on equivalent resistivity method.

2 Calculation points mp、 1.mp is integer, for the latter three data are the real

Calculate the dot pitch dm、 data ;

Starting point number mb and 2. The relationship of four data is mp=(me－

the end point； mb)*dm/dn，and mb≥nb，me≤ne;

3. The unit of dm is m.

3 MN polar distance value When wi=2, it exists. The unit of MN is m.

4 Number of charging power Ni Ni is integer.

5 Location, elevation of each 1. Arranged as follows：measurement points number of

charging point and supply charge point, elevation(m) of charge point, supply

current intensity current intensity (A);

2. Multiple supply points are arranged according to the

previous order. Current intensity allows negative;

3. Infinity supply points do not be entered.

6 Measured apparent resistivity 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

values 2. Apparent resistivity values are arranged in

accordance with magnitude order of the points number;

3. The data number of apparent resistivity data is mp.

7 Measured apparent 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

polarizability values 2. Apparent polarizability values are arranged in

accordance with magnitude order of the points number;

3. The data number of apparent polarizability data is

mp.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

Table I-8 The data format of the relevant data

device Serial Parameter Parameter description

number

1 Calculation points mp、 1.mp is integer, for the latter three data are the real
Central gradient device

Calculate the dot pitch data ;

dm(m)、Starting point number 2. The relationship of four data is mp=(me－

mb and the end point； mb)*dm/dn，and mb≥nb，me≤ne;

3. The unit of dm is m.

2 MN polar distance value When wi=2, it exists. The unit of MN is m.

3 position of the supply point A 1.input format：the point number at the source, relative
pole elevation (m);

2. Current intensity is defined as 1A and －1A.

4 position of the supply point B Input format is as above.

pole

5 Measured apparent resistivity 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

values 2. Apparent resistivity values are arranged in

accordance with magnitude order of the points number;

3. The data number of apparent resistivity data is mp.

6 Measured apparent 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

polarizability values 2. Apparent polarizability values are arranged in

accordance with magnitude order of the points number;

3. The data number of apparent polarizability data is

mp.

1 Calculation points mp、 1.mp is integer, for the latter three data are the real
Diode potential section device

Calculate the dot pitch dm、 data ;

Starting point number mb and 2. The relationship of four data is mp=(me－

the end point； mb)*dm/dn，and mb≥nb，me≤ne;

3. The unit of dm is m.

2 AO polar distance value 1. Recording point is located in the mid-point of the

AM. The unit of AO is m；2. A，M electrode should

be located within the operator area of measurement

point.

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 Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data and File Format

Table I-8 The data format of the relevant data

device Serial Parameter Parameter description

number

3 Measured apparent resistivity 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

values 2. Apparent resistivity values are arranged in

accordance with magnitude order of the points number;

3. The data number of apparent resistivity data is mp.

4 Measured apparent 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

polarizability values 2. Apparent polarizability values are arranged in

accordance with magnitude order of the points number;

3. The data number of apparent polarizability data is

mp.

1 Calculation points mp、 1.mp is integer, for the latter three data are the real
Joint section device

Calculate the dot pitch dm、 data ;

Starting point number mb and 2. The relationship of four data is mp=(me－

the end point； mb)*dm/dn，and mb≥nb，me≤ne;

3. The unit of dm is m.

2 MN polar distance value The unit of MN is m.

3 AO polar distance value 1.AO=BO，the unit of AO is m;

2.A，B electrode is located within the counted district

range.

4 Measured apparent resistivity 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing;

2. Apparent resistivity values are arranged in

value
sa
accordance with magnitude order of the points number;

5 Measured apparent resistivity 3.The data number of apparent resistivity data is mp.

value sb

6 Measured apparent 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

2. Apparent polarizability values are arranged in

polarizability value s a
accordance with magnitude order of the points number;

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

Table I-8 The data format of the relevant data

device Serial Parameter Parameter description

number

7 Measured apparent 3. The data number of apparent polarizability data is

mp.
polarizability value sb

1 Calculation points mp、 1.mp is integer, for the latter three data are the real
Symmetrical quadrupole section device

Calculate the dot pitch dm、 data ;

Starting point number mb and 2. The relationship of four data is mp=(me－

the end point； mb)*dm/dn，and mb≥nb，me≤ne;

3. The unit of dm is m.

2 Measurement pole pitch MN The unit of MN is m.

3 polar distance value AO AO=AB/2，unit is m。

4 Measured apparent resistivity 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

value 2. Apparent resistivity values are arranged in

accordance with magnitude order of the points number;

3. The data number of apparent resistivity data is mp.

5 Measured apparent 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

polarizability value 2. Apparent polarizability values are arranged in

accordance with magnitude order of the points number;

3. The data number of apparent polarizability data is

mp.

1 Calculation points mp、 1.mp is integer, for the latter three data are the real
dipole section device

Calculate the dot pitch dm、 data ;

Starting point number mb and 2. The relationship of four data is mp=(me－

the end point； mb)*dm/dn，and mb≥nb，me≤ne;

3. The unit of dm is m.

2 MN polar distance value The unit of MN is m.

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 Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data and File Format

Table I-8 The data format of the relevant data

device Serial Parameter Parameter description

number

3 The largest interval factor 1.Nmax is integer,，generally should not be greater than
Nmax 6～8;

2. interval factor N＝BM／AB＝BM／MN;

3.AB=MN=dm(calculate the distance);

4.N=1, the apparent resistivity and apparent

polarizability value is mb and me. With the N increase

and different interval coefficient, the number of the

apparent resistivity and apparent polarizability is

reducing one by one;

5. Within Nmax，AB，MN electrode must be located

within geoelectric section counted district range

nb and ne. Otherwise it will result in no value.

4 Measured apparent resistivity 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

value 2. Apparent resistivity values are arranged from small

to large in accordance with the N value;

3. N increases 1, the number of apparent resistivity

values decreases 1.

5 Measured apparent 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

polarizability value 2. Apparent polarizability values are arranged from

small to large in accordance with the N value;

3. N increases 1, the number of apparent polarizability

values decreases 1.
Diode sounding device

1 Sounding point number QO 1.QO is integer, real;

2.M electrode position

2 The number NQ of electrode NQ is integer

distance AM(m)

3 electrode distance value NQ AM(m),arranged from small to large

AM(m)

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

Table I-8 The data format of the relevant data

device Serial Parameter Parameter description

number

4 Measured apparent resistivity 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing;

2. Apparent resistivity values are arranged from small

value sa
to large in accordance with the AM(m) value;

5 Measured apparent resistivity 3. The data number of apparent resistivity data is NQ.

value sb

6 Measured apparent 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

2. 2. Apparent polarizability values are arranged from

polarizability value s a
small to large in accordance with the AM(m) value;

7 Measured apparent 3. The data number of apparent polarizability data is

NQ.
polarizability value sb

1 Sounding point number QO 1.QO is integer, real;

Three-pole sounding device

2. The mid-point number of MN

2 Minimum MN measuring Smn is real.

pole pitch smn

3 The number of electrode NQ is integer.

distance AO(m) is NQ

4 electrode distance value NQ AO(m),arranged from small to large

AO(m)

5 Measured apparent resistivity 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

2. Apparent resistivity values are arranged from small

value sa
to large in accordance with the AO(m) value;

6 Measured apparent resistivity 3. The data number of apparent resistivity data is NQ.

value sb

7 Measured apparent 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

2. Apparent polarizability values are arranged from

polarizability value s a
small to large in accordance with the AO(m) value;

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 Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data and File Format

Table I-8 The data format of the relevant data

device Serial Parameter Parameter description

number

8 Measured apparent 3. The data number of apparent polarizability data is

NQ.
polarizability value sb

1 Sounding point number QO 1.QO is integer, real;

Symmetrical quadrupole sounding device

2. The mid-point number of MN

2 Minimum MN measuring Smn is real.

pole pitch smn

3 The number of electrode NQ is integer.

distance AO(m) is NQ

4 electrode distance value NQ AO(m),arranged from small to large

AO(m)

5 Measured apparent resistivity 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

value 2. Apparent resistivity values are arranged from small

to large in accordance with the AO(m) value;

3. The data number of apparent resistivity data is NQ.

6 Measured apparent 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

polarizability value 2. Apparent polarizability values are arranged from

small to large in accordance with the AO(m) value;

3. The data number of apparent polarizability data is

NQ.

1 Sounding point number QO 1.QO is integer, real;

dipole sounding device

2. The mid-point number of MN

2 Minimum MN measuring Smn is real.

pole pitch smn

3 The number of electrode NQ is integer.

distance AO(m) is NQ

4 electrode distance value NQ AO(m),arranged from small to large

AO(m)

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

Table I-8 The data format of the relevant data

device Serial Parameter Parameter description

number

5 Measured apparent resistivity 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing;

2. Apparent resistivity values are arranged from small

value sa
to large in accordance with the AO(m) value;

6 Measured apparent resistivity 3. The data number of apparent resistivity data is NQ.

value sb

7 Measured apparent 1. When forward calculation, it’s missing ;

2. Apparent polarizability values are arranged from

polarizability value s a
small to large in accordance with the AO(m) value;

8 Measured apparent 3. The data number of apparent polarizability data is

NQ.
polarizability value sb

Note：For potential gradient measurements and the middle gradient device，calculation point is

the center of its MN. A, B is usually located outside the operator area. The point number is derived

by pushing outside by the user. For two-pole section measurements, calculation point is the center of

its AM. For joint section measurements, calculation point is the center of its MN. For symmetrical

quadrupole section measurements, calculation point is the center of its MN. For dipole section

measurements, calculation point is the center of its BM.

The forward and inversion program of 2D resistivity/IP interaction only allows the
calculation of a sounding point data. If you need the calculation of some sounding point
data, modify the QO value of data files. The system provides that if supply point is on the

left of MN measuring electrode. The results of the calculation are

 s a and s a . if supply

point is on the right of MN measuring electrode, the results of the calculation are
 s b and

 s a .The error of inversion fitting calculation is shown in figures, stored in the output data

files. Apparent resistivity ρs is calculated according to the relative error (unit is %)of the
mean square. Apparent polarizability ηs is calculated according to the relative error (unit
is %)of the mean. For inversion, the measured data in the calculation range can not be
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 Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data and File Format
missing. Otherwise an error will occur. The data in the above data files are entered
according to d, e, and f format unless they have been marked as the integer data. Between
data, separated by spaces. The same type of data such as elevation data can be multi-line
input. You should note that the number of the data is not less and the location format is
correct. In addition, it cannot use the simplified input. For example, enter 0.5, not .5, the 3
same data cannot be expressed as 3*0.5.
File extension
All the input files of the forward and inversion program of 2D resistivity/IP interaction
have ASCII format. Extensions display in the next table.
The format of inversion data file

Table I-9 Input file format of measured data of diode and dipole – dipole device
Method Classification of method Forward Inversion

calculation calculation

Cross-section charge resistivity calculations flat terrain *.pm1 *.pm5

method method undulating terrain *.pm2 *.pm6

resistivity flat terrain *.pm3 *.pm7

/polarizability undulating terrain *.pm4 *.pm8

calculations

central resistivity calculations flat terrain *.pg1 *.pg5

gradient undulating terrain *.pg2 *.pg6

method resistivity flat terrain *.pg3 *.pg7

/polarizability undulating terrain *.pg4 *.pg8

calculations

diode resistivity calculations flat terrain *.p21 *.p25

potential undulating terrain *.p22 *.p26

resistivity flat terrain *.p23 *.p27

/polarizability undulating terrain *.p24 *.p28

calculations

joint resistivity calculations flat terrain *.p31 *.p35

section undulating terrain *.p32 *.p36

method resistivity flat terrain *.p33 *.p37

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

Table I-9 Input file format of measured data of diode and dipole – dipole device
Method Classification of method Forward Inversion

calculation calculation

/polarizability undulating terrain *.p34 *.p38

calculations

symmetry resistivity calculations flat terrain *.p41 *.p45

quadrupole undulating terrain *.p42 *.p46

resistivity flat terrain *.p43 *.p47

/polarizability undulating terrain *.p44 *.p48

calculations

dipole resistivity calculations flat terrain *.po1 *.po5

undulating terrain *.po2 *.po6

resistivity flat terrain *.po3 *.po7

/polarizability undulating terrain *.po4 *.po8

calculations

bathymetry diode resistivity calculations flat terrain *.s21 *.s25

method undulating terrain *.s22 *.s26

resistivity flat terrain *.s23 *.s27

/polarizability undulating terrain *.s24 *.s28

calculations

three pole resistivity calculations flat terrain *.s31 *.s35

undulating terrain *.s32 *.s36

resistivity flat terrain *.s33 *.s37

/polarizability undulating terrain *.s34 *.s38

calculations

symmetry resistivity calculations flat terrain *.s41 *.s45

quadrupole undulating terrain *.s42 *.s46

resistivity flat terrain *.s43 *.s47

/polarizability undulating terrain *.s44 *.s48

calculations

dipole resistivity calculations flat terrain *.so1 *.so5

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 Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data and File Format

Table I-9 Input file format of measured data of diode and dipole – dipole device
Method Classification of method Forward Inversion

calculation calculation

undulating terrain *.so2 *.so6

resistivity flat terrain *.so3 *.so7

/polarizability undulating terrain *.so4 *.so8

calculations

 The first line: explanation such as two-array measured data or dipole-dipole

measured data;
 The second line: consists of two numbers. The first is the number of measured data,
that is, the rows of the following data;
The second is the columns of measured data. If there only is resistivity data, the
second number is 1.If there also is polarizability data, the second number is 2. Any other
numbers are not recognized.
 The file of diode device data has *.hd2 extension. The file of dipole-dipole data has
*.hdo extension.

Input file format of measured data of three-pole device

 The first line: explanation as three-pole measured data.
 The second line: Explain the arrangement of the electrodes, include AMNB (bilateral
three-pole),AMN and NMB, not case-insensitive.
 The third line: give the rows and columns. For bilateral three devices, only has
resistivity in the columns, the number is2.If there are the resistivity and polarizability,
the number is 4. Use a space to separate the two number.
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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
 The fourth line：The measured data, first is resistivity data, then is the polarization
rate data. Users can enter the first, second and third lines refer the following table.

Table I-10 Input file format of measured data of three-pole device

Line number
Bilateral three-pole (AMNB) Unilateral (AMN or NMB)
\ arrangement

The first line measured data of three-pole measured data of three-pole

The second line AMNB or amnb AMN、NMB、amn or nmb

2(resistivity only) 1 (resistivity only)

Actual
The third line Actual rows n 4(Resistivity and 2 (Resistivity and
rows n
polarizability) polarizability)

 In all of the power supply measurement, start from the leftmost one, enter the
data of next point until finish entering the all measurement data corresponded to
the powered electrode. Data sequence is according to a slash, above first then
below, left third and right last. The filen of three-pole data has *.hd3 extension.

 The file instance of three-pole device data is shown below.

Left : bilateral three pole device
Right : format of import file of bilateral three-pole device
The resistivity data in the left ,  s and  s
a b

The resistivity / polarizability data in the right ,  s ,  s ,  s ,  s .

a b a b

Input file format of measured data of quadrupole device

 The first line：Some words for explanation (such as measured data of
symmetry quadrupole, etc.). No spaces between words;
 The second line: Measured rows and columns (3 for resistivity;4 for
resistivity / polarizability);
 The third line: The description of each column data, separated by spaces.
Such as：NO. AB/2 MN/2 Ps or NO. AB/2 MN/2 Ps Ip;
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 Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data and File Format
 Data: The corresponding data;
 The file of symmetric quadrupole data has *.hd4 extension.
 The file instance of three-pole device data is shown below.

Symmetrical quadrupole measured data, symmetrical quadrupole measured data

Terrain data file format
Terrain data input is closely related to terrain points in the actual
grid. If knowing the location of terrain points in the grid, it is easy to
produce terrain data file. In the input dialog of the measured data of the
above devices (two pole, three-pole, dipole - dipole and symmetric
quadrupole), users entered the number of the left electrode and the right
electrode and so on. The number of the left electrode is the location in
the grid of the left-most electrode point in the survey area. The number
of the right electrode is the location in the grid of the right -most
electrode point in the survey area. The terrain data must be
corresponding to the input points between the left electrode to right
electrode No. (Electrode in survey area). The elevation of boundary zone
outside the survey area should be same with the elevation of the leftmost
and rightmost points in the survey area. The file of terrain data has *.ter
extension. The file format of the terrain data is as follows (at right data boxes):
 The first line: Words of explanation;
 The second line: The number of terrain points;
 Data: The actual terrain data consists of two columns. The first column is the
number of grid nodes corresponding to elevation point. The second column is the
elevation data (unit m). Separated the point number and elevation data with

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
space.
Note: Importing file should be done when having importing the necessary
information (have clicked the data table) in the measured data table. If haven’t, can’t
importing the data.

 1D Magnetic Source Transient Electromagnetic Inversion

File format of forward data
The format of input file of forward data Import file of forward data can be * txt
file or ASCII text document. The data format is as follows:
11 // Identifier of forward calculation

1 1256.63 // Turns of transmitter coil, area of transmitter coil

1 1 // Turns of receiver coil, area of receiving coil

1 // The magnitude of the supply current

work area // Name of work area

measuring line // The name of the survey line
Stake // Stake name
3 // The number of forward layers, N
10 300 10 // Resistivity of the Nth layer （From top to bottom, the first layer,
second layer, third layer）
10 50 //The thickness N-1th layer （From top to bottom, the first layer,
second layer）
100 1e-6 1e-1 //Sampling time points m=100, minimum sampling time, maximum
sampling time
0 // Methods of sampling（0, 1 or 2:0 indicates custom data, 1 indicates
the logarithmic sampling, and 2 indicates the linear sampling. When choosing 0, list
all sampling time points. Choosing 1 or 2, the sampling time calculated by the
program automatically.
1e-006 // Sampling time of the first point

1.12332403e-006 // Sampling time of the second point

1.26185688e-006 // Sampling time of the third point

…

0.1 // Sampling time of the 100th point

Output file format of forward data: The input files of the data forward are the
ASCII text document. The data format is as follows:
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 Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data and File Format
TEM 1D forward results of a stake of a measuring line of a work area:
Turns of transmit coil: 1
Area of transmit coil: 1256.6
Turns of receiver coil: 1
Area of receiver coil: 1.0

Supply current: 1

Sampling time points 100

Minimum sampling time 1e-006

Maximum sampling time 0.1

Sampling methods Custom

Number of layers 4

Resistivity Thickness
100.00 20.00 // Resistivity of the first layer, thickness of the first
layer
20.00 40.00 // Resistivity of the second layer, thickness of the first
layer
300.00 80.00 // Resistivity of the third layer, thickness of the first
layer
20.00 // Resistivity of the fourth layer.

Cut-off point of the electromagnetic fields at the early and late: the 15th measurement
channels, sampling time 5.72237e-006
Time Induced electromotive The apparent depth of the magnetic induction

The apparent resistivity of the magnetic induction Magnetic field

The apparent depth of the magnetic field The apparent resistivity of the magnetic field

1.00000e-006 8.38073891e-003 8.98 101.32 6.45460574e-003 12.60 99.89

1.12332e-006 6.81798726e-003 9.55 101.99 5.71232026e-003 13.35 99.77

1.26186e-006 5.48087264e-003 10.17 102.86 5.03783224e-003 14.13 99.50

1.00000e-001 6.02945698e-014 1330.27 22.22 3.32848413e-009 1854.82 21.64

File format of the inversion data

Input file format of inversion data: Input file of inversion data can be ASCII text
file. The data format is as follows:
22 // Identifier of forward calculation

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
1 1256 // Turns of transmitter coil, area of transmitter coil

11 // Turns of receiver coil, area of receiver coil

1 /Emission current

Work area Beijing // Name of work area

A measuring line // Name of the survey line

A Stake // Name of measuring point
1 // Identifier of the inversion magnetic field or induced
electromotive. 1 identifies the magnetic field. 2 identifies the induced electromotive.
100 // Sampling points of time

1e-6 1e-1 // Minimum sampling time, maximum sampling time

1.000000000000000e-006 6.453910000000000e-003 //Time ， measured field values

(corresponding to the magnetic field or an induced electromotive force)
1.123320000000000e-006 5.711840000000000e-003

1.261860000000000e-006 5.037670000000000e-003

8.902150000000000e-002 3.935480000000000e-009

1.000000000000000e-001 3.328700000000000e-009

The input inversion file format of the initial value: The input inversion file of the
initial value is ASCII text document. The data format is as follows:
4 // Number of layers

107.0 18.45 91.9 28.4 // Resistivity of each layer

21.75 27.23 105.1 // Thickness of each layer

The output file format of the inversion data: The output file of inversion data is
ASCII text document. The data format is as follows:
TEM 1D inversion results of a stake of a measuring line of a work area in Beijing //

An output file specification

Turns of transmit coil: 1

Area of transmit coil: 1256.6

Turns of receiver coil: 1

Area of receiver coil: 1.0

Supply current: 1

Sampling time points 100

Minimum sampling time 1e-006

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 Appendix I: RGIS-IGDP Data and File Format
Maximum sampling time 0.1

Number of inversion layers: 4

The initial value of inversion

Resistivity Thickness

107.00 21.75

18.45 27.23

91.90 105.10

28.40

The results of inversion

Resistivity Thickness

99.97 20.00

19.99 39.94

289.68 80.23

19.99

Time, Induced electromotive, apparent depth of the magnetic induction, apparent resistivity of the

magnetic induction, Fitting induced electromotive, apparent depth of the fitting magnetic induction,

apparent resistivity of the fitting magnetic induction

1.00000e-006 8.38060000e-003 8.98 101.31 8.38164226e-003 12.69 101.29

1.12330e-006 6.81800000e-003 9.55 101.97 6.81887374e-003 13.49 101.96

1.26190e-006 5.48090000e-003 10.17 102.85 5.48092425e-003 14.36 102.83

8.90220e-002 7.98920000e-014 1258.81 22.35 7.98739187e-014 1778.74 22.36

1.00000e-001 6.02950000e-014 1330.05 22.22 6.02818390e-014 1879.38 22.22

Note：The unit of the area is m2, the unit of resistivity is   m , the unit of supply
current is A, the unit of the thickness and depth is m，sampling time is in seconds, the
unit of induced electromotive is V (Volt).

 2.5-D Magnetic Source Transient Electromagnetic Modeling

forward
3 1 //Calculation parameters and topographic parameters, forward calculation takes

1，inversion of the magnetic field data takes 2， inversion of magnetic induced voltage data takes 3

// Calculation with the terrain takes 1，calculation without the terrain takes 0
1 1600 // Transmitter coil turns, area (unit: square meters)

1 1 // Receiving coil turns, area (unit: square meters)

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
1 // Transmit current (unit: A)

30 // Sampling time points

1e-006 //First sampling time (unit: S)

...

0.1 //The 30th sampling time

1 34 25 // Minimum stake, maximum stake, dot pitch (unit: m)

11 // Number of measuring points

7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 // Measuring point number

700 // Maximum depth (unit: m)

3 // Dividing method of vertical mesh,

1: logarithmic；2: arithmetic；3:custom
11 // The number of the self-definition vertical

nodes

-100 -150 -200 -250 -300 -350 -400 -450 -500 -550 -600 // When taking 3, custom nodes elevation, (unit：
m)
30 // Number of terrain elevation data (without

topography missing)

-39.4000 -41.3000 -60.0000 -63.3000 -68.1000 // Terrain elevation data (unit: m)

(without topography missing)

-71.0000 -73.7000 -74.5000 -75.3000 -75.3000

-66.0000 -50.1000 -31.1000 -40.0000 -51.0000

-55.8000 -48.0000 -49.0000 -54.2000 -52.6000

-43.5000 -41.0000 -20.0000 -7.3000 -20.0000

-32.7000 -42.4000 -49.6000 -57.0000 -63.7000

0.00848398258 0.00442830257 0.00219283742 0.00102398786 0.000460735734 ...

7.29323718e-012 2.64789203e-012 9.49691342e-013 3.53882694e-013 1.85751859e-013

//magnetic induced voltage relevant to 30*11 sampling time (missing forward calculation)

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 Appendix II: Introduction to Data Transformation and
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Appendix II: Introduction to Data Processing and

Interpretation Method in RGIS-IGDP

Observed gravity, magnetic and electric anomalies include a great deal of information
on geological structures and mineral resources causing these anomalies. To obtain useful
anomalies produced by detected objects, it is necessary to separate anomaly due to the
objects from the observed anomaly due to all underground anomalous bodies, to transform
observed anomaly to the other potential field elements for more clearly display existence
and location of the objective bodies, and to do inversion of the anomalies to locate them, to
calculate depth to the bodies and size of the bodies, to illustrate their geometry and to
estimate physical property of the bodies. All the requirements can be conducted by data
processing and interpretation using effective methods.
In fact, the RGIS-IGDP software is a set of programs based on the data processing and
interpretation methods. The Appendix briefly introduce the methods for users reference.
You can also find these methods from English publications referring to the References
listed in the Appendix.

II.1 Data Preprocessing

 Scatter Data Gridding
The scatter data can be gridded by means of choosing different geometric parameters
(data range, grid interval), data searching range and using effective calculating method, to
provide data source for spatial analysis module and other data processing.
This program is an interpretation at the interpolation point located in a center of a
given block section. Searching for data within the block section and calculating
interpolation at the point using a calculation method from the data in section with a range
of search and grid interval given by users, will obtain the interpolation. There are several
methods for the calculation of the interpolation as follows:
(1)Kriging
Kriging is a geostatistical gridding method that has proven useful and popular in many
fields. This method produces visually appealing maps from irregularly spaced data. Kriging
attempts to express trends suggested in your data. Kriging is a very flexible gridding
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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
method. You can accept the Kriging defaults to produce an accurate grid of your data, or
Kriging can be custom-fit to a data set by specifying the appropriate variogram model.
Set Z(x) as regionalized variable, make it meet the Second Order Stationarity and
Intrinsic Hypothesis Conditions, the mathematical expectation is m, the covariance
function is c(h) and variogram λ(h) exist. That is：
E[ Z ( x)]  m
c(h)  E[ Z ( x) Z ( x  h)]  m 2 （1）
1
 ( h)  E[ Z ( x)  Z ( x  h)]2
2
The block section with center of x0 is V, the estimated value of average value So(x0) is
1
V V
Z V ( x0 )  Z ( x)dx
（2）
In the neighborhood of section V, there are n known samples v( xi )(i  1,2,  , n) , the
measured value is Z ( xi )(i  1,2,  , n) . The objective of Kriging is to get a group weight
coefficient i (i  1,2,, n) , and make the weighted mean:
n
Z V*   i Z ( xi ) （3）
i 1

The kriging estimator is the linear and unbiased optimal estimator of section V’s
average value Zv(x0). Therefore, it needs to meet the follow two conditions:
1. Unbias. If we let the Z V* ( x) become the unbiased estimator of Zv(x), E[ Z V* ]  E[ Z V ] ,
n n n
when the E[ Z V* ]  m , that is E[ i Z ( xi )]   i E[ Z ( xi )]  m , there have:  i  1 ,
i 1 i 1 i 1

*
then, Z V is the unbiased estimator of Z V .

2. Optimality. Under the condition of unbias, the estimate variance E2 is:
n
 E2  E[ZV  ZV* ]2  E[ZV   i Z ( xi )]2
i 1 （4）
From the estimate variance we can deduce that
n n
 E2  c (V , V )   i  j c (vi , v j )  2 i c (vi ,V )
i 1 i 1 （5）

To make the estimate variance E2 become the minimum, through Lagrange

multiplier principle, let the formula of estimate variance:

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 Appendix II: Introduction to Data Transformation and
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n
F   E2  2 ( i  1)
i 1 （6）

Seek the formula upon to λ and μ partial derivative, and let the partial derivative equal
to 0, we get the Krig equations：
 F n

 
 i
 2 
i 1
 i c (v i , v j )  2c (v i , V )  2   0

  F   2 (   1)  0
n

   
i 1
i
（7）
Then we can get:
n
  i c ( v i , v j )    c ( v i , V )
 j 1
n
  1
 i
i 1 （8）
Solve the n+1 step linear equations, we get the weight coefficient λi and the Lagrange
multipliers μ, and lead them into formula, through the calculation we can get the Kriging
estimate variance E , the expression of E is shown as below:
2 2

n
  c (V ,V )   i c (vi ,V )  
2
E
i 1 （9）

(2)Inverse Distance to a power

Considering that in the searching field, there has different influence degree between
data points to a value point. The longer the distance is, the less the influence will be. So we
define the weight function as Pi  1 / d s , in which, the d is the distance between the data
point and the interpolation point, s is the distance index (which is determined by users), Pi
n n
Vi 1
is the weight function as data point, so: V f   P / P
i 1 i 1
average value: calculate the
i i

average value in the searching field.

That is V f   Vi / n , among them Vi (i  1,2,  , n) is the data of searching field, n is
the number of data points in the searching field, V f is the data of interpolation point.
(3)Accumulation
The average sum of data in the searching field is the data of interpolation point.
(4)Nearest Point
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Set the data of point that the distance from the interpolation point is the minimum as
the data of interpolation point.
(5)Exponential Function Weighted
This is an improved distance weighted data interpolation method that is:

n
Vi n
1
Vf   ri
/ ri
i1 a i1 a
e R
e R
（10）

Among them V f is the data of interpolation point; Vi is the data value in the

searching field; e is the natural number; ri is the distance between the interpolation point

and the data point; R is the searching radius.

II.2 Analysis of Anomaly

 Trend Analysis
Trend Analysis by least-squares(Polynomial fitting by least-squares) is an effective
method for regional-residual separation of gravity anomaly. A regional anomaly caused by
deep and large anomalous bodies can be represented by a n-degree polynomial. Coefficient
of the polynomial can be calculated by fitting the n-degree polynomial to Bouguer anomaly
by least-squares. Subtractioon of the regional anomaly from Bouguer anomaly leads to
residual anomaly due to shallow and small bodies.
For example, a regional anomaly g(x, y) is approximated by the following quadric, i.e.
a 2-degree polynomial:
ğ(x,y)=a0+a1x+a2y+a3x2+a4xy+a5y2 （11）
Where a0, a1,……a5 are coefficients of the 2-degree polynomial, (x, y) is coordinate of
observation.
Fitting the 2-degree polynomial to Bouguer anomaly by least-squares leads to the
coefficient. Substituting coordinates of observation points into (11), we obtain regional
anomalies at the points.
The degree of the ploynomial is a key parameter, and should be given very carefully.

 Regression Analysis
One variant linear regression analysis is a method that study the linear correlation of
two variables, it not only could explain that whether the two variables change at the same
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time, and can calculate the prediction equation to predict how the two variables change.
The form of prediction equation is called regression equation: , where y is
dependent variable, x is independent variable, a is constant term, b is one variant regression
coefficient, which is like the correlation coefficient r, and is:
n

(X i  X )(Yi  Y )
b i 1
n

(X i  X )2
i 1 （12）

Where n is the sample size, Xi, Yi, X, Y are the two observed value and mean value of
two variables respectively. If b>0, it shows that the two variables are positive correlation; If
b＜0, it shows that the two variables are negative correlation. In addition, the size of b
shows that if the variable x change a unit, the variable y will change . For the null
hypothesis of the total regression coefficient equal to 0, we can also use t statistics to test.
When we test t significantly, reject null hypothesis, that is the total regression coefficient
didn't equal to 0, the two variables are present linear relationship, When we test t didn’t
significantly, we can’t reject null hypothesis, the two variables aren’t present linear
relationship.
For example, when studying the relationship between the gravity anomaly and the
lavation, we often use regression analysis to research the influence of elevation to anomaly.

 Linear Enhancement
To reveal the characteristics of gravity and magnetic anomaly, especially the gravity
anomaly, we can adopt the anomaly gradient zone filtering enhance technique to stand out
the linear structural feature.
The study area is divided into a number of i sub-areas (i=1, 2, ……), and then
calculation is done in every sub-area respectively follow the following steps:
(1) Calculate the anomaly mean value and variance in every area:

n
i   (gj 1
i  gi ( j )) / mi
（13）

Where j=1, 2, ……, n, mi is the anomaly number of measuring points of the ith sub-area,

gi is the anomaly average value of the ith sub-area， gi  j  is the anomaly value of the ith

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
sub-area.  i is the anomaly variance of the ith sub-area.
(2) We choose the minimum one in the  i as  min ;
(3) Let the anomaly average value of the area having  min as the result;
(4) Let the window move to the next point to repeat the step (1)～(3).
The gradient zone filtering enhance technique strongly magnify gravity gradient zone,
and increase resolution of the fault. Comparing with the horizontal total gradient , the
horizontal total gradient anomaly disposed by the gradient zone filtering enhances
technique can locate fracture location more accurately.

II.3 Gravity and Magnetic Anomaly Transformation (Filtering)

and Inversion
Observed gravity, magnetic and electric anomalies are caused by all the anomalous sources
from the earth’s surface to the earth’s interior. To get useful anomalies produced by detected
objective bodies, it is necessary to separate anomaly due to the bodies from the observed
anomalies due to all underground anomalous bodies. The observed data often contain
disturbances which have to be wiped off from original data. Sometimes anomaly components of
interest due to objective bodies should be transformed to the other anomaly component to stand
out anomaly due to objective bodies. All the above problems can be solved by anomaly filtering
or transform.
There are two kinds of anomaly filtering or transform in spatial domain and in frequency
domain (spatial frequency domain or wave-number domain).
The transform of potential field in the spatial domain can be written by the following
convolution:
 
f b  x, y     f a  ,   x   , y   dd  f a  x, y     x, y 
 (14)
Where fa(x,y) is original potential field, fb(x,y) is transformed potential field from fa(x,y),
and (x,y) is weight function or filter impulse response function, by which a kind of
filtering or transform such as upward or downward continuation, derivative calculation of
gravity or magnetic anomaly is realized.
The filtering in spatial domain is a convolution calculation, and it is time-consuming
and complicated.
Based on the convolution theorem of Fourier transform (FT), the above convolution
relationship between original potential field and transformed potential field in the spatial
domain becomes a simple relationship of product in the frequency domain:
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Fb u , v   Fa u , v    u, v  (15)

Where Fa(u,v), Fb(u,v) and (u,v) are the frequency spectrum of fa(x,y), fb(x,y) and (x,y)
respectively, u,v are the circular frequency corresponding to x and y directions, (u,v) is
called frequency response function of the filter or filter operator.
For example, if (x,y) is filter impulse response function for upward continuation, the
equation (15) indicated the following:
1. A calculation of spectrum Fb(u,v) of upward continuation fb(x,y) in frequency
domain is done through multiplying spectrum Fa(u,v) of observed anomaly fa(x,y) by
spectrum (u,v) of upward continuation (x,y) rather than the convolution of fa(x,y) and
fb(x,y) in space domain.
2. Any kind of transform or filtering in frequency domain is done through a spectrum
of this kind of transform operator in space domain multiplied by the spectrum of observed
anomaly.
In geophysical study and exploration we often want to know detailed information on
anomalous bodies such as locating them, estimating depth to the bodies, size of them,
illustrating their geometry and estimating physical property of the bodies. These
requirements can be conducted by inversion of gravity, magnetic and electric anomalies.
The Appendix introduce methods for filtering and inversion included in the
RGIS-IGDP.

II.3.1 Gravity and Magnetic Anomaly Transformation in Frequency

Domain
The gravity and magnetic anomaly can be done from the following steps:
1. Calculation of spectrum Fa(u,v) of observed or original anomaly fa(x,y) in space
domain using Fourier Transform (FT);
2.Calculation of multiplication of Fa(u,v) by desired filtering operator (u,v) such as
spectrum of upward-continuation operator leading to desired spectrum Fb(u,v) of
transformed anomaly such as spectrum of upward continuation of observed anomaly;
3. Inverse FT of Fb(u,v) leading to desired transformed anomaly such as upward
continuation of observed anomaly.
Various filter impulse response function (u,v) are introduced below.

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
 Upward and Downward Continuation
The frequency response function (u,v) for the upward, downward continuation is

 u, v   e h u 2 v2
（16）

Where h is the continuation height, which h<0 is for the upward continuation, and h>0
is for downward continuation.

 First Derivative in Random Direction

The frequency response function (u,v) for first derivative is

 u , v   q  i u  v    u 2  v 2 （17）

Where , ,  are the cosine in three directions of differentiation, q is the frequency

response for first derivative.
For any order derivative in random direction, the frequency response function (u,v)
is


 u, v   q n  iu  v    u 2  v 2 
n

（18）

Where ，，，q are the same ones in (17). The frequency response for second vertical
derivative is (u2+v2).

 Horizontal Gradient Modules

The frequency response function for horizontal gradient module is
ᇞgu＝(Vxz2+Vyz2)1/2 （19）
Where Vxz2 is the first derivative of gravity anomaly in the direction x, Vyz2 is the first
derivative of gravity anomaly in the direction y.

 Regularized Filter
The details about theory refer to Quantitative Interpretation of Magnetic Anomaly
Area (Zhining Guan, Yuling An, 1991, Geological Publishing House).
Regularized Filter is a effective low-passed filter.
Two dimensional regularized stability factors
 Circular regularized stability factor
Follow the process of deducing the one dimensional regularized stability factor; we
can deduce the circular regularized stability factor, that is

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 Appendix II: Introduction to Data Transformation and
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1
fmn 
1  e   f  f0 x （20）
Where f0 is the minimum wave number of high-frequency disturbance that need to be
wiped off, it equal to the reciprocal of its maximum size 0-1.
②Rectangular regularized stability factor
From equation (20), we can get two one-dimensional regularized stability factors,
they are:

 m 1
 f   1  e   u u0  x
 1
 f n    v  v0  x
 1  e （21）
The meaning of the equation is as equation (20). Multiplying fam by fan, we can get the
rectangular regularized stability factor
1 1
f mn  f m  f n    u  u 0  x
   v  v0  x
1  e 1  e （22）
It can be proved that the regularization parameter  of the two-dimensional
sub-orbicular regularized stability factor can get the value that 23, and it useful for the
popularization and application. For example
1
fmn  ,   2 
1  2.8e   f  f0 x （23）
It can be used to remove high-frequency disturbance in observed anomaly.
Confirm the filtering parameterλ0 and f0
In the regularized stability factor, the parameters λ0 and f0 have significance; they
indicate the size of the local anomalies field which needs to be wiped off. We can get the
two parameters from the original gravity and magnetic anomaly profile map or contour
map.

 Compensation Smoothing Filter

please refer to the book of Geomagnetic Field and Magnetic Exploration (Zhining
Guan, 2005, Geological Publishing House）

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual
II 3.2 Gravity and Magnetic Anomaly Transformation in Spatial Domain

 Upward and Downward Continuation

Henderson (1960) presented a method for calculating upward and downward
continuation of gravity and magnetic anomalies. The upward continuation is based on a
integral, and downward continuation is done using a extrapolation of upward continuation
at 5 heights and anomaly on observation plane. The method is introduced briefly below.
Let △g(x, y, 0) be observed gravity or magnetic anomaly at each point on a square
grid of mesh interval a. The origin of the right-handed system of co-ordinate is taken at the
point where a anomaly is to be computed, with the z-axis positive vertically downward. △
g(x, y, 0) satisfies ▽2[△g(x, y, z)]=0 and accordingly maybe treated by the potential
theory.
The familiar integral solving the Dirichlet problem for a plane (the so-called upward
continuation integral) is used to compute △g(z) at n points an interval a apart along the
vertical line x=y=0 above the plane. The integral in polar co-ordinate is,

 ma g (r )dr
g( ma )  
r  m2 a 2 
0 2 3/2

（24）
1 2
g(r )   g  r , d
Where m=1, 2, ……n, and 2 0
.
The average value of △g on circles of radius r about the point. Experimentally it is
found that radii r=0, a, a 2 , a 5 , a 8 , a 13 , a5 , a 50 , a 136 , a 274 ,
a25 adequate sample the anomaly. The number of mesh points falling on the circles
having these radii is respectively 1, 4, 4, 8, 4, 8, 12, 12, 8, 8, 12. Next, a Lagrange
interpolation polynomial is fitted to △g(0) and the n value △g(-ma) computed from
equation (24) to obtain the approximation formula,

 1
m
z ( z  a )( z  2a ) ( z  na )
g ( z ) 
a n ( z  ma )(n  m)!m ! (25)

By applying the formula to a variety of theoretical and experimental data for which
△g(-ma) and △g(z) were known a useful practical values for n can be determined as n=5.
The mesh interval a depends on the anomaly data.
The equation (25) is a extrapolation one for computing △g(z) below the observation
plane using observed anomaly at the plane and its upward continuation at 5 heights.
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Employing a mean value theorem over each interval ri  r  ri 1 , the integral (24) is
replaced by the sum

g ( ma )   i 0  (ri 1  ri ) 1 
N 1

(26)
Finally, it follows a working formula for the calculation of upward continuation of
gravity and magnetic anomalies,

g ( m)  K (ri , m)g ( x, y, 0) (27)

Where K ( ri , m) is upward continuation coefficients, and a formula for the

downward continuation,

g (k )  D(ri , k )g ( x, y, 0) (28)

Where D ( ri , k ) is downward continuation coefficients.

The upward or downward continuation calculation are carried out in two steps. First,
one goes over the “gridded” anomaly getting the average values on the ten circle about
each grid point. Next, the center point value and its associated ring-average values are each
in turn multiplied by the appropriate coefficient and the products are summed.

 First/Second Horizontal Derivative

Gravity anomaly at the point (x,y,-z) is produced by an uneven density infinite
material surface :
   
 ( , ,0 z )dd z g ( , ,0 z )dd
g ( x, y, z )  G    
   x 
2
 (  y ) 2  z 2 
3
2 2     x 
2
 (  y ) 2  z 2 
3
2
（29）

Derivative of gravity anomaly in the horizontal direction x can be calculated

approximately by:
g (x)  g ( x)
(Vxz ) 0 
2x （30）
Where x station spacing, g ( x) , g (  x) gravity anomalies at pints on the two
sides of the calculation points.
m
Let g ( x)   ak x k , and get the derivation of x, we can get the first derivative
k 0

expression of gravity anomaly:

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 RGIS-IGDP User Manual

m
Vxz ( x)  g ( x)   kak x k 1
k 0 （31）

 First Vertical Derivative

Upward continuation of gravity anomaly g ( x, y ) at a height i=h can calculated:
   ( , 0, ) dd z   g ( , ,0 ) dd
g ( x , y , z )  G 
    x   (  y )

2 2  z2 
3
2 2     x   (  y )
  
2 2  z2
3

 2

（32）
To derive equation for calculation of first vertical derivative Vzz from gravity
anomaly g , substituting cylindrical coordinate system for Cartesian coordinate system
in (30), we obtain
2 
1 ( r 2  2h 2 ) r
g ( x, y,  h)  
2  dx  g (r, , 0) (r 2  h 2 )
dr
0 0 （33）

and then the following equation for calculation of first vertical derivative of gravity
anomaly:

1
Vzz (0, 0, 0)   (g (0, 0, 0)   g ( r , 0)) dr
r2
0 （34）

Where  g ( r , 0) is average of gravity anomalies on circle with radius of r, and its

discrete form for computer programming:

m 1
Vzz (0, 0, 0)   ki (g (0, 0, 0)   g ( ri ri 1 , 0))
i 1 （35）

Where  g ( ri ri 1 , 0) is average of gravity anomalies on circle with radius of ri ri 1

and calculation point at center of the circle.

 Second Vertical Derivative

Gravity potential function meets the condition of Laplace's equation, therefore:

 2 g  2 g  2 g
  (  )
z 2 x 2 y 2 （36）
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We use  g (R) to indicate average of gravity anomaly on a circle, with a center of the
circle of the origin of coordinates and a radius of R:
2
1
 g ( R) 
2  g ( R,  )d
0 （37）

Where g ( R,  ) is gravity anomaly of a point on the circle. Unfold g ( R,  )

upon to Taylor series at the origin of coordinates:
g ( R, a )  g ( x, y )
g g 1   2 g  2 g  2 g
 g (0,0)  ( )x  ( ) y  ( 2 ) 0 x 2 ( 2 ) y 2  ( ) xy
x y 2!  x y xy
1   3 g  3 g 3 1   4g  4 g
( 3 ) 0 x ( 3 ) y   ( ) 0 x 4  ( 4 ) y 4  
3

3!  x y 4!  x 4
y
（38）

Because x=Rcosa, y=Rsina, substituting (37) into (38) and integrating the expression:
a0  g (0,0)
1  2 g  2 g 1  2 g
a1  ( 2  )  
4 x y 2 4 z 2
Therefore so long as to get the coefficient a1 , the second vertical derivative gravity
anomaly can be calculated by

 2 g
VZZ (0,0)   4a1
z 2 （39）

We use different methods to determine the coefficient a1 , so we can get different

numerical calculation expressions as follows:
4
1. Healck formula: g zz  ( g (0)  g ( R ))
R2
1
2. Elkins formula II: g zz  [16 g (0)  8 g ( R)  24 g ( 5 R)]
28R 2
1
3. Elkins formula I: g zz  [64 g (0)  8 g ( R)  16 g ( 2 R)  40 g ( 5 R
60 R 2
1
4. Elkins formula III: g zz  [44 g (0)  16 g ( R)  12 g ( 2 R)  48 g ( 5R)]
62 R 2
5. Rosen bach formula II:

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1
g zz  [96 g (0)  72 g ( R)  32 g ( 2 R)  8 g ( 5R)]
24 R 2

 Gravity and Magnetic Anomaly Grid Expansion Methods

The details of gravity and magnetic anomaly grid expansion methods are as follows:
1. Read in the meshing data file, and set the field value in the four boundaries to 0, or
equal to average of original field value, the field value at the gridded point are the same as
the original data.
2. Take g for example, we can calculate the g value of in the blank area that is

g (i, j )  g (i  1, j )  g (i  1, j )  g (i, j  1)  g (i, j  1)  / 4 （40）

3. Count calculation all the extension point as iteration once, through thousands of
iteration, until all the g (i, j ) value stay the same. The process of iteration is very fast,
and must be convergence.
The advantage of this complex extension is that it based on the field theory, the trend
of the isolines in expansion area approach the isolines that in mid gridded area (especially
the field value of the original data boundary have the down trend). The method is simple
and convenience, it is also suitable for the terrain elevation extension.

 Reduced to the Pole for Magnetic Anomaly

No matter qualitative interpretation or quantitative interpretation, we want to get a
simple magnetic anomaly. Through the transform of magnetization direction, we can wipe
off the effect of inclined magnetization direction, make the anomaly center approach to the
magnetic moment center of the source body, and it will be helpful for the deduction.
Reduced to the pole is a measure to wipe off the effect of inclined magnetization direction
in a certain region (middle, high latitude region), to make the deduction of magnetic
anomaly easier.
The reduced to the pole involve the transformation of magnetization direction and
measuring direction, the norm form of direction transformation factor is:
q 2 q3
H u, v  
q 0 q1 （41）

Where q k  i ul k  vm k   n k u 2  v 2 ( k  0,1,2,3), i   1 , u ， v are the

circular frequency of negative x, y direction,

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l k  cos I k  cos Dk , mk  cos I k  sin Dk , nk  sin I k is direction cosine, I k , Dk are
angle of inclination and declination of magnetization direction; q 0、q1 are the frequency
domain factor of direction of measurement and direction of magnetization; q 2、q3 are the
frequency domain factor of transformed measurement and direction of magnetization.

When the reduce to the pole: q 2  q 3  u 2  v 2 , because we often measure the

total magnetic anomaly T , the corresponding direction of measurement is the direction

of the geomagnetic . We suppose the direction of magnetization is accordant to the
direction of geomagnetic (especially for the larger survey area), so we can deduce that
q 0  q1 , the specific factor for reduced to the pole can be simplified to

u2  v2
H u, v  
iul 0  vm0   n0 u 2  v 2 
2

（42）

 Single Interface Inversion Of Gravity and Magnetic Anomaly

The gravity and magnetic inversion in
RGIS-IGDP, adopt the Parker-Oldenburg
method for single interface with constant
density and constant magnetization.

 1-D Gravity and magnetic

inversion using 2.5D model
The RGIS-IGDP combine the
human-computer interaction modification of
the model parameters with the computer
automatic iterative calculation, through Figure II-1 polygonal prism model
combination and imitation of the density
model and geological structure using the 2.5-D prism, we can conduct gravity or magnetic
anomaly or joint gravity and magnetic inversion, and do the quantitative interpretation of
anomalous bodies.
All the methods contain computer interactive modification of the 2.5-D bodies with
simultaneous gravity and magnetic calculation, and non-linear optimization solution and
computer program design. The non-linear optimization solution is on the basis of the
linearization of the residual objective function, based on the theory of generalized inverses
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and apply SVD to iteratively modify the corner location and physical property of the
models.
The computer interactive modification based on the body shape on the screen, through
mouse pick, drag the angular point form, to change the corner position, to modify body
extend length, to calculate density and magnetization, and to change the shape and physical
property of the model.

 2-D Gravity and Magnetic modeling using 2.5D model

RGIS-IGDP provides a joint gravity and magnetic inversion using combination of
2.5D models to illustrate three-dimensional bodies. The method is for 1-D gravity and
magnetic interpretation, and it also suitable for areal anomaly inversion. A gravity inversion
for example, is described as follows:
A gravity anomaly g (r ) at point p ( r ) caused by2.5D polygon prism with
constant density contrast of  is calculated by the following expression:
N
g ( r )  G   cos  I (Y , i)  I (Y , i)
i 1
i 2 1
（43）

Where
u i 1  Ri 1 R Y R Y
I (Y , i )  Y ln  u i 1 ln( i 1 )  u i ln( i 1 )
u i  Ri ri 1 ri
u i 1 Ri 1  ri 21 u R  r2
wi (arctg  arctg i i i )
Ywi Ywi
For the combination magnetic surface of polygon prism, for every magnetic charge
surface a new coordinate system oxyz  can build, let the oxyz  parallel to the magnetic
charge surface, and then we can calculate the Hax, Hay and Za. Through the transformation
of coordinate, we can get the Hax, Hay and Za. Summing magnetic field due to the magnetic
charge; we can get magnetic field caused by a horizontal cylinder with polygon section.
Total magnetic anomaly and magnetic anomaly component are:

T  H ax cos I 0 cos D 0  H ay cos I 0 sin D 0  Z a sin I 0

（44）

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0 N
H ax  -  sin i ( M x I1i  M y I 2i  M z I 3i )
4 i 1
0 N
H ay  -  [( M x cos i - M z cos i ) I 2i - M y (sin i I1i - cos i I 3i )]
4 i 1

Z a  0 ( M x I1i  M y I 2 i  M z I 3i )
4
Where

I1i  P1i (Y2 )  P1i (Y1 ), I 2i  P2i (Y2 )  P2i (Y1 ), I 3i  P3i (Y2 )  P3i (Y1 ),
R y u y uy
P1i ( y )  cos i ln i  sin i (arctan i 1  arctan i )
Ri 1  y wi Ri 1 wi Ri
Ri  ui
P1i ( y )  ln
Ri 1  ui 1
Ri  y u y uy
P3i ( y )  sin i ln  cos i (arctan i 1  arctan i )
Ri 1  y wi Ri 1 wi Ri
Where G is the gravitational constant, i is corner label of prism, N is the number of
prism side, I 0、D0 are the angle of inclination and declination of geomagnetic field;
I、D are the angle of inclination and declination of direction of magnetization. Among
them:
ui  xi cos i  zi sin i ;
ui 1  xi 1 cos  i  zi 1 sin  i ;
wi   xi sin i  zi cos  i


ri  u i2  wi2 1/ 2
;


ri 1  u i21  wi21  1/ 2
;

Ri  (u i2  Y 2  wi2 )1 / 2 ;

Ri 1  (u i21  Y 2  wi21 )1 / 2
;

z i 1  z i
i  arctg .
x i 1  x i

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M x  M cos I cos D
M y  M cos I sin D
M z  M sin I

The above expression are used for forward calculate of gravity and magnetic anomaly.

II.4 Processing and Forward and Inversion of Electric Data

 1D Resistivity/IP Sounding Forward and Inversion
Potential of any location in ground caused by point source on surface can be expressed
by:
I 1 
1  2 B( ) J 0 ( )d
2 0
U
（45）
After differential, when MN0, the s can be expressed by

E 2 r 2  U 
 s  2 r 2   
I I  r 

 r 2  T1 ( )J1 ( r )   d ,
0 （46）

T1 ( )  1     
（47）

B() is kernel function, T1() is transition function. B() and T1() are only correlate to the
geoelectric section parameters because these functions express the character of geoelectric
section.
If the number of layers is n, we can get T1() by following equations when electric
field satisfies boundary condition:

i 1  e 2  h   Ti 1 ( ) 1  e 2  h
i I

Ti ( )  i
i 1  e 2  hi
T
i 1 
( ) 1  e 2  hi
 （48）
We define hyperbolic tangent function as:
(e 2  hi  1)
tanh   hi  
(e 2  hi  1)
After substituting it into (48),

i tanh( hi )  Ti 1 ( )
Ti ( )  i
1  Ti 1 ( ) tanh( hi ) i （49）
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T1() can be deduced from Tn() by (65). Because Bn()=0 and(65),
Tn()＝n （50）
So iteration can be done one layer by another with Tn() by (48) and (50). Finally we
can get T1().
Equation for apparent resistivity (46) is Hankel transform. Apparently integral
calculate method can be applied to compute s curve. There are many filters for calculating
apparent resistivity in electric sounding, normally we use digital filter method to calculate
apparent resistivity.
Due to volume effect in electric prospecting, the field data we observed is a report of
whole geoelectric section, so apparent resistivity of electric sounding that we observed
have a obvious divergence with real resistivity in underground medium. Quantitative
inversion of data can reduce the divergence. There are many 1D inversion methods of
electric sounding, generally they can be classified into three division: iterative inversion,
non-linear inversion and other inversion. Among these methods, iterative inversion is much
more successful and widely used.
Electric sounding data can be expressed by:

 si  f  ( AB 2)i , m    i
， i  1, 2, , N （51）

 si is apparent resistivity when electrode distance is equal to ( AB / 2)i . M is

geoelectric model parameter, N is the number of electrode distance, I is error of

observational data. Calculation function of model response, f, is given by（46）.
Apparent resistivity is non-linear function of model, according to generalized linear
inversion theory, the fundamental process of inversion is: set up an initial model according
to background, calculate corresponding theoretical value of apparent resistivity, compare it
with apparent resistivity we observed, compute their error, modified model parameters,
calculate corresponding theoretical value of apparent resistivity with new model parameters,
compare it with apparent resistivity we observed again, modified model parameters again,
until mistakes in apparent resistivity we calculated and apparent resistivity we observed
maintain in certain range, and these geoelectric model parameters are our finally result.
In 1D model inversion, work in parametric is simple. We can describe model if we
have every resistivity and thickness in each electric layers of geoelectric section,

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m=(1，h1，2，h2，M-1，hM-1，M) （52）
Inversion of electric sounding is non-linear inversion, it need initial value of model
parameters. But for those electric sounding curve we have, certification of geoelectric
model parameters M and reasonable resistivity and thickness in each electric layers are
crucial problems. Usually, we can get layer model parameters from geology and detect
information from work area.
If the work area is undetected, then we can identify electric layer by sounding curve
and give a basic model by method of trial and error. Otherwise the inversion can be done
by similar inversion methods in order to know vertical distribution of electric.
Polarization effect made potential difference increase by charging time. As the ohm
law, polarization effect equals to increase of resistivity of polarization medium, the
resistivity of polarized medium when polarization effect happen is named “equivalent
resistivity”, differ from real resistivity when polarization effect do not happen.
Suggest the (max) polarizability of polarization medium is , the definition of  is
U  U 2

U
or

*  

* （53）

  is equivalent resistivity,  is real resistivity of medium. Equivalent resistivity can

be expressed by real resistivity:


* 
1  （54）

According to initial definite of polarizability,

*  
0 
 （55）

So the relationship between polarizability and equivalent resistivity is

 *   1  0 
（56）

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II.5 Gravity Terrain Correction

 Middle Area Terrain Correction in 1:50000 Gravity Measurement
Middle area terrain correction adopt the share point method in Gravity Survey
Rule(1:50 000）(DZ0004-91). The main principle of the method is as follows: when we
calculate the terrain correction at a gravity station, we need to calculate correction at the
four node points near the measurement point at first, replacing at the elevation node with
elevation measurement point, then an interpolation of four terrain correction is taken as the
terrain correction at the measurement point . Middle area topographic correction with
square region calculation requires elevation adopt from 1:50000 topographic map or better
one. Using the middle area terrain correction at the node point for gravity data calculated
by the following expression：

Cij 1
g D  Gxy   (1  )
i j rij 1  (hij rij ) 2
(57)
Where G—gravitation constant;
 —density contrast of rock;

hij —height difference between the node and center calculation point;

rij —distance between the node and center calculation point;

x、y —gird spacing;

Cij —trapezoid coefficient

Having accomplished the calculation of the middle area terrain correction at the four
node points, calculate the gravity middle area correction at the measurement by bilinear
interpolation formula. Which is
| x  xi | | y  yj |
g ( x, y )  [1  ][1  ]g ( xi , y j )
x y

| x  xi | | y  y j 1 |
 [1  ][1  ]g ( xi , y j 1 )
x y (58)

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| x  xi 1 | | y  yj |
 [1  ][1  ]g ( xi 1 , y j )
x y
| x  xi 1 | | y  y j 1 |
 [1  ][1  ]g ( xi 1 , y j 1 )
x y
Where： g ( x, y ) —terrain correction calculated by bilinear interpolation

g ( xi , y j )、g ( xi , y j 1 )、g ( xi 1 , y j )、g ( xi 1 , y j 1 ) —four terrain correction of

four vertices;

xi、xi 1、y j、y j 1 —coordinates of node

x、y —node distance.

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