SRI RAM MURTI SMARAK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY, BAREILLY

B.Tech: 1 year Subject: Engineering Physics
Module: 02
(Electromagnetic Field Theory)
Guidelines: Students must use the fallowing books:
 Applied Physics for Engineers by Neeraj Mehta (PHI Learning,
New)
 Engineering Physics by Malik HK and Singh AK (Mc-Graw
Hill)
 Introduction to Electrodynamics- David J Griffith (PHI
Learning, New)
Note: The work should be done neatly with date wise and properly
written and underlined.
The work assigned as question, tutorial or assignments is to
done by you neatly.
Topic: Electromagnetic Field Theory
Learning Objectives:
 Introduction to Vector and Vector Calculus
 Introduction to Basic Of Electromagnetic
 Continuity equation for current density
 Displacement current
 Modifying equation for the curl of magnetic field to
satisfy continuity equation, Maxwell’s equations in
vacuum and in non-conducting medium,
 Energy in an electromagnetic field, Poynting vector
and
 Poynting theorem, Plane electromagnetic waves in
vacuum and their transverse nature.
  Relation between electric and magnetic fields of an
electromagnetic wave
 Energy and momentum carried by electromagnetic
waves
 Resultant pressure, Skin depth.
Day1: Read the basic concept of vector and vector calculus from
Introduction to Electrodynamics-
David J Griffith (PHI Learning, New) and must see PPT and
Video lecture.
 Physical Quantity: Any information about any event, body or
system through direct or indirect measurement by any logical and
physical laws is described as the physical quantity which is a
property of a material or system that can
be quantified by measurement. A physical quantity can be expressed
as the combination of a numerical value and a unit.
 Types of physical quantity:
Scalar Physical Quantity: A scalar quantity is defined as
the physical quantity that has only magnitude, eg, mass, length,
temperature and electric charge.
Vector Physical Quantity: A vector quantity is defined as
the physical quantity that has both, magnitude as well as direction
and also holds the concept of triangular addition law eg, force,
velocity, electric and magnetic field.
 Field: It is region of space in which any physical quantity is well
defined by a continuous point function of space which gives the
value as per nature of physical quantity. This region of space is
called Field of that physical quantity.
 Types of fields: As per two types of physical quantity, The field is
also two types:

 Scalar Field: It is region of space in which any scalar physical

quantity is well defined by a continuous point function of space i.e
𝜑 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) which gives the value of scalar physical quantity.
This region of space is called Scalar Field of that physical quantity.
It is graphically represented by contours which are imaginary
surfaces drawn through all points for which field has the same value.
For the temperature field, the contours are called isothermal surfaces
or isotherms. These surfaces are also called level surfaces, each level
surface having its own constant value. Two-level surfaces cannot
cut each other because if they do so then scalar values corresponding
to both must hold along their common line which contradicts our
definition. Thus scalar point functions i.e 𝜑 = 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) are single-
valued functions.
 Vector Field:

It is region of space in which any vector physical quantity is well

defined by a continuous point function of space i.e ⃗⃗⃗𝐴 =
𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) which gives the value of vector physical quantity. This
region of space is called Vector Field of that physical quantity eg,
the intensity of the electric field (magnetic field, and gravitational
field, etc.) is example of a vector field. A vector field is represented
at every point by a continuous vector function say i.e⃗⃗⃗𝐸 =
𝐸⃗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) .At any specific point of the electric field, the electric field
continuous point function i.e⃗⃗⃗𝐸 = 𝐸⃗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) gives a vector of
definite magnitude and direction, both of which changes
continuously from point to point throughout the field region.
 Graphically vector fields are represented by lines known as field or
flux lines. These lines are drawn in the field in such a way that
tangent at any point of the line gives the direction of a vector field
at that point. To express the magnitude of the vector field at any
point first draw an infinitesimal area perpendicular to the field
line. The number of field lines passing through this area element
gives the magnitude of the vector field. One more important thing
here to note is that the lines representing vector fields cannot
cross, because if they cross they would give nounique field
direction at the point of interaction.

 Many quantities which are of interest in physics are both directed

quantities (vectors) and can take on a continuous range of values,
making calculus methods necessary. Several operations from the
mathematical field of vector calculus are of particular importance in
solving physical problems.

⃗⃗ ) Operator: The del operator is an extension of derivative

 Del (𝜵
operator in 3- dimension. It is specially vector partial differential
operator(𝛻⃗ ). Strictly speaking, Del is not a specific operator, but
rather a convenient mathematical notation. In Cartesian, it can be
given as

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⃗𝜵
⃗ ≡ 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

This operator has different presentation in different coordinate

system. It has three possible application over various kind of
continuous point function of space (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧).If it operates over the
scalar or vector function. It results different nature of quantity which
depends on way of operation on what type of quantity.
 Gradient of Scalar Function: When Del operator acts on scalar
point continuous function through left of function. It results the
vector function which has magnitude and direction. It is an
extension of concept of derivative in one dimension.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ≡ 𝑖̂ 𝜕𝜑(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) + 𝑗̂ 𝜕𝜑(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) + 𝑘̂ 𝜕𝜑(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) = vector function of

𝜵𝜑
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
quantity.

 The magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝛻𝜑 tells the slope or rate of increase (decrease)

along the maximal direction.
 The direction of 𝛻𝜑⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ points in the direction of maximum increase
(decrease) of function 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
 It useful to convert the scalar quantity to vector quantity eg, gradient
of electric potential generate the electric fields. Such generated files
are conservative in nature.
 When Del operator acts on scalar point continuous function through
right of function. It results the new vector partial derivative operator.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜵𝜑 ≠ 𝝋𝛁 ⃗

 Divergence of Vector Function: When Del operator acts on vector

point function through left of vector function via dot product. It
generates a scalar function of quantity.
Let us consider, a vector point function 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) it is given as

𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑖̂𝑎𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝑎𝑦 + 𝑘̂𝑎𝑧

⃗ . 𝐴 ≡ (𝑖̂ 𝜕 + 𝑗̂ 𝜕 + 𝑘̂ 𝜕 ).( 𝑖̂𝑎𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝑎𝑦 + 𝑘̂𝑎𝑧 )
⃗𝜵
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
The unit vector are orthonormal and orthogonal set of vectors.

⃗ . 𝐴 = (𝜕𝑎𝑥 + 𝜕𝑎𝑦 + 𝜕𝑎𝑧)= scalar quantity

⃗𝜵
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
  Physical significance of Divergence of Vector Function: It
tells and measures of how much vector 𝐴 spread out/in
(diverge out/in) from appoint in a volume. Actually, it is
measure of spreading in term of volume flux density.
 It results scalar quantity. It has three possible values
⃗𝜵 ⃗ . 𝐴 > 0 : It means that flux of vector filed is spreading out
from point: acts as Source
⃗𝜵⃗ . 𝐴 < 0 : It means that flux of vector filed is spreading in
from point: acts as Sink
⃗𝜵
⃗ . 𝐴 = 0 ∶ : It means that flux of vector filed is not spreading
out or spreading in from point: there is no source and sink.
There are two possibilities
(i) a vacuum or free space exists
(ii) An equal number of sources and equal number of sink.
 When Del operator acts on vector point function through right
of vector function via dot product. It generates a scalar partial
differential operator.
⃗𝜵
⃗ . 𝐴 ≠ 𝐴. ⃗𝜵
⃗

 Curl of Vector Function: When Del operator acts on vector point

function through left of vector function via cross product. It
generates a vector function of quantity.
Let us consider, a vector point function 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) it is given as

𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑖̂𝑎𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝑎𝑦 + 𝑘̂𝑎𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⃗𝜵
⃗ 𝑋𝐴 ≡ (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )×( 𝑖̂𝑎𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝑎𝑦 + 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑧 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 The unit vector are orthonormal and orthogonal set of vectors.

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗ × 𝐴 = || 𝜕
⃗𝜵 𝜕 𝜕
||
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
⃗⃗ × 𝐴 is the maximum net
It gives vector. The magnitude of 𝜵
circulation of 𝐴 per unit area as the
Area tends to zero and whose direction is the normal direction of
the area when the area is
Oriented to make the net circulation maximum.
 Physical significance of Curl of Vector Function: It tells
about curling or twisting of vector flux line of vector field
about a point on a surface in which vector exists.
 Curling or twisting can be two way i.e, Clockwise or
anticlockwise. The direction of curl of vector field is known by
Right Hand Rule.
 When Del operator acts on vector point function through right
of vector function via cross product. It generates a new vector
partial differential operator.

⃗⃗ × 𝐴 ≠ 𝐴 × 𝜵
𝜵 ⃗⃗
 Types of integrals: There are three types of integrals i.e, line (path)
integral, surface (flux) integral and volume integral.
 Line integrals: when a vector field is integrated over the
prescribed path from point a to b is line or path integrals and
given as
𝑏

𝐼𝐿 = ∫ 𝐴 . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙
𝑎
Where 𝐴 is integrant and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 is the infinitesimal displacement
vector. The line integral is path dependent. In case of special
such as conservative field, it becomes path dependent. The
best example of line integral is work done, e.m.f etc
For close path (a=b), the line integral is given for closes loop
or curve as
𝐼 = ∮ 𝐴. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙
 surface integrals: when a vector field is integrated over the
prescribed surface a to b is line or path integrals and given
as
𝐼𝑠 = ∬ 𝐴 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑆

Where 𝐴 is integrant and ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑑𝑆 is the infinitesimal patch of area
vector, with direction perpendicular to given surface (Note :
there are two possible directions perpendicular to the
surface, so sign of surface integral is intrinsically
ambiguous. The best example of surface integral is to
compute the electric or magnetic flux etc.
For close surface, the surface integral is given for as
𝐼𝑠 = ∯ 𝐴 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑆
  Volume Integral: The scalar function is being integrated over
complete volume. It is given as
∭ 𝜑 𝑑𝑉
It is very useful to compute the mass (charge) distributed in
volume. 𝜑 can be volume mass (charge) density etc.
But volume integral of vector is also possible, it gives vector
quantity.

𝐼𝑉 = ∰ 𝐴 𝑑𝑉

 Relation between Divergence with surface integral of vector:

𝜕𝑎𝑥 𝜕𝑎𝑦 𝜕𝑎𝑧 ∯ 𝐴 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑆
⃗⃗ . 𝐴 = (
𝜵 + + ) = lim [ ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑣→0 𝑑𝑣

 Relation between curl with line integral of vector:

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∮ 𝐴. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙
⃗ × 𝐴 = || 𝜕
⃗𝜵 𝜕 𝜕
|| = 𝑑𝑠→0
lim [ ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑠
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧

 Basic Fundamental integral theorem

 Fundamental theorem for Gradient:
𝑏
⃗ 𝜑 . ⃗⃗⃗
∫ ∇ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜑(𝑏) − 𝜑(𝑎)
𝑎
 Gauss Divergence theorem: Relating surface integral to
volume integral.
∯ 𝐴 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑆 = ∰ ⃗𝜵 𝐴 𝑑𝑉
  Stoke Curl Theorem: Relating line integral to surface
integral
∮ 𝐴. ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = ∬ ⃗𝜵 𝑑𝑠
 Some important useful Identities:
 ⃗∇. (∇
⃗ × 𝐴) = 0
 ⃗∇ × (∇⃗ 𝜑) = 0
 ⃗∇. (𝐴 × 𝐵
⃗)=𝐵 ⃗ . (𝛻⃗ × 𝐴 ) − 𝐴. (∇ ⃗ ×𝐵 ⃗)
 ⃗∇ × (∇⃗ × 𝐴) = ⃗∇(𝜵 ⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝐴 ) − ⃗𝜵
⃗ 2 ,𝜵
⃗⃗ 2 is a Laplacian operator.
 Assignment for Day1:
Question 1. What is Scalar and vector field?

Question 2. Find the Gradient of (i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 4 (ii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑦) ln(𝑧)

⃗ (1⁄𝑟) = − 𝒓̂⁄ 2
And show that ∇
𝑟
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒓̂⁄ 2 and compute is divergence.
Question 3. Sketch the vector function 𝐴
𝑟
⃗ (1⁄𝑟)
Question 4. Calculate the curl of ∇

Day2: Read the basic concept of basic electromangnetic from

Introduction to Electrodynamics-
David J Griffith (PHI Learning, New) Applied Physics for Engineers-
Neeraj Mehta (PHI Learning, New)
Engineering Physics-Malik HK and Singh AK (Mc-Graw Hill) and must
see PPT and Video lecture.
Introduction Basic Terms of electromagnetics:
 Electric Charge: It is basic property of matter carried by
some elementary particles such as electron , proton, ions etc that
governs how the particles are affected by
an electric or magnetic field. Electric charge, which can be
positive or negative, For example, electrons have negative charge
and protons have positive charge, but neutrons have zero charge.
 It occurs in discrete natural units and is neither created nor
destroyed.
 It obeys Coulomb Law.
 The negative charge of each electron is found by experiment
to have the same magnitude, which is also equal to that of the
positive charge of each proton. Charge thus exists in natural
units equal to the charge of an electron or a proton, a
fundamental physical constant.
 The unit of electric charge in the metre–kilogram–second
and SI systems is the ‘Coulomb’.

 Electric Field (E): It is the region space in which the influence of

charge is being observed. That region is called Electric field which
is function of both space and time. More precisely, the existence of
charge is justified by the presence of electric field.
The electric filed is very much analogous to the concept of
gravitation filed. It can help to understands how masses respond to
gravitational forces, can help us understand how electric charges
respond to electric forces.
The electric field a distance r away from a point charge Q is given
by:
𝑄
𝐸⃗ = 𝑘 2
𝑟
The electric field from a positive charge points away from the
charge; the electric field from a negative charge points toward the
charge. Like the electric force, the electric field E is a vector. If the
electric field at a particular point is known, the force a charge q
experiences when it is placed at that point is given by:
𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸⃗
If q is positive, the force is in the same direction as the field; if q is
negative, the force is in the opposite direction as the field.
Graphically, it is represented by electric flux curve lines.
Types of electric Field: There are two types of electric field i.e,
Non- time varying electric (electrostatic) filed and time varying
electric (dynamical electric) field.

Electric Current: The flow of charge carrier (electron, proton, ions,

holes etc) with respect to time in space or medium, constitutes a
current. The entity exists as rate of flow of charge with respect time
due to any physical cause, is called electric current which
mathematically defined as
𝑑𝑞
𝑖=
𝑑𝑡
The unit of current is coulomb / second and it is well known as
‘Ampere’. It Is a Scalar quantity.

Types of Current: Normally, the current is two kinds

Conduction Current Convection Current
 The rate if flow of charge  The rate of floe of charge
through a microscopic from one point to other
 surface in conducting point with and without any
medium is measure of medium.
conduction current.  It does not obey the Ohm’s
 It obeys the Ohm’s law. law.
 It caused due to  It caused due to
application of electric application of electric
field of electric potential potential gradient which is
difference. caused by application of
It computed by mechanical force.
𝑑𝑞  Example :Atmospheric
𝑖=
𝑑𝑡 electricity
 Example: current in
conductor

Note: There is one more way to have electric current i.e,

Maxwell Displacement current.
 Magnetic Field: It is the region space in which the influence of
current element is being observed. That region is called Magnetic
field which is function of both space and time. More precisely, the
existence of electric current of any type, is justified by the presence
of Magnetic field.
A magnetic field is a vector field that describes
the magnetic influence of electric charges in relative motion and
magnetized materials. A charge that is moving parallel to a current
of other charges experiences a force perpendicular to its own
velocity.

Graphically, it is represented by electric flux curve lines.

Types of electric Field: There are two types of magnetic field i.e,
Non- time varying magnetic (magnetostatics) filed and time varying
magnetic (dynamical magnetic) field.
 Coexistence of Electric and magnetic fields as electromagnetic
fields: In electromagnetic field, the coexistence of electric and
magnetic field exits in region of space in which charge are in motion.
Both fields are acting perpendicular to each other.

 Current density: It is the amount of charge per unit time that flows
through a unit area of a chosen cross section. The current density
(𝐽) is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per
cross-sectional area at a given point in space, its direction being that
of the motion of the positive charges at this point. In SI base units,
the electric current density is measured in amperes per square metre.
Let ds is a small surface centered around a given point and
orthogonal to the motion of the charges at given point. If I is
the electric current flowing through ds, then electric current
density J at given point is given as

𝐼
𝐽 = lim
𝑑𝑠→0 𝑑𝑠

With surface ds remaining centered at given point and orthogonal to

the motion of the charges during the limit process. The current
density vector 𝐽 is the vector whose magnitude is the electric current
density, and whose direction is the same as the motion of the positive
charges at given point.

The net current I through any surface (S) is given in term of current
density 𝐽 as
𝐼 = ∬ 𝐽 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠

Equation of Continuity: The equation of continuity is

mathematical representation of charge conservation. It states that
the divergence of the current density J (in amperes per square metre)
is equal to the negative rate of change of the charge density ρ.

𝜕𝜌
∇. 𝐽 + =0
𝜕𝑡

Current is the movement of charge. The continuity equation says

that if charge is moving out of a differential volume (i.e. divergence
of current density is positive) then the amount of charge within that
volume is going to decrease, so the rate of change of charge density
is negative. Therefore, the continuity equation amounts to a
conservation of charge.

Derivation of Equation of Continuity:

Equation of Continuity: The equation of continuity is
mathematical representation of charge conservation.
Mathematically, it is given as
𝑑𝑞(𝑡)
𝑖=− 1
𝑑𝑡
The negative sign indicates a decrease of charge within the volume
with outward flow.
Let us consider the flow of charge through any system whose
volume is V enclosed by surface S and total charge is q(t).
The charge is distributed in volume with volume charge density𝜌.
Let us consider the elementary surface dS enclosing volume dV. The
amount of charge flows through it is dq(t).It is gigven by
𝑑𝑞 (𝑡) = 𝜌 𝑑𝑉
The net charge is given by
𝑞 (𝑡) = ∭ 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 2
Differentiate eq 2 with respect time t
𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 𝑑
= (∭ 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 𝜕𝜌
= (∭ 𝑑𝑉) 3
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡
Using Eq 3 and 1 we, get
𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌
𝑖(𝑡) = − = − (∭ 𝑑𝑉) = ∭(− )𝑑𝑉 4
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
The current I n the system can be expressed as in term of surface
integral of current density.𝐽.
𝑖(𝑡) = ∬ 𝐽. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑆 5
Now applying Gauss divergence theorem and we get
∬ 𝐽. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑆 = ∭ ⃗∇ . ⃗𝐽 𝑑𝑉 6
Using eq 6 and 4 we get
𝑑𝑞(𝑡) 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌
𝑖(𝑡) = − = − (∭ 𝑑𝑉) = ∭(− )𝑑𝑉 = ∬ 𝐽. ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆 =
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
∭∇⃗ . ⃗𝐽 𝑑𝑉 7
We get
𝜕𝜌
∭(− 𝜕𝑡 )𝑑𝑉 = ∭ ⃗∇ . ⃗𝐽 𝑑𝑉
So, finally we get Differential form of Equation of Continuity
𝜕𝜌
⃗⃗⃗
∇. ⃗𝐽 = −
𝜕𝑡

⃗⃗⃗ 𝐽⃗ + 𝜕𝜌 = 0
∇. 8
𝜕𝑡
 The equation 8 is known as equation of continuity. Current is the
movement of charge. The continuity equation says that if charge is
moving out of a differential volume (i.e. divergence of current
density is positive) then the amount of charge within that volume is
going to decrease, so the rate of change of charge density is negative.
Therefore, the continuity equation amounts to a conservation of
charge.

 Law of Electromagnetics (Before Maxwell)

Gauss law of electrostatics: In any electrostatic field, the

net electric flux through any hypothetical closed surface is equal
1
to( ) times the net electric charge within that closed surface.
ϵ
It is mathematically given as
𝝋(𝑬) ∑𝒒 𝝆
𝝋(𝑬) = ∯ ⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 𝒅𝒔 = ⃗ .𝑬
𝛁 ⃗ =
∑𝒒 𝝐 𝝐
=
𝝐
Mono electric charge can exist.

Gauss law of magnetostatics: In any magnetostatics field, the

net magnetic flux through any hypothetical closed surface is equal
to always zero.
It is mathematically given as
𝝋(𝑩) ⃗𝛁. ⃗𝑩
⃗ =𝟎
𝑩 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝝋(𝑩) = ∯ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟎
=𝟎
Mono magnetic pole does not exist.

Faraday law of Induction: It is a basic law

of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact
with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF)—a
phenomenon known as electromagnetic induction. The induced
e.m.f in close loop of close circuit is equal to negative the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked to surface of that close loop, with
respect to time
It is mathematically given as
𝒆𝒎𝒇 𝝏𝑩⃗⃗
𝒆𝒎𝒇 = ∮ ⃗𝑬. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒍 ⃗
𝛁×𝑬=−⃗
𝒅𝝋(𝑩)
=− 𝝏𝒕
𝒅𝒕 𝛛
= − ∬ (𝐁 ⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐝𝐬)
𝛛𝐭

The Electric field and magnetic field are perpendicular to each other.

Ampere’s Law: It stats that the line integral of magnetic field (B)
(mmf) forming an amperian close loop around current carry element
is equal to 𝜇0 times of net current passing through close loop.

It is mathematically given as

𝒎𝒎𝒇 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰 ⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗𝛁 × ⃗𝑩
⃗ = 𝝁𝟎 𝑱
𝒎𝒎𝒇 = ∮ 𝑩 𝒅𝒍

= 𝝁𝟎 ∬ 𝑱. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐝𝐬
𝑱 = 𝝈𝑬 ⃗
The Electric field and magnetic field are perpendicular to each other.

Lorentz Force: The force exerted on a charged particle q moving

with velocity v through an electric field E and magnetic field B. The
entire electromagnetic force F on the charged particle is called the
Lorentz force (after the Dutch physicist Hendrik A. Lorentz) and is
given by
⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 = 𝒒𝑬 ⃗ + 𝒒(𝒗 ⃗ × ⃗𝑩⃗)

Note: These laws are known as Governing law of

Electromagnetics before Maxwell.
  Assignment for Day2:
Question1. Derive the equation of continuity.
Question 2: Establish the Gauss law of electrostatic.
𝛛
Question 3: ∮ 𝑬⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒍 = − ∬ (𝐁) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐝𝐬 Derive it using stoke
𝛛𝐭
theorem.
Question 4: What is current? And discuss the conduction and
convection current. Also define the current density.

Day3: Write the answer of following questions on Your Note Book

1. What is gradient of any scalar quantity? Define the divergence
and curl of any vector function and also give it physical
significance of these.
2. (a) Find the gradient of ∇ ⃗ (𝑟 𝑛 ),where 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑟 =
𝑖̂ 𝑥 + 𝑗̂ 𝑦 + 𝑘̂ 𝑧
(b) Show that vector filed 𝑉 ⃗ 1 = 𝑘̂ is solenoid vector field but the
vector filed 𝑉 ⃗ 2 = 𝑧𝑘̂ is not.
(c) Find the curl of vector filed 𝑉 ⃗ 1 = −𝑦𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑘̂ and 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑟 = 𝑖̂ 𝑥 + 𝑗̂ 𝑦 + 𝑘̂ 𝑧
(d) Find the ∇ ⃗ 2 (1) where𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑟 = 𝑖̂ 𝑥 + 𝑗̂ 𝑦 + 𝑘̂
𝑟

3. State and prove the Stoke Theorem and verify the stoke theorem
for function 𝑉⃗ 2 = 𝑦𝑘̂ using triangular surface whose vertex are
(a,0,0),(0,0,a) and (0,2a,0) (ans 𝑎2 )

4. (a) Write all governing law of Electromagnetics (before

Maxwell) in its integral and differential form and also discuss its
physical significance.
(b) Using integral forms of Faraday law and ampere’s law to
derive differential form by using stoke theorem.

5. (A) What is the value of ⃗∇. (∇

⃗ × 𝐴)
(a)Zero
(b) not defined
⃗ . (𝛻⃗ × 𝐴 ) − 𝐴. (∇
(c) 𝐵 ⃗ ×𝐵 ⃗)
(d) none of these

(B) Gauss law of magnetostatic tells

(a) Mono magnetic pole exists
(b) Dipole magnetic exist.
(c) Mono electric charge exists
 (e)None of these

(C) Fill in the blanks

(a)The electric fluxes diverging through close Gaussian
surface is………………
(b) In The Faraday law, the negative rate of linked magnetic
flux with respect to time is equal ………………………
(c)The value of curl of 𝑟 is ………………………….
(d) The equation of continuity is mathematical
representation of ………………………

Day 4: Read the concept of displacement current, current density and

Inconsistency in Faraday and Ampere’s law and modification of
Ampere’s law from
Applied Physics for Engineers- Neeraj Mehta (PHI Learning, New)
Engineering Physics-Malik HK and Singh AK (Mc-Graw Hill) and must
see PPT and Video lecture.
 To look the inconsistency in Governing law of Electromagnetic,
Maxwell developed a more generalized electromagnetic theory
which is consistent with all kind of (time varying and none time
varying) electromagnetic filed. He unified the electricity and
magnetic domain at equal footing. This unified theory of
electromagnetics, lead a proper understanding to electromagnetic
waves and communication.
 Inconsistency in Electromagnetics existing Before Maxwell:
The Faraday law and Ampere’s
Law can be verified by using the vector identity
⃗∇. (∇
⃗ × 𝐴) = 0 with help of governing laws of
Electromagnetics exiting before Maxwell.
𝝆
⃗𝜵 ⃗ . ⃗𝑬 =
𝝐
⃗ .𝑩
𝛁 ⃗⃗ = 𝟎
𝝏𝑩 ⃗⃗
⃗𝛁 × ⃗𝑬 = −
𝝏𝒕
⃗𝛁 × ⃗𝑩 ⃗ = 𝝁𝟎 𝑱

Applying identity on Faraday law, we get

⃗∇. (𝛁 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ 𝑿𝑬) On integrating and setting
𝝏𝑩⃗⃗ arbitrary constant 0 with help
⃗
= ∇. (− ) of boundary condition., we
𝝏𝒕 get
𝝏𝑩 ⃗⃗
⃗
𝟎 = ∇. (− ) ⃗𝛁. ⃗𝑩
⃗
𝝏𝒕 = 𝟎 (𝒂𝒍𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔)
𝝏(𝛁⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑩)
=−
𝝏𝒕
 So Faraday law is consistent with Gauss law of Magnetic
Applying identity on Ampere’s law, we get
⃗∇. (𝛁
⃗ 𝑿𝑩)⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∇⃗ . ( 𝝁𝟎 𝑱) On using 𝑱 = 𝝈𝑬 ⃗ , we get
𝟎=∇ ⃗ . (𝝁𝟎 𝑱 ) ⃗𝛁. ⃗𝑬
= −𝝁𝟎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗(∇. 𝑱) = 𝟎 (𝒂𝒍𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔)

So Ampere’s law is not consistent with Gauss law of electric

because we are getting the special case of Gauss law of electric
where𝜌 = 0. This is true for steady state. But in general ∇. 𝐸⃗ is not
zero always. So Ampere’s law need to be corrected or modified
 Removal inconsistency in Ampere’s Law:
The Removal inconsistency in Ampere’s Law is dome with help
of introduction of Displacement Current and equation of
continuity.
Displacement Current:
While studying the electromagnetic Maxwell found that the
conduction current in any medium produces the magnetic field. He
introduced that there sexist a new source ( i.e., apparent current) of
generation of magnetic field. This apparent current is caused due to
time varying Electric filed and electric flux in vacuum, is also
responsible to generate the magnetic files. So time varying Electric
field is equivalent to an apparent current which exist as long as time
varying electric field exists. And produces similar magnetic field as
conduction current do. This current exists without charge flow. Due
to time variation of electric field, this current is called Maxwell
displacement current .After introduction of Displacement current,
the missing link in electromagnetic is completed and it modifies the
Ampere’s Law and inconsistency is being removed.
  The displacement current does not need flow of charge.
 It does not need potential difference and potential gradient.
𝑑𝐸⃗
 It need the existence of rate of change of electric filed i.e,
𝑑𝑡
must be finite.
 It is nit actual current.
 Medium is not necessary.
 The concept of Maxwell current is very useful to understand
problem of charging and discharging of capacitor and
existence of electromagnetic waves.

Maxwell displacement Current Density:

There must exit current density which is corresponding to Maxwell
displacement current (𝐼𝑑 ) .
It is called Maxwell displacement current density (𝐽𝑑 ) which is
defined as
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝝏(𝝐𝑬) ⃗⃗
𝝏𝑬
𝑱𝒅 = =𝝐 1
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕

The current which exist to it is be Maxwell displacement current

(𝐼𝑑 ) as
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝝏(𝑬)
𝑰𝒅 = ∬ 𝝐 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
. 𝒅𝒔 2
𝝏𝒕

How to remove inconsistency in Ampere’s Law:

To remove the inconsistency in Ampere’s law, Maxwell added a term i.e.,
μ times of𝐽𝑑 . The 𝐽𝑑 is displacement current density exist alonf with
conduction current density. The 𝐽𝑑 exists due to variation of electric flux
with time. The current exist due to displacement current density ids
displacement current. It can help to understand the discharging of
capacitor.
So, the differential form of modified Ampere’s will be
⃗𝛁 × ⃗𝑩
⃗ = 𝝁 𝟎 𝑱 + 𝝁 𝟎 𝑱𝒅 3
Taking divergence of above equation, we get
⃗𝛁. (𝛁
⃗ × ⃗𝑩
⃗ ) = 𝛁.
⃗⃗⃗ (𝝁𝟎 𝑱 + 𝝁𝟎 𝑱𝒅 ) 4

0 = 𝝁𝟎 ⃗⃗⃗
𝛁. (𝑱 + 𝑱𝒅 ) Where 𝝁𝟎 ≠ 𝟎
So we have
⃗⃗⃗ (𝑱 + 𝑱𝒅 ) = 0
𝛁. 5
To compute Maxwell displacement current density, we use the equation
of continuity.
⃗⃗⃗ 𝐽⃗ + 𝜕𝜌 = 0
∇. 6
𝜕𝑡

Let 𝜌(𝑟, 𝑡) which is computed with help of Gauss law of electric field
which is true for both kind of electric field i.e., static and dynamical. So,
it gives
⃗⃗ ,𝒕)
𝝆(𝒓
⃗𝛁. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) =
𝝐

𝝆(𝒓 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = 𝝐𝛁 𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) 7
Using above value of 𝝆(𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕) in Equation of continuity
⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
𝜕𝝐𝛁.𝑬 (𝒓
⃗⃗ ,𝒕)
⃗⃗⃗
∇. ⃗𝐽 + =0
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝝐𝑬 (𝒓 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ,𝒕)
⃗⃗⃗
∇. ⃗𝐽 + ⃗𝛁. =0
𝜕𝑡
⃗⃗⃗
⃗ . (𝐽⃗ + 𝜕𝝐𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ ,𝒕)) = 0
𝛁 8
𝜕𝑡
On comparing Eq 5 and 8, we get
⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
𝜕𝝐𝑬 ⃗⃗ ,𝒕) ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
𝜕𝑬 ⃗⃗ ,𝒕)
𝑱𝒅 = =𝝐 9
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

The Eq 9 is called Maxwell displacement current density which is resulted

due to time variation of electric filed and electric flux. So it causes the
displacement current and responsible to produce a magnetic field.
Therefore, variation of electric flux of electric field causes magnetic field
and current. Therefore in general differential form of Modified Ampere’s
law is given as
⃗⃗
⃗ = 𝝁𝑱 + 𝝁𝝐 𝝏𝑬
⃗𝛁 × ⃗𝑩 10
𝝏𝒕

The corresponding integral form of Modified Ampere’s Law is

𝝏(𝑬) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝑩 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁(𝑰 + 𝑰𝒅 )𝝁 = ∬ 𝑱. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐝𝐬 + 𝝁 ∬ 𝝐 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒔 11
𝝏𝒕

Modified Ampere’s Law: By Introduction of concept of Maxwell

displacement current, the ampere’s law is modified as

It stats that the line integral of magnetic field (B) (mmf) over an
amperian close loop around current carry element is equal to 𝝁
times of sum of conduction current and Maxwell displacement
current passing through close loop.

It is mathematically given as

𝒎𝒎𝒇 𝒎𝒎𝒇 = ∮ ⃗𝑩 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁 ∬ 𝑱. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐝𝐬 + ⃗𝛁 × ⃗𝑩
⃗
= 𝝁(𝑰 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝝏(𝑬) ⃗
𝝏𝑬
+ 𝑰𝒅 ) 𝝁∬𝝐 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒔 = 𝝁𝑱 + 𝝁𝝐
𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝒕
 ⃗
𝑱 = 𝝈𝑬

The applications of Modified ampere’s Law are to understand the

existence of Electromagnetic wave and discharging of capacitor etc.

Assignment for Day4:

Question 1: Show that Ampere’s law is inconsistent.
Question 2: What is Maxwell displacement current? How does it
different with Conduction current and convection current?
Question 3: Explain the charging and discharging with help of
modified Ampere’s law.
Question 4: Show that Faraday law is consistent.

Day 5: Read the Derivation of all generalized law of electromagnetics,

Integral and Differential form of all four Maxwell Equations and physical
significance of Maxwell Equation from Applied Physics for Engineers-
Neeraj Mehta (PHI Learning, New) Engineering Physics-Malik HK and
Singh AK
(Mc-Graw Hill) and must see PPT and Video lecture.
 After the Maxwell, the governing law of electromagnetics are
consistent with all kind of electric field (E) and magnetic field (B)
which can be time varying and none time varying. Maxwell did
generalization of Gauss Law of electrostatics, Gauss law of
magnetostatics, Faraday law of induction and Ampere’s Law. Out
of these laws, he made direct generalization to Gauss Law of
electrostatics, Gauss law of magnetostatics, Faraday law of
induction by generalization of concept of time and space varying
electric field (E(r,t)) and magnetic field (B(r,t)) and these laws
become consistent and valid. But the Ampere’s Law is being
corrected and generalized with help of concept of Maxwell
displacement current.

 Gauss law of electric field: In any electric field (time and none time
varying), the net electric flux through any hypothetical closed
1
surface is equal to( ) times the net electric charge within that closed
ϵ
surface.
It is mathematically given as
𝝋(𝑬 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕)) 𝝋(𝑬) ⃗𝛁. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕)
∑𝒒 = ∯ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ , 𝒕) . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓 𝒅𝒔 𝝆(𝒓 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕)
= =
𝝐 𝝐
∑𝒒
=
𝝐
Physical Significance: Mono electric charge can exist.

 Gauss law of magnetic Field: In any magnetic field (time and none
time varying), the net magnetic flux through any hypothetical closed
surface is equal to always zero.
It is mathematically given as
 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
𝝋(𝑩 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕)) = 𝟎 𝝋(𝑩) ⃗𝛁. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = 𝟎
= ∯𝑩 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕) . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟎
Physical Significance: Mono magnetic pole does not exist.

 Faraday law of Induction: It is a basic law

of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact
with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF)—a
phenomenon known as electromagnetic induction. The induced
e.m.f in close loop of close circuit is equal to negative the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked to surface of that close loop, with
respect to time

It is mathematically given as
𝒆𝒎𝒇 ⃗𝜵
⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕)
⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
𝒆𝒎𝒇 = ∮ 𝑬 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕). ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒍
𝒅𝝋(𝑩⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕)) 𝝏𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕)
=− 𝛛 =−
𝒅𝒕 = − ∬ (𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕). ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐝𝐬) 𝝏𝒕
𝛛𝐭

Physical Significance: The Electric field𝑬 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓

⃗⃗ , 𝒕) and magnetic
field ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) are perpendicular to each other.

 Modified Ampere’s Law : By Introduction of concept of Maxwell

displacement current, the ampere’s law is modified as

It stats that the line integral of magnetic field (B) (mmf) over an
amperian close loop around current carry element is equal to 𝝁
times of sum of conduction current and Maxwell displacement
current passing through close loop.

It is mathematically given as
 𝒎𝒎𝒇 𝒎𝒎𝒇 = ⃗𝜵
⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕)
= 𝝁(𝑰 + 𝑰𝒅 ) ∮ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕). ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒍 = 𝝏𝑬⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕)
= 𝝁𝑱 + 𝝁𝝐
𝝁 ∬ 𝑱. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐝𝐬 + 𝝏𝒕
⃗⃗ (𝒓
𝝏(𝑬 ⃗⃗ ,𝒕))
𝝁∬𝝐 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
. 𝒅𝒔
𝝏𝒕
𝑱 = 𝝈𝑬 ⃗

Physical Significance: The magnetic field𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓

⃗⃗ , 𝒕) and
⃗⃗⃗ (⃗⃗𝒓 , 𝒕) are perpendicular to each other
Electric field𝑬

Note:
 These set of equation are known as Maxwell equations.
𝛁 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝐫⃗⃗ , 𝐭) = 𝛒(𝐫⃗⃗ ,𝐭)
⃗ .𝐄 ME1
𝛜
⃗𝛁. ⃗⃗⃗
𝐁 (𝐫⃗⃗ , 𝐭) = 𝟎 ME2
⃗⃗⃗
𝛛𝐁 (𝐫⃗⃗ ,𝐭)
⃗𝛁 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝐄 (𝐫⃗⃗ , 𝐭) = − ME3
𝛛𝐭

⃗
⃗⃗⃗ (𝐫⃗⃗ , 𝐭) = 𝛍𝐉 + 𝛍𝛜 𝛛𝐄(𝐫⃗⃗ ,𝐭) ME4
⃗ ×𝐁
𝛁
𝛛𝐭
 The 𝛆, 𝛍, 𝛔, 𝛒 are medium parameters. It chantries the
medium with their specific values.

 Lorentz Force: the force exerted on a charged particle q moving

with velocity v through an electric field E and magnetic field B. The
entire electromagnetic force F on the charged particle is called the
Lorentz force and is given by
⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 = 𝒒𝑬 ⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕) + 𝒒(𝒗⃗ ×𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕) )

 Equation of continuity: It is also valid

⃗⃗ , 𝒕)
𝝏𝝆(𝒓
⃗⃗ . 𝑱(𝒓
𝜵 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕) + =𝟎
𝝏𝒕
  Assignment for Day5:
Question 1: Derive the Maxwell Equations ME1 and ME2.
Question 2: Give the physical significance of ME1 and ME2.

Day 6: Write the answer of following questions on Your Note Book

1. What is displacement current? How does displacement current
make modification to Ampere’s Law? Establish the Fourth
Maxwell Equation. And give physical significance
2. Establish the equation of continuity from Maxwell equation.
 3. Establish the third Maxwell equation from Faraday law by using
Stoke theorem And give physical significance.
4. Derive the ME2 from ME3.
5. (A) Maxwell displacement current is caused due to
(a)Mechanical forec
(b) Potential difference
(c)Rate of electric field with time
(d) None of these.
(B) The problem of charging and discharging of capacitor is
explained by
(a) Modified Ampere’s Law
(b) Faraday Law
(c) Gauss law of electric field
(d) None of these
(C) Fill in the blanks
I. The Maxwell current density is given by formula
…………………..
II. The Divergence of curl of electric field is
………………………….
III. The electromagnetic wave exists due
to……………………………..
IV. The current exist due to non-flow of charge is
……………………...
Day 7: Read the Maxwell Equations in integral and differential form,
medium equations, Maxwell Equation in free space or vacuum,
Development of Electromagnetic wave Equation and
Electromagnetic nature of Light from Applied Physics for Engineers-
Neeraj Mehta (PHI Learning, New) Engineering Physics-Malik HK
and Singh AK (Mc-Graw Hill) and must
see PPT and Video lecture.

 The integral and differential form of Maxwell Equations for any

medium are given as

Name of law Integral form Differential Physical

form Significance
Gauss law of 𝝋(𝑬) ⃗𝛁. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕) Mono electric
electric field ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
= ∯𝑬 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ , 𝒕) . 𝒅𝒔 𝝆(𝒓 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕) charge can exist.
=
𝝐
∑𝒒
=
𝝐
Gauss law of 𝝋(𝑩) ⃗𝛁. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (⃗⃗𝒓 , 𝒕) Mono magnetic
magnetic Field
= ∯ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒔 =𝟎 pole does not exist

=𝟎
Faraday law of 𝒆𝒎𝒇 ⃗𝜵⃗ × The Electric
Induction ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
field𝑬 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕) and
= ∮𝑬 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕). 𝒅𝒍
⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
𝝏𝑩 ⃗⃗ ,𝒕) magnetic
𝛛 − ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗⃗
= − ∬ (𝑩 (𝒓 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ , 𝒕). 𝐝𝐬) 𝝏𝒕 field𝑩 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕) are
𝛛𝐭 perpendicular to
each other.

Modified 𝒎𝒎𝒇 ⃗𝜵
⃗ The magnetic
Ampere’s Law × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕) field𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕) and
= ∮ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕). ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒍
= 𝝁𝑱 Electric field𝑬 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕)
= 𝝁 ∬ 𝑱. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐝𝐬 𝝏𝑬⃗ (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕)are perpendicular
+ 𝝁𝝐 to each other
𝝏(𝑬(𝒓⃗ ⃗⃗ , 𝒕)) 𝝏𝒕
+ 𝝁∬𝝐 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒔
𝝏𝒕
The ε, μ, σ, ρ are medium parameters. It chantries the medium with their
specific values.

Medium Free Conducting Non

Parameters Space Conducting
𝛜 𝜖0 ≠ 𝜖0 ≠ 𝜖0
𝛒 0 0 but 𝜌𝑠 is 0
finite
𝛔 0 𝜎 is not zero 0
𝛍 𝜇0 ≠ 𝜇0 ≠ 𝜇0

 Maxwell equations in free Space are given as

Name of Integral form Differential Physical

law form Significance
Gauss law 𝝋(𝑬) ⃗𝛁. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕) No electric
of electric
= ∯ ⃗⃗⃗𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒔 =𝟎 charge can exist
field in region
=𝟎
Gauss law 𝝋(𝑩) ⃗ .𝑩
𝛁 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕) Mono magnetic
of
= ∯ ⃗⃗⃗𝑩 (𝒓 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕) . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒔 =𝟎 pole does not
magnetic exist
Field =𝟎
Faraday 𝒆𝒎𝒇 ⃗𝜵⃗ × The Electric
law of ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕) and
= ∮ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕). ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒍 𝑬 field𝑬
Induction ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
𝝏𝑩 ⃗⃗ ,𝒕) magnetic
𝛛 − ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
= − ∬ (𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕). ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐝𝐬) 𝝏𝒕 field𝑩 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕) are
𝛛𝐭 perpendicular to
each other.
Modified 𝒎𝒎𝒇 ⃗𝜵
⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑩 (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕) The magnetic
Ampere’s
⃗⃗ , 𝒕). ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
= ∮𝑩 𝒅𝒍 𝝏𝑬 ⃗ (𝒓 𝒕) ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , field𝑩 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕) and
Law = 𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕)
𝝏𝒕 Electric field𝑬
𝝏(𝑬(𝒓 ⃗ ⃗⃗ , 𝒕)) are
= +𝝁𝟎 ∬ 𝝐 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒔
𝝏𝒕 perpendicular to
each other

 Development of Electromagnetic Wave Equations in free space

fir oscillating E and B:
The Maxwell equation are coupled in E and B. The equation for
Faraday Law and modified Ampere’s Law are coupled together in
E and B by using vector calculus identity i.e,
⃗ 𝑋(∇
∇ ⃗ 𝑋𝐴) = ∇
⃗ (𝜵 ⃗⃗⃗ ) − 𝜵
⃗⃗ . 𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ 2 𝐴

⃗𝜵
⃗ 2 is a Laplacian operator. This is applied on Maxwell Equation
ME3 and ME4.
Applying On ME3 Applying On ME4
⃗∇𝑋(∇⃗ 𝑋𝐸⃗ ) = ∇
⃗ (𝜵⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 ) − ⃗𝜵⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 ⃗∇𝑋(∇
⃗ 𝑋𝐵
⃗ ) = ⃗∇(𝜵
⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 ) − ⃗𝜵
⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵
𝝏𝑩⃗⃗ 𝝏𝑬⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= −∇ × = 𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 ∇ ×⃗
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝝏(∇ 𝑩) ⃗ × ⃗𝑩
𝝏∇ ⃗
⃗ (𝜵
∇ ⃗⃗ . 𝐸
⃗⃗⃗ ) − 𝜵 ⃗⃗ 𝐸 = −
2 ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
∇(𝜵. 𝐵 ) − 𝜵 𝐵 = − ⃗
⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
Using ⃗𝜵⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 = 0 and ⃗∇𝑋𝑩 ⃗⃗ = 𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎
⃗⃗
𝝏𝑬 Using ⃗𝜵 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 = 0 and ∇ ⃗ 𝑋𝑬
⃗ =
𝝏𝒕 ⃗⃗
𝝏𝑩
−
𝝏𝒕
⃗⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝝏 𝝏𝑬 ⃗
⃗
We get −𝜵 ⃗⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 =
We get −𝜵 𝐸 = −𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 ( )
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏 𝝏𝑩 ⃗⃗
−𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 ( )
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝟐 𝑬
⃗⃗ 𝝏 𝟐𝑩
⃗⃗
⃗𝜵
⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 = 𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 ( ) WE1 ⃗𝜵
⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 = 𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 ( ) WE2
𝝏𝒕𝟐 𝝏𝒕𝟐

The WE1 and WE2 are called Electromagnetic Wave Equation.in

free space.
The standard form of mechanical wave equation which gives the
wave generated in stretched string or membrane and water wave
etc, is given as

1 𝝏𝟐 𝑌
⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ ,𝒕)
⃗𝜵
⃗ 2𝑌
⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = ( )
𝑣2 𝝏𝒕𝟐
SMWE

This is standard mechanical wave equation (SMWE). The phase

velocity is v. 𝑌 ⃗ (𝑟⃗⃗ , 𝑡)is displacement at position 𝑟⃗⃗ and time t. It is
oscillating with certain angular frequency (ω).On comparison of
WE1, WE2 with SMWE, we get following information.
 𝑌⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕) may be ⃗𝑬(𝒓 ⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕) and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕) and function of
position 𝑟⃗⃗ and time t
 ⃗𝑬(𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) and 𝐵 ⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕) are oscillating with same angular
frequency.
1
 2 = 𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 and we get phase velocity of oscillating ⃗𝑬(𝒓 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕)
𝑣
𝟏
⃗ (𝒓
and 𝐵 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕).i.e, 𝒗 =
√𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎
 𝟏
 The magnitude of 𝒗 𝒊𝒔 ≅ 𝟑. 𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔.
√𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎

 Electromagnetic nature of Light

The phase of oscillating 𝐸⃗ (𝑟⃗⃗ , 𝑡) and 𝐵
⃗ (𝑟⃗⃗ , 𝑡) propagates with phase
1
velocity 𝑣 = = 𝑐 in free space. So oscillating 𝐸⃗ (𝑟⃗⃗ , 𝑡) and
√𝜇0 𝜖0
⃗ (𝑟⃗⃗ , 𝑡) coexist perpendicular in free space, constitutes
𝐵
Electromagnetics wave which is equivalent to light.
So, light is Electromagnetic wave. And light has
electromagnetic nature.

 Assignment for Day7:

Question 1: Write the Maxwell equation in free space.
Question 2: Deduce the electromagnetic Wave equation in B.

Day 8: Read the derivation of Transvers nature of light, mutual

perpendicular of electric filed and magnetic Field and direction of
propagation, other properties of EMW and EMW for conducting and
none- Conducting from Applied Physics for Engineers- Neeraj Mehta
(PHI Learning, New) Engineering Physics-Malik HK and Singh AK (Mc-
Graw Hill) and must see PPT and Video lecture.
Solution of E M wave (WE1 and WE2) in free space:
The solution of electromagnetic wave equation (WE1 and WE2) in
free space are given by oscillating periodic function as plane wave
of angular frequency ω and wave vector number ⃗𝒌. Such solutions
of electromagnetic wave equation (WE1 and WE2) in free space
must satisfies the WE1 and WE2 and these solutions must also
satisfies the Maxwell equations of free space.
The oscillating electric and magnetic field is given as plane wave
function
𝐸⃗ (⃗⃗𝑟 , 𝑡) = 𝐸⃗0 exp (−𝑖(𝜔𝑡 − ⃗𝒌 . 𝒓
⃗ )) = 𝑖̂𝐸𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝐸𝑦 + 𝑘̂ 𝐸𝑧
⃗ 0 exp (−𝑖(𝜔𝑡 − ⃗𝒌 . 𝒓
⃗ (⃗⃗𝑟 , 𝑡) = 𝐵
𝐵 ⃗ )) = 𝑖̂𝐵𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝐵𝑦 + 𝑘̂ 𝐵𝑧
Where 𝐸⃗0 = 𝑖̂𝐸0𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝐸0𝑦 + 𝑘̂𝐸0𝑧 and 𝐵 ⃗ 0 = 𝑖̂𝐵0𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝐵0𝑦 + 𝑘̂𝐵0𝑧
are amplitudes of oscillating electric and magnetic field. The angular
frequency 𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝝂 and wave vector number ⃗𝒌 = 𝑖̂𝑘𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝑘𝑦 + 𝑘̂𝑘𝑧
⃗ | = 𝟐𝝅) and position vector 𝒓
(|𝒌 ⃗ = 𝑖̂𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝑦 + 𝑘̂𝑧 .
𝝀
By applying these solution of Maxwell Equation we get
following information:

Maxwell Equation Result Conclusion

ME1 ⃗ .𝑬
𝒊(𝒌 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕)) = 𝟎 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕)is
⃗𝛁. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = 𝟎 perpendicular to ⃗𝒌.
: Transvers nature
ME2 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝒊(𝒌 𝑩 (𝒓 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕)) = 𝟎 ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕)is
⃗ .𝑩
𝛁 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = 𝟎 perpendicular to 𝒌 ⃗.
: : Transvers
nature
ME3 ⃗𝜵
⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = ⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
(𝒌 𝑬 (𝒓 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕)) ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) , ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕)
−
⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
𝝏𝑩 ⃗⃗ ,𝒕) = 𝝎𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) and ⃗𝒌 are mutual
𝝏𝒕
perpendicular
ME4 ⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
(𝒌 𝑩 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕)) ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) , ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕)
⃗𝜵
⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) ⃗
= −𝝎𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 𝑬 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕) and 𝒌 are mutual
⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
𝝏𝑬 ⃗ (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) perpendicular
= 𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎
𝝏𝒕

Note:
 The ME1 and ME2 give transvers nature of
electromagnetic wave.
 The ME3 and ME4 give that all thee vectors𝑬 ⃗⃗⃗ (⃗⃗𝒓 , 𝒕)
⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
,𝑩 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕) and 𝒌 ⃗ are mutual perpendicular.
 The characteristic impedance of electromagnetic wave in
free space is an opposition to wave.. It infers that it
opposes its cause of generation. It is derive through the
ME3 or ME4.It is basically ratio of strength of electric
field (|𝑬 ⃗⃗⃗ |and magnetic field intensity|𝐻
⃗ | where |𝐵 ⃗|=
𝝁𝟎 |𝐻⃗ | .Using ME4, we get
⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
|𝒌 𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕)| = |𝝎𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ (𝒓
⃗⃗ , 𝒕)|
|𝐸⃗ | = 𝑐|𝐵⃗|
|𝐸⃗ |
𝑍𝑐 = = 𝑐𝝁𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅 𝒐𝒉𝒎
⃗
|𝐻 |
The characteristic impedance of electromagnetic wave in
any medium has minimum value as the characteristic
impedance of electromagnetic wave of free space.
⃗⃗⃗ |and magnetic field
 The ratio strength of electric field (|𝑬
⃗ | is positive. It means that both electric field
intensity|𝐻
and magnetic field must oscillate in same phase in free
space.
  It is a graphical representation of EM wave.

 EMW for none Conducting:

Maxwell Equation of Non conducting Medium:
The constituting medium parameter of conducting are given as
Medium Conducting
Parameters
𝜖 ≠ 𝜖0
𝜌 0 but 𝜌𝑠 is
finite
𝜎 𝜎 is not zero
𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0

The Maxwell equation are given for non-conducting medium

Maxwell Equation
ME1
 ⃗𝛁. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = 𝟎
ME2
⃗𝛁. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = 𝟎
⃗⃗⃗
𝝏𝑩 (𝒓
⃗⃗ ,𝒕)
ME3 ⃗𝜵
⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = −
𝝏𝒕
ME4
⃗ (𝒓
𝝏𝑬 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕)
⃗𝜵
⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = 𝝁𝝐
𝝏𝒕

The electromagnetic wave is given by taking curl of ME3 and ME4.

Applying On ME3 Applying On ME4
⃗ 𝑋(∇
∇ ⃗ 𝑋𝐸⃗ ) = ∇
⃗ (𝜵⃗⃗ . 𝐸
⃗⃗⃗ ) ⃗ 𝑋(∇
∇ ⃗ 𝑋𝐵
⃗)=∇ ⃗ (𝜵
⃗⃗ . 𝐵
⃗⃗⃗ ) − 𝜵
⃗⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵
− ⃗𝜵
⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 𝝏𝑬⃗
= 𝝁𝝐∇ ×⃗
𝝏𝑩⃗⃗ 𝝏𝒕
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
−∇ ×
𝝏𝒕

⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝝏(∇ 𝑩) 𝝏∇⃗ ×𝑩⃗⃗
⃗ (𝜵
∇ ⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 ) − ⃗𝜵
⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 =− ⃗ (𝜵
∇ ⃗⃗ . 𝐵
⃗⃗⃗ ) − 𝜵 ⃗⃗ 2 𝐵
⃗⃗⃗ = −
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
Using ⃗𝜵
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 = 0 and ⃗∇𝑋𝑩 ⃗⃗ = Using ⃗𝜵 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 = 0 and ∇ ⃗ 𝑋𝑬
⃗ =
⃗⃗
𝝏𝑬 ⃗⃗
𝝏𝑩
𝝁𝝐 −
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
⃗⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗
𝝏 𝝏𝑬 ⃗⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
We get −𝜵 𝐵 =
We get −𝜵 𝐸 = −𝝁𝝐 ( )
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕 ⃗⃗
𝝏 𝝏𝑩
−𝝁𝝐 ( )
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
𝝏 𝑬𝟐 ⃗⃗ 𝝏 𝑩 𝟐 ⃗⃗
⃗𝜵
⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 = 𝝁𝝐 ( 𝟐 ) ⃗𝜵
⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 = 𝝁𝝐 ( 𝟐 )
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
WE1 WE2

𝟏
The phase velocity is given as 𝒗 =
√𝝁𝝐
 EMW for Conducting Medium:
Maxwell Equation of conducting Medium:
The constituting medium parameter of conducting are given as
 Medium Conducting
Parameters
𝜖 ≠ 𝜖0
𝜌 0 but 𝜌𝑠 is
finite
𝜎 𝜎 is not zero
𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0
The Maxwell equation are given for none conducting medium
Maxwell Equation
ME1
⃗𝛁. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = 𝟎
ME2
⃗𝛁. ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = 𝟎
⃗⃗⃗
𝝏𝑩 (𝒓
⃗⃗ ,𝒕)
ME3 ⃗𝜵
⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = −
𝝏𝒕
ME4
⃗ (𝒓
𝝏𝑬 ⃗⃗ , 𝒕)
⃗𝜵
⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 (𝒓⃗⃗ , 𝒕) = 𝝁𝑱 + 𝝁𝝐 ⃗
, 𝑱 = 𝝈𝑬
𝝏𝒕

The electromagnetic wave is given by taking curl of ME3 and ME4

Applying On ME3 Applying On ME4
 ⃗∇𝑋(∇
⃗ 𝑋𝐸⃗ ) = ⃗∇(𝜵 ⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝐸) ⃗∇𝑋(∇
⃗ 𝑋𝐵
⃗)=∇⃗ (𝜵
⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 ) − ⃗𝜵
⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵
− ⃗𝜵
⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 ⃗
𝝏𝑬
⃗
= 𝝁𝝐∇ ×
𝝏𝑩⃗⃗ 𝝏𝒕
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ×
= −∇
𝝏𝒕

⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝝏(∇ 𝑩) 𝝏∇⃗ × ⃗𝑩
⃗
⃗ (𝜵
∇ ⃗⃗ . 𝐸
⃗⃗⃗ ) − 𝜵 ⃗⃗ 𝐸 = −
2 ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗
⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
∇(𝜵. 𝐵 ) − 𝜵 𝐵 = −⃗
⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
Using ⃗𝜵 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 = 0 and ⃗∇𝑋𝑩 ⃗⃗ = Using ⃗𝜵 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 = 0 and ∇ ⃗ 𝑋𝑬
⃗ =
𝝏𝑬⃗⃗ 𝝏𝑩⃗⃗
𝝁𝝐 + 𝝁𝝈𝑬 ⃗ −
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝟐 ⃗𝑬
⃗ ⃗⃗
𝝏𝑬 𝟐 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝜵 𝐸 = 𝝁𝝐 ( 𝟐 ) + 𝝁𝝈 𝜵 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝝁𝝐 (𝝏 𝑩𝟐 ) + 𝝁𝝈 𝝏𝑩
⃗⃗ 2 𝐵
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
WE1 WE2

 Assignment for Day 8:

𝐸 (𝑟⃗⃗ , 𝑡)is perpendicular to𝑘⃗.
Question 1: Show that the ⃗⃗⃗
Question 2: deduce from ME4, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵 (𝑟⃗⃗ , 𝑡) and 𝑘⃗ are mutual
𝐸 (𝑟⃗⃗ , 𝑡) , ⃗⃗⃗
perpendicular.
Question 3: Show that the characteristic impedance of
electromagnetic wave in free space is 120π ohm.

Day 9: Write the answer of following questions on Your Note Book

 Question 1. Write the Maxwell equation in conducting and none
conducting medium.

Question 2. Deuce the Phase velocity of EMW in none conducting

medium.

Question 3. Establish the electromagnetic Wave Equation for

conducting medium.

Question 4. Show that EMW in free space is oscillating in same

phase and why?

Question 5.

(A) The value of characteristic impedance of electromagnetic

wave in free space is
(a)240π ohm
(b) 120π ohm
(c)120π
(d) None of these

(B) The transvers nature of EMW is proved by

(a)ME1
(b) ME2
(c)ME3
(d) ME1 and ME2

(C ) Fill in the blanks

(i) The phase velocity of electromagnetic wave in non-
conducting medium is ………………………. than
phase velocity of electromagnetic wave in free space.
 (ii) The characteristic impedance of electromagnetic wave in
free space is ratio of ……………………….
(iii) In conducting medium, the current density exist due
to………………………..
(iv) The value of (𝑘⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗⃗ (⃗⃗𝑟 , 𝑡))is
…………………………………………………

Day 10: Read the Concept of Poynting vector, Poynting theorem and
Energy Momentum carried by EMW from Applied Physics for
Engineers- Neeraj Mehta (PHI Learning, New) Engineering Physics-
Malik HK and Singh AK (Mc-Graw Hill) and must see PPT and Video
Lecture.

 Poynting Vector: When electromagnetic wave travels in space, it

carries energy and energy density is always associated with electric
fields and magnetic fields. The Poynting vector is physical quantity
which tells the energy is transported per unit time, per unit are of
surface in which electric and magnetic field are oscillating. It is
mathematically define as cross product of 𝐸⃗ and 𝐻 ⃗ . It denoted by𝑆
𝑆 = 𝐸⃗ × 𝐻 ⃗
It is vector whose magnitude tells energy per unit time per unit area.
The unit of Poynting Vector is Watt/m2. The direction of it is always
along the direction of propagation of Electromagnetic wave.
In free space, the value of Poynting vector is
𝐸2
𝑆= 𝑛̂
𝑍𝐶

The unit vector 𝑛⃗ is vector along the direction of propagation.

 Poynting Theorem: Poynting theorem states that the net power

flowing out of a given volume V is equal to the time rate of
decrease of stored electromagnetic energy in that volume
decreased by the conduction losses. i.e.

Total power leaving the volume = (rate of decrease of stored

electromagnetic energy – Ohmic power dissipated due to
motion of charge)

Prof of Poynting theorem:

The charge configuration and current configuration are producing
the time varying electric field and magnetic field at any time. Both
fields constitute the dynamical electromagnetic file existing in a
region of where both charge and current configuration exit.

In time interval 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑞 amount of charge of volume 𝑑𝜏moves a bit

along x Axis only under the Lorentz force. In region space, it
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑥
moves displacement along X-axis i.e, 𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑥 by velocity⃗⃗⃗𝑣 = .
𝑑𝑡
So the workdone by charge configuration to move AB is
𝑑𝑊 which is given by

𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑑𝑞(𝐸⃗ + (𝑣 × 𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ ). 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑑𝑞(𝐸⃗ + (𝑣 × 𝐵 ⃗ ). 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑑𝑞(𝐸⃗ . 𝑣 ) + ((𝑣 × 𝐵 ⃗ ). 𝑣) 𝑑𝑡
⃗ ). 𝑣) = 0 so this eq becomes
As we know that((𝑣 × 𝐵
𝑑𝑊
= 𝑑𝑞(𝐸⃗ . 𝑣 )
𝑑𝑡

The charge density of this configuration is 𝜌. The amount of

charge dq is given as
𝑑𝑞 = 𝜌𝑑𝜏
The amount of work done per unit time per unit volume is power
delivered per unit volume is given as
𝑑𝑊
= 𝜌(𝐸⃗ . 𝑣) = 𝐸⃗ , 𝐽 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐽⃗ = 𝜌𝑣
𝑑𝑡𝑑𝜏

Net amount of power delivered = ∭ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐸 . 𝐽 𝑑𝜏

Using the Maxwell Ampere’s law, it differential form is given as
𝜕𝐸 ⃗
𝛻⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 = 𝜇𝐽 + 𝜇𝜖
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸⃗
𝜇𝐽 = 𝛻⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 − 𝜇𝜖
𝜕𝑡

𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(∇ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵) 𝜕𝐸⃗
𝐽. 𝐸⃗ = ⃗
− 𝜖𝐸 .
𝜇 𝜕𝑡
 Using the mathematical identity; ∇ ⃗ . (𝐴 × 𝐵 ⃗ . (𝛻⃗ ×
⃗)=𝐵
⃗ ×𝐵
𝐴 ) − 𝐴. (∇ ⃗)

⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 (∇ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸) ∇ ⃗ . (𝐸⃗ × 𝐵
⃗ 𝜕𝐸⃗
𝐽. 𝐸⃗ = − ⃗
− 𝜖𝐸 .
𝜇 𝜇 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗
Using the Faraday law𝛻⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 = − , we get
𝜕𝑡

1 𝜕𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗∇. (𝐸⃗ × 𝐵

⃗) 𝜕𝐸⃗
⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
𝐽. 𝐸 = − 𝐵. − ⃗
− 𝜖𝐸 .
𝜇 𝜕𝑡 𝜇 𝜕𝑡
−1 𝜕 𝐵2 ⃗ . (𝐸⃗ × 𝐵
∇ ⃗)
𝐽. 𝐸⃗ = 2
(𝜖𝐸 + ) −
2 𝜕𝑡 𝜇 𝜇

−1 𝜕
𝐽. 𝐸⃗ = (𝜖𝐸 2 + 𝜇𝐻 2 ) − ⃗∇. (𝐸⃗ × 𝐻
⃗)
2 𝜕𝑡
Net rate of power delivered is given as
−𝟏 𝝏
∭ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 . 𝑱 𝒅𝝉 = ∭ (
𝟐 𝝏𝒕
(𝝐𝑬𝟐 + 𝝁𝑯𝟐 ) − ⃗𝛁. (𝑬
⃗ × ⃗𝑯
⃗⃗ )) 𝒅𝝉

Applying gauss divergence∭ ⃗𝛁 . (𝑬

⃗ × ⃗𝑯
⃗⃗ )𝒅𝝉 = ∬(𝑬 ⃗⃗ ). ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ × ⃗𝑯 𝒅𝑺

𝒅 𝟏 𝑩𝟐
∯(𝑬 ⃗⃗ ) . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ × ⃗𝑯 𝒅𝒔 = − ∭ (𝝐𝑬 + ) 𝒅𝑽 − ∭ ⃗⃗⃗
𝟐
𝑬 . 𝑱 𝒅𝑽
𝒅𝒕 𝟐 𝝁

By using the Maxwell Equation, we have calculated the work done

by charge particle in time varying electromagnetic field that results
the energy conservation principle in electrodynamics.
This is also known as work-energy theorem. This is also called as
the energy conservation law in electromagnetism

𝒅
∯ ⃗𝑺 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒔 = − ∭ 𝑼𝒆𝒎 𝒅𝑽 − ∭ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 . 𝑱 𝒅𝑽
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝟐
𝑩𝟐
𝑼𝒆𝒎 = (𝝐𝑬 + )
𝟐 𝝁

This equation represents the Poynting theorem according to which

the net power flowing out of a given volume is equal to the rate of
decrease of stored electromagnetic energy in that volume minus
the conduction losses.

 The term ∯ 𝑆 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑑𝑠 represents the amount of
electromagnetic energy crossing the closed surface per
 second or the rate of flow of outward energy through the
surface S enclosing volume V i.e. it is Poynting vector.
𝑑 𝑑 1
 The term−
𝑑𝑡
∭ 𝑈𝑒𝑚 𝑑𝑉, − 𝑑𝑡 ∭ 2 (𝜖𝐸 2 )𝑑𝑉 and
𝑑 1 𝐵2
− ∭ 2 ( 𝜇 ) 𝑑𝑉 represent the energy stored in electric
𝑑𝑡
and magnetic fields respectively and their sum denotes
the total energy stored in electromagnetic field. So total
terms gives the rate of decrease of energy stored in
volume V due to electric and magnetic fields. Note the
negative sign is signature of decrease.
 ∭ ⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 . 𝐽 𝑑𝑉 Gives the rate of energy transferred into the
electromagnetic field.it is also defined as Ohmic power
dissipated due to motion of charge.
 The differential form of Poynting theorem is given as
equation of continuity in energy flow

𝑑𝑈𝑒𝑚
∇. 𝑃⃗ + = 𝐸⃗ . 𝐽
𝑑𝑡
Energy Momentum carried by EMW In free space:
 The energy per unit volume stored in electromagnetic filed, in
free space is given by
𝟏 𝟐
𝑩𝟐
𝑼𝒆𝒎 = (𝝐𝟎 𝑬 + ) = 𝑼𝒆 + 𝑼𝒎
𝟐 𝝁𝟎

𝐸
 We know that 𝐵 = = √𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 𝐸, so we have
𝐶

𝟏 𝑬𝟐 𝟏
𝑼𝒆𝒎 = (𝝐𝟎 𝑬 + 𝝁𝟎 𝝐𝟎 ) = (𝝐𝟎 𝑬𝟐 + 𝝐𝟎 𝑬𝟐 ) = 𝝐𝟎 𝑬𝟐
𝟐
𝟐 𝝁𝟎 𝟐

 The energy is being stored in electric filed and magnetic field

are same. Let Oscillatory electric field is given as
 ⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝑬 𝑬𝟎 𝒆𝒊(𝝎𝒕−𝒌∙𝒓⃗)
Note that electric field and magnetic field are perpendicular to
direction of Propagation. And all are mutual perpendicular. The time
average of 𝑈𝑒𝑚 is taken for one complete cycle.
⃗
< 𝑼𝒆𝒎 >= < 𝝐𝟎 𝑬𝟐 >= 𝝐𝟎 < 𝑬𝟐 >= 𝝐𝟎 𝑬𝟐𝟎 < (𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 (𝒆𝒊(𝝎𝒕−𝒌∙𝒓⃗) ))𝟐 >
< 𝑼𝒆𝒎 >= 𝝐𝟎 𝑬𝟐𝟎 < (𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝝎𝒕 − 𝒌 ∙ 𝒓 )) >
𝟏
The value of < (𝑪𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝝎𝒕 − 𝒌 ∙ 𝒓 )) > for one cycle is . So the average
𝟐
energy Density is
𝟏
< 𝑼𝒆𝒎 >= 𝝐𝟎 𝑬𝟐𝟎
𝟐
𝑬
The r.m.s value of electric field is given as 𝑬𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟎⁄ .
√𝟐

< 𝑼𝒆𝒎 >= 𝝐𝟎 𝑬𝟐𝒓𝒎𝒔

As electromagnetic wave travels, it carries energy along with it in
direction of propagation. The energy flux density (energy per unit area per
unit time) transported through electromagnetic field, is given by Poynting
vector in free space
𝑬𝟐 𝑬𝟐
⃗ =
𝑺 ̂=
𝒏 ̂ = 𝒄𝝐𝟎 𝑬𝟐𝟎 𝒏
𝒏 ̂ = 𝒄𝝐𝟎 𝑬𝟐𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒏
̂ = 𝒄𝑼𝒆𝒎 𝒏̂
𝒁𝑪 𝝁𝟎 𝒄
The time average of Poynting vector in free space is given as
< ⃗𝑺 > = 𝒄 < 𝑼𝒆𝒎 >
For any time interval dt, the EMW pass the distance (𝒄 × 𝒅𝒕) through
cross section area A, and carrying the energy 𝑼𝒆𝒎 𝑨𝒄𝒅𝒕 .The energy
per unit tine, per unit area, transported by electromagnetic wave is
𝐸𝑒𝑚 = 𝑐𝑼𝒆𝒎 .
The EMW not only carries energy, but it also carries momentum (𝑝). We
know that the relation from energy and momentum is given

2
𝐸𝑒𝑚 = 𝒑𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝟒

The rest mass of photon i.e, quantization of EMW is zero.

𝑬𝒆𝒎
𝒑=
𝒄
The average momentum density vector in direction of ̂𝒏 is defined as
𝑝 𝐸𝑒𝑚 < 𝑈𝑒𝑚 > < ⃗𝑺 >
⃗
< 𝑃 >= 𝑛̂ = 𝑛̂ = 𝑛̂ = 𝑛̂
𝑉 𝑉𝑐 𝑐 𝑐2
The average value of power per unit area is transported by an EMW is
called intensity (I).
So, < 𝑺⃗ > = 𝑰, so the average momentum density vector is also given as
𝐼
< 𝑃⃗ >= 2 𝑛̂
𝐶
 Assignment for Day 10:

Question 1: What the value of Poynting vector in free space

and non-Conducting medium?

Question 2: Find the amplitude of electric and magnetic field

of EM Radiation which emitted
by bulb of 1000 watt on earth surface 2 metre
away from bulb.
 Day 11: Read the Concept of Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)
Pressure and Skin Depth of EMR
From Applied Physics for Engineers- Neeraj Mehta (PHI
Learning, New) Engineering
Physics-Malik HK and Singh AK (Mc-Graw Hill) and must
see PPT and Video lecture.
 Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) Pressure: The
electromagnetic wave exerts pressure on any surface which is
exposed by EMW. And it can do mechanical radiation.
Perfect Absorber:
Let us consider the perfect absorber whose cross section area is A. when
EMR i.e, light falls on this surface. The EMR delivers it momentum to
the surface.
In time interval ∆t, the momentum transferred to surface is ∆𝒑
⃗ =< ⃗𝑷
∆𝒑 ⃗ > 𝑨𝒄𝒅𝒕
Using Newton second law, the rate of change of momentum with time is
force,
⃗
∆𝒑
⃗𝑭 = =< ⃗𝑷
⃗ > 𝑨𝒄
∆𝒕
So the pressure exerted by EMR on perfect absorber is 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 .It is defend
as the ratio normal force exerted by EMR on surface and its surface
area. The EMR is incident on angle 𝜃 with normal of surface so the
force along normal is𝑭𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 =< ⃗𝑷 ⃗ > 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽).

|< ⃗𝑷
⃗ >|𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 =
𝑨
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = |< ⃗𝑷
⃗ >|𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)
 |< ⃗⃗⃗
𝑺 >|𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 =
𝒄
𝑰 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 =
𝒄
Nor normal incident𝜃 = 00 , cos(00 ) = 1, so radiation pressure is
𝑰
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 (𝒂𝒃𝒔) =
𝒄
 Perfect Reflector:
Let us consider the perfect reflector whose cross section area is
A.When EMR i.e, light falls on this surface. The EMR delivers it
momentum to the surface. And the surface also exert the same
amount of momentum, therefore net momentum become

⃗ 𝒏𝒆𝒕 = (𝒑
𝒑 ⃗ 𝒇−𝒑 ⃗ 𝒊) = 𝟐 < 𝑷⃗⃗ > 𝑨𝒄𝒅𝒕
So the net pressure exerted as
|< ⃗⃗⃗
𝑺 >|𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐
𝒄
𝑰 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐
𝒄
0 0
Nor normal incident𝜃 = 0 , cos(0 ) = 1, so radiation pressure is
𝟐𝑰
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 (𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍) =
𝒄
 For any partial reflector and absorber, the pressure exerted must
𝑰 𝟐𝑰
lie between < 𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅 < .
𝒄 𝒄
 Skin Depth of Electromagnetic Radiation:

The Electromagnetic wave in conducting medium is given by

𝟐 ⃗⃗
𝝏 𝑬 𝝏𝑬 ⃗⃗ 𝝏 𝑩 𝟐 ⃗⃗ 𝝏𝑩⃗⃗
⃗𝜵
⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐸 = 𝝁𝝐 ( 𝟐 ) + 𝝁𝝈 ⃗𝜵
⃗ 2 ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 = 𝝁𝝐 ( 𝟐 ) + 𝝁𝝈
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒕
WE1 WE2

The solution of electromagnetic wave which is having mutual

perpendicular oscillation Electric, magnetic field and direction of
propagation is given as
Along x- axis, 𝑬⃗ (𝒛, 𝒕) = 𝒊̂ 𝑬𝟎 𝒆𝒊(𝒌𝒛−𝝎𝒕)
Along y- axis, ⃗𝑩⃗ (𝒛, 𝒕) = 𝒋̂ 𝑩𝟎 𝒆𝒊(𝒌𝒛−𝝎𝒕)

Direction of propagation along z

After solving, we get
⃗𝑬(𝒛, 𝒕) = 𝒊̂ (𝑬𝟎 𝒆−𝒃𝒛 )𝒆𝒊(𝒂𝒛−𝝎𝒕)
⃗𝑩⃗ (𝒛, 𝒕) = 𝒊̂ (𝑩𝟎 𝒆−𝒃𝒛 )𝒆𝒊(𝒂𝒛−𝝎𝒕)

From the solution, the amplitude of electric and magnetic field

must be attenuated by factor 𝒆−𝒃𝒛 .
The value of a and b are given as
1⁄
2
𝜇𝜖 𝜎 2
𝑎 = 𝜔√ {[√1 + ( ) ] + 1}
2 𝜔𝜀

1⁄
2
𝜇𝜖 𝜎 2
√
𝑏 = 𝜔√ {[ 1 + ( ) ] − 1}
2 𝜔𝜀
 Skin Depth of Depth of Penetration: As per solution of EMW,
1
The amplitude of Electric field is attenuated by factor of while
𝑒
travelling a distance inside the region of conductor. Such distance
at which the value of electric field reduces the initial value of
electric field, It is called the Skin Depth or Depth of penetration.
Amplitude of ⃗𝑬(𝒛, 𝒕) is given as(𝑬𝟎 𝒆−𝒃𝒛 )
1
𝒂𝒕 𝒛 = 𝜹, 𝑬𝟎 𝒆−𝒃𝜹 = 𝑬𝟎
𝑒
𝑏𝛿 = 1
1 1
𝛿= = 1⁄
𝑏 2 2
𝜇𝜖 √ 𝜎
𝜔√ {[ 1 + ( ) ] − 1}
2 𝜔𝜀

Skin depth is function of various parameters 𝜔, 𝜖, 𝜇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎

 Medium Skin Depth Remark
Conducting It frequency
𝟐
𝜹=√ dependent.
𝝁𝝈𝝎 𝝈
≫𝟏
𝝎𝝐
Non Conducting 𝟐 𝝐 It is not frequency
𝜹= √ dependent.
𝝈 𝝁 𝝈
≪𝟏
𝝎𝝐

 Note:
𝝈
 If the value of ≫ 𝟏, say about 100, the medium is
𝝎𝝐
treated as good conductor in the range of radio frequency.

𝝈
 If the value of ≪ 𝟏, say about1/ 100, the medium is
𝝎𝝐
treated as insulator or dielectric in range of radio
frequency.

𝝈
 If the value of 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 ≪ ≪ 𝟏𝟎𝟎, the medium is treated
𝝎𝝐
as quasi conductor, not semiconductor/

 The fresh water behaves as conductor for frequency<< 10-

3
Hz and as dielectric for frequency>>107Hz.

 The metal like Al is being used to make body of aeroplane

because the skin depth of Al is very small for radio frequency
of 1MHz. So the radiation is send by RADAR to deduct the
aeroplane is reflected back by surface of aeroplane and
received by RADAR.
 Assignment for Day 11:

Question 1: Calculate the Energy density in term of r.m.s value

of electric field.

Question 2: Find the solution of EMW for conducting

medium.

Question 3: Why does sea water act as non-conductor in

visible radiation?
Day 12: Write the answer of following questions on Your Note Book

Question 1: What is Poynting vector? State and prove the

Poynting theorem. Also give it
Physical significance.
Question 2: Calculate the energy momentum of Electromagnetic
wave in free space.
Question 3: Find the expression for electromagnetic radiation
Pressure for a reflecting
Surface.
Question 4: Find Skin Depth expression for conducting and non-
conducting medium.
Why do we always make the body of highly
conducting metal material?
Question 5.

(A1) The value of Poynting vector in free space is

𝑬𝟐
(a) ̂
𝒏
𝝁𝟎 𝒄
𝑬𝟐
(b)
𝝁𝟎 𝒄
𝑬𝟐
(c ) ̂
𝒏
𝝁𝟎
(e)None of These

𝜎
(A2) the value of ≫ 1, the medium is
𝜔𝜖
(a)Conductor
(b) Non conductor
(c)Semi-conductor
(d) None of these

(C ) Fill in the blanks

(1) The skin depth of metal is frequency
……………………….
(2) The medium acts as conductor in frequency
………………. Range.
(3) For any partial reflector and absorber, the pressure
exerted must lie between……..
(4) Ohmic power dissipated due to motion of charge is given
by ………………………