TRIGONOMETRY - Trigonometry ( from Greek trigonon, “triangle” and metron, “measure”) studies

relationships between side lengths and angles of triangles.

Values of Angles
Acute angle , θ θ < 90o
Right angle , θ θ = 90o
Obtuse angle, θ 90o < θ< 180o
Straight angle , θ θ = 180o
Reflex angle , θ 180o < θ < 360o
Full angle or Perigon , θ θ= 360o
Sum of Two angles
If A + B = 90o----------------------------------------------------complimentary
A + B = 180o-------------------------------------------------supplementary
A + B = 360o-------------------------------------------------explementary
Units of Angles
The following three different systems of units are used in measurement of trigonometrical angles.

a) Sexagesimal System ( English system )

1 right angle = 90 degrees ( 90o )
1 degree ( 1o ) = 60 minutes ( 60’ ) 1
minute ( 1’ ) = 60 seconds ( 60’’ )
b) Centessimal System ( French system )
1 right angle = 100 grades ( 100g ) 1
grade ( 1g ) = 100 minutes ( 100’ )
1 minute ( 1’ ) = 100 seconds ( 100’’ )
c) Circular System
2πradians = 360 degrees ( 360o) π
radians = 180 degrees ( 180o ) π/2
radians = 90 degrees ( 900)

Note :
1 revolution = 360 degrees
= 2π radians
= 400 grads/grades/gons
= 6400 mils
Other Trigonometric Functions
Power Series Expansion

3 5 7
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Sin x = x - + - +.... For small x , sin x ≈ x
3! 5! 7!
2 4 6
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Cos x = 1 - + - + …… For small x , cos x ≈ 1
2! 4! 6!
3 5 7
𝑥 2𝑥 17𝑥
Tan x = 1 + + + + …… For small x , tan x ≈ x
3 15 315

Euler’s Formula
eix = cos x + i sin x e-ix = Cos x - i Sin x
𝑖𝑥
− 𝑖𝑥 − 𝑖𝑥
𝑖𝑥
𝑒 − 𝑒
Sin x = Cos x = 𝑒 + 𝑒
2𝑖 2𝑖

In Complex Plane :
Sin ( a + bi ) = Sin (a) cosh (b) + i cos (a) Sinh (b) Cos (
a + bi ) = Cos (a) Cosh (b) - i Sin (a) Sinh (b)
Hyperbolic Functions
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒
Cosh x = Sinh x = 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 2
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑒 + 𝑒
Tanh x = 𝑥 −𝑥
Coth x = 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 2
sech x = 𝑥 −𝑥
Csch x = 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑒 − 𝑒
Problem # 1
Calculate the height of a building if versin θ = 0.5 and x = 70 m.

Solution:

Versin θ = 1 - cos θ tan θ = h/x tan

0.5 = 1 - cos θ 60o = h/70
Cos θ = 0.50 h = 70 tan 60o
θ = 600 h = 121.24 m
Problem # 2
1
Solve for B in Cos (4B) = , where B is in degrees.
𝑐𝑠𝑐 ( 5𝐵 + 9 )

Solution:

1
Cos ( 4B ) =
𝐶𝑠𝑐 ( 5𝐵 + 9 )

Cos ( 4B ) = Sin ( 5B + 9 ) Sin (

90 - 4B ) = Sin ( 5B + 9 )
90 - 4B = 5B + 9
9B = 81
B = 9o
Problem # 3
Determine the following :
1) Excsc 47o
2) coversin 20o
3) haversin 55o
4) Chord 40o
Solution:
1) Excsc 47o = csc 47o - 1 2) Coversin 20o = 1 - sin 20o
1
= 𝑜
-1 = 0.6580
𝑠𝑖𝑛 47

= 0.3673
3) haversin 55o = ½ ( versin 55o ) 4) (chord θ)2 = R2.+ R2 - 2R2 cos θ
= ½ ( 1 - cos 55o ) (chord θ)2 = 2R2 - 2R2Cos θ
= 0.2132 (chord θ)2 = 2R2 ( 1 - Cos θ) (chord
𝑜
40 )2 = 2 (1)2 ( 1 - cos 40o )

Chord 40o = 0.6840

Problem # 4
Find the supplement of an angle whose complement is 72o.
Solution :
θ + θ = 90o
𝑐 θ + θ = 180o
𝑠

θ + 72 = 90 18 + θ = 180o
𝑠

θ = 18o θ = 162o
𝑠

Problem #
5
Two sides of a triangle are 10 m and 7 m. Determine its perimeter.
a) 20 m b) 35 m c) 30 m d) 18 m

Solution
:
(a-b)<c<(a+b)
( 10 - 7 ) < c < ( 10 + 7 )
3 < c < 17
Cmin = 3.000000001
Cmax = 16.9999999
Possible perimeter :
( a + b + cmin ) ≤ P ≤ ( a + b + cmax )
( 10 + 7 + 3.0000000001 ) ≤ P ≤ ( 10 + 7 + 16.9999999)
20.00000001 ≤ P ≤ 33.99999999
Among the choices , the possible perimeter is 30 m.
Problem #
6
If sin A = ⅘ , A in quadrant II and Sin B = 7/25 ; B in quadrant I. Find
1) Sin ( A + B )
2) Cos ( A - B )
3) Tan ( A + B )

Solution
:
Sin A = ⅘
−3
Cos A =
5
4
Tan A =
−3

Sin B = 7/25
Cos B = 24/25
Tan B = 7/24

1) Sin ( A + B ) = Sin A Cos B + Cos A Sin B

= ⅘ (24/25) + ( -⅗) ( 7/25 )
= 3/5
 2) Cos ( A - B ) = Cos A Cos B + Sin A Sin B
= (-⅗)(24/25) + ( ⅘)(7/25)
= -44/125
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵
3) Tan ( A + B ) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵

( − 4/3 ) + 7/24
= 1 − (−4/3)( 7/24

= -¾
Problem # 7
3
Solve for x if x = Arctan [ 2 cos ( Arcsin )]
2

Solution
:
Let A = Arcsin 3
A = 60o
3
2 cos ( Arcsin ) = 2 cos ( 60 ) = 1
2

x = arctan 1
x = 45o

Prob # 8
Solve for x if Arctan ( 1 - x ) + Arctan ( 1 + x ) = Arctan ( ⅛ )
Solution:
Let A = Arctan ( 1 - x )-------------------tan A = ( 1 - x )
B = Arctan ( 1 + x )-------------------tan B = ( 1 + x )
C = Arctan ( ⅛ )----------------------tan C = ⅛

A+B=C
Tan ( A + B ) = tan C
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵 = tan C
(1−𝑥)+(1+𝑥)
1 − ( 1 − 𝑥 )( 1 + 𝑥 ) =⅛

2
𝑥
2 =⅛

x2 = 16
x=± 4
Problem # 9

Given the equation y = 3 Sin ( 4x - π ) + 6. Determine the following :

1) Amplitude 4) Period
2) Phase shift 5) Horizontal shift
3) Frequency 6 ) Vertical shift
 Solution :
y = A cos ( Bx + C ) + D y = A sin ( Bx + C ) + D
Frequency = B/2π Frequency = B/2π
Horizontal shift = - C/B Horizontal shift = - C/B
Phase shift = - C/B Phase shift = - C/B
Period = 2π/B Period = 2π/B

1) Amplitude = A 4) Period = 1/frequency

Amplitude = 3 = π/2
2) Phase shift = - C/B 5) Horizontal shift = -C/B
Phase shift = π/4 Horizontal shift = π/4
3) Frequency = B/2π
6) Vertical shift = D
Frequency = 4/2π = 2/π
Vertical shift = 6
Problem # 10
Given the function y = 5 tan ( 3x ), determine the following :
1) Period
2) Frequency
3) Amplitude
4) Vertical shift
5) Horizontal shift
6) Phase shift
Solution :
y = A tan ( Bx + C ) + D and y = A cot ( Bx + C ) + D
Frequency = B/π Vertical shift = D
Horizontal shift = - C/B amplitude none
Phase shift = - C/B Period = π/B
1) Period = π/3 4) Vertical shift = 0
2) Frequency = 3/π 5) horizontal shift = 0
3) Amplitude = none 6) phase shift = 0
Problem # 11
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
𝑆𝑖𝑛 0 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 1 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 3 + ........+ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 90
Solve for x if x = 𝑜 𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
𝐶𝑜𝑠 0 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 3 +.........+ 𝐶𝑜𝑠 90
𝑜

1 2
Solution
:
Cos x = Sin ( 90 - x )
Cos 0 = Sin 90
Cos 1 = Sin 89
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
𝑆𝑖𝑛 0 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 1 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 3 + ........+ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 90
x= 𝑜 𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
𝑆𝑖𝑛 90 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 89 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 88 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 87 +.........+ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 0
𝑜

x=1
Problem # 12
A surveyor runs a line N 30o 30’ 30’’ E from A to B, the length AB being 1246.5 ft. From
B he runs a line S 25o 14’ 0’’ E to C and measure AC as 1729.6 ft long. How long is AC ? Solution :

Problem # 13
A truck travels from point M northward for 30 min, then eastward for 1 hour then shifted N 30o
W. If the constant speed is 40 kph, how far directly from M in km will it be after 2 hrs.
Solution :

Problem # 14
Tower A and B stands on a level ground. From the top of the tower A which is 30 m high the angle of
elevation of tower B is 48o. From the same point the angle of depression of the base of tower B is 26o. What
is the height of tower B
Solution:
Problem # 15 ( CE May 2015 )
The top of the tower is sighted from point A and found to have an angle of elevation of 26o. When
sighted at point B that is 300 m closer to the tower the angle of elevation is 56o. Point A and B are on the
same horizontal plane with the base of the tower.What is the height of the tower?
Solution:

Problem # 16 ( CE May 2015 )

A 40m high tower stands vertically on a hill side ( sloping ground ) which makes an angle of 18o with the
horizontal. A tree also stands vertically up from the tower. An observer at the top of the tower finds the angle
of depression of the top of the tree to be 28o and bottom of the tree to be 40o. Determine the height of the tree.
Solution :

Prob # 17 ( CE May 2015 )

A flagpole and a tower stands 36 m apart on a horizontal plane. A person standing successively at
their bases observes that the angle of elevation at the top of the tower is twice of the pole, but at a point
midway between the bases the angles of elevation are complimentary. Find the height of the tower.
Solution:
Problem # 18
If A = 3 sin x + 4 Cos x and B = 3 Cos x - 4 Sin x . Find
1) A2 + B2
2) A if B = 4
3) x if B = 4

Solution:
1) A2 + B2 = ( 3 Sin x + 4 Cos x )2 + ( 3Cos x - 4Sin x )2
= ( 9 Sin2 x + 24 sin x cos x + 16 Cos2 x ) + ( 9 Cos2 x - 24 Sin x Cos x + 16 Sin2 x )
= 25 Sin2 x + 25 Cos2 x
= 25 ( Sin2 x + cos2 x )
= 25
2) A2 + B2 = 25 3) 4 = 3 Cos x - 4 Sin x
A2 + 42 = 25 x = - 16.26o
A=± 3
Problem # 19 If Sin A = 2.571x and Cos A = 3.064 x , determine the value of x.
Solution :
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 2.571 𝑥
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = 3.064 𝑥

Tan A = 0.8391 Sin 40o = 2.571 x

A = Arctan 0.8391 x = 0.25
A = 40o
Problem # 20
If 84o + 0.4x = Arctan ( cot 0.25x), find x .
Solution :
Tan ( 84 + 0.4 x ) = Cot ( 0.25x ) Tan (
84 + 0.4x ) = tan ( 90 - 0.25x )
84 + 0.4x = 90 - 0.25x
0.65 x = 6
x = 9.23o
Problem # 21
Given a triangle , C = 100o , a = 15 , b = 20 , find c.
Solution :

c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab Cos C
c2 = 152 + 202 - 2(15)(20) cos 100o
c = 27

Problem # 22
𝑒
Evaluate [ cos2θ + ( 1 - Cos2 θ)]cos θ −𝑒

Solution : Sin2 θ = ( 1 - cos2 θ)

𝑒

= ( cos2 θ + sin2 θ)cos θ −𝑒

𝑒
= ( 1 )cos θ −𝑒

=1
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY

Spherical Triangle - a spherical surface bounded by arc of three great circles. Right
spherical triangle - a spherical triangle , one angle of which is 90o Quadrantal
Spherical Triangle - a spherical triangle, one side of which is 90o
Dihedral angle - the angle between two intersecting planes. The line of intersection of such planes is
called the edge of the dihedral angle.
Propositions for Spherical Triangle
1. If 2 sides are equal, opposite angles are also equal.
2. If first side is greater than the second side , angle opposite the first is also greater than angle opposite
the second.
3. The sum of any two sides is greater than the third side.
4. The sum of three sides is less than 360o.
5. The sum of three angles is between 180o and 540o.
6. The sum of any two angles minus the third is less than 180o.
Great Circle - a circle obtained by passing a section thru the center of the sphere.

180o < A + B + C < 540o

0o < a + b + c < 360o

a+b>c b+c>a a+c >b

Note : Use capital letters for angles And

small letters for sides

Spherical Excess : Spherical Defect :

E = ( A + B + C ) - 180o D = 360o - ( a + b + c )

Area of spherical triangle :

2
π𝑅 𝐸
A= 𝑜
180
Right Spherical Triangle

Sin Ta - Ad Rule
Sin of middle part = product of Tangents of Adjacent parts
Sin Co - Op Rule
Sin of middle part = product of Cosine of Opposite parts

OBLIQUE SPHERICAL TRIANGLE

Cosine Law for Angles

Cos A = - Cos B Cos C + Sin B Sin C Cos a
Cos B = - Cos A Cos C + Sin A Sin C Cos b
Cos C = - Cos A Cos B + Sin A Sin B Cos c
Cosine Law for Sides
Cos a = cos b cos c + sin b sin c Cos A Cos
b = cos a cos c + sin a sin c Cos B Cos c =
cos a cos b + sin a sin b Cos C
Sine Law

𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑏 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑐

𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶

Problem #
1
The right spherical triangle has an angle C = 90o , a = 50o and c = 80o . Find side b.

Solution :
Sin co-c = cos a cos b Cos c
= cos a cos b Cos 80 =
cos 50 cos b
b = 74.33o

or Cos c = Cos a Cos b + Sin a sin b Cos C

Cos 80 = cos 50 cos b + sin 50 Sin b Cos 90
b = 74.33o

Problem #
2
The side a,b,c of a spherical triangle are 80o,130o and 100o. Find angle A.
Solution :
Cos a = Cos b Cos c + Sin b Sin c Cos A
Cos 80 = Cos 130 Cos 100 + Sin 130 Sin 100 Cos A
A = 85.28o
Problem #
3
The angles A,B, and C of a spherical triangle are 110o , 130o and 120o . Find side b.

Solution :
Cos B = - Cos A Cos C + Sin A Sin C Cos b
Cos 130 = - Cos 110 Cos 120 + Sin 110 Sin 120 Cos b
b = 125.43o

Problem #
4
Given : a = 70o , B = 80o , A = 69.37o . Find angle C.
Solution :
Cos A = - Cos B Cos C + Sin B Sin C Cos a
Cos 69.37 = - Cos 80 Cos C + Sin 80 Sin C Cos 70
C = 138.88o
Problem #
5
The perimeter of an equilateral spherical triangle is 300o. Find the measure of each angle of its polar
triangle.
Solution :
a + A’ = 180
b + B’ = 180
c + C’ = 180
a + b + c + A’ + B’ + C’ = 540
300 + A’ + B’ + C’ = 540
A’ + B’ + C’ = 240o
A’ = B’ = C’ = 80o
Problem # 6
The perimeter of a polar triangle of a spherical triangle is 280o. Find A + B + C.
Solution :
a’ + A = 180o
b’ + B = 180o
c’ + C = 180o
a’ + b’ + c’ + A + B + C = 540o
280 + A + B + C = 540
A + B + C = 260o
Problem #
7
Calculate the area of a spherical triangle whose radius is 5 m and angles are 40o , 65o
and 100o.
Solution :
 2
π𝑅 𝐸
A= 180 E = ( A + B + C ) - 180o
2
π (5 ) (25) E = ( 40 + 65 + 100 ) - 180
A= 180

A = 10.91 m2
Problem #
8
The time is 8:00 A.M. , GMT . What is the time in the Philippines which is located at 120o E
longitude
Solution :
Time difference = 120/15 = 8 hrs.
Therefore, time in the Phil. = 8 :00 am + 8 hrs.
= 4:00 PM
Problem #
9
Tokyo is located at ( 139o E, 39o N ) while Manila is at ( 121o E, 14o N ).
1) Find the distance between Manila and Tokyo in nautical mile.
2) If you will fly from Manila to Tokyo, find the initial course of a great circle flight.

Solution:

b = 90 - 14 = 76o
c = 90 - 39 = 51o
A = 139 - 121 = 18o

1) Cos a = Cos b Cos c + Sin b Sin C Cos A

Cos a = Cos 76 Cos 51 + Sin 76 Sin 51 Cos 18 a =
29.61o
Therefore, distance = 29.61o = 1776.65’
But 1 minute = 1 naut. Mile
Distance = 1776.65 naut. mi

2) Cos c = cos a cos b + sin a sin b Cos A

Cos 51 = cos 29.61 cos 76 + sin 29.61 sin 76 Cos A A =
29.08o
Therefore, answer is N 29.08o E
 Problem # 10
An airplane flew from Manila at ( 14o 36’ N, 121o 05’ E ) at a course of S 30o E
maintaining a certain altitude and following a great circle path. If its ground speed is 350 knots, after
how many hours will it cross the equator ?

Solution :

Cos B = - Cos A Cos C + Sin A Sin C Cos b

Cos B = - Cos 30 Cos 90 + Sin 30 Sin 90 Cos 14o 36’ B =
61.06o
Cos C =- cos A cos B + sin A sin B Cos c
Cos 90 = - cos 30 cos 61.06o + sin 30 sin 61.06 cos c c =
16.72 o = 1003.2 ‘
Distance = velocity x time
1003.2 = 350t t = 2.87 hours

PLANE GEOMETRY

TRIANGLES - a three sided polygon which is sporadically called as trigon. In general, triangles
are categorized as right, isosceles and scalene.

*** Base b and altitude h are given

Area = ½ ( base ) ( height )

Area = ½ bh

*** Two sides and included angle given

 *** Three sides given

Perimeter , P = a + b + c

Area, A = 𝑆 (𝑆 − 𝑎)(𝑆 − 𝑏)(𝑆 − 𝑐)

S=½(a+b+c)

*** Triangle with two angles and a side given

A + B + C = 180o

2 2 2
𝑏 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶 𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶 𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵
Area = 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵 = 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶

𝑏 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵
a= 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵 b = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶

*** Triangle with inscribed circle

Area of triangle :

Area = r S

Where :

2 𝑆 ( 𝑠 −𝑎) ( 𝑠 − 𝑏 ) ( 𝑠 − 𝑐 )
r= 𝑎+𝑏+ 𝑐
 Right Triangle with Inscribed Circle

r=½(a+b-c)

𝑎+𝑏 + 𝑐
r= 𝑎𝑏

Triangle with circumscribed circle :

Area of triangle:
𝑎 𝑏𝑐
Area =
4𝑅

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
R= 2𝑆𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑆𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶
𝐴 𝐵

Triangle with escribed or excribed circle

Area of Triangle

Area = ra ( S - a )

Area = rb ( S - b )

Area = rc ( S - c )

S=½(a+b+c)
Median of a Triangle
 Point of intersection = centroid
Angle Bisectors

Angle Bisector Theorem

Point of intersection = incenter

Perpendicular Bisectors

𝑎 𝑏𝑐
Area =
4𝑅

Point of intersection = circumcenter

Problem # 1 ( CE May 2004 )
The area of a triangle is 8346 m2 and two of its angles are 37o 25’ and 56o 17’. What is the
length of the long side ?

Solution :
C = 180o - ( A + B )
C = 180o - ( 37o25’ + 56o 17’ ) C
= 86o 18’

2
𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵
Area = 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶
2 𝑜 𝑜

𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛 37 25' 𝑆𝑖𝑛 56 17'

8346 = 𝑜
2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 86 18'

c = 181.54 m

Problem # 2 ( CE May 1997 )

The sides of a triangle are 12 m , 16 m , and 21 m. Find the area of the triangle.
Solution :
S=½(a+b+c)
S = ½ ( 12 + 16 + 21 ) S
= 24.5

Area = 𝑆 ( 𝑆 − 𝑎)(𝑆 − 𝑏)(𝑆 − 𝑐)

Area = 24. 5 ( 24. 5 − 12)(24. 5 − 16)(24. 5 − 21) = 95.45 m2

Problem # 3 ( CE May 2005 )

The sides of a triangle are 45 m and 55 m respectively. If its area is 785.48 m2 , find
its perimeter.

Solution :
Area = ½ ac Sin B
785.48 = ½ (55)(45) Sin B B
= 39.4o
b2 = a2 + c2 - 2acCos B
b2 = 552 + 452 - 2(55)(45)Cos 39.4o
b = 35 m
Perimeter = a + b + c
= 55 + 45 + 35
= 135 m
Problem # 4 ( CE Nov 09 )
The sides of a triangle are a = 23.9 m and b = 36.3 m. The angle opposite b is 102.7o.
Determine the length of side c.
Solution :
b2 = a2 + c2 - 2acCos B
2
36.3 = 23.9 2 + c2 - 2(23.9)(c)Cos 102.7o
c = 22.568 m

Problem # 5 ( CE Nov 97 )
In triangle ABC , A = 45o and C = 70o. Find the shortest side if c = 40 m.
Solution :
A + B + C = 180o
45 + B + 70 = 180
B = 65o
The shortest side is opposite the smallest angle , therefore the shortest side is “a”.

𝑎 𝑐
= 𝑎 40 a = 30.10 m
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶 𝑆𝑖𝑛 45 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 70

Problem # 6
A point inside an equilateral triangle ABC is 20 cm from A, 20 cm from B and 36 cm from C. Find
the area and perimeter of the triangle.
Solution:

Problem # 7
The ratio of the interior angles of a triangle is 2 : 3 : 4 . The perimeter is 240 m. Find the length of
the shortest side:
Solution
:
2k + 3k + 4k = 180o k
= 20o
Therefore, A = 2(20 ) = 40o , B = 3(20) = 60o , C = 4(20) = 80o

𝑃 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴
a= 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶

240 𝑆𝑖𝑛 40
a= 𝑆𝑖𝑛 40 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 60 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛 80 a = 61.87 m

Problem # 8
The ratio of interior angles of a triangle is 1:3:5. The shortest side is 6 m. What is the area of the
triangle?
Solution:
k + 3k + 5k = 180o
k = 20o A = 20o ; B = 3(20) = 60o and C = 5(20) = 100o

2
𝑎 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶
Area = 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴

2
6 𝑆𝑖𝑛 60 𝑆𝑖𝑛 100
Area = 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 20

Area = 44.89 m2

Problem # 9
A triangle is inscribed in a circle of radius 7.5 cm. One of its sides is 15 cm long and its area is 54
cm2. Find the length of the shortest side.

Solution :

Area = ½ xy
54 = ½ xy
xy = 108
y = 108/x

x2 + y2 = 152
x2 + (108/x)2 = 15.
x = 9 cm
Problem # 10
In triangle ABC, AB = 14 cm, BC = 28 cm and AC = 18 cm. Determine the length of the
angular bisector from vertex A to side BC.
Solution :

Problem # 11 ( CE May 09, Nov 95 )

In triangle ABC, AB = 15 m , BC = 18 m, and AC = 24 m.
1) How far is the point of intersection of the triangular bisectors from side AB.
2) How far is the point of intersections of the angular bisector from vertex A.
Solution:

182 = 242 + 152 - 2 ( 24)(15) Cos A

A = 48.51o
Area = ½ bc Sin A
Area = ½ (24)(15) Sin 48.51
Area = 134.83 m2

S=½(a+b+c)
S = ½ ( 24 + 15 + 18 ) = 28.5 m
1) Area = rS
134.83 = r (28.5 )
r = 4.73 m ( distance from point of intersection to side AB )

2) Sin (A/2) = r / y
Sin 24.255o = 4.73 / y
y = 11.51 m
Problem # 12
In triangle ABC, AB = 30 m , BC = 30 m and AC = 48 m. The intersection of perpendicular bisectors is
P.
1) How far is P from side BC ?
2) How far is P from vertex B ?
Solution :

S=½(a+b+c)
S = ½ ( 30 + 30 + 48 ) = 54 m

Area = 𝑆 ( 𝑆 − 𝑎)(𝑆 − 𝑏)(𝑆 − 𝑐)

Area = 54 ( 24 )(24 )( 6 )
Area = 432 m2

𝑎𝑏𝑐
Area =
4𝑅

30 (30) (48)
432 = 4𝑅

R = 25 m

1) x2 = 252 - 152 2) y = R
x = 20 m y = 25 m

CIRCLES

Area = πR2
π
Area = d2
4

Circumference, C = 2πR
C =πd

Where : d = 2R
Sector of a circle

2
π𝑟 θ
Area =
360

π𝑟θ
L= 180

where : θ 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

Segment of a circle :

Case I h<R

Area of Segment = Asector - Atriangle

2

= π𝑟 θ
- ½ r2𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
360
Case II h > R
Area of Segment = ABIG SECTOR + Atriangle
2
π 𝑟 (360 − θ )
= θ + ½ r2𝑠𝑖𝑛
360

Inscribed Angle Theorem

α = 2θ
Intersecting Chords

Intersecting Secants

Intersecting Tangent and Secant

Problem # 1
Chords AB and AC are drawn on a circle of radius 10 inches. Find the angle between the chords if the
arc BAC is 28 inches long.
Solution :

Problem #2 Two circles as shown below are tangent to each other at point C. If AB = 9 cm and DE = FG = 5
cm, find the area of the shaded region.

Solution :

Problem # 3

A swimming pool is shaped from two intersecting circles 9 m in radius with their centers 9 m apart.

1) What is the area common to the two circles?

2) What is the total water surface area?
3) What is the perimeter of the pool, in meters?
Solution :

Cos θ
2
= 4.5/9

θ = 120o

α = 360 − θ

α = 240o

1) 1) Common area = 2A1 = 2(49.749 )

Common area = 99.498 m2

2) Area of water surface = 2 ( πr2 - A1 )

= 2 ( π(9)2 - 49.749 )

= 409.44 m2

3) Perimeter = 2 ( π𝑟α
189
)

π (9)(240)
=2( 189 )

= 75.398 m

Problem # 4

The figure shown below consists of arcs of four semi-circles with centers at the midpoints of the sides of
a square. The square measures 20 cm by 20 cm. Find the area bounded by these circular arcs shaded in
the figure shown.

Solution :
Problem # 5

From the figure shown below, DE is the diameter of circle A and BC is the radius of circle B. If DE = 60 cm
and AC = 10 cm, find the area of the shaded region.

Solution :

Problem # 6

A 30° right triangular lot has the long leg measuring 67 m. On the long leg and 15 m from the short leg, is
a peg to which a goat is tied such that the farthest distance its mouth can reach is 30 m from the peg. Find the
area inside the lot from which the goat can graze.

Solution :
Problem # 7

A circular sector of radius 10 cm is inscribed in a square of sides 10 cm such that the center of the
circle is at the midpoint of one side of the square. Find the area of the sector in cm 2.

Solution :

QUADRILATERALS
SQUARE

Area = S2

Perimeter , P = 4S

Diagonal , d = S 2

RECTANGLE

Area = length x width

Area = ab

Perimeter = 2a + 2b

2 2
Diagonal, d = 𝑥 + 𝑦
Parallelogram

Perimeter = 4S

TRAPEZOID

If two base angles given

2 2
𝑏 −𝑎
Area = ½ [ 𝐶𝑜𝑡 θ + 𝐶𝑜𝑡 β
]
Ptolemy’s Theorem

Radius of circumscribing circle

( 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑑 ) ( 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 ) ( 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 )
R= 4𝐴

Quadrilateral Circumscribing a Circle

Problem # 1

The quadrilateral ABCD shown in Fig. PG-010 is inscribed in a circle with side AD coinciding with the
diameter of the circle. if sides AB, BC, and CD are 8 cm, 10 cm, and 12 cm long, respectively, find the
radius of the circumscribing circle.

Solution:
Problem # 2

A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a semi-circle with side DA as its diameter. If O is the center of the circle
with radius of 12m and angle COD = 78o. Find :

1) Angle ABC
2) Distance BC if AB = 10 m
3) Area of quadrilateral ABCD.

Solution :

Problem # 3

A cyclic quadrilateral is circumscribing a circle. The sides of the quadrilateral are as follows: a = 48 m ,

c = 54 m, d = 38 m and diagonals are 61.42 m and 62 m respectively. Find the following:

1) The length of side b

2) Area of the quadrilateral
3) Area of the circle circumscribing the quadrilateral
4) Area of the circle inscribed in the

quadrilateral Solution:

1) d1d2 = ac + bd 2) A = (𝑆 − 𝑎)(𝑆 − 𝑏)(𝑆 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑 )

(61.42)(62) = (48)(54) + (38)b S = ½ ( 48 + 32 + 54 + 38 ) = 86

b = 32 m A= (86 − 48)(86 − 32)(86 − 54)(86 − 38 )

 A = 1775.35 m2

3) R =
( 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑑 ) ( 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 ) ( 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 )
4𝐴
4) A = rs

ab + cd = 48(32) + 54(38) = 3588 1775.35 = r ( 86 )

ac + bd = 48(54) + 32(38) = 3808 r = 20.64 m

ad + bc = 48(38) + 32(54) = 3552 Ac = π(20.64)2

( 3588 ) ( 3808 ) ( 3552 ) 2

R= = 31.02 m AC = 1338.35 m
4( 1775.35 )

Ac = π(31.02)2

Ac = 3022.97 m2

Problem # 4

A triangular lot MNO is to be subdivided into two lots , one having a bigger area of 69 396.22 m2. Angle
MNO = 40o and MON = 64o . The length of ON is 500 m. Compute the following:

1) The length of PQ if it is parallel to ON.

2) Area of MPQ
3) Location of P from N . Point P is on the line MN.

Solution:

POLYGONS - a closed figure where the sides are all line segments. Each side must intersect exactly two
other sides but only at their endpoints.
22 sides - icosikaidigon 33 sides - triacontakai trigon 56 sides- pentacontakaihexagon

23 sides - icosikaitrigon 35 sides - triacontakaipentagon 97 sides - Enneacontakaiheptagon

24 sides - icosikaitetragon 41 sides - tetracontakaihenagon

Sum of Interior angles ( n sides ) Number of Diagonals

Σθ =
( n - 2 ) 180o D= 𝑛
2
(n-3)

Sum of exterior angles

Σβ = 360o

REGULAR POLYGONS - a polygon that is equiangular and equilateral.

Central angle subtended by one side, θ = 360/𝑛

Area of polygon , A = ½ nR2Sin θ----------given radius of circumscribing circle

Area of polygon , A = ½ nra

r = a/2 ( Cot θ/2 )

Area of polygon , A = ¼ n a2 Cot (θ/2)-------given sides

Area of polygon , A = nr2 tan (θ/2)--------given radius of inscribed circle

POLYGRAM or POLYALPHA

Σinterior angles = ( n - 4 ) 180o

Problem # 1 ( EE March 1998 )

A regular polygon has side of 20 cm. An inner pentagon with side of 10 cm is inside and concentric
to the larger pentagon. Determine the area inside the bigger pentagon but outside of the smaller pentagon.

Solution :

θ = 360/5 = 72o

A = ABP - ASP

ABP = ¼ (5)(20)2 Cot (36 ) = 688.19 cm2

ASP = ¼ (5)(10)2 Cot (36) = 172.05 cm2

A = 688.19 - 172.05

A = 516.14 cm2

Problem # 2 How many diagonals does pentacontahenagon have ?

Solution :

Pentacontahenagon is a polygon with 51 sides

D= 𝑛
2
(n-3)

D= 51
2
( 51 - 3 )

D = 1224
Problem # 3

What polygon has its sum of its interior angles equals the sum of its exterior angle.

Solution :

Σθ = Σβ

(n-2)180o = 360o

n=4

Problem # 4

A regular octagon is inscribed in a circle of radius 10 cm. Find the area of the octagon.

Solution:

θ = 360/n

θ = 360/8 = 45

𝐴 =½ n R2 Sin θ = ½ (8)(10)2 Sin 45o

A = 282.84 cm2

Problem # 5

One side of a regular octagon is 20 feet. Find the area of the region inside the octagon.

Solution :

θ = 360/n

θ = 360/8 = 45

𝐴 =1/4 n x2 cot (θ/2) = 1/4 (8) (20) 2 cot (45/2)

A = 1931.37 ft2

Problem # 6 ( GE Feb 1992 )

A regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle whose diameter is 20 m. Find the area of the 6 segments of the
circle formed by the sides of the hexagon.

Solution :

θ = 360/n = 360/6

θ = 60o

Area of circle = πr2 π(10 )2 = 100π Required area = Area circle - Area hexagon
=

Area of hexagon = ½ n r2 Sin θ = 100π- 259.81

= ½ (6)(10)2 Sin 60 = 54.35 m2

= 259.81
SOLID GEOMETRY
Pappus First Theorem - The first theorem of Pappus states that the surface area A of a surface of revolution
obtained by rotating a plane curve C about a non-intersecting axis which lies in the same plane is equal to
the product of the curve length L and the distance d traveled by the centroid of C.

Pappus Second Theorem - The second theorem of Pappus states that the volume of a solid of revolution
obtained by rotating a lamina F about a non-intersecting axis lying in the same plane is equal to the product of
the area A of the lamina F and the distance d traveled by the centroid of F:

CUBE

V = a3

Surface area = 6a2

Space diagonal = a 3

CUBOID

Volume = abc

Surface area = 2 (ab+ac +bc )

PARALLELEPIPED

CYLINDER

Right circular cylinder

Volume = πr2h

Volume = ¼ πD2h where D = 2r

Lateral Area = 2πr h

Total Surface Area = 2πr ( r + h )

Circular cylinder of radius r and slant height L

Volume = πr2h

Lateral Area = 2πr L

Total Surface Area = 2πr ( r + L )

Total Surface Area = 2π

PRISM

Volume = Base x height

V = Bh

Surface Area = 2B + Ph

Where : B = area of base

P = perimeter of base
CONE

Volume = ⅓ πr2h

Lateral surface area = π𝑟𝑠

Total surface area = π𝑟( 𝑟 + 𝑠)

2 2
S= 𝑟 + ℎ

PYRAMID

Volume = ⅓ Bh

Lateral surface area = ½ PL

Total surface area = B + ½

PL

FRUSTUM OF A CONE
FRUSTUM OF A PYRAMID

TETRAHEDRON

Surface area = 3 a2

SPHERE

2
Surface area = 4π𝑟

ELLIPSOID

a=b=c ( sphere )

a=b>c ( oblate ellipsoid / Spheroid )

a>b=c ( prolate ellipsoid/spheroid )

a >b>c ( scalene ellipsoid/spheroid )

Spherical Segment of One base

2
Surface Area = 2π𝑅ℎ + π𝑟
1

Spherical Segment of Two bases

Spherical Sector

Surface area

Spherical Wedge and Spherical Lune

PRISMATOID

Problem # 1

Two spheres of lead, of radii 2 and 3 in., respectively, are melted into a cylinder of revolution of radius 1 in.
Find the altitude of the cylinder.

Solution :

Problem # 2

Find the weight of a brass water pipe 20 ft. long whose inside diameter is 1.5 in. and whose thickness is
1/4 in., if brass weighs 520 lb. per cu. ft.

Solution :
Problem # 3

An anchor ring is formed by revolving a circle 2 in. in diameter about a line lying in the plane of the circle
and at a distance of 7 in. from its center. Find the volume of the solid formed.

Solution :

Problem # 4

A spherical shell 2 in. thick has an outer diameter of 12 in. Find the volume of the material of which it is made.

Solution :
Problem # 5

A stone bridge has three equal semicircular arches resting on four equal rectangular piers. The radius of
each arch is R, the dimensions of the piers L, W, H, while the distance from the top of each pier to the top of
the bridge is D. If L = 50 ft., W = 5 ft., H = 10 ft., R = 6 ft., D = 12 ft., find the number of cubic yards of material
used in building the bridge.

Solution :

Problem # 6

It is desired to cut off a piece of lead pipe 2 in. in outside diameter and 1/4 in. thick, so that it will melt into a
cube of edge 4 in. How long a piece will be required?

Solution :
Problem # 7 The inside of a vase is an inverted cone 2.983 in. across the top and 5.016 in. deep. If a
heavy sphere 2.498 in. in diameter is dropped into it when the vase is full of water, how much water will
overflow?

Solution :

Problem # 8

A 523.6 cm3 solid spherical steel ball was melted and remolded into a hollow steel ball so that the hollow
diameter is equal to the diameter of the original steel ball. Find the thickness of the hollow steel ball.

Solution :

Problem # 9

The diameter of a sphere is 18 in. Find the largest volume of regular pyramid of altitude 15 in. that can be cut
from the sphere if the pyramid is (a) square, (b) pentagonal, (c) hexagonal, and (d) octagonal.

Solution:
Problem # 10

A closed conical vessel has a base radius of 2 m and is 6 m high. When in upright position, the depth of water
in the vessel is 3 m.

1) What is the volume of water?

2) If the vessel is held in inverted position, how deep is the water?
3) What is the weight of water in quintals. Unit weight of water is 9,800

N/m3. Solution:
Problem # 11

A stone is dropped into a circular tub 40 in. in diameter, causing the water therein to rise 20 in. What is the
volume of the stone?

Solution :

Problem # 12

How many square feet of tin are required to make a funnel, if the diameters of the top and bottom are 28 in.
and 14 in., respectively, and the height is 24 in.?

Solution :
Problem # 13

A certain Chinese coin, 1/2 in. in diameter and 1/16 in. thick, is pierced by a square hole 1/8 in. on a
side. Find the amount of metal in a coin.

Solution:

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Straight Line

ax + by + c = 0------------------general equations

Standard equations Point -

Slope Form

( y - y1 ) = m ( x - x1 )

Slope Intercept Form

y = mx + b

Intercept Form

𝑥 𝑦
𝑎 + 𝑏 =1
Two -Point Form

Normal Form
Distance between two points

2 2
d= ( 𝑥2 − 𝑥 1 ) + ( 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )

Division of Line Segment

Slope of line between two points

𝑦2 − 𝑦
m = 1
𝑥 −𝑥
2 1
 Horizontal line - slope is zero

m=0

Vertical line - slope is infinite

m=∞

Parallel lines : m1 = m2

Perpendicular lines : m1 m2 = - 1 or m2 = -1/m1

m = tan θ

Problem # 1

How far apart are points ( 5, - 6 ) and ( - 1, - 10 )?

Solution :

2 2
d= ( 𝑥2 − 𝑥 1 ) + ( 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )

2 2
d= (− 1 − 5 ) + (− 10 − (− 6 ) = 2 13 units

Problem # 2

Determine the slope of the line that passes through points ( 1,5 ) and ( 4,-8 ).

Solution :
𝑦 −𝑦
2 1
m = 𝑥 −𝑥
2 1

(−8)−5
− 13
m = 4−1 = 3

Problem # 3

What is the slope of the line whose equation is 2x - 5y = 20 ?

Solution :

y = mx + b

5y = 2x - 20

y=⅖ x-4 Therefore, slope m = ⅖

Problem # 4

Find the slope of the line that has parametric equations of x = - t + 5 and y = 3t - 2.

Solution :

x=-t+5 y = 3t - 2 5 - x = ⅓ y + 2/3

t=5-x 3t = y + 2 15 - 3x = y + 2 y = mx + b

t=⅓y+⅔ y = - 3x + 13 m=-3
Problem # 5

Determine the equation of a line that passes through point ( 2,1 ) and has a slope of 3.

Solution :

y - y1 = m( x - x1 ) y - 1 = 3x - 6

y-1 =3(x-2) 3x - y = 5

Problem # 6

Find the equation of a line having a normal intercept 6 and normal angle 135o .

Solution :

ρ = 6 and 𝛟 = 135o

x Cos 𝛟 + y Sin 𝛟 = ρ

x Cos 135 + y Sin 135 = 6

− 2
2
x + 2
2
y=6

2 𝑥 − 2 𝑦 = 12

Problem # 7

What is the x - intercept of a line passing through (1,4 ) and ( 4, 1 ).

Solution :
𝑦−𝑦 𝑦 −𝑦
1 2 1 x+y=5
𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥
− 1 2− 1

𝑦−4
1−4
𝑥−1 = 4−1
x/5 + y/5 = 1

𝑦−4
𝑥−1 =-1 x/a + y/b = 1

y- 4 = - x + 1 a = 5

Problem # 8

Find the coordinates of the point that is ⅗ of the way from point ( - 4,5 ) to point ( 6,15 ).

Solution 1 :

Solution 2 :
Problem # 9

Determine the midpoint of the line between the points ( 3,1 ) and ( 7, 5 ).

Solution :
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦
1 2 1 2
P=( 2 , 2 )

3+7 1+5
P=( 2 , 2 )

P=(5,3)

Problem # 10

Determine the equation of a line passing through the origin and parallel to the line 5x - 3y + 8 = 0.

Solution :

y = mx + b m1 = m2

5x - 3y + 8 = 0 m2 = 5/3

3y = 5x + 8 y - y 1 = m ( x - x1 )

y = 5/3 x + 8/3 y - 0 = 5/3 ( x - 0 )

m1 = 5/3 y= 5
3
x

5x - 3y = 0

Problem # 11

Determine the equation of a line through point ( 3,- 2 ) and is perpendicular to line 2x + 3y + 4 = 0.

Solution :

y = mx + b m2 = -1/m1 y + 2 = 3/2 ( x - 3 )

3y = - 2x - 4 m2 = 3/2 2y + 4 = 3x - 9

−2 4
y= x- y-y =m (x-x ) 3x - 2y = 13
3 3 1 2 1

−2
m1 = 3 y - (-2) = 3/2 ( x - 3 )
Problem # 12 ( CE May 2002 )

Compute the y-intercept of a line passing through point ( 5, 3 ) and a slope of ¾.

Solution :

y - y 1 = m ( x - x1 )

y-3=¾(x-5)

y=¾x-¾

y = mx + b Therefore , b = -

3/4 Problem # 13

Determine B such that 3x + 2y - 7 = 0 is perpendicular to 2x - By + 2 = 0

Solution :

3x + 2y - 7 = 0 2x - By + 2 = 0 m2 = -1/m1

2y = -3x + 7 By = 2x + 2 2/B = 2/3

−3 7
y= x+ 2 2 B=3
2 2 y= 𝐵 x+ 𝐵

m1 = -3/2 m2 = 2/B

Problem # 14

If the point ( - 2,3 ) , ( x, y ) and ( - 3 , 5 ) lie on a straight line , then the equation of the line is :

Solution :
𝑦−𝑦 𝑦 −𝑦
1 2 1
𝑥−𝑥 = 𝑥 −𝑥
1 2 1

𝑦−3 5−3
𝑥 − (−2)
= −3 − (−2)

𝑦−3
𝑥 +2 = −2

y - 3 = - 2x - 4

2x + y + 1 = 0

Problem # 15

Find the inclination of the line passing through ( - 5 , 3 ) and ( 10, 7 )

Solution :

7−3
m = 10 − ( −5) = 4/15

Tan θ = m

θ= tan-1 m

θ= tan-1 (4/15)

θ= 14.93o
Distance from point (x1,y1 ) to line Ax + By + C = 0

Distance between two lines Ax + By + C1 = 0 and Ax + By + C2 = 0 .

Angle between two lines

θ = tan-1 m2 - tan-1 m1

Problem # 1

What is the distance of point ( 3,7 ) from line x + 5y =

14.

Solution :

| + +𝐶 | (1)(3) + (5)(7) − 14 |
𝐴𝑥
1
𝐵𝑦
1
|
d= 2 2
= 2 2
= 4.707 units
𝐴 +𝐵 1 +5
Problem # 2

How far is the line 2x + 5y = 1 from the line 4x + 10 y = 15 ?

Solution: 2x + 5y - 1 = 0 4x + 10 y - 15 = 0

4x + 10 y - 2 = 0 C2 = - 15

C1 = - 2
| 𝐶 −𝐶 | ( − 15 ) −( − 2 ) |
| 2 1
d= 2 2
= 2 2
= 1.207 units
𝐴 +𝐵 4 + 10

Problem # 3

Determine the angle between the lines 6x - 7y + 13 = 0 and 3x + 2y + 11 = 0.

Solution 1

m = - A/ B m1 = -6/-7 = 6/7 m2 = -3/2

θ = tan-1 m2 - tan-1 m1

θ = tan-1 (-3/2) - tan-1 (6/7)

θ = - 96.91o

θ = 180o - 96.91o θ = 83.09o

Solution 2
𝑎 𝑏 −𝑎 𝑏
2 1 1 2 6 ( −7 ) − (6)(2)
tan θ= = = -33/4
𝑎 𝑎 +𝑏 𝑏 6(3) + (−7)(2)
1 2 1 2

θ = Arctan (-33/4) = - 83.09o

θ = 83.09o Note: If θ is negative but less than 90o , the answer is the

positive value.

If θ is negative but greater than 90o , add 180o.

If θ is positive but greater than 90o , subtract 180o.

Problem # 4

Determine the equation of a line that bisects the acute angle between lines y = 7x - 9 and y = x + 3.

Solution :

d1 = - d2 12x1 - 6y1 + 6 = 0
7𝑥 −𝑦 − 9 𝑥 −𝑦 +3
1 1
1 1 2x - y + 1 = 0
2
7 + (−1)
2 = - 2
1 + (−1)
2

7𝑥 −𝑦 − 9 𝑥 −𝑦 +3
1 1
1 1
= - 2
5 2

7x1 - y1 - 9 = -5x1 + 5y1 - 15

AREA OF TRIANGLE USING COORDINATES

Area =

𝑥 +𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦 +𝑦
Centroid = (
1 2 3
,
1 2 3 )
3 3

Problem # 1

The vertices of a triangle is at ( 4,2 ) , ( 2,2) and ( 1,5 ). Find the following:

1) Area of the triangle

2) The location of the centroid
3) Distance from centroid to the longest side
4) Equation of the median to the shortest side.
5) Length of median to the longest

side. Solution :
Problem # 2 Find the area of a polygon with vertices at ( 1,0 ), ( 7,0),(5,6 ) and ( 0,3).

Solution :
CIRCLE - The locus of point that moves such that its distance from a fixed point called the center
is constant. The constant distance is called the radius, r of the circle.

General Equation (C = A)

Ax2 + Ay2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 or x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Standard Equation of a circle with center at point ( h,k

) ( x - h ) 2 + ( y - k ) 2 = r2

Elements

Eccentricity = 0
2
Area = π𝑟

Perimeter/Circumference = 2π𝑟

h = -D/2

K = - E/2

r2 = h2 + k2 - F

Problem # 1 Find the center, area and Perimeter of the given circle.

1 ) x2 + y2 - 6x + 10 y + 18 = 0

2) x2 + y2 = 6x - 8y

3) x2 + y2 + 4x - 2y + 5 = 0

4) 4x2 + 4y2 - 12x + 16y - 24 = 0

5) x2 - 6x + y2 - 4y - 12 = 0

Solution 1 :

1) x2 + y2 - 6x + 10 y + 18 = 0

h = - ( - 6/2 ) = 3 Center ( 3,-5)

k = -10/2 = -5 Area = π(4)2 = 16π

r2 = (3)2 + (-5)2 - 18 Circumference = 2π(4) = 8π

r=4
Solution 2

x2 + y2 - 6x + 10y + 18 = 0 Therefore ; h = 3 , k = -5 , r2 = 16 , r = 4

x2 - 6x + y2 + 10 y = - 18 Center ( 3,-5 )
2
x2 - 6x + 9 + y2 + 10y + 25 = -18 + 9 + 25 Area = π𝑟 = 16π

( x - 3 )2 + ( y + 5 )2 = 16 Circumference = 2π𝑟= 8π

( x - h )2 + ( y - k )2 = r 2

2) x2 + y2 = 6x - 8y

x2 + y2 - 6x + 8y = 0 Center ( 3, - 4 )

h = -(-6/2 ) = 3 Area = 25π

k = - 8/2 = - 4 Circumference = 2π(5) = 10π

r2 = (3)2 + (-4)2 - 0

r2.= 25

r=5

3) x2 + y2 + 4x - 2y + 5 = 0

h = -4/2 = - 2 Center ( - 2 , 1 )

k = - ( -2/2 ) = 1 Area = 0

r2 = (-2)2. + (1)2 - 5 Circumference = 0

r2. = 0

r = 0 ( point circle )

4) 4x2 + 4y2 - 12 x + 16y - 24 = 0

x2 + y2 - 3x + 4y - 6 = 0 Center ( 3/2, - 2 )

h = - ( -3/2 ) = 3/2 Area = 49/4 π

k = - 4/2 = - 2 Circumference = 2π(7/2)

r2 = (3/2)2 + ( - 2)2 - (- 6 ) = 49/4 =7π

r = 7/2

5) x2 - 6x + y2 - 4y - 12 = 0 x2 + y2 - 6x - 4y - 12 = 0

h = - ( -6/2 ) = 3 Center ( 3, 2)

k = - ( -4/2) = 2 Area = 25π

r2 = 32 + 22. - ( - 12 ) = 25 Circumference = 2π(5) = 10π

r=5
Problem # 2 ( CE April 2008 )

Find the value of k so that x2 + y2 + 4x - 2y - k = 0.

Solution :

h = -4/2 = - 2 k = - ( - 2/2 ) = 1

r2 = h2 + k2 - F

r2 = (-2)2 + (1)2 - ( - k ) = 0 since r = 0 for a point

circle 5 + k = 0

k=-5

Problem # 3

Given are circles C1 : x2 + y2 - 6x + 14y + 49 = 0 and C2 : x2 + y2 - 4x = 0.

1) Determine the radius of circle C1

2) Determine the center of circle C2
3) Solve the equation of the radical

axis. Solution :

1) x2 + y2 - 6x + 14y + 49 = 0

h = -(-6/2) = 3 k = -14/2 = - 7

r2 = (3)2 + (- 7)2 - 49 = 9

r=3

2) x2 + y2 - 4x = 0

h = - (-4/2) = 2

k = -0/2 = 0 Center ( 2,0 )

3) x2 + y2 - 6x + 14y + 49 = x2 + y2 - 4x

-2x + 14y + 49 = 0

2x - 14y - 49 = 0

Problem # 4

Find the shortest and farthest distance of point (10,12 ) to the curve x2 + y2 - 6x - 8y = 0.

Solution :

x2 + y2 - 6x - 8y = 0

h = - (-6/2) = 3 Center = ( 3,4)

k = - ( -8/2 ) = 4 r2 = 32 + 42 - 0 = 25

r=5
Distance from point ( 10,12 ) to center of circle ( 3,4 )

2 2
d= (10 − 3) + ( 12 − 4) = 10.63

Shortest distance = d - r = 10.63 - 5 Farthest distance = d + r = 10.63 + 5

= 5.63 = 15.63

Problem # 5

A circle is tangent to the line 2x - y + 1 = 0 at the point (2, 5) and the center is on the line x + y = 9. Find
the equation of the circle.

Solution :

PARABOLA
 General equation

Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 or y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 ( opens right / left )

Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 or x2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 ( opens downward /upward )

SHORTCUTS!!!

Axis vertical Axis horizontal

LR = E LR = D

h = -D/2 k = -E/2

k = (D2 - 4F)/4E h = (E2- 4F )/4D

Problem # 1

For the given parabola , find the vertex , length of latus rectum, location of focus and equation of directrix.

1) x2 + 2x - 3y - 2 = 0
2) y2 - 4x - 6x + 9 = 0

Solution :

1) x2 + 2x - 3y - 2 = 0 h=-1 , k=-1

x2 + 2x = 3y + 2 Vertex ( - 1, - 1 )

x2 + 2x + 1 = 3y + 2 + 1 LR = 4a = 3

(x + 1)2 = 3( y + 1 ) a = 3/4

Parabola opens

upward Focus ( - 1 , - 1

+¾)

Focus ( - 1 , -¼ )

y=-1-¾

y = - 7/4

4y + 7 = 0------------------equation of directrix

Solution 2:

x2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

x2 + 2x + 3y - 2 = 0 --------------------- D = 2 , E = 3 , F = - 2

LR = E h = -D/2 = -2/2 = - 1

LR = 3 k = (D2 - 4E ) / 4F = ( 22 - 4(- 2))/4(-3) = - 1

Vertex ( - 1 , - 1 )

4a = 3

a=¾