Algebra Index Laws

Standard index laws

Standard index laws

a1 = a am × an = am + n (a m) n = a mn
m
a n = a × a × a × ... × a am ÷ an = a n for a ≠ 0 (ab) n = a nb n
n times a
a n an
a0 = 1 = am - n ( )
b
= n
b
for b ≠ 0

Negative Indices

1 a -1 b
a-1 =
a
for a ≠ 0 ( )
b
=
a
for a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0

a - n = 1n for a ≠ 0
a
a -n b n
( )
b
= ( ) a
1 bn
= an for a ≠ 0 = for a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0
a-n an

Fractional Indices

1 1
- 1
a2 = a for a ≥ 0 a 2
= for a � 0
a

1 1
n - 1
a n = a for a ≥ 0, n � 2 a n = n for a � 0, n � 2
a

m m
a 2
= am for a ≥ 0 a
- 2
=
1
for a � 0
am

m m
n -n 1
a n
=    a m for a ≥ 0, n � 2 a = n for a � 0, n � 2
am

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Algebra Operations

Arithmetic rules

Commutative rule Associative rule Distributive rule

a+b=b+a (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) a(b + c) = ab + ac

a×b=b×a (a × b) × c = a × (b × c) a(b - c) = ab - ac

Expanding

Basic expansions Binomial expansions

a(b + c) = ab + ac (a + b) (c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
a(b - c) = ab - ac (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
a(b + c) + d (e + f ) = ab + ac + de + df (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2

(a + b) (a - b) = a2 - b2

Factorising

Common factors Grouping in pairs

ab + ac = a(b + c) ac + ad + bc + bd = a(c + d) + b(c + d)

ab - ac = a(b - c) = (a + b) (c + d)

Perfect squares Difference of two squares

a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)

a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a - b)2

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Measurement Perimeter and Area 1 (of 2)

Square Rectangle

s l
Perimeter = 4s Perimeter = 2l + 2w

Area = s 2 Area = lw
s w
where s =   side length where l = length
w = width

Triangle Heron’s formula for area of a triangle

a
h b

c
b
1
Area = bh Area = s(s - a) (s - b) (s - c)
2

where b =   base where s = 1 (a + b + c)

h =   perpendicular height from base 2
and a, b, c are the side lengths of triangle

Parallelogram Trapezium
a

h h

b b
1
Area = bh Area = h(a + b )
2

where b =   base where a and b are the lengths of the parallel sides
h =   perpendicular height from base h =   perpendicular height between the parallel sides

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Measurement Perimeter and Area 2 (of 2)

Rhombus Kite

1 1
Area = xy x Area = xy
2 2
x
where x and y are the where x and y are the
lengths of the diagonals lengths of the diagonals
y

Circle Annulus

Circumference = πd r
or
d R
Circumference = 2 πr

Area = πr 2 r

where r =   radius
Area = π (R 2 - r 2)
d =   diameter

where R =   radius of larger circle

r =   radius of smaller circle

Sector Pythagoras’ Theorem

r
c
a
θ

θ
Arc length =
360°
× 2πr b
c =a +b
2 2 2
θ
× πr
2
Area =
360°
where c is the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle
where r =   radius and a, b are the shorter sides.
θ =   angle at the centre (in degrees)

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Measurement Surface Area and Volume

Cube Rectangular Prism

Surface area = 6s 2 Surface area = 2hl + 2hw + 2lw

Volume = s 3 Volume = lwh

where s =   side length where h =   height

s w =   width h
l =   length

w
l
Prism Pyramid
1
Volume = Ah Volume = Ah
3

where A =   cross-sectional area where A =   area of the base

h =   perpendicular height h =   perpendicular height
h

A
h A

Cylinder Cone Sphere

Surface area = 2πr 2 + 2πrh Surface area = πr 2 + πrs Surface area = 4πr 2
1 4
Volume = πr 2h Volume = πr 2h Volume = πr 3
3 3

where r =   radius where r =   radius where r =   radius

h =   perpendicular height h =   perpendicular height
s =   slant height

s
h h r

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Measurement Unit Conversions (Metric)

Length Area Mass

1 cm = 10 mm 1 cm2 = 100 mm2 1 g = 1000 mg

1 m = 100 cm 1 m2 = 10 000 cm2 1 kg = 1000 g

1 m = 1000 mm 1 ha = 10 000 m2 1 t = 1000 kg

1 km = 1000 m 1 km2 = 1 000 000 m2

1 km2 = 100 ha

Capacity Volume Volume and capacity

1 L = 1000 mL 1 cm3 = 1000 mm3 1 mL = 1 cm3

1 kL = 1000 L 1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3 1 m3 = 1000 L

1 ML = 1000 kL 1 m3 = 1 kL

1 ML = 1000 m3

Time Digital information and file size

1 minute = 60 seconds 1 byte = 8 bits

1 hour = 60 minutes 1 kilobyte = 2 10 bytes = 1024 bytes

1 day = 24 hours 1 megabyte = 2 20 bytes = 1024 kilobytes

1 year = 365 days (in a non-leap year)* 1 gigabyte = 2 30 bytes = 1024 megabytes

1 year = 366 days (in a leap year) 1 terabyte = 2 40 bytes = 1024 gigabytes

*Some mathematical calculations use:

1
1 year = 365 4 days

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Surds & Logarithms

Surds Logarithms

For a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0: Definitions

2 For b � 0, b ≠ 1 and x � 0:
( a) = a
If log b x = y then x = b y

a2 = a
log b (bx) = x (since x log b b = x × 1)

blog b x = x
ab = a × b

a Change of base law

a
b
= (b ≠ 0)
b
For a � 0, b � 0, x � 0 and a ≠ 1, b ≠ 1:

log x
log a x = log b a
b
For a ≥ 0, n > 2:

1 Log laws
a=a 2

For b � 0, b ≠ 1, x � 0 and y � 0:

1
n log b b = 1 (since b1 = b)
a= an

m
log b 1 = 0 (since b0 = 1)
am = a 2

log b (x a) = a log b x
m
n
am = a n
log b (xy) = log b x + log b y

log b x = log b x - log b y

(y)

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The Cartesian Plane

Midpoint of an interval Distance between two points

The midpoint, M, of an interval with endpoints The distance, d units, between two points
( x1, y1 ) and ( x2, y2 ) has coordinates: ( x1, y1 ) and ( x2, y2 ) is given by:
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
M= ( 2
,
2 ) d= (x2 - x1 )2 + ( y2 - y1 )2

Gradient of a straight line Gradient-intercept form of a straight line

The gradient, m, of a straight line joining two The equation of a straight line with gradient m
points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is given by: and y-intercept c is given by:

rise y2 - y1
m = run or m = x -x y = mx + c
2 1

Point-gradient formula for the equation of a straight line

The equation of a line with gradient m and passing through ( x1 , y1 ) is given by:

y - y1 = m(x - x1)

Two-point formula for the equation of a straight line

The equation of a straight line joining two points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is given by:

y - y1 y2 - y1
x - x1 = x2 - x1

Parallel lines Perpendicular lines

If two lines with gradients m1 and m2 If two lines with gradients m1 and m2
are parallel then: are perpendicular then:

m1 = m2 m1 × m2 = -1 or m2 = - m1
1

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Trigonometry 1

Right-angled triangles

opposite
In a right-angled triangle: sin θ =
hypotenuse

hypotenuse
adjacent
cos θ = opposite
hypotenuse

opposite θ
tan θ =
adjacent adjacent

Exact ratios

1 1
sin 30° = sin 45° =
2 2

3 1
cos 30° = cos 45° =
2 2
30°
1
tan 30° = tan 45° =   1
3
2
3

3 45°
sin 60° =
2
1 2
1
60°
cos 60° =
2
1 45°
tan 60° = 3 1

Angles of elevation and depression

line of sight

angle of depression

angle of elevation

line of sight

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Trigonometry 2

All triangles

For any triangle with vertices A, B and C and opposite sides a, b and c respectively:

A
b

C
c

Sine rule Cosine rule Area of triangle

1
a b c Area   = absinC
  =   = c = a + b - 2ab cosC
2 2 2 2
sin A sin B sin C

sin A sin B sin C a2 + b2 - c2

  =   = cos C   =
a b c 2ab

Complementary angles Supplementary angles

For complementary angles θ and (90° - θ): For supplementary angles θ and (180° - θ):

sin θ = cos (90° - θ) sin (180° - θ) = sin θ

cos θ = sin (90° - θ) cos (180° - θ) = - cos θ

tan θ = cot (90° - θ) tan (180° - θ) = - tan θ

Relationships

sin θ 1 1 1
tan θ   = cosec θ   = sec θ   = cot θ   =
cos θ sin θ cos θ tan θ

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