Polygons H

SERIES

Polygons

Curriculum Ready
ACMMG: 165, 181, 202
ACMNA: 178

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ISBN 978-1-921861-44-4

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 This booklet is about identifying and manipulating straight sided shapes using their unique properties

Many clever people contributed to the development of modern geometry including:

• Thales of Miletus (approx. 624-547 BC)

• Pythagoras (approx. 569-475 BC)

• Euclid of Alexandria (approx. 325-265 BC) (often referred to as the "Father of modern geometry')

• Archimedes of Syracus (approx 287-202 BC)

• Apollonius of Perga (approx. 261-190 BC)

After an attack on the city of Alexandria, many of the works of these mathematicians were lost.
Look up these people sometime and read about their contribution to this subject.

New discoveries in geometry are still being made with the advent of computers, in particular fractal
geometry. The most famous of these being Benoit Mandelbrot Fractal pattern.

Q Write down how you would describe this shape over the phone to a friend who had to draw it
accurately. Try it with a friend/family member and see if they draw this shape from your description.

Work through the book for a great way to do this

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 How does it work? Polygons

Polygons

Polygons are just any closed shape with straight lines which don’t cross. Like a square or triangle.

All polygons need at least three sides to form a closed path.

Polygon? Polygon? Polygon? Polygon?

- All sides are straight - All sides are straight - All sides are NOT straight - Sides cross
- Shape is closed - Shape is NOT closed - Shape is closed

Parts of a polygon:
Exterior angle
Interior angle
Side
Diagonal (line that joins two vertices and is not a side)
Each corner is called a Vertex (vertices plural)

There are many basic types of polygons. Here are the ones we will be looking at in this booklet:

Convex polygon Concave polygon

All interior angles Has an interior
are 1 180c angle 2 180c

Equilateral polygon Equiangular polygon

All sides are the All interior angles
same length are equal

Cyclic polygon Regular polygon

All vertices/corner points lie All interior angles are equal
on the edge (circumference) All sides are the same length
of the same circle. They are cyclic polygons

Here is another difference between convex and concave polygons.

Convex Concave
A straight line drawn through the polygon A straight line drawn through the
can only cross a maximum of 2 sides polygon can cross more than two sides.

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 How does it work? Polygons

Polygons

Any polygon can be named using Greek prefixes matching the number of straight sides it has.
= Trio = Tetra = Penta = Hexa
= Hepta = Octa = Nona = Deca
= Hendeca = Dodeca = Trideca = Tetradeca

Polygon naming and classification chart

Sides Name Convex Concave Equilateral Equiangular Cyclic Regular

Triangle
3 N/A
(Trigon)

Quadrilateral
4
(Tetragon)

5 Pentagon

6 Hexagon

7 Heptagon

8 Octagon

Here are some more polygon names.

Sides Polygon name Sides Polygon name

9 Nonagon 19 Enneadecagon
Nonagon Enneagon
10 Decagon 20 Icosagon
11 Hendecagon 30 Tricontagon 9 sides
12 Dodecagon 40 Tetracontagon
13 Tridecagon 50 Pentacontagon Many of these polygons
14 Tetradecagon 60 Hexacontagon have more than one name. 
15 Pentadecagon 70 Heptacontagon Look them up sometime!
16 Hexadecagon 80 Octacontagon
17 Heptadecagon 90 Enneacontagon
18 Octadecagon 100 Hectogon

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 How does it work? Your Turn Polygons

Polygons
1 Identify which of these shapes are polygons or not.
a b c d

Polygon Polygon Polygon Polygon

Not a polygon Not a polygon Not a polygon Not a polygon

e f g h

Polygon Polygon Polygon Polygon

Not a polygon Not a polygon Not a polygon Not a polygon

2 Tick all the properties that each of these polygons have and then name the shape:
a Convex b Convex c Convex
Concave Concave Concave
Equilateral Equilateral Equilateral
Equiangular Equiangular Equiangular
Cyclic Cyclic Cyclic
Regular Regular Regular

d Convex e Convex f Convex

Concave Concave Concave
O Equilateral Equilateral Equilateral
Equiangular Equiangular Equiangular
Cyclic Cyclic Cyclic
Regular Regular Regular

3 Draw and label:

a A regular tetragon. b A concave nonagon.

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How does it work? Your Turn Polygons
NS * P
GO

OL
* POLY
Polygons

Y G O NS
...../...../20....
4 Draw and label: *

NS
P O L YGO
a A convex, equilateral hexagon. b A convex, cyclic tetragon
which is not equilateral.

c An equiangular, pentagon d A concave, equilateral heptagon with

which is not equilateral. two reflex angles (180c 1 angle 1 360c ).

5 Explain why it is not possible to draw a cyclic, equilateral, concave octagon.

6 How would you describe these polygons to someone drawing them in another room?
a b

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 How does it work? Polygons

Transformations

Transformations are all about re-positioning shapes without changing any of their dimensions.
There are three main types:
Reflections (Flip) Reflecting an object about a fixed line called the axis of reflection.
Axis of reflection B
(or axis of dilation)
2nd
A A
A
1st
A

B B
B
object image Keep equal spacing from axis. Vertical reflection up followed by a
(before) (after) horizontal reflection left.
Horizontal reflection to the right.

Translations (Slide) This transformation involves sliding an object either horizontally, vertically or both.
Every part of the object is moved the same distance.
A
A A

B
A
3 cm

B B B
3 cm 2 cm
object image
(before) (after) 3 cm translation horizontally Two translations: 2 cm horizontally
to the right right, and then 3 cm vertically up

Rotations (Turn) A transformation of turning an object about a fixed point counter-clockwise.

B A
A B A
er-
unt clo O
co

ckwise

object
(before) O B
A B
Centre of rotation (or centre of dilation)
90c rotation (or 1 turn) 180c rotation (or 1 turn)
4 2
image
(after)

90c rotation (or 1 turn) 180c rotation (or 1 turn) 270c rotation (or 3 turn)
4 2 4

6 H 12 Polygons
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 A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K

8 A
How does it work?
K 9 2 Q 10 3 J J 4 01 Q 5 9 K6 8 7
Your Turn
7 8 6 9 5 10 4 J
Polygons
3 Q 2 K A

7 K 8 AQ 9 J
2 10 3 10 4 J 9 5Q 8 6K 7 7 6 8 5 9 4 10 3 2
J QA K

8 A K 9 2 Q 10
Transformations
3 J J 4 01 Q 5 9 K6 A 8 7 2 7A 8 3 62 9 4 53 10 5 44 J6 35 Q7 26 K8 A7 9 8 10 9

7 K 8 1 AQ Identify
J 9which10type of 9transformation
2 10 83 7each of6 these playing
4 J 5 cards
4 has3 undergone:
5Q 2 6K A 7 2 A 8 3 2 9 4 3 10 5 4 6J 5 A
7Q 6 8K 7 9 8 10

8 A K 9 2Ka Q 10 3Q J J 4J 01 Q 5 10 9 K6 9A b8 7 82 7A 8 73 62 9 64 53 10 55 44 c J 46 35 Q37 26 K28 A7 A9 8 10 9

7 K 8 AQ 9 J
K2 10 Q3 10 J4 J 9 5Q 8
10 6K 7
A9 7 6
28 A 8 5
37 2 9 4
46 3 10 3 55 4 2
64 J 5 A
73Q 6 82K 7 9A 8 10

8 K 9 K object
Q 10 Q J J image
J 01 Q 10 9 K 9A 8 object
82 7A 73 image
62 64 53 55 44 object
4635 37 image28
26 A7 A9 8 10 9

Reflection Reflection Reflection

K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 A
Translation Translation Translation
7 8 9 K 10 Q J J Q 10 K A9 28 A 37 2 46 3 55 4 64 5 73 6 82 7 9A 8 10

K Rotation
Q J 10 9A Rotation
8
2 A 73 2 64 3 55 4 46 5Rotation
37 6 28 7 A9 8 10 9

2 Each of these objects has undergone two different transformations. Tick them both.
K Q J 10 A9 28 A 37 2 46 3 55 4 64 5 O 73 6 82 7 9A 8 10
X
Ka Q J 10 9 b 8
Axis of7 dilation 6 5 c 4 3 2 A
X Y Y X Y
object image image
Z Z object Y
W W
K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 A
object image X centre of dilation
O
Reflection Reflection Reflection
Translation Translation Translation
Rotation Rotation Rotation

3 Draw the image on the grids below when each of these objects are reflected about the given axis.
a b c

4 Draw the image on the grids below when each of these objects are translated by the given amounts.
a Five squares horizontally b Four squares vertically up. c Eight squares to the right,
to the left. then six squares down.

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 How does it work? Your Turn Polygons

Transformations
5 Draw the image on the grids below when each of these objects are rotated by the given amounts.
a One half turn b Three quarter turn c One quarter turn
(180c rotation). (270c rotation). (90c rotation).

O O

6 Draw the image on the grids below when each of these objects undergo the transformations given.
a Translate ten units to the right first then b Rotate 180c about the centre of rotation O,
reflect down about the given axis of reflection. then translate six units up.

c Reflect about the given axis first, then d Three quarter turn (270c rotation) first, then
tranlsate two units to the left. reflect about the given axis of dilation.

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How does it work? Your Turn Polygons

Transformations
7 Earn yourself an awesome passport stamp with this one.
The object (ABCODE) requires thirteen transformations to move along the white production line
below. It needs to leave in the position shown at the exit for the next stage of production.
• The object must not overlap the shaded part around the production line path.
• Any of the sides AB, BC, DE and AE can be used as an axis of reflection.
• The vertex O is the only centre of rotation used at the two circle points along the path.
Describe the thirteen transformation steps used to navigate this object along the path, including the
direction of transformation and the sides/points used as axes of dilation where appropriate.
ENTRY EXIT

(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

(v) (vi)

(vii) (viii)

(ix) (x)

(xi) (xii)

(xiii)

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 How does it work? Your Turn Polygons

Transformations
8 For the diagram shown below, describe four different ways the final image of the object can be
achieved using different transformations.
A

N S *T

R
B

T I

A N S
...../...../20....

A
F
O R M

A
a Method 1

b Method 2

c Method 3

d Method 4

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 How does it work? Polygons

Reflection symmetry

There are many types of symmetry and in this booklet we will just be focusing on three of them.
If the axis of reflection splits a shape into two identical pieces, then that shape has reflection symmetry.
The axis of reflection is then called the “axis of symmetry”.
Axis of reflection = axis of symmetry

Symmetric Asymmetric
Shape has reflection symmetry Shape does not have reflection symmetry
The distances from the edge of the shape to the axis of symmetry are the same on both sides of the line.

A C
B
X Z AB = BC and XY = YZ
Y

This shape has only one axis of symmetry. When this happens, we say the shape has bilateral symmetry.

Many animals/plants or objects in nature have nearly perfect bilateral symmetry.

Other shapes can have more than one axis of symmetry (axes of symmetry for plural).

1 2
3

4
There are 6 different ways this shape can be folded in half
5 with both sides of the fold fitting over each other exactly.
So we can say it has six-fold symmetry.
6

Regular Hexagon

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 How does it work? Your Turn Polygons

Reflection symmetry
1 (i) Identify which of these shapes have reflection symmetry by ticking symmetric or asymmetric.
(ii) Draw all the axes of symmetry for those that do.
a b c d

Symmetric Symmetric Symmetric Symmetric

Asymmetric Asymmetric Asymmetric Asymmetric

e f g h

Symmetric Symmetric Symmetric Symmetric

Asymmetric Asymmetric Asymmetric Asymmetric

i j k l

Symmetric Symmetric Symmetric Symmetric

Asymmetric Asymmetric Asymmetric Asymmetric

2 How many axes of reflection symmetry would these nature items have if perfectly symmetrical?
a b c d

3 These shapes all have reflection symmetry. Calculate the distance between X and Y.
a b Z
Y
X Z
Y X

YZ = 5 cm XZ = 14 cm

Distance from X to Y = Distance from X to Y =

12 H 12 Polygons
SERIES TOPIC Mathletics © 3P Learning Ltd
How does it work? Your Turn Polygons
T RY YR T E
M
ME

...../...../20....
ION SYM

MY
S N O ITC
Reflection symmetry

CT
E
RE F L
E
4 Answer these questions about the symmetric web below: RE F L

X a How many axes of symmetry does the web have?

Y
L M G
b What pair of points are equidistant to LM?
J A Psst: equidistant means the ‘same distance’

Q c Briefly explain below how you decided this was the

B H
correct answer.
K
P

5 Complete these diagrams to produce an image with as many axes of reflective symmetry as indicated.
a Bilateral symmetry. b Two fold symmetry. c Three axes of symmetry.

d Two axes of symmetry. e Five-fold symmetry. f Eight-fold symmetry.

(show the other four axes) (show the other seven axes)

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 How does it work? Polygons

Rotational symmetry

When an object is rotated 360c (a full circle), it looks the same as it was before rotating.
If the object looks the same again before completing a full circle, it has rotational symmetry.
The number of times the object ‘repeats’ before completing the full circle tells us the order of
rotational symmetry.

O
O

O
270c (three quarter turn)
180c (half turn)
O
O

90c (quarter turn)O 180c (half turn)

Rotational Symmetry of order 2 Rotational Symmetry of order 4
i.e. it looks the same 2 times in one full rotation. i.e. it looks the same 4 times in one full rotation.

Point symmetry

This is when an object has parts the same distance away from the centre of symmetry in the opposite
direction.
A straight line through the centre of symmetry will cross at least two points on the object.
Each pair of points crossed on opposite sides of the centre of symmetry are an equal distance away from it.
Point symmetry for one object Point symmetry for a picture with two objects
X
B B
X
O O
Y
A A
Y
For both diagrams: AO = BO and OX = OY
These both have point symmetry because for every point on them, there is another point opposite the
centre of symmetry (O) the same distance away.

Objects and pictures can often have both rotational and point symmetry.

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How does it work? Your Turn Polygons

Rotational and point symmetry

1 Identify which of these objects are rotationally symmetric or asymmetric.
a b c

Rotationally symmetric Rotationally symmetric Rotationally symmetric

Rotationally asymmetric Rotationally asymmetric Rotationally asymmetric

d e f

Rotationally symmetric Rotationally symmetric Rotationally symmetric

Rotationally asymmetric Rotationally asymmetric Rotationally asymmetric

2 Write the order of rotational symmetry each of these mathematical symbols have:
a b c d

3 a All these propellers have rotational symmetry. Identify which ones also have point symmetry.
(i) (ii) (iii)

Has point symmetry Has point symmetry Has point symmetry

No point symmetry No point symmetry No point symmetry

(iv) (v) (vi)

Has point symmetry Has point symmetry Has point symmetry

No point symmetry No point symmetry No point symmetry

b Describe the relationship between the number of blades and the point symmetry of
these propellers.

c Describe the relationship between the number of blades and the order of point symmetry for
the symmetric blades.

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 How does it work? Your Turn Polygons

Rotational and point symmetry

4 Complete each of the half drawn shapes below to match the given symmetries.
a Rotational symmetry of order 4 and also b Rotational symmetry of order 2 and also
point symmetry. point symmetry.

O
O

c Rotational symmetry of order 3 and no d Rotational symmetry of order 2 and also

point symmetry. point symmetry.

O
O

5 All the vertices shown below represent half of all the vertices of shapes which have point symmetry
about the centre of rotation (O).
(i) Mark in the other vertices.
(ii) Draw the boundary of the whole shape.

a A b
K
B J

O
O
C

c d
S T
W
R
Q
O
O
P

V
U

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How does it work? Your Turn Polygons

Combo time: Reflection, rotation and point symmetry

6 Identify if these flags of the world have symmetry and what type.
Include the number of folds or order of rotations for those flags with the relevant symmetry.
a b
Canada Malaysia

Reflection symmetry with folds Reflection symmetry with folds

Rotational symmetry of order . Rotational symmetry of order .

Point of symmetry. Point of symmetry.

No symmetry No symmetry

c d
India Australia

Reflection symmetry with folds Reflection symmetry with folds

Rotational symmetry of order . Rotational symmetry of order .

Point of symmetry. Point of symmetry. MMET R Y *

SY
No symmetry No symmetry T.. .

CO
N
N AND POI

...../. ...
.../... ..

MB
..../20
O TIME: R
e f IO
AT
../20..
FL
Jamaica Pakistan

E
ECT OT
I O N, R

Reflection symmetry with folds Reflection symmetry with folds

Rotational symmetry of order . Rotational symmetry of order .

Point of symmetry. Point of symmetry.

No symmetry No symmetry

g h
South Africa United States of America

Reflection symmetry with folds Reflection symmetry with folds

Rotational symmetry of order . Rotational symmetry of order .

Point of symmetry. Point of symmetry.

No symmetry No symmetry

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 How does it work? Your Turn Polygons

Combo time: Reflection, rotation and point symmetry

6 Identify if these flags of the world have symmetry and what type.
Include the number of folds or order of rotations for those flags with the relevant symmetry.
k l
Vietnam United Kingdom

Reflection symmetry with folds Reflection symmetry with folds

Rotational symmetry of order . Rotational symmetry of order .

Point of symmetry. Point of symmetry.

No symmetry No symmetry

m n
Georgia New Zealand

Reflection symmetry with folds Reflection symmetry with folds

Rotational symmetry of order . Rotational symmetry of order .

Point of symmetry. Point of symmetry.

No symmetry No symmetry

o p
Letter 'D' signal flag Letter 'L' signal flag

Reflection symmetry with folds Reflection symmetry with folds

Rotational symmetry of order . Rotational symmetry of order .

Point of symmetry. Point of symmetry.

No symmetry No symmetry

q r
Letter 'Y' signal flag Letter 'N' signal flag

Reflection symmetry with folds Reflection symmetry with folds

Rotational symmetry of order . Rotational symmetry of order .

Point of symmetry. Point of symmetry.

No symmetry No symmetry

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 Where does it work? Polygons

Special triangle properties

Triangles come in a number of different types, each with their own special features (properties) and names.
Here they are summarised in this table:

SHAPE PROPERTIES
TRIANGLES Three straight sides and internal angles.

All three sides have a different length.

Scalene
All three internal angles are a different size.

Two of the intenal angles have the same size.

The two sides opposite the equal angles have equal lengths.
Isosceles
1-fold reflective symmetry.
No rotational symmetry.

All of the internal angles have the same size of 60c.

All sides have the same length.
Equilateral
3-fold reflective symmetry.
O Has rotational symmetry of order 3.

1 90c
Acute angled triangle All of the interal angles are smaller than 90c.

= 90c
One of the internal angles is equal to 90c
Right angled triangle
(i.e. one pair of sides are perpendicular to each other).

:
90c 1 1 180c
Obtuse angled triangle One of the internal angles is between 90c and 180c.

Determine what type of triangle is described from the information given.

(i) All internal angles are less than 90c, and it has one axis of reflection symmetry.
Isosceles triangles have one axis of reflection symmetry.
` It is an acute angled isosceles triangle.

(ii) All internal angels are equal and it has point symmetry.
` It is an equilateral triangle.
Identifying properties and naming shapes that match is called ‘classifying’.

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 Where does it work? Your Turn Polygons

Special triangle properties

1 Classify what type of triangle is described from the information given in each of these:
a All internal angles are less than 90cand it has no axes of reflection.

b One internal angle is equal to 90cand two sides are equal in length.

c One internal angle is obtuse and there is one axis of reflection.

d Has rotational symmetry and all internal angles equal to 60c.

e No internal angles are the same size and one side is perpendicular to another.

2 Classify what type of triangle has been drawn below with only some properties shown.
a b

c d

IES S
RT
PE
PR OPE

C I AL

/20....
...../.....TR
E

I A N GL

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 Where does it work? Polygons

Special quadrilateral properties

Quadrilaterals exist in many different forms, each with their own special properties and names.

Here they are summarised in this table:

SHAPE PROPERTIES
QUADRILATERAL Four straight sides and internal angles.

Scalene
All four sides have a different length.
All four internal angles are a different size.
A convex or concave
No symmetry.
quadrilateral

Trapezium
At least one pair of parallel sides.
A convex
No symmetry.
quadrilateral

Non-parallel sides are the same length.

Isosceles Diagonals cut each other into equal ratios.
Trapezium Two pairs of equal internal angles with common arms.
1 axis of reflective symmetry.

Opposite sides are parallel.

Opposite sides are equal in length.
Diagonally opposite internal angles are equal.

Parallelogram
Diagonals bisect each other (cut each other exactly in half).
A convex
Qaudrilateral No axis of reflective symmetry.
Rotational symmetry of order 2 and point symmetry at the
O
intersection of the diagonals O.
Opposite sides are parallel.
Opposite sides are equal in length.
All internal angles = 90c .
Rectangle
Diagonals are equal in length.
Diagonals bisect each other (cut each other exactly in half).
A convex, equiangular
quadrilateral
2-fold reflective symmetry.
Rotational symmetry of order 2 and point symmetry at the
O
intersection of the diagonals O.

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 Where does it work? Polygons

Special quadrilateral properties

SHAPE PROPERTIES

Opposite sides are parallel.

Opposite sides are the same length.
All internal angles = 90c .
Square
Diagonals bisect each other.
Diagonals bisect each internal angle.
A regular
Diagonals cross at right angles to each other (perpendicular).
quadrilateral
4-fold reflective symmetry.
Rotational symmetry of order 4 and point symmetry at the
O
intersection of the diagonals O.

Opposite sides are parallel.

All sides are the same length.
Diagonally opposite internal angles are the same.
Rhombus
Diagonals bisect each other.
Diagonals bisect each internal angle.
A convex
Diagonals cross at right angles to each other (perpendicular).
quadrilateral
2-fold reflective symmetry.
O
Rotational symmetry of order 2 and point symmetry at the
intersection of the diagonals O.

Two pairs of adjacent, equal sides.

Internal angles formed by unequal sides are equal.

Kite Shorter diagonal is bisected by the longer one.

Longer diagonal bisects the angles it passes through.
A convex Diagonals are perpendicular to each other.
quadrilateral
1-fold reflective symmetry.
No Rotational symmetry.

This diagram shows how each quadrilateral relates to the previous one which shares one
similar property.

Isosceles Trapezium

Trapezium Rectangle

Quadrilateral Parallelogram Square

Kite Rhombus

22 H 12 Polygons
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Where does it work? Your Turn Polygons

Special quadrilateral properties

1 Classify what special quadrilateral is being described from the information given in each of these:
a Two pairs of equal sides, all internal b One pair of parallel sides and one pair
angles are right-angles and has 2-fold of opposite equal sides.
reflective symmetry.

c Two pairs of equal internal angles d One pair of parallel sides and one pair
with the diagonals the only axes of of opposite equal sides.
reflective symmetry.

e Diagonals bisect each other and split f Perpendicular diagonals and no

all the internal angles into pairs of 45c. rotational symmetry.

2 Write down two differences between each of these special quadrilaterals:

a A square and a rectangle. b A rectangle and a parallelogram.

ES * S
TI

PE
R
PROPE

CI AL Q U
20....
c A parallelogram and a rhombus. d A rhombus and a kite.
...../
...../
AL
AD
R I L AT E R

e A rhombus and a square. f A kite and an isosceles trapezium.

3 A quadrilateral has been partially drawn below. Draw and name the three possible quadrilaterals
this diagram could have been the start of according to the given information.

axis of symmetry
diagonal

a b c

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 Where does it work? Your Turn Polygons

Combo time! Special quadrilateral and triangles

1 These two identical trapeziums can be transformed and combined to make two special quadrilaterals.
Explain the transformation used, and then name and draw the new quadrilateral formed.

2 These two equal isosceles triangles can be transformed and combined to make two special
quadrilaterals. Explain the transformation used, then name and draw the two special
quadrilaterals formed.

3 Draw all the different quadrilaterals that can be formed using these two identical right-angled
scalene triangles.

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 What else can you do? Polygons

Transformations on the Cartesian number plane

Just as grids were used earlier to help transform shapes, the number plane can also be used.
The coordinates of vertices help us locate and move objects accurately.
Positive y direction
y

4
Translated 3 units in the positive x direction
3
object image Rotated one quarter turn 90c about
(-4, 2) (-1, 2)
2 the point (2, -1) 
1
image

Negative x direction -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x Positive x direction
-1 object
(2, -1)
-2
(-1, -3) (1, -3)
-3
image object
Reflected about the y-axis -4

Negative y direction
Same methods apply as before, this time including the new coordinates of important points.

Determine the new coordinates for the points after these translations

(i) The coordinates of ‘B’ after ABCD is reflected about the line x = 1.
y y
x=1

5 5
4 4
3 3
New coordinates for B are (-1.5, 2)
2
A B B 2
A A B
1 1
D C C D D C
x x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -2 -1 0 1 2 4

(ii) The coordinates of ‘E’ after the shape ABCDEF is rotated 90cabout the origin (0, 0).
y y

4 E 4 F
3 3
D C
D E D E
2 B 2 A New coordinates for E are (-2, 4)
1 1
B C x B C x
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 A F -1 A F

Polygons H 12 25
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Transformations on the Cartesian number plane

1 All these images are reflections of the object.
Choose whether the reflection was vertical (up/down), horizontal (right/left) or both (diagonally).
y y
a b
4 4
3 3
2 2
object object image
1 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
image
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

Vertically Vertically
Horizontally Horizontally
Reflected Reflected
Diagonally Diagonally

y y
c d
4 4
3 3
2 2
image 1 object 1 object
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
image
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

Vertically Vertically
Horizontally Horizontally
Reflected Reflected
Diagonally Diagonally

y y
e f
4 4
3 image 3
object
2 2
1 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
image
object -2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

Vertically Vertically
Horizontally Horizontally
Reflected Reflected
Diagonally Diagonally

26 H 12 Polygons
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What else can you do? Your Turn Polygons

Transformations on the Cartesian number plane

2 All these images are rotations of the object.
Choose whether the rotation is 90c, 180cor 270c about the given point of rotation labelled O.
y y
a b
4 4
3 3
2 2
object
1 1
O x
O x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1 image
image-2 -2

object
-3 -3
-4 -4

90c 180c 270c rotation 90c 180c 270c rotation

y y
c d
4 4
image
3 3
2
image 2
object 1 1
x O x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 O 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
object
-4 -4

90c 180c 270c rotation 90c 180c 270c rotation

y y
e f
4 4
3 3
2 2 image
O 1 O 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 object -1
image

-2 -2
-3 object-3
-4 -4

90c 180c 270c rotation 90c 180c 270c rotation

y y
g h
4 4
3 3
2
object 2
image 1 O 1
O
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 object -1
image
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

90c 180c 270c rotation 90c 180c 270c rotation

Polygons H 12 27
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Transformations on the Cartesian number plane

3 (i) Draw the image for the requested transformations on the number planes below.
(ii) Write down the new coordinates for the dot marked on each object.
a Reflect object about the line x = 1. b Translate the object four units in the positive
y y direction. y
x=1
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
object
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
-2 -2
object
-3 -3
-4 -4

New coordinates for dot = (   ,   ) New coordinates for dot = (   ,   )
c Rotate the object 180c about the (0, 0). d Translate the object four units in the negative
y y direction. y

4 4
3 3
2 object 2
1 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 object -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

New coordinates for dot = (   ,   ) New coordinates for dot = (   ,   )
e Reflect object about the x-axis. f reflect object about the given axis line, y = x.
y y

4 4
x
y=

3 3
2 2
1
object 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
-2 -2
object -3 -3
-4 -4

New coordinates for dot = (   ,   ) New coordinates for dot = (   ,   )
28 H 12 Polygons
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What else can you do? Your Turn Polygons

Transformations on the Cartesian number plane

4 (i) Draw the image for the requested double transformations on the number planes below.
(ii) Write down the new coordinates for the dot marked on each image.
a Translate object 3 units in the positive b Rotate the object one quarter turn about the
x-direction and then reflect about the point (-1, 3) then translate 2.5 units in the
line y = 1. y negative y-direction.
y

4 4
3 object 3
object 2
y=1
2
1 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

New coordinates for dot = (   ,   ) New coordinates for dot = (   ,   )
c Rotate object 270c about the point (-1, 1) d Reflect the object about the y-axis, and then
and then reflect about the x-axis. reflect about the line y = 1.
y y

4 4
object object
3 3
2 2
y=1
1 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

New coordinates for dot = (   ,   ) New coordinates for dot = (   ,   )
e Reflect object about the y-axis then rotate f Translate the object 2.5 units in the
180c about the origin (0, 0). negative y-direction and then reflect about
the line y = -x.
y y

4 4
3 object 3
ob
j
ec

2 2
t

1 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
y=

-2 -2
-x

-3 -3
-4 -4

New coordinates for dot = (   ,   ) New coordinates for dot = (   ,   )
Polygons H 12 29
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Transformations on the Cartesian number plane

5 A player in a snow sports game can only use transformations to perform tricks and change direction
to get through the course marked by trees.
Points are deducted if trees are hit. Points are awarded when the corner dot marked ‘A’ passes
directly over coordinates marked with flags on the course.
The dimensions of the player are a square with sides two units long.
Write down the steps (including the coordinates of point A after each transformation) a player can
take to get maximum points from start to finish.
y
B C
6
Start here
NE * TRAN
5

P LA A D
4
SF
NUM B E R

O RM

3
ATION

...../...../20....
AN

1
I

N
O
S

T H E AR T E x
C
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 C B
-2 Finish here
-3 D A
-4

30 H 12 Polygons
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 Cheat Sheet Polygons

Here is what you need to remember from this topic on polygons

Polygons
Polygons are just any closed shape with straight lines which don’t cross.
Like a square or triangle.
All polygons need at least three sides to form a closed path. Interior angle Exterior angle

Polygon? Polygon? Polygon? Polygon? al

Side gon
Dia
Vertex
Shapes which are/are not polygons Parts of a polygon
Types of polygons:

Convex Equilateral Regular Cyclic

All interior angles are 1 180c All sides are the same length All interior angles are equal All vertices/corner
All sides are the same points lie on the edge
Concave Equiangular length (circumference) of the
Has an interior angle 2 180c All interior angles are equal They are cyclic polygons same circle.

Sides Polygon name Sides Polygon name Sides Polygon name

3 Trigon (triangle) 4 Tetragon 5 Pentagon

6 Hexagon 7 Heptagon 8 Octagon

9 Nonagon 10 Decagon 11 Hendecagon

12 Dodecagon 15 Pentadecagon 20 Icosagon

Transformations
Reflections (Flip) Translations (Slide) Rotations (Turn)
90c rotation (or 1 turn)
4
er-
unt clo

180c rotation (or 1 turn)

co

ckwise

object 2

object image object image image

270c rotation (or 3 turn)
4

Reflection Symmetry Axis of reflection

= axis of symmetry
Where an axis of reflection splits an
object into two identical pieces.
Symmetric: Shape has reflection Asymmetric: Shape does not have
symmetry reflection symmetry

The distances from the edge of the A C

B
shape to the axis of symmetry are X Z AB = BC and XY = YZ
the same on both sides of the line. Y

Polygons H 12 31
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 Cheat Sheet Polygons

Rotational Symmetry
If an object looks the same during a rotation before completing a full circle, it has rotational symmetry.
The number of times the object ‘repeats’ before completing the full circle tells us the order of
rotational symmetry.

O
O
O

O
90c (quarter turn) 180c (half turn) 270c (three quarter turn)
Rotational Symmetry of order 4 as it looks the same four times within one full rotation.

Point Symmetry
These objects have point symmetry because for every point on them, there is another point opposite the
centre of symmetry (O) the same distance away.

Point symmetry for one object Point symmetry for two object
X
B
B
X For both diagrams:
O O AO = BO and OX = OY
A Y
A
Y

Special Triangles and Quadrilaterals (summary of key sides and angle differences only)
Triangles
Scalene Isosceles Equilateral Right angled triangle
No equal sides or angles 1 pair of equal sides & angles All sides and angles equal 1 internal angle = 90c

Acute Obtuse
All internal angles 1 90c One internal angle between 90c and 180c

Quadrilaterals
Scalene Trapezium Isosceles Trapezium
No equal sides or angles. At least 1 pair of parallel sides. At least 1 pair of parallel sides.
Non-parallel sides equal in length.

Parallelogram Rectangle Square

Opposite sides equal in length and Opposite sides equal in length and All sides equal in length and opposite
parallel to each other. parallel to each other. sides parallel to each other.
All internal angles = 90c . All internal angles = 90c .

Rhombus Kite
All sides equal in length and opposite Two pairs of adjacent equal sides.
sides parallel to each other. Diagonally Angles opposite short diagonal equal.
opposite internal angles equal.

For a more detailed summary, see pages 19, 21 and 22 of the booklet.

32 H 12 Polygons
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 Answers Polygons

Polygons Transformations

1. a Polygon b Not a polygon 1. a Translation b Rotation c Translation

Rotation
c Not a polygon d Polygon
e Not a polygon f Not a polygon
2. a Reflection b Reflection c Translation
g Not a polygon h Not a polygon Rotation Translation Rotation

2. a Convex pentagon 3. a
b Convex, cyclic trigon (or triangle)
c Convex, cyclic, equiangular hexagon
d Concave quadrilateral
e Convex, equilateral, equiangular, cyclic,
regular tetragon
f Concave, equilateral hexadecagon
b

3. a b

4. a b

c d

5. A cyclic quadrilateral cannot have any concave angles. 4. a

5 squares

6. a A tetragon with one pair of equal sides next

to each other (adjacent). The angle diagonally
opposite the angle formed by the two equal
sides is a right angle (or equal to 90c).
b A peanut-shaped equilateral concave
octagon with two internal reflex angles.

Polygons H 12 33
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 Answers Polygons

Transformations Transformations

4. b 6. a

4 squares

b 8 squares
6 squares
b

5. a O

34 H 12 Polygons
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 Answers Polygons

Transformations Transformations

7. (i) Translate shape horizontally to the right. 8. c Method 3

• Reflect the shape vertically down about a
(ii) Reflect shape horizontally to the right using
horizontal axis passing through B.
the edge BC as the axis of reflection.
• Translate shape vertically down 2.5 units.
(iii) Translate shape vertically down. • Rotate shape 1 of a turn (90c) about the
4
point B.
(iv) Translate shape horizontally to the right.
• Translate shape horizontally 7.5 units to
(v) Rotate shape one quarter turn (90c) the right
about the vertex O.
d Method 4
(vi) Translate shape vertically down. • Rotate shape 1 of a turn (90c) about the
4
point A.
(vii) Reflect shape vertically down using the
• Translate shape horizontally 4.5 units to
edge BC as the axis of reflection.
the right.
(viii) Translate shape horizontally to the right. • Reflect the shape horizontally to the right
about a vertical axis passing through B.
(ix) Translate shape vertically up.
• Translate shape vertically 5.5 units down.
(x) Reflect shape horizontally to the right using
the edge DE as the axis of reflection.
Reflection symmetry
(xi) Translate shape vertically up.
(xii) Rotate shape one quarter turn (90c) 1. a b
about the vertex O.
(xiii) Translate shape horizontally to the right.
Symmetric Symmetric
8. a Method 1
• Translate shape horizontally 7.5 units to c d
the right.
• Reflect the shape about the axis
horizontally to the right.
Asymmetric Symmetric
• Rotate shape 3 of a turn (270c) about
4
the point .
• Translate shape vertically down 2.5 units. e f

b Method 2
• Translate shape horizontally 7.5 units to
the right.
Symmetric Asymmetric
• Rotate shape 1 of a turn (90c) about the
4
point B.
g h
• Translate shape vertically down 2.5 units.
• Reflect the shape horizontally to the right
about a vertical axis passing through B.
Symmetric Symmetric

Polygons H 12 35
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 Answers Polygons

Reflection symmetry Reflection symmetry

1. i j 5. a b

Symmetric Symmetric

k l

c d

Symmetric Symmetric

2. a b

e f

1 5

c d

Rotational and point symmetry

1. a Rotationally symmetric
6 9 b Rotationally asymmetric
c Rotationally symmetric
3. a 5 cm b 7 cm
d Rotationally symmetric
e Rotationally symmetric
4. a 10 b P and Q
f Rotationally asymmetric
c Shapes with reflective symmetry have points
equidistant on the other side of the axis. Points
P and Q are just like LM, they start on an axis 2. a 2 b 4 c 2 d 4
between the 3rd and 4 th curved circle, move
perpendicular to the axis and end on a point of
3. a (i) No point symmetry (ii) Has point symmetry
the fifth circle three axes across.
(iii) Has point symmetry (iv) Has point symmetry
(vi) No point symmetry (vii) No point symmetry

36 H 12 Polygons
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 Answers Polygons

Rotational and point symmetry Combo time:

Reflection, rotation and point symmetry
3. b If there is an even number of blades, the shape
has point symmetry, if there is an odd number 6. a Reflection symmetry with 1 folds
of blades, it doesn’t.
b No symmetry
c The number of blades on the even blade
c Reflection symmetry with 1 folds
propellers is equal to the order of rotational
symmetry. d No symmetry
e Reflection symmetry with 2 folds
4. a b Rotational symmetry of order 2.
Point of symmetry.
O O
f No symmetry
g No symmetry
c d h No symmetry
i Reflection symmetry with 1 folds
O
O j Rotational symmetry of order 2.
k Reflection symmetry with 2 folds
A Rotational symmetry of order 2.
5. a
Point of symmetry.
B
l No symmetry
O
C m Reflection symmetry with 2 folds
Rotational symmetry of order 2.
K Point of symmetry.
b J
n Reflection symmetry with 2 folds
Rotational symmetry of order 2.
O
Point of symmetry.
o No symmetry

W p Reflection symmetry with 2 folds

c
Rotational symmetry of order 2.
Point of symmetry.
O

V U Special triangle properties

1. a Acute-angled scalene triangle.

d S T
b Right-angled isosceles triangle.
R
Q c Obtuse-angled isosceles triangle.
O
d Equilateral triangle.
P
e Right-angled scalene triangle.

Polygons H 12 37
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 Answers Polygons

Special triangle properties Combo time:

Special quadrilateral and triangles
2. a Right-angled isosceles triangle
1. Rotate one shape a half-
b Scalene triangle c Equilateral triangle
turn and translate until the
d Isosceles triangle non-perpendicular sides
are common.Or reflect one
horizontally then transpose.
Special quadrilateral properties
Rotate one shape a half-
1. a Rectangle b Isosceles trapezium turn and translate until
the perpendicular sides
c Rhombus d Kite
are common. Or reflect
e Square f Kite one horizontally and then
vertically, then translate.
2. a • S quares have all sides equal, not just
opposite sides. 2. Reflect one vertically up/down
• Squares have 2 more folds of reflective and then transpose until one
symmetry. pair of equal sides are shared.
Parallelogram
b • Rectangles have all internal angles equal.
• Rectangles have reflective symmetry.
c • R hombus’ have all sides equal, not just
Reflect one vertically down and
opposite sides.
then transpose until the shorter
• Diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.
sides are shared.
• Diagonals of a rhombus bisect the angles.
Rhombus
d • Opposite sides parallel in a rhombus.
• All sides equal in a rhombus.
• Both diagonals bisect the angles in a rhombus. 3.
• Kite has only one pair of equal opposite angles.
e • R hombus has all sides equal, not just
opposite sides
• Diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular. Kite Rectangle Parallelogram
• Squares have 4 folds of symmetry, rhombus
only 2.
Transformation on the Cartesian number
f • Opposite sides parallel in a rhombus. plane
• Both diagonals bisect the angles in a rhombus
• Opposite angles equal in a rhombus, adjacent 1. a Reflected Vertically
ones equal in isosceles trapezium.
b Reflected Horizontally
c Reflected Horizontally
3. a b c
d Reflected Diagonally
e Reflected Diagonally
f Reflected Diagonally
Square Rhombus Kite

38 H 12 Polygons
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 Answers Polygons

Transformation on the Cartesian number Transformation on the Cartesian number

plane plane
y
2. a 180o rotation b 90o rotation 3. d
4
c 270o rotation d 180o rotation 3

e 270o rotation f 90o rotation object 2

1
image
g 270o rotation h 90o rotation x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
3. a y
-3
x=1

4
-4
3
2
New coordinates for dot = (2.5, 0)
1
image object
x y
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 e
-1
4
-2
3
-3
image
2
-4
1
x
New coordinates for dot = (-1, 2) -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1

y -2
b object -3
4
-4
3
2 image
New coordinates for dot = (2, 3)
1
x y
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 f
-1
4
x

-2
y=

object 3
-3
2
-4 object 1
x
New coordinates for dot = (-1, 2) -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
image
y -2
c
-3
4
-4
3
2
New coordinates for dot = (2.5, -2.5)
1
image
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 object
-2
-3
-4

New coordinates for dot = (-1, 2)

Polygons H 12 39
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 Answers Polygons

Transformation on the Cartesian number Transformation on the Cartesian number

plane plane
y y
4. a 4. d
4 4
object
3 3
object 2
y=1
2
y=1
1 1
image
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
image
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

New coordinates for dot = (-1, -1) New coordinates for dot = (4.5, -2)

y y
b e
4 4
3 3 object
object
2 2
1 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 image -1
-2 -2
-3 -3 image
-4 -4

New coordinates for dot = (1, 0.5) New coordinates for dot = (2.5, -2.5)

y y
c f
4 4
object
ob

3 3
je
ct

2 2
im
ag

1 1
e

x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
-2 image -2
y=

-3 -3
-x

-4 -4

New coordinates for dot = (1, -3) New coordinates for dot = (2, 3.5)

40 H 12 Polygons
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 Answers Polygons

Transformation on the Cartesian number

plane

5. • Reflect horizontally about the side AB.

Coordinates of A: (5, 4)
• Translate horizontally in the negative x-direction
1 unit. Coordinates of A: (4, 4)
• Translate vertically in the negative y-direction
2.5 units. Coordinates of A: (4, 1.5)
• Translate horizontally in the negative x-direction
2 units. Coordinates of A: (2, 1.5)
• Reflect horizontally about the side CD.
Coordinates of A: (-2, 1.5)
• Translate vertically in the positive y-direction 2.5
units. Coordinates of A: (-2, 4)
• Translate horizontally in the negative x-direction
3 units. Coordinates of A: (-5, 4)
• Rotate 180c about the centre of the player
square. Coordinates of A: (-3, 6)
• Translate vertically in the negative y-direction 5
units. Coordinates of A: (-3, 1)
• Reflect vertically about the side BC.
Coordinates of A: (-3, -3)
• Translate horizontally in the positive x-direction
1 unit. Coordinates of A: (-2, -3)
• Translate vertically in the negative y-direction
1 unit. Coordinates of A: (-2, -4)
• Translate horizontally in the positive x-direction
8 units. Coordinates of A: (6, -4)
• Translate vertically in the positive y-direction
1 unit. Coordinates of A: (6, -3)

Polygons H 12 41
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 Notes Polygons

42 H 12 Polygons
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 Polygons H
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