INTRODUCTION TO

5 EUCLID'S GEOMETRY

BASIC CONCEPTS A FLOW CHART

Geometry

Axioms/Postulates

Axioms or postulates are assumptions which are obvious universal truths. They are not proved.
Theorems are statements which are proved, using definitions, axioms, previously proved
statements and deductive reasoning.

Euclidean Non-Euclidean

Some Euclid's Axioms Euclid's Postulates i s t nel

Postulate 1:A straight line may be drawn from any one point to any
Things which are equal to the same thing
other point.
are equal to one another. Postulate 2: A terminated line can be produced indefinitely.
If equals are added to equals, the wholes Postulete 3: A circle can be drawn with any centre and any radius.
are equal.
Postulate 4: All right angles are equal to one another.
If equals are subtracted from equals, the Postulate 5: 1fa straight line falling on two straight lines makes the
remainders are equal. interior angles on the same side of it, taken together less than two
Things which coincide with oneanother right angles, then the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet
are equal to one another on that side on which the sum of angles is less than two right angles.
The whole is greater than the part
Things which are double ofthe same
things are equal to one another.
Things which are halves ofthe same
things are equal to one another. x+y< 180°

Two equivalent versions of Euclid's fifth postulate are:

Though Euclid defined a point, a line )For everylinel and for every point P not lying on
and a plane, the definitions are not , there exists a unique line m passing through P and
accepted by mathematicians. parallel to lrsItis also called parallel axiom.
Therefore, these terms are now taken (6) Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the
same line.
asundeined.

All the attempts to prove Euclid's fifth postulate using the

first 4 postulates failed. But they led to the discovery of
several other geometries called non-euclidean geometries.

91 Introduction to
Euclid's Geometry
 MORE POINTS TO REMEMBER common.
have more than onepoint in
Two distinct lines cannot
two points in
common.

Proof: Sujppose two distinct

lines have
which contradicts the fact, that "If two
two distinct points
W e have two passing through
lines
that passes through
them."
there is a unique line in common
listinct points are given, cannot have
m o r e than one points

i.e., two distinct line,

Hence o u r assumption was wrong, them.
line that passes through
given there is a unique
Axiom: Iftwo distinct points
a r e

verified and understood by

following figure
and is
This axiom is self-evident

Fig. 5.1
two distinct points Q P and
There isonly one line PQ, which passes through
are parallel to each other.
Two lines which are both parallel to the same line,
Let, m, n be three lines such that ||n and m||n.
We have to provel ||m
Proof: Supposel is not parallel tom.
Fig. 5.2
land mintersect each other at a unique point.
Thus, we have two intersecting lines l and m parallel to the same line n. It contradicts the parallel
axiom derived from Euclid's fifth postulate.
Hence, our assumption was wrong, i.e., l ||m
If1, m, n are lines in the same plane, such that l intersects m and n||m,
thenintersects n also.
Here , m, n, are three lines such that l intersect mand n||m.
We have to prove: l intersects n.
Suppose does not intersectn.

||n. Fig. 5.3

But n ||m
l | m . It contradicts the hypothesis thatl intersectm.
Hence, our assumption was wrong, i.e., Uintersects n also. R

I f l and m are intersecting lines, ||p and m||g, show that p and q also
intersect. Given, four lines l, m, p, q are such that
||lp, m|| q and
intersect m. We have to prove p intersect 4
Proof: lintersect mand ||p
m intersects p

Again, m intersects fp and m ||4

p intersect q
Fig. 5.4

Xam tdea 92
Mathematics-1X
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS [1 mark
1. In howmany chapters did Euclid divide his famous treatise "The elements"?

Sol. 13 chapters.
2. To which country does Euclid belong?
Sol. Greece.
3. State Euclid's fifth axiom (as per order given in the Textbook for class IX
Sol. The whole is greater than the part.
4. Itis known that if x +y= 10, then x * y *Z= 10*z Which axiom
of Euclid does this statement
illustrate?
Sol. Second axiom.
5. State Euclid's first postulate.
Sol. A straight line may be drawn from any point to any other point.

SHORTANSWER QUESTIONS-I 12 marks

State whether the following statements are True or False. Justify your answers
1. The Euclidean geometry is valid only for figures in the plane.
2. If area of a triangle equals the area of a square and the area of the square equals that ofa
rectangle, then the area of the triangle also equals the area of the rectangle.
3. The statements that are proved are called axioms. [NCERT Exemplar]
4. Euclid's fourth axiom says that everything equals itself.

5. The edges of a surface are curves. [NCERT Exemplar)

6. Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the same line. [NCERT Exemblar]
7. In geometry, we take a point, a line and a plane as undefined terms.
8. The things which are double of the same thing are equal to one another [NCERT Exemplar]
[NCERT Exemplar)
9. The boundaries of the solids are curves.

the other and axioms, led to the

10. Attempt to prove Euclid's fifth postulate, using postulates
discovery of several other geometries. [NCERT Exemplar]

1. True, it fails the curved surfaces. For example, on curved surfaces, the sum of angles of a
Sol. on

than 180°.
triangle may be more
equal.
things equal to the same thing
are
2. True,
are theorems.
3. False, statements that are proved
of super position.
4. True, as it is the justification of the principle
line.
5. False, the edges of the surfaces are

Euclid's fifth postulate.

6. True, it is an equivalent version of
we need to define many other things
. True, to define a point, a line and a plane in geometry these reasons,
mathematicians
an end. Due to
definitions without
that give a long chain of
undefined.
terms
agree to leave these geometric
8. True, one of the Euclid's axioms.
surtaces.
9. False, as boundaries of the solids are
from Euclidean geometry.
10. True, as these geometries are different

Introducionto
93 Euclid's Geometry
 prove that PR-QR Po
=
then
andR,
three points on a line and Qis between P
I1, IfP,Qand R are

Sol. R
Flg. 5.5
with PR-QR. equal to one another', .
In the above figure PQ coincides Ne
are
another
with one
which coincide
So, according to axiom, "things"
have,
PR-QR = PQ use here.
state the axiom that you
u 5 = 15 and
Solve the equation
-

12.
Sol. u-5 = 15
have
adding 5 to both sides,
we
On
u-5+5= 15 + 5 the wholes are equal.
added to equals,
Euclid's second axiom,
when equals are

or u= 20

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS-II

13marks
BD, then prove that AB
= CD. [NCERT
1. In Fig. 5.6, if AC =

Fig. 5.6

Sol. AC = BD (Given)
AC = AB + BC (Point B lies between A and C) ....)
BD = BC + CD (Point C lies between B and D) (00)
Substituting (iü) and (iü) in (i), we get
AB + BC = BC + CD
According to Euclid's third axiom, if equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.

So, AB = CD (Subtracting BC from both sides)

2. In Fig. 5.7, AC = XD, C is the mid-point of AB and D is the mid-point of XY. Using a Euclid's
axiom, show that AB = XY.

Fig. 5.7
Sol. AB = 2 AC (Cis the mid-point of AB)
XY = 2 XD (D is the mid-point of XY)
Also AC = XD
(Given)
Therefore, AB =
XY, because things which are double of the same
things are equal to one anotne
am dea 94
Mathematics-1X
 3. In the Fig. 5.8, if/1 =
23, Z2 = L4 and 23 =
24, write the relation between 1 and 2,
Euclid's axiom. using a

2
Sol. Here 23 = L4, Z1 = 23
Fig.5.8
and 2 = 24

According to Euclid's first axiom, the

things which are equal
another.
to equal things are equal to one

Therefore, 21 = 2

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Read the following statement:
[4 marks
"A square is a
polygon made up of four line segments, out of which, length of three line
segments are
equal to the length of fourth one and all its angles are right angles."
Define the terms used in this definition which you feel are
necessary. Are there any undefined
terms in this? Can
youjustify that all angles and sides of a square are equal? [NCERT Exemplar
Sol. Undefined terms used: line, point.
The terms that need to be defined are:
Polygon: A simple closed figure made up of three or more line segments.
Line segment: Part of a line with two end points.
Angle: A figure formed by two rays ith a common initial point.
Ray: Part ofa line with one end point.
Right angle: Angle whose measure is 90°.
Euclid's fourth postulate says that "all right angles are equal to one another."
In square, all angles are right angles, therefore, all angles are
a
equal.
Three line segments are equal to fourth line segment (Given).
Therefore, all the four sides of a square are equal. (By Euclid's first axiom, "things which are
equal to the same thing are equal to one another")
2. Consider two postulates given below:
() Given any two distinct points A and B, there exists a third point C which is in between A
and B.
(ii) There exists atleast three points that are not on the same line.
Do these postulates contain any undefined terms? Are these postulates consistent?
Do they follow Euclid's postulates? Explain.
Sol.
INCERT
Undefined terms used: line, point.
They are consistent, because they deal with two different situations.
Postulate () says that given two points A andB, there is a point C lying on the line in between them.

95 ntroducion to
Euclid's Geometry
 Postulate () says that given A and B, we cannot take C not lying on the line through A and B.
These 'postulates' do not follow Euclid's postulates. However, they follow axiom stated as given
two distinct points, there is a unique line that passes through them.

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)_

. l f a point O lies between two points P and R such that PO = OR then prove that PO= PR

Sol. Proof: From Fig. 5.9,

PO +OR =PR
PO = OR (Given) .)
PO + PO = PR [Using () in ()] P R
Fig. 5.9
2P0 PR

PO-PR
2. Prove that every line segment has one and only one mid-point.
Sol. Proof: Let us prove this statement by contradiction method. Let us assume that the line

midpoints R and S.
segment PT has two
R S
P

PR-PT Fig. 5.10

PS PT ( R and S are mid-points according to assumption))

PR = PS

But this is possible only ifR and S coincide.

3. Does Euclid's fifth postulate imply the existence of parallel lines? Explain.
Sol. If straight line l falls on two straight lines m and n such that the sum of interior angles on same
side ofl is 180, then by Euclid's 5th postulates the lines will not meet on this side ofl.
Also, the sum of interior angles on other side ofl will be 180°, they will not meet on the other
side also.
m and n never meet m and n are parallel.

PROFICIENGY EXERCISE
Very Short Answer Questions
(1 mark)
1. It is known that ifx =
2z andy =
22, then x =y. Which axiom of Euclid does this statement illustrate?
2. To which country does Thales belong?
3. Give the number of interwoven isosceles triangles in Sriyantra (in the
Atharvaveda).
4. In Indus Valley Civilisation (about 300 B.C.), what was the ratio of the
dimensions of the bricks used for construction work?
5. According to Euclid's fifth postulate, write the pair of angles, having sum less
than 180°. (Fig. 5.11)
6. Which type of side faces are found in the Fig. 5.11
pyramid?

am Tdea 96
Mathematics-IX
short Answer Questions- (2 marks)
cuade whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your answers (7-18).
State

7, The boundaries of surfaces are line only.

. The boundaries of solids are curves.
9, The side faces of a pyramid are squares.
T h e Euclidean geometry is valid for figures in the plane as well as curved surfaces.

11, Things which are halves of the same thing are unequal.
19. Amathematical statement whose truth has been logically established is called a
T f a quantity A is equal to B, thenA - C is equal to B - C for some quantity C.
theorem.

is of another quantity A, then A be written the sum of B and some

14. If a quantity B a part can as

third quantity C.
the
If the sum of two angles formed by a straight line falling on two straight lines, is equal 60°,
to then
I5.
wO straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on the side having the sum of angles equal to 60P.
is to twice of B, then A equals to C.
16. Ifa quantity A equals twice of quantity B and a quantity C also equal
17. Apoint has no dimension.
line has two dimensions.
18. A straight PR.
R are three points on a line and Q lies between P and R, then prove that PQ+QR
=

19. IfP, Qand how will their

Radhika have the same height. If their heights increase by 5 cm each,
20. Kavita and
new heights be compared?

21. Ifx y and y

= + z 5, then show that x +z 5.
= =

same monthly expenditure. If in a particular month,

their expenditure
22. Two households have
for this particular month.
increases by R2000, compare their expenditure
(3 marks)
Short Answer Questions-l
BC and AX CY, show that
respectively the mid-points of AB and
=

23. In Fig. 5.12, X and

Y are

AB BC. B

C
A
Fig. 5.12
[NCERT Exemplar]
and BE BC. IfAB =
BC, show that AD
= CE. A
AB
=

24. In Fig 5.13, we have AD

=

2
show that 21
= 23.
Z1 24 and 24
=
23,
5.14, if
=
25. In Fig.
E

Fig. 5.13

Fig. 5.14

2C. [NCERT Exemplar|

Z3, show that LA
=

and Zl =

is the bisector of ZA and ZC

40 In Fig. 5.14, if AC ntroduction to
97 Euclid's Geometry
 L2.
24, show that 21
=

27. In Fig. 5.15, if LABC= LACB, Z3 =

B4
Fig 5.15

28. In Fig. 5.16,

AE and BD =
CE, prove that
AB =
AC
) If AD =

AD DE.
CE, prove that
=

(i) If AB = AC and BD =

ZSTP. B
ZRTP, show that ZRTQ =

Fig 5.16
5.17, if ZSTQ
=

29. In Fig.

Fig 5.17

EF, then prove that

DE =
DF. Explain
30. Ifa point E lies between two points D and F such that DE =

by drawing the figure.

CD, prove that AC
= BD.
31. In Fig. 5.18, if AB =

Fig. 5.18

32. Prove that an equilateral triangle can be constructed on any given line segment. [NCERT
33. Show that two lines parallel to the same line are parallel to each other.
34. Look at the Fig. 5.19. Show that length AH > sum of lengths of AB + BC + CD. [NCERT Exemplar)

A B c D EF G H
Fig. 5.19

Long Answer Questions (4 marks)

35. Read the following statements which are taken as axioms: [NCERT Exemplar|
i) Ifa transversal intersects two parallel lines, then corTesponding angles are not necessarily equla
u) Ifa transversal intersects two lines, then allernate interior
parallel are equal. Is ths angles
system of axioms consistent?
your answer.Justify
36. Read the following two statements which are taken as axioins:
i) If two lines intersect each other, then the vertically opposite angles are not equal.
Ci) If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of two adjacent angles so formed is equal to 180
Is this system of axioms consistent? Justify your answer. INCERT Exemplar]
37. Prove that two distinct lines cannot have more than one point in common.

am 60a 98
Mathematics-1X
 SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST
Time: 45 minutes
Maximum marks: 25
1. What is Euclid's fifth axiom? (as per order given in the textbook for class IX)
9. Iis known that if a =
2b and c =
26, then a =c. Which Euclid's axiom illustrates this statement? 1
3. Pythagoras was a student of whom?
1
4. What are the shape of boundaries of surfaces?
5. In geometry, we take a point, a line and a
plane as defined terms. Write True or False and justify
your answer.
2
6, Pyramid is a solid figure, the base of which is
triangle or square or some other polygon and its
a
side faces are
equilateral triangles that converges to a point at the top. Write True or False and
justify your answer.
2
7. In Fig. 5.20, AC XD, C is the
=

mid-point of AB and D is the

mid-point of XY. Using an Euclid's
axiom, show that AB = XY.
3
B

Fig. 5.20

8. It is known that x +y = 10 and x = z. Show that z +y = 10.

NCERT ExEmplar] 3
9. In Fig. 5.21, if 21 = £2 and 2 = 23, show that 1 = L3.
[NCERT Exemplar] 3

Fig. 5.21

10. Prove that two distinct lines cannot have more than one point in common.
11. Consider two postulates' given below
(a) Given two distinct points A and B, there exists a third point which is in between A and B.
(b) There exists atleast three points that are not on the same line.
Do these postulates contain any undefined terms? Are these postulates consistent? Do they follow
Euclid's postulate? Explain.

99 nroc
Eucd Geo