IP ADDRESSES

WHAT IS IP ADDRESS?
TCP/IP protocol was designed to allow computers to communicate over networks,
especially the Internet. According to TCP/IP model, each computer on a network is
identified by a unique “Logical Address” that we call “IP Address or Internet Protocol
Address”.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the master holder of the IP addresses.
It issues all IP addresses in two versions:
IP V4  32 bit or 4 Bytes (octets).
IP V6  128 bit
Now to determine your IP Address,
open the CMD using RUN at your start
menu and type: ipconfig. A window
with your IP Address configuration will
appear as follow:
An IP4.0 Address is composed of two parts: Network Part and Host Part. The Subnet
Mask helps to determine each of the network part and the host part in an IP Address.
Technically, it is a 32 bit address that indicates the number of bits reserved for the
Network Addresses and the number of bits reserved for the Host Address.
Ex:
192 . 168 . 1 . 17

Network Part Host

Complete IPv4 Address

We have different Classes of IP Addresses, each has a Default Subnet Mask:
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
 Address Range Identifier bits of Network Part Default Subnet Maximum Maximum
IP Class First Octet of the a Class and Host Part Mask number of number of
address network per Class Host per Class

00000000- N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 126 networks 2(24-2)

A 0-127 01111111 /8 0 : reserved
127 : reserved 16777214

10000000- N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 2(16-2) 216-2

B 128-191 10111111 /16 16384 65534 hosts

11000000- N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 2097150 28-2

C 192-223 11011111 /24 254 hosts

11100000- Reserved for

D 224-239 11101111 Multicast

11110000- Experimental
E 240-255 11111111 Not in use
IP Class Ranges

Class A 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 Used by large organizations that have large

number of computers in each network.

Class B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 Used by medium sized organizations.

Class C 192.0.0.0 233.255.255.255 Used by small sized companies.

Class D 244.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 Reserved for Multicast

Class E 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 Experimental-Reserved for Tests.

Private Addresses:
Some IP address ranges have been reserved for use by private networks (local or
internal LAN) and cannot be used on the Internet. These addresses are called private
addresses, and they are blocked by the Internet Routers (ISP routers).
Class A : 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class B : 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C : 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

Private IP Addresses (no internet) Public IP Addresses (for internet)

Can be used only for computers on local Can be used for computers on local
networks. Cannot be used for computers networks and on the internet.
on the internet.
 10.x.x.x to 10.x.x.x All other IP Addresses.
 172.16.x.x to 172.31.x.x
 192.168.x.x to 192.168.x.x
Free for all people. Paid.
Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast Addresses:

Unicast address: uniquely identifies a host in a network and belongs to Class A, B

and C.

Multicast address: belongs to class D, it defines an address for a group.

Broadcast address: It is the last address of a network. It allows to send data

packet to all machines on that network.
Guidelines for using an IP Address:
1. All hosts located on same network segment must have same network address.
2. A host must have a unique IP address on the network segment .
Some IP addresses are reserved for special purposes and they cannot be assigned to a
computer:
1. A network ID that starts with its first byte indicating 127.x.x.x should not be used, as this
value is reserved for loop back function. the loopback (127.0.0.0) is a special address
used by hosts to test their connectivity.
2. A network ID having all 0s in the network address field cannot be used for communication
over Internet as this address represents the default route address (0.0.0.0).
3. An IP address having all 1s in its host address field cannot be used, as this represents a
broadcast address (host bits all set to 1s) for the local network. (10.255.255.255).
4. An IP address having all 0s in its host address field cannot be used, as this represents a
network address (host bits all set to 0s) (10.0.0.0).
5. Class D addresses are reserved for Multicast and cannot be assigned to hosts: 224.0.0.0
to 239.255.255.255.
6. Class E Addresses are Experimental and cannot be assigned to host: 240.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.254.
Subnetting:
•Allows you to divide a network into smaller sub-networks.
•Each subnet has its own sub-network address.
•Subnet can be created within Class A, B, or C based networks.
Subnetting allows you to create multiple logical subnetworks (subnets) from a single network address. Each
subnet will have a different subnet address, so the subnetworks need a router to be interconnected.
We create the subnets by using one or more of the host bits for subnets bits. This is done by extending the mask
to borrow some of the bits from the host portion of the address to create additional network bits. The more host
bits used, the more subnets that can be defined. However, with each bit we borrow, fewer host addresses are
available per subnet.
Benefits of Subnetting :
1. Efficient use of an IP addresses.
2. Better organization of network resources.
3. Reduced broadcast traffic.
4. Ability to secure your resources by placing then into separate subnetworks interconnected by a router.
A range of IP addresses is given as a prefix :192.0.2.128/27
• In this example: How many addresses are available?
What are the lowest and highest addresses?
Solution:
/27 subnet mask = 255.255.255.11100000 =255.255.255.224
192.0.2.128 Binary 11000000.00000000.00000010.10000000
prefix host
AND
subnetmask 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000

Lowest address
11000000.00000000.00000010.10000000 = 192.0.2.128

Highest address
11000000.00000000.00000010.10011111 = 192.0.2.159

27 bits

Number of usable addresses: 2^host bits -2 = 2^5-2 = 32-2 = 30. (host bits =32-27 =5)
 Subnetting
• Since each L2 network needs its own prefix, then if you route more than one
network you need to divide your allocation.
• Ensure each prefix has enough IPs for the number of hosts on that network.
Subnetting Example
You have been given 192.0.2.128/27
However you want to build two Layer 2 networks and route between them.
The Golden Rules demand a different prefix for each network Let's split this address space into two
equal-sized pieces. host
192.0.2.128 Binary 11000000.00000000.00000010.10000000
Move one bit from host part to prefix 11000000.00000000.00000010.10000000
host
We now have two /28 prefixes
11000000.00000000.00000010.10000000 : 192.0.2.128/28
11000000.00000000.00000010.10010000 : 192.0.2.144/28
 Subnetting
A subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network. The process of dividing a network into two
or more networks is called Subnetting.
The main purpose of subnetting is to help relieve network congestion, and improve network
performance. Security is another benefit of subnetting.
Submetting Example
One day your supervisor walks to you, saying: Here the network ID 192.168.4.0/24. Please
create three separate networks or subnets for a coffee shop, One subnet is for the office. One
is for the front desk and storage room. One is for public use.
Your task is to list each network ID, subnet mask, Host ID Range, number of usable host IDs, and
broadcast ID.
Solution
First is first, let as build a table. This table is the most critical, because once we
build it, we can easily solve most subnetting questions.
This table has three rows. The first row is subnet with 9 numbers, we start with 1, 2,
4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256. the pattern is each number is double of its previous
number. The second row is host, this row tells the number of total host IDs for each
new subnet. Start with 256, then 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, and 1. the pattern is each
number is half of its previous number. The second row is the reverse order of the
first row. The third row is subnet mask: we use shorthand format:
/24, /25, /26, /27, /28, /29, /30, /31, /32.

Subnet 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256

Host 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Subnet /24 /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 /31 /32
Mask
You are given a network ID: 192.168.4.0/24.
You are required to get three subnets. Three is the keyword, now look at the table
and try to find the 3 subnets in the first row, But there is no number three in the first
row, but the 4 subnets is suitable because we can get 4 subnets and choose any 3
subnets for the coffee. Let me circle this whole column with the subnet 4, and
ignoring all other columns because we can get our answers just from this column, or
these three numbers. 4 means a subnets, 64 means each subnet will have 64 total
host IDs including network ID and broadcast ID, and /26 is the new subnet mask for
these 4 subnets.
Subnet 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256

Host 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Subnet /24 /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 /31 /32
Mask
The first network ID is always the original network ID: 192.168.4.0.
We get next network ID by simply adding 64 to its previous one, therefore, the
second network ID would be 0+64, which is 64. The third network ID would be
64+64, which is 128. The fourth network ID is 128+64, which is 192.
Now subnets Mask for each subnet is /26.
Number of Usable host: each subnet have 64 host id , but 64 is the total number of
host IDs for each network, but the first host ID is reserved for network ID, and last
host ID is reserved for broadcast ID. Thus, the number of usable host ID is 64 – 2,
which is 62

Network ID Subnet Mask Host ID Rnage Nb of usable Host Broadcast ID

192.168.4.0 /26 192.168.4.1-192.168.4.62 62 192.168.4.63
192.168.4.64 /26 192.168.4.65-192.168.4.126 62 192.168.4.127
192.168.4.128 /26 192.168.4.129-192.168.4.190 62 192.168.4.191
192.168.4.192 /26 192.168.4.193-192.168.4.254 62 192.168.4.255
You are given a network ID: 192.168.4.0/22.

192.168.00000100.00000000
255.255.11111100.00000000

192.168.4.0
192.168.7.255

8 new subnet
Network ID Subnet Mask Host ID Rnage Nb of usable Host Broadcast ID
192.168.4.0 /27 30 192.168.
192.168.4.32 30
192.168.4.64 30
192.168.4.96 30
192.168.4.128 30
192.168.4.160 30
192.168.4.192 30
192.168.4.224
192.168.5.0 30
CLASSFUL VS CIDR
ANA, or the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, is responsible for allocating
the entire IP address space to any entity that needs a presence on the Internet
(0.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255).
IANA has delegated this responsibility to five Regional Internet Registries
(RIRs): ARIN, RIPE, LACNIC, AFRINIC, APNIC, which in turn allocate address
space to the various corporations in their regions.
There are two strategies the RIRs use to allocate IP address space: the legacy
strategy called Classful addressing, and the current strategy of Classless
addressing (known as Classless Inter-Domain Routing, or CIDR).
Classful
Classful addressing is how the early Internet was formed. IP assignments were given on the Octet boundaries:

The idea behind Classful address assignments was, if you were a company that …
… needed 200 IP addresses, a /24 IP address block from the Class C range would be assigned.
… needed 50,000 IP addresses, a /16 IP address block from the Class B range would be assigned.
… needed over 65,000~ IP addresses, a /8 IP address block from the Class A range would be assigned.
However, this led to a lot of wasted IP addresses. If, for instance, you only needed 300 IP addresses, a Class C would not suffice, so
you would end up with a Class B and nearly 60,000 IP addresses would be wasted.
You could argue, why not simply assign two /24 blocks from the Class C range (providing 512 IP addresses)? Good point, and this
frequently was done. But what if you needed 25,000 IP addresses? That would require 98 different /24 blocks from the Class C
range. Instead, a single Class B was assigned — which still meant about 40,000 IP addresses were wasted.
Classful addressing evolved into what we know of as Classless Inter-Domain Routing, or CIDR.

CIDR
With Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), IP assignments are not limited to the three classes. The whole unicast range (any IP address
with a first octet of 0 – 223) can be allocated in any size block. In effect, the whole concept of IP address classes is done away with
entirely.
Instead of requiring the IP assignment from the RIRs to be either a 255.0.0.0 or 255.255.0.0 or 255.255.255.0 block, they could be
any size — and for simplicity, slash notation was adopted.
If you need 300 IP addresses … You get a /23.
If you need 500 IP addresses … You also get a /23.
If you need 1000 IP addresses … You get a /22.
If you need 25,000 IP addresses … You get a /17.
If you need 70,000 IP addresses … You get a /15.
If you need 250,000 IP addresses … You get a /14 (instead of the ~16 million IP addresses from the /8 block that would have been
assigned in the Classful world).
This creates a system in which IP address ranges are assigned with a much, much smaller rate of wasted IP addresses.
CIDR address assignment was ratified in RFC 1518, back in September of 1993. Making it the ubiquitous standard for the last 26
years (if you’re reading this in 2019).
The concept of Classful address assignment is useful to know from a historical perspective. But in reality, nowhere in the world is Classful
addressing still employed.
The rare exception, however, is certain archaic protocols or devices which operate “classfully”. This means they assume a mask based
upon the IP address, according to the IP address’s class. For example, if a classful protocol or device is given the IP address
199.22.33.4 — the first octet is 199, which means this is a Class C address, and the Subnet Mask is assumed to be 255.255.255.0.