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Unit II

The document discusses transient analysis in electrical circuits. It covers: 1) Initial conditions involve finding circuit variables like current and voltage when switches open or close, at times t=0-, t=0+, and t>0. Past circuit history affects energy storage elements. 2) Resistors have instantaneous voltage-current relations, but inductors and capacitors cannot instantly change current and voltage. 3) To evaluate initial conditions, equivalent circuits are drawn at t=0- and t=0+ and variables solved for using techniques like current division. Transient responses are then found by solving differential equations describing the circuits.

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Prince Meshram
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48 views30 pages

Unit II

The document discusses transient analysis in electrical circuits. It covers: 1) Initial conditions involve finding circuit variables like current and voltage when switches open or close, at times t=0-, t=0+, and t>0. Past circuit history affects energy storage elements. 2) Resistors have instantaneous voltage-current relations, but inductors and capacitors cannot instantly change current and voltage. 3) To evaluate initial conditions, equivalent circuits are drawn at t=0- and t=0+ and variables solved for using techniques like current division. Transient responses are then found by solving differential equations describing the circuits.

Uploaded by

Prince Meshram
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transient Analysis

Unit II
The reason for studying initial conditions is to find the value
of arbitrary constants that appear in the general solution of
differential equations written for a given network.

Prerequisite
➢Inductance, Capacitor Concept
➢RMS value, Phasor Diagram
➢Differential Equations
INITIAL CONDITIONS
➢In Initial conditions, we find the change in selected variables in a
circuit when one or more switches are moved from open to closed
positions or vice versa.
➢t=0- indicates the time just before changing the position of the
switch
➢t=0 indicates the time when the position of switch is changed
➢t=0+ indicates the time immediately after changing the position of
switch
➢Initial condition focuses solely on the current and voltages
of energy storing elements (inductor and capacitor) as they
will determine the circuit behaviour at t>0.

➢Past history will show up As the capacitor Voltage and


Inductor Current
RESISTOR
➢The voltage current relation of an ideal resistance is
V=R*I
➢From this equation it can be concluded that the instantaneous current
flowing through the resistor changes if the instantaneous voltage across
it changes & vice versa
➢The past voltage or current values have no effect on the present or
future working of the resistor i.e.. It’s resistance remains the same
irrespective of the past conditions
Inductor
The switch is closed at t=0. Hence t=0- corresponds to the instant when
the switch is just open and t=0+ corresponds to the instant when the
switch is just closed.
V= L di/dt
V. dt= L. di
di = 1/L . V dt
Final Condition from basic inductor equation
The Capacitor
I = C dV/dt

I.dt = C dv

1/C . I. dt = dv
Final Condition
Procedure for Evaluating Initial Condition
➢Draw the equivalent network at t=0- , Before Switching action
takes place. Thus find current through inductor at t=0- and
voltage across capacitor.
➢Draw equivalent network at t=0+ immediately after switching.
Replace all inductors by open circuits or with current source
and all capacitor by sort circuit or voltage sources. Resistor
are kept as it is.
➢Find Initial Voltages or currents in the network at t=0+
At Final state or steady state
Find current through resistor and inductor at t=0+. The circuit is in steady state at t<0.

Solution: Due to steady state at t<0. inductor will be replaced by short circuit.

By current division rule,


Thus current in an inductor can not change
instantaneously.

But current through resistor changes instantaneously.


Find voltage across capacitor at t=0+. Assume that switch was closed for a
long time.

Solution:

Since circuit is closed from a long time i.e. in steady state, capacitor
is represented as open circuit at t=0-

Since voltage across capacitor can not change instantaneously, it will appear as it is.
Find current at voltage shown in circuit at t=0+. Circuit is in
steady state with switch is closed

Solution:
Step response of RL circuit
Consider the conditions below:
1. At t < 0, switch is in a
opened position for along
time.
2. At t=0, the instant when the
switch is closed
3. At t > 0, switch is not open
for along time
• i(t)=I0 for t ≤ 0.
❑ For t > 0,
V- Ri – L (di/dt) = 0
This is linear differential equation of first order. It can be solved by variable separate method

(V – R i) dt = L di
L di = dt
Integrate Both Sides
V–Ri
𝐿
− ln 𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑡 + 𝑘
𝑅
Put I = 0 at t = 0
𝐿
− ln 𝑉 = 𝑘
𝑅
𝐿 𝐿
− ln 𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑡 − ln V
𝑅 𝑅

𝐿
− ( ln 𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖 − ln 𝑉) = 𝑡
𝑅

𝑉 − 𝑅𝑖 𝑅
− 𝑡
=𝑒 𝐿
𝑉
𝑅
− 𝑡
V–Ri=V𝑒 𝐿
𝑅
− 𝑡
Ri=V-V𝑒 𝐿

𝑅
𝑉 𝑉 − 𝑡
I= − 𝑒 𝐿
𝑅 𝑅
Application of Laplace Transforms for Transient
response

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