WELCOME TO

POSITIVITY CAMP
The Optimistic Approach
To Empower Your Life
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Here Is A Basic Rundown Of The Series:

SECTION 1: THE OPTIMISM THEORY

Lecture 1: What Is Optimism?
Lecture 2: How Optimistic Are You?
Lecture 3: Cultivating An Optimistic Belief
In Section 2, We Will Look The Benefits Which Optimism
Offers As A Whole, And Whether It Is Something Which Can
Be Learned, Or Not, Which Brings Us To Motivation And
Affirmations.

SECTION 2: PERKS OF POSITIVE THINKING

Lecture 4: Benefits Of Positive Thinking
Lecture 5: Motivation & Optimism
Lecture 6: Affirmations & Optimism
Next, We Will Study And Understand About The Opposite Of
Positive Thinking – Negative Thinking…

SECTION 3: THE ANTITHESIS OF PESSIMISM

Lecture 7: The Beginnings Of Pessimism
Lecture 8: The Effects And Patterns Of Pessimism
Lecture 9: Overcoming Pessimism
Lastly, After Learning So Much About Positive Thinking And
Optimism, It Is Time To Put Them To Use In Real Life!

SECTION 4: OPTIMISM AND POSITIVITY

IN THE REAL WORLD
Lecture 10: Optimism In The Corporate World
Lecture 11: Optimism For Leaders
Lecture 12: Optimism In Relationships And You
 So If You’re Ready,
Let’s Begin The Course Right Now.
First, Let’s Take An Exact Look At What
Positive Thinking, Or Optimism, Is.
Optimism Is A Kind
Of Mental Attitude.
 Basically, This Mental Attitude Interprets
Situations And Events, Projects Both Hope
And Good Thoughts For The Future, And
Expects Good And Favorable Results.
The Word “Optimism” Is Originally
Derived From The Latin Word
“Optimum”, Which Means “Best”.
When You Say Someone Is Optimistic, It Means
That He Or She Usually Expects The Best
Possible Outcome In Any Given Situation.
For Instance, What Is Your
First Thought When You
See A Glass Of Water?
Do You See It As Half Empty Or Half Full?
While Some People Feel That This Question
Is Not Reflective, Or Representative, Of
One’s Innate Optimism, It Does Relate To
The Concept Of Positivity And Optimism.
Still, As A General Guide, The Optimist Sees
The Glass As Half-Full, While The Pessimist
Regards The Glass Of Water As Half-Empty.
 To The Layman, Optimism Is
Usually Defined As Looking At The
World Through Rose-Colored Lenses, Or
Glossing Over The Negative Aspects In Life.
 However, Optimism And Positive
Thinking Also Refers To The Actions
Of Approaching Life’s Obstacles And
Challenges With A Positive Outlook.
Researchers Themselves Define
Optimism Differently Too.
 Some Look At It As An Innate
Ability While Some, Like American
Psychologist Martin Seligman And
His Fellow Scientists, Establish
Optimism In Terms Of Explanatory
Style, That Is, Why Things
Happened The Way It Happened.
 Let’s Take A Look At This
Explanatory Style In Some Detail.
 This Definition Of Optimism Is
Much Narrower As Compared
To Others Due To The Fact That
It Only Emphasizes On The Events.
 Based On The Events, Optimistic Or
Pessimistic Outcomes Are Explained From
How They Are Interpreted, In 3 Ways:
Internal Versus External
Stable Versus Unstable
Global Versus Specific
In Internal Versus External, People Internalized
The Events, That Is, They Explain The Cause
Events Arising From Their Own Actions.
 For Instance, They Think,
“I Always Forget To Alight At The Stop” (Internal)
As Opposed To
“That Stop Can Sure Sneak On You!” (External).
 In Stable Versus Unstable, People
Rationalize The Extent Of The Cause
As Something Which Is Permanent
And May Not Be Changed.
 For Instance, They Think, “I Always
Misplace My Wallet” As A Permanent
Form Of (Pessimistic) Explanation.
In Global Versus Specific, People
Rationalize The Extent Of The
Effects As Something Pervasive.
 For Instance, They See A Particular
Situation Reflected In All Aspects Of Life,
Like “I Can’t Seem To Do Anything Right!”
Therefore, There Are 2 Types
Of Explanatory Styles Here:
Optimistic And Pessimistic.
People Who Subscribe To An Optimistic
Explanatory Style Of Behavior Tend To
See Failure As An Effect Of Others.
 They Believe That Negative Events
Will End Soon And They Do Not Let
Anything Pessimistic Affect Their Lives.
On The Other Hand, People Who Subscribe
To A Pessimistic Explanatory Style Of
Behavior Tend To Blame Themselves
For Anything That Goes Wrong.
They Believe That They’re Bound To Suffer
Negative Events For The Rest Of Their Lives
And That Negative Effects Will Permeate
Every Single Aspect Of Their Lives!
 Because Of This Intense Tendency To Blame
The Self For Events Out Of One’s Control, The
Negative Kind Of Mental Outlook Can Have
A Detrimental Effect On The State Of Mind,
And Eventually, The Body And Existence.
 Talk About Really Being
Pessimistic, What Do You Think?
 Nonetheless, These Explanatory
Styles Are Still Steeped In Debate.
 Some Researchers Believe That
There Is Not Much Difference At All.
 To Them, Optimism Is Equivalent To
Explanatory Styles; There Is No Need
To Classify Them Another Way.
 Let Us Make A Slight Detour And Look At
A Little Philosophical Aspect Of Optimism.
Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz,
A German Mathematician,
Developed The Infinitesimal
Calculus, Independently
Of Isaac Newton.
He Was Also A Philosopher And Came Up
With The Conclusion That People Lived In
The Best Possible World, And That The
Universe, In A Restricted Sense, Is The
Best One That God Could Have Created.
Meanwhile, Nicholas
Rescher, With The University Of
Pittsburgh, Defines ‘Optimalism’
With The Underlying Belief That
The Universe Exists Because It
Is Better Than The Alternatives.
This Particular Philosophy Is Compatible
With Atheism. While It Does Not Exclude
The Possibility Of A Deity, It Also Doesn’t
Require One In Order To Function.
 As Mentioned Earlier, The
Simplest Way To Determine
Optimism/Pessimism Is The
“Glass Of Water” Scenario.
However, There Are Actually Tests Out
There Which Can Determine How
Optimistic Or Pessimistic You Are.
For instance, the Life
Orientation Test (LOT)
was developed by Charles
S. Carver and Michael F.
Scheier in 1985.
 The Assessment Was Designed To
Determine The Individual Differences
In Optimism And Pessimism.
 Participants Are To Indicate
Their Responses According
To A Scale Of The Extent Of
Their Agreement/Disagreement.
 However, Some Issues Cropped Up
In This Test. The Original Items Did
Not All Focus Explicitly On The Future
Expectations As Theory Would Dictate.
Thus, LOT Was Revised To Address
The Issues And Was Modified
Into LOT-R (Lot-revised).
Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ)
Is Another Assessment Tool To Measure
Optimistic And Pessimistic Responses.
 Developed By Christopher Peterson
And Fellow Researchers In 1982, This
Assessment Tool Is Based On The
Explanatory Style Model As Shared
Earlier On (Internal Vs External,
Stable Vs Unstable, Global Vs Specific).
 In This Questionnaire, Participants Are
Asked To Record A Possible Cause For A
Given Scenario. They Are Also To Rate The
Internality, Stability And Globality Of The Event.
 Optimistic People Would Be Those Who
Perceive Good Things Happening To Them.
They Relate These Events As Internal, Stable
And Global. Pessimistic People Then Relate
To Events As External, Unstable And Specific.
Let Us Now Come Back
To The Present Time.
 You May Have Come Across This
Situation Where Some People May Ask:
"My Co-Worker Smiles All
The Time And Is Cheerful
And Optimistic Every Single
Day, And I Understand Her
Family Members Behave
The Same Way Too. Are
They High On Something?"
 Perhaps You’d Just Answer With A
Shrug Or Simply Say, “I Have No Idea.”
But Such People Do Exist, People
Who Are Always In Good Spirits.
This Brings Us To The Question
– Is Optimism Inheritable?
 Meaning, Can Optimism Be
Passed Down As A Trait To The Next
Generation If Both Parents Are Optimistic?
 Could Optimism Be Something We’re
Born With? Or Does It Come Into Being
As We Go Through Life And Experience
A Wide Range Of Situations And Events?
Well, The Answer May Be
In Their Genes After All.
 Researchers Have
Narrowed In Onto A
Possible Genetic Basis
For Positive Thinking
And Optimism.
 The Answer Is In A
Hormone Called Oxytocin.
 Oxytocin Is A Neurotransmitter And It
Modulates Our Behavior In Several Ways.
For Instance, The Hormone Plays Roles
In Sexual Reproduction, Especially
During And After Childbirth.
Secreted In Breastmilk, Oxytocin Helps
In Establishing Maternal Bonding
Between Mother And Child.
 It Is Also Known As The Love
Hormone Where It Is Involved
In Pair Bonding Behavior.
 In Addition, Oxytocin Has Been
Known To Promote Social Behavior,
Generating Empathy And Trust
Among Members Of A Group.
In A Recent Study, About 300 Participants
Were Put Through Questions Relating
To Positive Thinking And Self-Esteem.
On Top Of That, Their Saliva Samples
Were Collected And Analyzed.
 Variants Of The Oxytocin Receptor
Gene Were Found From The Analysis. A
Combination Of 2 Variants, The ‘A’ And
‘G’ Variants, Was Discovered To Make
A Difference In How The People Feel
About Optimism And Happy Thoughts.
People With 1 Or 2 ‘A’s Were Found
To Be Inclined Towards Pessimism.
On The Other Hand,
Participants Possessing
2 ‘G’s Viewed The World
In A Positive Light.
 While The Existence Of Genes Predict
Behavior Some Way Or Another, It Is Not
A Given Conclusion That Anyone With The
Requisite Genes Will Definitely Turn Out Happy.
Environmental Variations Such As
Social Culture And How A Person
Is Raised From A Child To An
Adult Play A Part In Determining
Such Characteristics Of A Person.
 At The End Of The Day, How We Look
At The World And How We Respond
To The World Is The Result Of Multiple
Gene Interaction And The Environment.
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