CE142P-2

HYDRAULICS
1Q S.Y. 23-24

ENGR. RAIN AYONG

REYNOLDS
NUMBER
PIPE FLOW
 Always full flowing
 Pressurized flow
 Constant velocity if constant diameter
 Wall drag and changes in height lead to pressure drops

SLOPI =

1
L

HL =

hy =

SL
REYNOLD’S NUMBER
In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number (Re) is a
dimensionless number that gives a measure of the ratio
of inertial forces to viscous forces for given flow
conditions.
The Reynolds number is an important parameter that
describes whether flow conditions lead to laminar or
turbulent flow
REYNOLD’S NUMBER
(PIPES) I
P

-
LAMINAR FLOW
A type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid travels
smoothly or in regular paths, in contrast to turbulent flow.
In laminar flow, sometimes called streamline flow, the
velocity, pressure, and other flow properties at each point in
the fluid remain constant.

Re < 2000 (LAMINAR FLON)

TURBULENT FLOW
At some critical velocity, the flow will become turbulent
with the formation of eddies and chaotic motion which do
not contribute to the volume flowrate.
This turbulence increases the resistance dramatically so
that large increases in pressure will be required to further
increase the volume flowrate.

Re > 2000 ITURBLILANT FL8N)

• If 𝑁𝑅 < 2000
64
•𝑓=
𝑁𝑅

• If 𝑁𝑅 > 2000
1 𝜀 2.51
• = −2 log +
𝑓 3.7𝐷 𝑁𝑅 𝑓
HEAD LOSSES S = slope of the egl; hydraulic slope; energy
Major Losses (due to friction) gradient
𝐻𝐿 ℎ𝑓
Darcy –Weisbach formula: 𝑆= =
𝐿 𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
𝐿 𝑉2
𝐷 2𝑔
} all section L = length of pipe
hf = head loss due to friction

ℎ𝑓 = .0826 𝑓𝐿
𝑄2
𝐷5
} circular pipes only D = diameter of the pipe
For non circular pipe: D = 4R
𝐴
R=
Manning formula: P = Wetted Perimeter (m)
𝑃

ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷
𝑉2
6.35𝑛2 𝐿 4/3 }
all sections
𝑄2
ℎ𝑓 = 2 }
10.29 𝑛 𝐿 16/3 circular pipes
𝐷 Minor Losses:
only - Due to change in size or direction,
Hazen-Williams formula:
obstruction, etc
}
V = 0.849𝐶𝑅0.63 𝑆 0.54 all sections 𝑉2
𝑄 = 0.2785𝐶𝐷2.63 𝑆 0.54 } circular pipes ℎ𝑚 = 𝑘𝑚
2𝑔

}
10.64 𝐿 𝑄1.85
𝑘𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
only ℎ𝑓 =
𝐶 1.85 𝐷4.87
circular pipes only
HEAD LOSSES
DARCY WEISBACH EQUATION

𝒇𝒍𝒗𝟐 𝟔𝟒
𝒉𝒇 = 𝒇=
𝟐𝒈𝑫 𝑹𝒆
If Re < 2000 , Laminar Flow
HEAD LOSSES
MANNING’S FORMULA

𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐
METRIC 𝑽= 𝑹 𝑺
𝒏

𝟏. 𝟒𝟗𝟐 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐

ENGLISH 𝑽= 𝑹 𝑺
𝒏
HEAD LOSSES
HAZEN WILLIAM’S EQUATION

𝟐.𝟔𝟑 𝟎.𝟓𝟒
METRIC 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟓𝑪𝑫 𝑺

ENGLISH 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟐𝑪𝑫𝟐.𝟔𝟑 𝑺𝟎.𝟓𝟒

HEAD LOSSES
MINOR HEAD LOSSES
Losses due to change in shapes or forms of the conduits
of pipes
𝟐
𝒗
𝒉𝑳 = 𝑪
Where:
𝟐𝒈
C – Form loss coefficient
𝑣2
- velocity head
2𝑔

Note:
𝐿
Check first length L and Diameter D Ratio, to know whether
𝐷
minor losses can be neglected

𝑳
If ≥ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 minor losses can be neglected
𝑫
MINOR HEAD LOSSES
1. MINOR LOSS DUE TO BEND, 𝒉𝒃

2. MINOR LOSS DUE TO CONTRACTION OF CROSS-

SECTION OF CONDUITS OR ENTRANCE, 𝒉𝒄
MINOR HEAD LOSSES
3. MINOR LOSS DUE TO ENLARGEMENT OF
CROSS-SECTION OR EXIT, 𝒉𝒆
MINOR HEAD LOSSES
OTHER MINOR HEAD LOSSES
HEAD LOSSES S = slope of the egl; hydraulic slope; energy
Major Losses (due to friction) gradient
𝐻𝐿 ℎ𝑓
Darcy –Weisbach formula: 𝑆= =
𝐿 𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
𝐿 𝑉2
𝐷 2𝑔
} all section L = length of pipe
hf = head loss due to friction

ℎ𝑓 = .0826 𝑓𝐿
𝑄2
𝐷5
} circular pipes only D = diameter of the pipe
For non circular pipe: D = 4R
𝐴
R=
Manning formula: P = Wetted Perimeter (m)
𝑃

ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷
𝑉2
6.35𝑛2 𝐿 4/3 }
all sections
𝑄2
ℎ𝑓 = 2 }
10.29 𝑛 𝐿 16/3 circular pipes
𝐷 Minor Losses:
only - Due to change in size or direction,
Hazen-Williams formula:
obstruction, etc
}
V = 0.849𝐶𝑅0.63 𝑆 0.54 all sections 𝑉2
𝑄 = 0.2785𝐶𝐷2.63 𝑆 0.54 } circular pipes ℎ𝑚 = 𝑘𝑚
2𝑔

}
10.64 𝐿 𝑄1.85
𝑘𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
only ℎ𝑓 =
𝐶 1.85 𝐷4.87
circular pipes only
EXAMPLE
Oil with ρ = 950 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 and v (nu) = 0.00002 m2/s flows
through a 30-cm Ø pipe 100 m long at 5 m/s. 𝜀 = 0.00194
a. What is the Reynolds number?
b. What is the friction factor?
c. What is the total head loss?
 E
-
#
El
-
I

-
I
/
I
I
&
N
=
I -
11
-
17 -1
-
- El
: ↳
=
/E
2
e
-
Il 11
↓
& -
Calculate the head loss in a 250 mm ø pipe 500m long when water flows at 115 liters per second using:
A. Darcy-Weisbach formula, f=0.02
B. Manning Formula, n=0.012
C. Hazen-Williams formula, C= 100

𝑄2 (0.115)2
ℎ𝑓 = 0.0826𝑓𝑙 5 = 0.0826 (0.02)(500) = 11.19 m
𝐷 (0.25)5
𝑄2 (0.115)2
2
ℎ𝑓 = 10.29 𝑛 𝐿 16/3 2
= 10.29 0.012 (500) = 15.93 m
𝐷 (0.25)16/3

10.64 𝐿 𝑄1.85 10.64 (500) (0.115)1.85

ℎ𝑓 = = = 16.6 m
𝐶 1.85 𝐷4.87 (100)1.85 (0.25)4.87
PIPE
CONNECTIONS
PIPE CONNECTIONS
SERIES CONNECTIONS

෍ 𝒉𝑳𝑻 = 𝒉𝒇𝟏 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟑

𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑 = 𝑸
PIPE CONNECTIONS
PARALLEL CONNECTIONS

𝒉𝒇𝟏 = 𝒉𝒇𝟐 = 𝒉𝒇𝟑

𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐 + 𝑸𝟑 = 𝑸𝑻
Compound
Pipes in
Series and
Parallel
SERIES CONNECTIONS

෍ 𝒉𝑳𝑻 = 𝒉𝒇𝟏 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟑

𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑 = 𝑸

∆𝑷
𝒉𝒇 =
𝜸
PARALLEL CONNECTIONS

𝒉𝒇𝟏 = 𝒉𝒇𝟐 = 𝒉𝒇𝟑

𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐 + 𝑸𝟑 = 𝑸𝑻
EXAMPLE 1

Two reservoirs 8 km apart are connected by two pipes. The

difference in elevations of the two reservoirs is 46m. The first pipe is
0.3m in diameter 8050m long with f = 0.02. The other pipe, 0.35m in
diameter, is 8021 m long with f = 0.02. Determine the total flow.
Two reservoirs 8 km apart are connected by two pipes. The difference in elevations of the two reservoirs is 46m.
The first pipe is 0.3m in diameter 8050m long with f = 0.02. The other pipe, 0.35m in diameter, is 8021 m long with
f = 0.02. Determine the total flow.

𝑄2
HL = hf1 = hf2 = 46 hf = 0.0826fL 5
𝐷
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
𝑄1 2
46 = 0.0826 (0.02)(8050) 𝑄1 = 0.092 𝑚3 /𝑠
(0.3)5

𝑄2 2
46 = 0.0826 (0.02)(8021) 𝑄2 = 0.135 𝑚3 /𝑠
(0.35)5
Q1 Q2
D = 0.3 m Ø D = 0.35 m Ø
𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 0.227 𝑚3 /𝑠
L = 8050 m L = 8021 m
F = 0.02 F = 0.02
EXAMPLE 2

A pipe 977 m long branches into 3 pipes at junction A. The three

pipes span 1046m, 885m, and 796m. They come together at
junction B and continue as a single pipe for 1224m. All pipes are
300 mm in size except the shortest one which is 250 mm. The
pressure drop between the junctions is 260 kPa. Friction factor
“f” can be assumed 0.02 in the entire system. Calculate the rates
of flow in the branching pipes.
A pipe 977 m long branches into 3 pipes at junction A. The three pipes span 1046m, 885m, and 796m. They come together at
junction B and continue as a single pipe for 1224m. All pipes are 300 mm in size except the shortest one which is 250 mm. The
pressure drop between the junctions is 260 kPa. Friction factor “f” can be assumed 0.02 in the entire system. Calculate the
rates of flow in the branching pipes.

Q1

D = 0.3 m Ø

L = 977 m 𝑄2
hf = 0.0826fL
F = 0.02
hf2 = hf3 = hf4 𝐷5

Q2
𝑄2 2
26.5 = 0.0826(0.02)(1046) 𝑄2 = 0.193 𝑚3 /𝑠
D = 0.3 m Ø (0.3)5

L = 1046 m

F = 0.02
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ 26.5 = 0.0826(0.02)(885)
𝑄3 2 𝑄3 = 0.210 𝑚3 /𝑠
Q3 Q4 (0.3)5
∆𝑃
D = 0.3 m Ø D = 0.25 m Ø ℎ𝑓 =
𝛾
L = 885 m L = 796 m
260 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝑄4 2 𝑄4 = 0.140 𝑚3 /𝑠
= = 26.5 𝑚 26.5 = 0.0826(0.02)(796)
F = 0.02 F = 0.02 9.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 (0.25)5
Parallel and Series Connections

෍ 𝒉𝑳𝑻 = 𝒉𝒇𝟏 + 𝒉𝒇𝟐 + 𝒉𝒇𝟑 𝒉𝒇𝟏 = 𝒉𝒇𝟐 = 𝒉𝒇𝟑

𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑 = 𝑸 𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐 + 𝑸𝟑 = 𝑸𝑻
PIPE – RESERVOIR SYSTEM
Reservoir
System
TWO RESERVOIR SYSTEM
THREE RESERVOIR SYSTEM

Note:
El A = highest elevation
El B = intermediate elevation
El C. = lowest elevation

However, the given positions of the

reservoirs can be interchanged
THREE RESERVOIR SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
Given: Elevations (El A, El B, El C)
Length, L
diameter, D
roughness coefficient n, friction factor f

Required: Discharge
THREE RESERVOIR SYSTEM
PROCEDURE
1. Assume the elevation of the water surface in the
piezometer tube, equal to El B (intermediate
elevation). The idea here is to set the discharge
Q2 to zero.

2. Solve then for Q1 and Q3 to know the actual

conditions by comparing Q1 and Q3
THREE RESERVOIR SYSTEM
POSSIBLE CASES
1. Q1 = Q3
If this condition controls, the calculated values are
the solutions to the problem. Meaning, the
discharge in the pipe connected to reservoir B
which is 𝑸𝟐 is really zero
THREE RESERVOIR SYSTEM
POSSIBLE CASES

2. Q1 > Q3
If this condition governs, then 𝑄2 is toward the
reservoir or away the junction. The controlling
continuity equation is:

𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸𝟐 + 𝑸𝟑
THREE RESERVOIR SYSTEM
THREE RESERVOIR SYSTEM
POSSIBLE CASES

3. Q1 < Q3
If this condition exists then 𝑸𝟐 is away from the
reservoir or toward the junction. The controlling
continuity is:

𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸 𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑
THREE RESERVOIR SYSTEM
EXAMPLE
Use friction factor = 0.022
Determine the flow into or out of the reservoir (𝑄1 , 𝑄2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄3 )
𝐿1 = 4000 𝑚 𝐷1 = 300 𝑚𝑚 El. A
𝐿2 = 3000 𝑚 𝐷2 = 200 𝑚𝑚 El. B
𝐿3 = 5000 𝑚 𝐷3 = 150 𝑚𝑚 El. C
EXAMPLE
Use friction factor = 0.022
Determine the flow into or out of the reservoir (𝑄1 , 𝑄2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄3 )
𝐿1 = 4000 𝑚 𝐷1 = 300 𝑚𝑚 El. A
𝐿2 = 3000 𝑚 𝐷2 = 200 𝑚𝑚 El. B
𝐿3 = 5000 𝑚 𝐷3 = 150 𝑚𝑚 El. C
EXAMPLE
Reservoir A shown supplies tanks B and C at 16 li/s and 21
li/s respectively. The pressure at junction D is 103 kPa.
Elevations are indicated. Assuming C = 150 for all pipes:
a. Calculate the diameter required in A
b. Calculate the diameter required in B
c. Calculate the diameter required in C