ol 102 103 104 [] CHAPTER 10 Series Pipeline Systems For a 12-in-diameter concrete pipe 12.000 ft long, find the diameter of a 1000-ft-long equivalent pipe. I Assume a flow rate of 3.0 cfs. (The result should be the same regardless of the flow rate assumed.) From Fig. A.13, with D = 12in and Q =3.0ft?/s, hy = 0.0052 ft/ft. Therefore, hy = (0.0052)(12 000) = 62.40 ft. For a 1000-ft-long equivalent pipe with the same head loss, f= 62.40/1000 = 0.06240 ft/ft. From Fig. A-13, with +h, = 0.06240 ft/ft and Q = 3.0 ft/s, D=7.3in. ‘A 480-ft-long, 18-in-diameter concrete pipe and a 590-ft-long, 12-in-diameter concrete pipe are connected in series. Find the length of an equivalent pipe of 10 in diameter. FF Assume a flow rate of 5 cfs through the two given pipes. For the 18-in-diameter pipe, from Fig. A-13, ).00180 ft/ft. For the 12-in-diameter pipe, = 0.0137 ft/ft. The total head loss for both pipes is (0.00180)(480) + (0.0137)(590) = 8.947 ft. For a 10-in-diameter pipe with Q = 5.0 cfs, from Fig. A-13, +h, = 0.032 ft/ft. Since the equivalent pipe must have the same head loss as that of the system it replaces (i.e... 8.947 ft), the required length of a 10-in-diameter equivalent pipe can now be determined by 0.032L = 8.947, L = 280 ft. Note that the required length of pipe can be determined in a single computation as follows: .00180)(480)/0.032 + (0.0137)(590)/0.032 = 280 ft. ‘A.225-m-long, 300-mm-diameter concrete pipe and a 400-m-long, S00-mm-diameter concrete pipe are connected in series. Find the diameter of a 625-m-long equivalent pipe. I Assume a flow rate of 0.1 m’/s. For the 300-mm-diameter pipe, from Fig. A-14, h, = 0.0074 m/m. For the ‘500-mm-diameter pipe, /t, = 0.00064 m/m. The total head loss for both pipes is fy = (0.0074)(225) + (0.00064)(400) = 1.921 m. For a 625-m-long equivalent pipe with this head loss, ft, = 1.921/625 = 0.00307 m/m. From Fig. A-14, D = 360 mm. Water flows at a rate of 0.020 m’/s from reservoir A to reservoir B through three concrete pipes connected in series, as shown in Fig. 10-1. Find the difference in water-surface elevations in the reservoirs. Neglect losses. Be paly + v5/2g + 24> poly + val2g + 20th, OF0F24=040F mth, A= With Q = 0.020 m/s and D = 160 mm, from Fig. A-14, hy = 0.0082 m/m. With Q = 0.020m’/s and D = 200 mm, A, = 0.0028 m/m. With Q = 0.020 m?/s and D = 180 mm, fy = 0.0046 m/m. H = hy = (0.0082)(1000) + (0.0028)(1600) + (0.0046)(850) = 16.59 m. Fig. 10-1270 0 CHAPTER 10 105 10.7 108 109 ‘Compute the flow rate of water through the three concrete pipes connected in series as shown in Fig. 10-2 by the equivalent length method. Why = 24-29 = WAt/ft. Assume Q = 1 cfs. From Fig. A-13, (f,)r2u = 0.00067 ft/fts (As) ioie (bs)uin = 0.00475 ft/ft. Consider a 10-in-diameter equivalent pipe: L, = 120 + (0.00475)(150)/0.0016 + (0.00067)(100)/0.0016 = 607 ft. ‘With D = 10in and h, = % = 0.0329 ft/ft, from Fig. A-13, Q = 5.1 cfs. 0016 ft/ft; Water Fig. 102 Solve Prob. 10.5 by the equivalent diameter method. I Using values obtained from Prob. 10.5, hy = (0.00067)(100) + (0.00475)(150) + (0.0016)(120) = 0.972 ft. With Q = 1 cfs and hy = 0.972/(100 + 150 + 120) = 0.00263 ft/ft, D = 8.9 in. With D = 8.9in and h, = 3% = 0.0541 fe/ft, Q= 5.1 cfs. ‘Two concrete pipes are connected in series. The flow rate of water through the pipes is 0.14m’/s with a total friction loss of 14.10 m for both pipes. Each pipe has a length of 300 m. If one pipe has a diameter of 300 mm, what is the diameter of the other one? Neglect minor losses. I For first pipe: With Q =0.14 m’/s and D = 300mm, hy = 0.014 m/m. hy = (0.014)(300) = For second pipe: h, = 14.10 4. 0.033 m/m, D = 250 mm. 20m. 9.90, h, = 9.90/300 = 0.033 m/m. With Q = 0.14 m°/s and h, = ‘Three concrete pipes are connected in series, as shown in Fig. 10-3. Determine the length of an 8-in-diameter ‘equivalent pipe. Assume Q = 1 chs. (F)sin = 0.00475 ft/ft; (hi)ein = 0.0195 ft/ft; (F:)roia = 0.0016 ft/ft5 L. (0.0195)(1000)/0.00475 + (0.0016)(2000)/0.00475 = 5979 ft. 1200+ "og te Game 1000 ft, 6-la diameter 2000 fit, 10-in diameter I 0 ee op 42008 Fig. 103 For the three pipes in Fig. 10-3, determine the diameter of a 4200-ft-long equivalent pipe. I Using values obtained from Prob. 10.8, for a 4200-ft-long equivalent pipe, fy = (0.00475)(1200) + (0.0195)(1000) + (0.0016)(2000) = 28.4 ft, hy = 28.4/4200 = 0.00676 ft/ft. With Q = 1 cfs and h, = 0.00676 ft/ft, D=75in.10.10 to. 1.2 10.13 10.14 SERIES PIPELINE SYSTEMS 0 271 For three pipes in series, the total pressure drop is p, — p» = 150000 Pa, and the elevation drop is 247%) =5m. The pipe data are 100 150 80 0.24 | 0.003 0.12 | 0.002 pipe | L,m | d,em | €,mm | ¢/d 1 2 3 0.20 | 0.005 ‘The fluid is water, p = 1000 kg/m’, and v through the system. Neglect minor losses. .02 x 10°* m?/s. Calculate the flow rate in cubic meters per hour I The total head loss in the system is hz = (pa~ps)/0g + (2a—z0) ‘\(L/d)(v7/2g). From the continuity relation, v= (di/d;)*(u = 4.0000, and 50 000/[(1000)(9.807)] + 5 = 20.30 m 8)°@1) = L718, v= (di/ds)*(vs) Ode= (23) v0 = [LEO |e. = 0.333)0N0) vds= (2B) ve) = [LEE Jv), = e000), 20.30 = f[100/(165)] (v3/[(2)(9.807)]} + fs{150/ ifs) ]{(1.7780s)°/{(2)(9.807)]} + f:{80/ (x25)] {(4.0000,)?/{(2)(9.807)}} 20.30 = (63.73f, + 402.9f; + 1631f)(01)? From Fig. A-5 from the fully rough regime, estimate f, = 0.0262, f, = 0.0234, and f, = ).0304, 20,35 = {(63.73)(0.0262) + (402.9)(0.0234) + (1631)(0.0304)](v,)? v1 = 0.5791 m/s Ny= duly (Ne)s = (s)(0.5791)/(1.02 x 10°*) = 4.54 x 10" (Ne)2 = (1-333)(4.54 x 10-4 = 6.05 x 10" (Ng)s = (2.000)(4.54 x 107%) = 9.08 x 10" From Fig. A-5, f, = 0.0288, f= 0.0260, and f, = 0.0314. 20.35 = [(63.73)(0.0288) + (402.9)(0.0260) + (1631)(0.0314)}(»,)?, v, = 0.5660 m/s; Q = Av = [(7)(ch)*/4](0.5660) = 0.002845 m"/s, or 10.2m"/h, An additional iteration (not shown) gives essentially the same result. For a head loss of 5.0 ft/1000 ft, and using C = 120 for all pipes, how many 8: pipe? To a 24-in pipe? I From Fig. A-13, for h, = 5.0/1000, or 0.005, and d = 8in, Q = 1.0cfs. For d = 16 in, Q = 6.6 cfs. For d=24in, Q = 17 cfs. Thus it would take 6.6/1.0, or 6.6 eight-in pipes to be hydraulically equivalent to a 16-in pipe of the same relative roughness. Likewise, 17/1.0, or 17 eight-in pipes are equivalent to a 24-in pipe for a head loss of 5.0 ft/1000 ft, ot for any other head loss condition. ipes are equivalent to a 16-in A series piping system consists of 6000 ft of 20-in new cast iron pipe, 4000 ft of 16-in, and 2000 ft of 12-in pipe. ‘Convert the system to an equivalent length of 16-in pipe. Hf Assume a value of Q of 3.8 cfs. For new cast iron, C = 130. In order to use Fig. A-13, change Q30 to Q120. Quan = ({38)(3-8) = 3.5 efs. From Fig. A-13, (ts): = 0.00064 f/f, (/,)2 = 0.00187 ft/ft, and (/,)s = 0.0070 ft/ft. +, = (0.00064) (6000) + (0.00187)(4000) + (0.0070)(2000) = 25.32 ft. The equivalent 16-in pipe must carry 3.8 cfs with a head loss of 25.32 ft (C = 130). Hence, 25.32/L, = 0.00187, L. = 13 540 ft. Convert the system of Prob. 10.12 to an equivalent size pipe 12.000 ft long. 1 The 12.000 ft of pipe, C = 130, must carry 3.8 cfs with a head loss of 25.32 ft. Hence, hy = 25.32/12 000 = 0.00211. From Fig. A-13, using Q = 3.5 cfs, d= 15.5in. ‘Suppose in Fig. 10-4 pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 300 m of 30-cm-diameter, 150 m of 20-cm-diameter, and 250 m of 25-cm-diameter, respectively, of new cast iron and are conveying water at 15°C. If k= 101m, find the rate of flow from A to B by the equivalent velocity method. Neglect minor losses. 4H (€/d), = 0.00026/ (78) = 0.000867 (€/d), = 0.00026/(#%) = 0.00130 (€ /d); = 0.00026/ (jes) = 0.00104272 0 CHAPTER 10 10.16 From Fig. A-5, assume f, = 0.019, f= 0.021, and f, = 0.020. hy = (f)(L/d)(v?/2g) = 10 = 0.019306) i/|2) 9.8079) + 0.02i[150/() 3M (2)9.807)}) + 0.020(250/ Fe) (v¥/1219.807), 10 = 0.96870? + 0.8030v3 + 1.020v3, From the continuity relation, v2 = (d,/d2)°(v,) = (8)"(v1) = 2.2500, ¥s= (4)/ds)*(0,) = BP(u,) = 1.4400, and (2.2500) 20)] 5) = veda= (S22) 0 = [ATES [ve = (500,00 (1.4400,)(25) (wD) (vnds= (22) a= Jove = .200)0%,), 10 = 0.968703 + (0.8030)(2.2500,)? + (1.020)(1.440v,)? v= 1.183m/s Ne=du/y (Na) = (R)(1-183)/(1.16 x 10-4) = 3.06 x 10° (Nq)a = (1.500)(3.06 x 10°) = 4.59 x 10° (Nx)s = (1.200)(3.06 x 10°) = 3.67 x 10° From Fig. A-5, f= 0.021, f;= 0.021, and f, = 0.020. ‘Ir, = 10 = 0.021[300/ (78)]{v3/[(2)(9.807)]} + 0.021{150/()] (v2/[(2)(9.807)]} + 0.020[250/ (F5)]{v3/[(2)(9.80} 10 = 1.071v} + 0.803003 + 1.02003 = 1.071v3 + (0.8030)(2.250v,)? + (1.020)(1.440v,)* w= L.1TAm/s = Av =[(7)(2)"/4](1.174) = 0.0830 m/s Solve Prob. 10.14 by the equivalent length method, HL Using data from Prob. 10.14 and choosing a 30-cm pipe as the standard, (L.)o = (150)(0.021/0.020)(3)° = 1196 m of 30-cm vie (L.)s = (250)(0.020/0.020)(48)* = 622 m of 30-em pif (Le) = 300 + 1196 + 622 = 2118 m of 30-cm pipe hh = 10=0. a0etT8/ to". .807)]) VEL m/s Q={()(4)*/4](1.179) = 0.0833 m'/s In Fig. 10-4 pipes 1, 2, and 3 are 500 ft of 3.068-in, 200 ft of 2.067-in, and 400 ft of 2.469-in wrought iron pipe. Given a head loss of 19.5 ft from A to B, find the flow of water at 60°F. B > —- €fa), =0.00015/(3.068/12) = 0.000587 _(€/d)» = 0.00015/(2.067/12) = 0.000871 (€/a)y = 0.00015/(2.469/12) = 0.000729 From Fig. A-5, assume f, = 0.0172, f;= 0.0190, and f,= 0.0181. y= (f\(LId)(v?/2g) = 19.5 = 0.0172{500/(3.068/12)}{v3/{(2)(32.2)]} + 0.0190{200/(2.067/12)]{v3/{(2)(32.2)} +.0.0181[400/(2.469/12)]{v3/[(2)(32.2)]} 19.5 = 0.5223uj + 0.342603 + 0.546403 From the continuity relation, v, = (dy/d;)°(v,) = (3.068/2.067)"(u1) = 2.20301, vs= (di/ds)*(v1) = (8.068/2.469)'(v,) = 1.544v,, and O= (228) = eS Jed = (488)0¥0) (ids (2B) co = [EO aed = (1.20% 20 = 0.52237 + (0.3426)(2.2030,)* + (0.5464)(1.544u,)* v, = 2.365 ft/s Ne =dv/v (Nx): = (3.068/12)(2.365)/(1.21 x 10-*) = 5.00 x 10° (Np)2 = (1.484)(5.00 x 10*) = 7.42 x 10° (Np)s = (1.243)(5.00 x 10°) = 6.22 x 10*117 10.18 1029 ‘SERIES PIPELINE SYSTEMS J 273 From Fig. A-5, fi = 0.0228, f, = 0.0225, and f, = 0.0225. ‘hy = 19.5 =0.0228[500/(3.068/12)}{v3/{(2)(32.2)]} + 0.0225{200/(2.067/12)}{v3/{(2)(32.2))) +-0.0225{400/(2.469/12)(v3/[(2)(32.2)}} 19.5 = 0.6924v} + 0.405703 + 0.679203 = 0.6924v + (0.4057)(2.2080,)? + (0.6792)(1.544u,> uv, = 2.134 ft/s Q = Av = {()(3.068/12)*/4](2.134) = 0.110 ft/s, ‘An additional iteration (not shown) produces an insignificant difference. ‘Suppose that 100 ft of 1-in (€ = 0.000005 ft) pipe and 500 ft of 6-in (¢ = 0.0008 ft) pipe are connected in seri For a total head loss of 24 ft, find the flow of water at 60°F. i (€/d), = 0.000005 (#3) = 0.000600 (€/d), = 0.0008/(i) = 0.00160 From Fig. A-5, assume f, = 0.0110 and f, = 0.0215. hay = (FEI yu 2g) = 25 = 0.0110[100/(c2)]{vi/[(2)(32.2)]} + 0.0215{500/(8)]{v3/[(2)32.2)]} 25 = 0.2050vj + 0.333903 From the continuity relation, v2 = (4y/d2)"(v,) = (2°(v,) = 0.0278u, and (eh= (22) 0) = [OTE 24 = 0.2050v7 + (0.3339)(0.02778v,)? —_v, = 11.04 ft/s Ne=du/v (Na)s = (i)(11.04)/(1.21 x 10°*) = 7.60 x 10° (Ng)2 = (0.1667)(7.60 x 10°) = 1.27 x 10 From Fig. A-5, f, = 0.0195 and f, = 0.032. hy = 24 = 0.0195{100/(75)](v3/[(2)(32.2)]} + 0.032[500/(8)]{v3/[(2)(32.2)]) 24 = 0.363407 + 0.496903 .3634uj + (0.4969)(0.02778v,)" vu, = 8.122 ft/s (Nu) = (i4)(8.122)/(1.21 x 107%) = 5.59 10" (Na) = (0.1667)(5.59 x 10°) = 9.32 x 10° From Fig. A-5, f, = 0.0203 and f, = 0.033. hy, = 24 = 0.0203{100/ (15)] {v3/[(2)(32.2)]} + 0.033[500/ (5)]{03/{(2)(32.2)]} 24 = 0.37830; + 0.5124v; 3783u; + (0.5124)(0.02778v,)" ‘U, = 7.961 ft/s Q= (2) G5)?/4](7.961) = 0.0434 ft/s ‘An additional iteration (not shown) produces an insignificant difference. wads Joe): = 0.1667.0%e), Repeat Prob. 10.16 for the case where the fluid has s.g. = 0.9 and = 0.0008 Ib s/f. Hf First apply 4, = (f)(L/d)(v?/2g), using values from Prob. 10.16 and assuming f = 0.03 for all pipes. 19.5 = 0,03[500/(3.068/12)]{v3/{(2)(32.2)]} + 0.03{200/(2.067/12)}(v3/f(2(32.2)]) + 0.03[400/(2.469/12)]{v3/{(2)(32.2)]} = 0.91100} + 0.540903 + 0.905603 = 0.91100? + (0.5409)(2.2030,)? + (0.9056)(1.544u4)" v= L850ft/s Ne =pdu/u (Na) = [(0.9)(1.94)}(3.068/12)(1.850)/0,0008 = 1032 (Nn)a= (1-484)(1046) = 1532 (Nq)s = (1.243)(1046) = 1283 ‘Therefore, the flow is laminar and h, = (32)(4/y)(L/d?)\(v).. 19.5 = 32{0.0008/[(0.9)(62.4)]}{[500/(3.068/12)"1(v,) + 32(0.0008/{(0.9) (62.4)})[200/(2.067/12)"](2.2030,) + 32(0.0008/{(0.9)(62.4)}}[400/(2.469/12)"](1.544v,) WS LOTAA/s —— Q-= Av ={(2r)(3.068/12)?/4](1.074) = 0.0551 ft/s One end of a 150-m-long, 300-mm-diameter pipe is submerged in a reservoir; the other end abuts on a 90-m-long, 200-mm-diameter pipe at a point 30 m below the reservoir surface. Water discharges freely (K = 1.0) from the free end of the shorter pipe, which is 15 m below the junction. {This implies a 2° bend at the junction.]274 0 CHAPTER 10 10.20 10.21 Determine the pressure heads just above and just below the junction, if f = 0.04, K = 0.8 for the entrance, and (0.24 for the contraction-bend at the junction. i ily + vi/2g + 2, = pal y + v3/2g + 22+ hy oy y= (J\(L 1a) (v" 2g) = 0.04{150/0.300] (v/{(2)(9.807)]) + 0.04{90/0.200]{v3/{(2)(9.807)}} = 1.02003 + 0.917703 Jig = (K)(U?/2g) = 0.8{7/{(2)(9.807)]} + 0.24 v3/[(2)(9.807)]} = 0.040790% + 0.012240 hy = hy + h,, = (1.02003 + 0.9177v3) + (0.04079v7 + 0.012403) = 1.06103 + 0.929903 Avy = Aavz —_[(-2)(0.300)"/4](v1) = [(4)(0.200)*/4](v2)_—_v, = 0.4444, fi, = (1.061)(0.44440,)° + 0.929903 = 1.1390} 0-04.45 = 0 + v3/[(2)(9.807)] + 0+ 1.13903 149 m/s vy = (0.4444)(6,149)=2.733 m/s Q= Avs =[(2t)(0.200)"/4](6.149) = 0.193 m/s Now apply Eq. (1) between the water level at intake and a point just above the junction. 0+0+30= aly + 2.733"/{(2)(9.807)] + 0 + (1.02007 + 0.04079v7), 30 = po/y + 0.3808 + (1.020 + 0.04079)(2.733?), paly = 21.70 m. Finally apply Eq. (1) between the water level at intake and a point just below the junction. 0+0430=p./y + 6.1497/|(2)(9.807)] +0 + (1.02007 + 0.04079v? + 0.0122403), 30 = p2/y + 1.928 + [(1.020 + 0.04079)(2.733) + (0.01224)(6.149")], pa/y = 19.69 m Repeat Prob. 10.19 neglecting minor losses. i Pily + vil2g + 2 = pal y + vi/2g + 22+ hy () oe a Using data from Prob. 10.19, hy = 1.02003 + 0.9177v3, h, = (1.020)(0.4444v;)? + 0.917703 = 1.11903, 0+0+ 45 = 0 + v3/[(2)(9.807)] + 0 + 1.11903, v2 = 6.202 m/s, vy = (0.4444)(6.202) = 2.756 m/s; Q = A,v, = {(-2)(0.200)"/4)(6.202) = 0.195 m*/s. For the pressure head just above the junction, 0 +0 + 30 = p2/y + 2.756?/{(2)(9.807)] + 0 + 1.020v3, 30 = p/'y + 0.3873 + (1.020)(2.756"), p2/y = 21.87 m. For the pressure head just below the junction, 0+ 0 + 30 = p./y + 6.2027/{(2)(9.807)] + 0 + 1.020v3, 30 = p./y + 1.961 + (1.020)(2.756%), pa/'y = 20.29 m. ‘Three new cast iron pipes, having diameters of 30 in, 24in, and 18in, respectively, each 500 ft long, are connected in series. The 30-in pipe leads from a reservoir (flush entrance), and the 18-in pipe discharges into the air at a point 11.5 ft below the water surface in the reservoir. Assuming all changes in section to be abrupt, find the rate of discharge of water at 60°F. ' pily + vig +2 =paly+ 2+ Ath, hi=hy thn — hy =(F)(L/d)(v"/2g) Assume f = 0.016 for each pipe. v2 = velocity for 18-in pipe, velocity for 24-in pipe = (#)°(v2) = 0.562502, velocity for 30-in pipe = (48)"(v.) = 0.3600v,., ‘hr, = 0.016[500/ (#2)}{(0.3600v,)"/[(2)(32.2)]} + 0.016{500/ (F3)]{(0.5625v2)*/[(2)(32.2)]} +.0.016[500/(33)]{03/{(2)(32.2)]} = 0.108903, Pay = (K)(U7/28) 0.5 (Fig. A-7). For sudden contractions, with d/D = 3, or 0.80, K =0.15 and with ).18 (Fig. A-9). For exit, K = 1.0 (Fig. A-7). y= (0.5)(0.3600v,)? + (0.15)(0.56250;)? + 0.1803 = 0.292303, = 0.108903 + 0.292303 0+0+411.5=0+ v3/[2)G22)] +0+0.401203 p= 5.253 ft/s Na=du/v (Np) son = $3[(0.3600)(5.253)]/(1.21 10-*) = 3.91 X 10° (Ng)aein = H{(0.5625)(5.253)]/(1.21 x 1075) = 4.88 x 10° (Na) iein = (8)(5.253)/(1.21 x 107%) = 6.51 x 10° (€/d) i» = 0.00085/(38) = 0.000340 (€/d) ein = 0.00085/(#) = 0.000425 (€/d) nn = 0.00085/(18) = 0.000567 From Fig. A-5, fuvin = 0.0168, firin = 0.0172, and fini» = 0.0176. ‘hy = 0.0168[500/(#)]{(0.3600v.)*/[(2)(32.2)]}} + 0.0172[500/(#)] {(0.5625v2)?/[(2)(32.2)]} + 0.0176{500/(48)]{v3/{[(2)(32.2)]} = 0.119003 hy, = 0.119003 + 0.2923u3= 0.411303 0+0+411.5=0+ v3/[(2)(32.2)] +0+0.4113¥3 v= 5.191 ft/s For entrance, take d/D = %, 01 0.75, 401203 An additional iteration (not shown) gives no significant change in v2. Q = Av = [(x)(1)"/4\(5.191) = 9.17 f€/s.1022 1023 10.24 SERIES PIPELINE SYSTEMS J 275 In Fig. 10-5, K, = 0.5, L, = 300m, D, = 600 mm, €, = 2mm, L;= 240m, D, = 1m, €,= 0.3mm, v=3% 10" m/s, and H = 6m. Determine the discharge through the system. ' Pily + 02/2g-+ 2,=paly +0Y2g + 2th, y= hy thy hy =(FML/A\v*/28) Assume f= 0.026 and f= 0.015. v= [(§83)/1} (v1) = 0.36000, fy =0.026(300/( #8) (¥#/[29.807)]) + (0.015)(240/1). ic 3600v,)7/[(2)(9.807)]} = 0.6866vi. For entrance: ha = (K)(v?/28) = 0.5(v4/[2\(9.807))} = 0.025450 = ‘ Loquy lV. 807)]} = 0.05098 = (0.05098)(0.3600v,)? = 0.006607v3. For sudden contraction bay = (Uy ~ ¥2)?/28 = (V1 — 0.36000,)"/[(2)(9.807)] 02088 (Fn rou = 0.025493 + 0.00660707 + 0.020803 = 0.052987 686605 + 0.05298u} = 0.73960} 0+0+6=040+4040.739603 — v =2.848 m/s ¥2= (0.3600)(2.848) = 1.025 m/s Na=du/v (Na), = (188)(2.848)/(3 x 10-*) =5.70 x 10° (Nga = (1)(1.025)/(3 x 10°%) = 3.42 x 10° (€/d), = y= 0.00333 (€/d),= (0.3/1000)/1 = 0.000300 From Fig. A-5, f;= 0.0265 and f, = 0.0168. ‘hy = 0.0265[300/ (00) { vi/{(2)(9.807)]} + (0.0168)(240/1){(0.3600v,)*/{(2)(9.807)]} = 0.7022v3 fy, = 0.70220} + 0.052980} = 0.755203 0+ 04+6=040+4040.75520} v, =2.819 m/s An additional iteration (not shown) gives no significant change in v,. Q = Av = [()(43)"/4](2.819) = 0.797 m/s, Solve Prob. 10.22 by means of equivalent pipes. I Expressing the minor losses in terms of equivalent lengths gives for pipe 1: K; = 0.5 + [1 — ({8)°F = 0.9096, (L.), = K,Dy/f, = (0.9096) ({%)/0.026 = 20.99 m; and for pipe 2: Kz = 1.0, (L,)2 = KzDz/f; = (1.0)(1)/0.015 = 66.67 m. The values of f, and f, are selected for the fully turbulent range as an approximation. The problem is now reduced to 300 + 20.99, or 320.99 m of 600-mm pipe and 240 + 66.67, or 306.67 m of 1-m pipe. Expressing the 1-m pipe in terms of an equivalent length of 600-m pipe, L. = (f/f,)(L2(D,/D.)° = (0.015/0.026)(306.67)|(#85)/1}’ = 13.76 m. By adding to the 600-mm pipe, the problem is reduced to finding the discharge through 320.99 + 13.76, or 334.75 m of 600-mm pipe, €, = 2mm, H = 6m: hy = (f)(L/D)(v"/2g), 6 = (F)[334.75/(1880)]{v°/{(2)(9.807)]},, v = 0.4593/VFf. Try f = 0.026: v = 0.4593 /\V0.026 = 2.848 m/s, Ne = Do = ($8)2.848)/3 x 10°) = 5.70 10% From Fig. A, with Ng= 5.70 x 10 and ¢/D = 0.00335, 0265. Try. 0.4593/ 0.0265 = 2.821 m/s, Ng = ({f8)(2-821)/(3 x 10°*) = 5.64 x 105, f 0265 (0.1 ee = [()GSR)7/4](2-821) = 0.798 m/s. ‘Two reservoirs are connected by three clean cast iron pipes in series: L, = 300m, D, = 200 mm; L;= 400m, Dz = 300 mm; Ly = 1200 m, D, = 450mm. If the flow is 360 m°/h of water at 20°C, determine the difference in elevation of the reservoi 1 v=Q/A v= (360/3600)/{(x)(0.200)"/4] = 3.183 m/s v2 = (360/3600)/{(2r)(0.300)"/4] = 1.415 m/s v4 = (360/3600)/{(+")(0.450)"/4] = 0.6288 m/s Na= Duly (Np)i = (0.200)(3.183)/(1.02 x 10-*) = 6.24 x 10° (Nea = (0.300)(1.415)/(1.02 x 10°*) = 4.16 x 10° (Nq)s = (0.450)(0.6288)/(1.02 x 10%) = 2.77 x 10° (€/D); = 0.00026/0.200 = 0.00130 (€/D)» = 0.0026/0.300 = 0.000867 (€/D)s = 0.00026/0.450 = 0.000578 From Fig. A-5, f, = 0.0215, f, = 0.020, and f, = 0.0185. H ‘L/D)(v?/2g) = 0.0215[300/0.200} {3. 183°/{(2)(9.807)]} + 0.020[400/0. 300] {1.4157/{(2)(9.807)]} + (0.0185{1200/0.450]{0.6288"/[(2)(9.807))} = 20.37 m.276 0 CHAPTER 10 10.25 Solve Prob. 10.24 by the method of equivalent lengths. I Express pipes 2 and 3 in terms of pipe 1 L.= (fl (L2(Di/ Diy (L.)a= (0.020/0.0215)(400)(%8)° = 49.00 m. .0185/0.0215)(1200)(28)° = 17.91 m 10.26 Air at atmospheric pressure and 60°F is carried through two horizontal pipes (¢ = 0.06 in) in series. The upstream pipe is 360 ft of 24 in diameter, and the downstream pipe is 120 ft of 36 in diameter. Estimate the equivalent length of 18-in (¢ = 0.003 in) pipe. Neglect minor losses. 1 €/D, = 0.06/24 = 0.0025 €/D, = 0.06/36 = 0.00167 From Fig. A-5, assuming high Reynolds numbers, f; = 0.025 and f, = 0.022. 025 /f,)(360) (48° + (0.022/f,)(120)(8)* = 2.218/f, =0,003/18 = 0.000167 f= 0.013 L,=2.218/0.013= 171 ft eID 10.27 What pressure drop is required for flow of 6000 ft’/min in Prob. 10,26? Include losses due to sudden expansion. 1 hia hyth, hy =(f(LID\(v"/2g) From Prob. 10.26, €/D; = 0.0025, €/Dz = 0.00167. Uy = QIA, = (SPY (VEY 4] = 31.83 ft/s v2 = Q/A2= (eE")/[(@)(EY'/4] = 14.15 ft/s Na=Dulv (Na) = (33)(31.83)/(1.58 x 104) = 4.03 x 10° (Naga = ($8)(14.15)/(1.58 % 10°) = 2.69 x 10° From Fig. A-5, f,= 0.025 and f, = 0.022. ‘hy = 0.025{360/ (34)]{31.837/{(2)(32.2)]} + 0.022[120/(3)]{14. 15?/[(2)(32.2)]} = 73.53 ft age = (ty ~ v2)?/2g = (31.83 ~ 14.15)/[(2)(32.2)]=4.85m —h, = 73.53 + 4.85 = 78.38 ft Ap=yh y=p/RT ‘y= (14.7)(144)/{(53.3)(460 + 60)] = 0.07637 1b/ft? Ap = (0.07637)(78.38) = 5.99 lb/ft 10.28 Two pipes, D, =3in, L, = 300 ft, and D,=2in, L»= 180 ft, are joined in series with a total pressure drop of 3 b/in?. What is the flow rate of syrup (p = 1.78 slugs/ft°, 4 = 0.00606 Ib - s/f?) at 20°C? 1 hy = ply = Ap/ pg = (3)(144)/[(1.78)(32.2)] = 7.537 ft ‘Assume laminar flow 128ULO 4 57 _ (128)(0.00606)(300)(0) , (128)(0.00606)(180)(0) ‘*pgD* ()C.78)(32.2)8)" ()C-78)(32.2)(8)* Computation of Ng (not shown) indicates the flow is indeed laminar. ie 2 = 0.00564 f°/s Convert the piping system shown in Fig. 10-6 to an equivalent length of 6-in pipe. i Daly + Vi/2g + Z4= Dual y + Viel 28 + 20 + he, In = iy +g = (f)(L/d)(V?/2g) = 0.025[150/(18)]{ Vi2/[(2)(32.2)]} + 0.020[100/(4)]{ V2/((2)(32.2)]} = 0.05823V 7, + 0.062115 Him = (KV? /2g) = [8.0 + (2)(0.5) + 0.7 + 1.0]{ Vi2/[(2)32.2)]} + (0.7 + 6.0 + (2)(0.5) +3.0+ LOK VE/{(2)(32.2)]) = 0.1661V}, + 0.1817V2 ‘hy = 0.05823V ja + 0.062113 + 0.16612 + 0.1817V5 = 0.2243}, + 0.2438V% 0+0+h=04040+0.2243V3, +0.2438VE Vir = (5)"(Vs) = 0.2500¥, +h = (0.2243)(0.2500Ve)? + 0.2438V3 = 0.2578V2 For a 6-in equivalent pipe, ht = 0.020[L,/()]{V2/{(2)(32-2)}} = 0.0006211L,V2, 0.2578V3 = 0.0006211L,V3, L.=4l5 ft.1031 SERIES PIPELINE SYSTEMS 0 277 Factors K Strainer B 8.0 12” Bends C, F (each) 0.5 12” Tee D = 07 12” Valve E 1.0 12” x 6” Cross G (x Vi/2g) = 0.7 6” Meter H 6.0 6” Bends J, K (each) 0.5 6” Valve L 3.0 160-12" Y= 025) Fig. 10-6 For the compound piping system described in Prob. 10.12, what flow will be produced for a total head loss of 70.08? I From Prob, 10.12, 13 540 ft of 16-in pipe is equivalent to the compound system. For a head loss of 70.0 ft, +h, = 70.0/13 540 = 0.00517. From Fig. A-13, Q = 6.3 cfs. This is for C= 120. For new cast iron pipe (C= 130), = (B)(6.3) = 6.8.fs. For the system shown in Fig. 10-7, when the flow from reservoir A to main D is 3.25 mgd, the pressure at D is 20.0 psi. The flow to D must be increased to.4.25 mgd with the pressure at 40.0 psi. What size pipe, 5000 ft long, should be laid from B to C (shown dashed) parallel to the existing 12-in pipe to accomplish this? I The elevation of reservoir A can be determined as follows: Q = (3.25 x 10*)/{(7.48)(86 400)] = 5.03 cfs. From Fig. A-13, (f,)s. = 0.0038 ft/ft, (/,)j2 = 0.0150 ft/ft. These values of h, are for C = 120; they must be adjusted for C = 100: (ha)se = (488)(0.0038) = 0.0046 ft/ft (As) 1a = (48)(0.0150) = 0.018 ft/ft (hye = (0.0046)(8000) = 36.8 ft (hy ia = (0.018)(5000) = 90.0 ft hy rou = 36.8 + 90.0 = 126.8 ft ‘The hydraulic grade line drops 126.8 ft to an elevation of 46.2ft above D (the equivalent of 20.0 psi). Thus reservoir A is 126.8 + 46.2, of 173.0 t above point D. For a pressure of 40.0 psi, the elevation of the hydraulic grade line at D will be 92.4 ft above D, or the available head for the flow of 4.25 mgd will be 173.0-92.4, or 80.6{t. In the 16-in pipe with Q = 4.25 mgd, or 6.58 cfs, (y)i« = 0.0062 ft/ft for C = 120. For C= 100: (H,)sa= (48)(0.0062) = 0.0074 ft/ft, (hip), = (0.0074) (8000) = 59.2 ft, (hy Jac = 80.6 — 59. 21.4f. For the existing 12-in pipe: (/t,)1.= 21.4/5000 = 0.0043 ft/ft, Q,2=2.7 ofs for C = 120. For C = 100, Q2 = (1%)(2.7) = 2.3 cfs. The flow in the new pipe must be 6.58 — 2.3, or 4.28 cfs with an available head (drop in the hydraulic grade line) of 21.4 ft from B to C. hy = 21.4/5000 = 0.0043 ft/ft. From Fig. A-13, D=14in, approximately. A