Additional Mathematics

CHAPTER 8
Vectors
By Mr. Jack
SPM Analysis

Paper 1 1-2 Questions

Paper 2 Section A/B – 1 Question

Intro - Things to know:
• Difference of Scalars & Vectors

Scalars Vectors

Has magnitude (value) Has magnitude (value) & direction

Displacement
Distance
- I walked 1km from home to school
- I walked 1km from home to school
from the south

Speed Velocity
- A car is travelling at 90km/h. - A car is travelling at 90km/h
from the north
Intro - Overview of the Chapter
Stage 1 Vectors
Introduction of
Vectors

Stage 2
+ & - of Vectors

Stage 3
Vectors on
Cartesian Plane
Intro - Tips to Score
Stage 1
Stage 1 – Intro of Vectors
𝐵 Written
𝑎 /𝐚
𝐴𝐵/𝐀𝐁 or ~

𝑎
~

Magnitude
|𝐴𝐵|/|𝐀𝐁| or | 𝑎 | / |𝐚|
~
𝐴 𝐴𝐵 = (𝑥2 −𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 −𝑦1 )2
Stage 1 – Intro of Vectors
Example 1:

𝐴𝐵 = (𝑥2 −𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 −𝑦1 )2

Stage 1 – Intro of Vectors
Vectors
Parallel Not Parallel
2 vectors have 2 vectors do not have
same direction same direction
Zero Vector
𝐴𝐵 = ℎ𝐶𝐷 0 𝑘𝐴𝐵 = ℎ𝐶𝐷, ℎ = 𝑘 = 0
Case 1: 𝒉 > 0 Case 2: 𝒉 < 0

Case 3: Collinear
Stage 1 – Intro of Vectors
Example 2:

c) 𝑃𝑅 d) 𝐽𝐷
 Note: 𝑥 is ~
Stage 1 – Intro of Vectors 𝑥

Example 3:
Given that non-zero vectors, 𝑎 and 𝑏 are not parallel and ℎ – 1 𝑎 = (𝑘 + 5)𝑏,
where ℎ and 𝑘 are constants, find the value of ℎ and 𝑘.

𝑘𝐴𝐵 = ℎ𝐶𝐷, ℎ = 𝑘 = 0
Stage 1 – Intro of Vectors
Example 4:
Parallel Collinear
D C
B
B
A
C A
3 3
Show that 𝐴𝐵 = 2
𝑎 and 𝐶𝐷 = 8𝑎 are Show that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 and 𝐵𝐶 = 8𝑎 are
2
parallel. collinear.
Quiz 1 ( 20 minutes)
 Quiz 1
1.

a) Express 𝐸𝐴 in terms of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐.

b) Express 𝐹𝐶 in terms of 𝑎, 𝑏 or 𝑐.
 Quiz 1
2. Given that 𝑣 and 𝑤 are two non-zero and not parallel vectors, find the
value of ℎ and 𝑘 from the equation ℎ – 4 𝑣 = 3ℎ − 𝑘 𝑤 .
 Quiz 1
3.
 Quiz 1
4.
Stage 2
Stage 2 – + & - of Vectors

𝑏
Resultant Vector
(combination of other vectors)
Stage 2 – + & - of Vectors
1. Triangle Law 2. Parallelogram Law 3. Polygon Law
B F G
K
J L
A
C D E H M
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐺 = 𝐷𝐸 + 𝐷𝐹 𝐻𝑀 = 𝐻𝐽 + 𝐽𝐾 + 𝐾𝐿 + 𝐿𝑀
B F G K
J L
A
C D E H M
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐺 = −𝐷𝐸 + 𝐷𝐹 𝐻𝑀 = 𝐻𝐽 − 𝐽𝐾 + 𝐾𝐿 + 𝐿𝑀
Stage 2 – + & - of Vectors
Example 1:
Stage 2 – + & - of Vectors
Example 2:
An airplane is flying to the north from airport P to airport Q for 1 200 km in 2
hours, influenced by the wind that blows from west with the velocity of 160
km h−1 . Find
a) the velocity of the plane without the influence of the wind,
b) the original direction of the plane.
Stage 2 – + & - of Vectors
Example 3:
The diagram shows a trapezium 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆. It is given that 𝑃𝑄 = 4𝑢,
3 2
𝑃𝑆 = 12𝑣, 𝑃𝑇 = 4 𝑃𝑆 and 𝑃𝑆 = 3 𝑄𝑅.
a) Express 𝑃𝑅 in terms of 𝑢 and 𝑣 .
b) Point 𝑋 lies inside the trapezium such that 𝑇𝑋 = 𝑚𝑃𝑄,
where 𝑚 is a constant.
i) Express 𝑇𝑋 in terms of 𝑚, 𝑢 and 𝑣.
ii) Hence, if the points 𝑃, 𝑋 and 𝑅 are collinear, find the
value of 𝑚.
Quiz 2 ( 30 minutes)
 Quiz 2
1.
 Quiz 2
2. The diagram on the right shows the sketch of a river.
The width of the river is 40 m and the velocity of the
downstream river flow is 1.8 ms −1 . Hamid wanted to row
his boat from 𝑃 across the river at 𝑅, but his boat was
swept by the current flow and stopped at 𝑄 in 12
seconds. Calculate the original speed of Hamid's boat.
 Quiz 2
3.
Stage 3
Stage 3 – Vectors in Cartesian Plane
• 1 unit
2 • Parallel to 𝑥-axis

𝑗 𝑖~ or
𝟏
𝟎
𝑖|=1
|~
~
1
𝑖
~ • 1 unit
• Parallel to 𝑦-axis

| 𝑗| = 1
𝟎
𝑗 or
𝟏 ~
0 1 2 ~
Stage 3 – Vectors in Cartesian Plane

• 𝑂𝐴 can be written as ?
4 𝐴
𝟑
3~𝑖 +4~𝑗 or 𝟒
3
𝑥
𝑥 𝑖+ 𝑦𝑗 or 𝑦
~ ~
2
• Magnitude of 𝑂𝐴 ?
1
𝟑𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐 = 𝟓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
𝑂 1 2 3 4
Stage 3 – Vectors in Cartesian Plane
Example 1: (let’s only focus vectors b and e)
Stage 3 – Vectors in Cartesian Plane

Unit vector
4 𝐴
A vector with magnitude of 1 unit
in its direction
3
𝑂𝐴 = 5 units 𝑟 1
𝑟 Ƹ = ~ = (𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 )
2 ~ 𝑟~ 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ~ ~

1 𝑂𝐵 = ? = 1 unit
Reminder:
𝑟 is vector
• ~
𝑂 1 2 3 4 • 𝑟 is the magnitude of the vector
~
Stage 3 – Vectors in Cartesian Plane
Example 1: (let’s only focus vectors b and e)

d) Find the unit vector for each vector.

Stage 3 – Vectors in Cartesian Plane
Example 2:
𝑘
Find the value of 𝑘 for the following unit vector, 1
.
Stage 3 – Vectors in Cartesian Plane
Given 𝐴𝐵 =? 𝑖+? 𝑗 and 𝐶𝐷 =? 𝑖−? 𝑗 and 𝑚 =? .

Addition Subtraction
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐶𝐷 =

Multiplication Combination
𝑚𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝑚𝐶𝐷 =
Stage 3 – Vectors in Cartesian Plane
Example 3:
Stage 3 – Vectors in Cartesian Plane
Example 4:
𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a parallelogram such that 𝐴(3,1) and 𝐶(2,3).
a) Find
i) 𝑂𝐵,
Ii) the unit vector in the direction of 𝑂𝐵.
16
b) 𝑇 is a point such that 𝐶𝑇 =
3
i) Find 𝐴𝑇.
ii) Determine whether the points 𝑂, 𝐴 and 𝑇 are parallel.
Stage 3 – Vectors in Cartesian Plane
Example 5:
An airplane flies with a velocity of 500𝑖 − 320𝑗 km h−1 . The velocity of the
wind is −60𝑖 − 80𝑗 km h−1 . Find
a) the resultant vector,
b) magnitude of the airplane.
Quiz 3 ( 25 minutes)
 Quiz 3
1. Given 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 is a parallelogram, 𝑄𝑅 = 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 and 𝑅𝑆 = −2𝑖 − 2𝑗, find 𝑃𝑅.
 Quiz 3
2 𝑚
2. Given 𝑟 = and 𝑠 =
−3
, find the value of 𝑚 if (2𝑟 − 𝑠) is parallel to
−5
the 𝑦-axis.
 Quiz 3
3. The coordinates of city A and B are (−10, 10) and 10, −11 respectively.
The positions of city A, B and C are collinear and the distance between
city A and city C is two times the distance between city A and city B. The
distances are measured in kilometres. Find
a) vector 𝐴𝐵,
b) the distance between city A and city B,
c) the unit vector 𝑂𝐶.
 Quiz 3
4.
Stage 3 – Vectors on Cartesian Plane
Tips & Tricks: Calculator – Find magnitude

1. Press “Shift”
6. Add “)”

3. Enter 1st value 4. Add “,”

2. Press “+”
5. Enter 2nd value
Final Result: Pol(?,?)
Recap
Recap - Overview of the Chapter
Stage 1 Vectors
Introduction of
Vectors

Stage 2
+ & - of Vectors

Stage 3
Vectors on
Cartesian Plane
Recap - Overview of the Chapter
Vectors
Intro to Vectors Cartesian Plane
Written Magnitude Written
𝐴𝐵/𝐀𝐁 |𝐴𝐵|/|𝐀𝐁| +&- 𝑥 ~𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 or 𝒙
𝒚
~

Parallel Triangle Law Magnitude

𝐴𝐵 = ℎ𝐶𝐷 Parallelogram 𝑟
~
= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
Law
Not Parallel Unit Vector
Polygon Law 𝑟 1
𝑘𝐴𝐵 = ℎ𝐶𝐷, ℎ = 𝑘 = 0 Ƹ~ = ~𝑟 =
𝑟 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 )
~ ~
~
Recap - Tips to Score
Completed Chapter 8!
PT3 & SPM ONLINE TUTITON
fb.com/brilliantA.edu

mybrilliant_a

011-1509 3232