Expressions, Equations,

and Functions

Then Now Why?

You have learned In Chapter 1, you will: SCUBA DIVING A scuba diving store rents air tanks and wet suits. An algebraic
how to perform expression can be written to represent the total cost to rent this equipment. This
Write algebraic
operations on whole expression can be evaluated to determine the total cost for a group of people to
expressions.
numbers. rent the equipment.
Use the order of
operations.
Solve equations.
Represent relations
and functions.
Use conditional
statements and
counterexamples.

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Personal Virtual Graphing Self-Check

Animation Vocabulary eGlossary Audio Foldables Worksheets
Tutor Manipulatives Calculator Practice
 Tennessee
Curriculum Standards
SPI 3102.1.3

Get Ready for the Chapter

Diagnose Readiness | You have two options for checking prerequisite skills.

1 Textbook Option Take the Quick Check below. Refer to the Quick Review for help.

QuickCheck QuickReview
Write each fraction in simplest form. If the fraction is already Example 1
in simplest form, write simplest form. (Lesson 0-4) _
Write 24 in simplest form.
40
1. _
24
2. _
34
3. _
36
36 85 12 Find the greatest common factor (GCF) of 24 and 40.

4. _
27
5. _
11
6. _
5 factors of 24: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
45 18 65 factors of 40: 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40
7. _
19
8. _
16
9. _
64 The GCF of 24 and 40 is 8.
1 44 88
_
24 ÷ 8
=_
3 Divide the numerator and
10. ICE CREAM Fifty-four out of 180 customers said hat cookie 40 ÷ 8 5 denominator by their GCF, 8.
dough ice cream was their favorite flavor. What fraction of
customers was this? (Lesson 0-5)

Find the perimeter of each figure. (Lesson 0-7) Example 2

11. 12. 1 Find the perimeter.
6 2 in.
12.8 ft
3.2 cm 3.2 cm
3
2 4 in.
5.3 ft
1.8 cm

13. FENCING Jolon needs to fence a garden. The dimensions of P = 2 + 2w

the garden are 6 meters by 4 meters. How much fencing = 2(12.8) + 2(5.3)  = 12.8 and w = 5.3
does Jolon need to purchase?
= 25.6 + 10.6 or 36.2 Simplify.

The perimeter is 36.2 feet.

Evaluate. (Lesson 0-5) Example 3

14. 6 · _
2
3
15. 4.2 · 8.1 16. _
3
8
÷_
1
4
_ _
Find 2 1 ÷ 1 1 .
4 2
17. 5.13 ÷ 2.7 18. 3_
1 _
·3 19. 2.8 · 0.2 2_
1
÷ 1_
1
=_
9
÷_
3 Write mixed numbers
5 4
4 2 4 2 as improper fractions.
20. CONSTRUCTION A board measuring 7.2 feet must be cut
=_ _
9 2
() Multiply by the reciprocal.
into three equal pieces. Find the length of each piece. 4 3

=_
18
or 1_
1
Simplify.
12 2

2 Online Option Take an online self-check Chapter Readiness Quiz at connectED.mcgraw-hill.com.

3
Get Started on the Chapter
You will learn several new concepts, skills, and vocabulary terms as you study
Chapter 1. To get ready, identify important terms and organize your resources.
You may wish to refer to Chapter 0 to review prerequisite skills.

StudyOrganizer NewVocabulary
Expressions, Equations, and Functions Make this Foldable English Español
to help you organize your Chapter 1 notes about expressions,
algebraic expression p. 5 expression algebraica
equations, and functions. Begin with five sheets of grid paper.
variable p. 5 variable
term p. 5 término
power p. 5 potencia
1 Fold each sheet of grid coefficient p. 26 coeficiente
paper in half along the
equation p. 31 ecuación
width. Then cut along
the crease. solution p. 31 solución
identity p. 33 identidad
relation p. 38 relacíon
domain p. 38 domino
2 Staple the ten half-sheets range p. 38 rango
together to form a booklet.
independent variable p. 40 variable independiente
dependent variable p. 40 variable dependiente
function p. 45 función
nonlinear function p. 48 función no lineal
3 Cut nine lines from the
bottom of the top sheet, deductive reasoning p. 55 razonamiento deductivo
eight lines from the
second sheet, and so on. counterexample p. 56 contraejemplo

ReviewVocabulary
additive inverse p. P11 inverso aditivo a number and
4 Label each of the tabs
1-1
its opposite
with a lesson number. 1-2
1-3
1-4 multiplicative inverse p. P18 inverso multiplicativo
The ninth tab is for the 1-5
1-6
1-7 two numbers with a product of 1
properties and the last 1-8 ties
Proper y
Vocabular
tab is for the vocabulary. perimeter p. P23 perímetro P
the distance around a
geometric figure

4 | Chapter 1 | Expressions, Equations, and Functions

 Variables and Expressions
Then Now Why?
You performed
operations on
integers.
1 Write verbal
expressions for
algebraic expressions.
Cassie and her friends are at a baseball
game. The stadium is running a promotion
where hot dogs are $0.10 each. Suppose
(Lesson 0-3) d represents the number of hot dogs Cassie
2 Write algebraic
expressions for verbal
expressions.
and her friends eat. Then 0.10d represents
the cost of the hot dogs they eat.

NewVocabulary
algebraic expression
variable
1 Write Verbal Expressions An algebraic expression consists of sums and/or
products of numbers and variables. In the algebraic expression 0.10d, the letter d
is called a variable. In algebra, variables are symbols used to represent unspecified
term numbers or values. Any letter may be used as a variable.
factor
product 0.10d 2x + 4 3+_
z
p·q 4cd ÷ 3mn
power 6
exponent
base
A term of an expression may be a number, a variable, or a product or quotient of
numbers and variables. For example, 0.10d, 2x and 4 are each terms.

The term that contains x or A term that does

other letters is sometimes 2x + 4 not have a variable
referred to as the variable term. is a constant term.
Tennessee
Curriculum Standards
SPI 3102.3.1 Express a In a multiplication expression, the quantities being multiplied are factors, and the
generalization of a pattern result is the product. A raised dot or set of parentheses are often used to indicate a
in various representations
including algebraic and
product. Here are several ways to represent the product of x and y.
function notation.
CLE 3102.4.1 Use algebraic xy x·y x(y) (x)y (x)(y)
reasoning in applications
involving geometric formulas An expression like x n is called a power. The word xn
and contextual problems.
power can also refer to the exponent. The exponent
indicates the number of times the base is used as a base exponent
factor. In an expression of the form x n, the base is x.
The expression x n is read “x to the nth power.” When
no exponent is shown, it is understood to be 1. For
example, a = a 1.

Example 1 Write Verbal Expressions

Write a verbal expression for each algebraic expression.
a. 3x 4 b. 5z 2 + 16
three times x to the 5 times z to the second power
fourth power plus sixteen

GuidedPractice
1A. 16u 2 - 3 1B. _
1
a+_
6b
2 7

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 5
StudyTip
Order of Operations
Remember to follow the order
1 Write Algebraic Expressions Another important skill is translating verbal
expressions into algebraic expressions.

of operations when writing a

sentence to represent an KeyConcept Translating Verbal to Algebraic Expressions
algebraic expression.
Operation Verbal Phrases
Addition more than, sum, plus, increased by, added to
Subtraction less than, subtracted from, difference, decreased by, minus
Multiplication product of, multiplied by, times, of
Division quotient of, divided by

Example 2 Write Algebraic Expressions

Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression.
a. a number t more than 6
The words more than suggest addition.
Thus, the algebraic expression is 6 + t or t + 6.

b. 10 less than the product of 7 and f

Less than implies subtraction, and product suggests multiplication.
So the expression is written as 7f - 10.

c. two thirds of the volume v

The word of with a fraction implies that you should multiply.
The expression could be written as _
2
v or _
2v
.
3 3

GuidedPractice
2A. the product of p and 6 2B. one third of the area a

Variables can represent quantities that are known and quantities that are unknown.
They are also used in formulas, expressions, and equations.

Real-World Example 3 Write an Expression

SPORTS MARKETING Mr. Martinez orders 250 key chains printed with his athletic
team’s logo and 500 pencils printed with their Web address. Write an algebraic
expression that represents the cost of the order.
Real-WorldCareer
Sports Marketing Let k be the cost of each key chain and p be the cost of each pencil. Then the cost of
Sports marketers promote the key chains is 250k and the cost of the pencils is 500p. The cost of the order is
and manage athletes, teams, represented by 250k + 500p.
facilities and sports-related
businesses and organizations.
A minimum of a bachelor’s GuidedPractice
degree in sports management
or business administration is 3. COFFEE SHOP Katie estimates that _ 1
of the people who order beverages also
8
preferred. order pastries. Write an algebraic expression to represent this situation.

6 | Lesson 1-1 | Variables and Expressions

 Check Your Understanding = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R12.

Example 1 Write a verbal expression for each algebraic expression.

1. 2m 2. _
2 4
r 3. a 2 - 18b
3

Example 2 Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression.

4. the sum of a number and 14 5. 6 less a number t
6. 7 more than 11 times a number 7. 1 minus the quotient of r and 7
8. two fifths of a number j squared 9. n cubed increased by 5

Example 3 10. GROCERIES Mr. Bailey purchased some groceries that cost d dollars. He paid with a
$50 bill. Write an expression for the amount of change he will receive.

Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice begins on page 815.

Example 1 Write a verbal expression for each algebraic expression.

11. 4q 12. _
1
y 13. 15 + r 14. w - 24
8
4
15. 3x 2 _
16. r 17 2a + 6 18. r 4 · t 3
9

Example 2 Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression.

19. x more than 7 20. a number less 35
21. 5 times a number 22. one third of a number
23. f divided by 10 24. the quotient of 45 and r
25. three times a number plus 16 26. 18 decreased by 3 times d
27. k squared minus 11 28. 20 divided by t to the fifth power

Example 3 29. GEOMETRY The volume of a cylinder is π times the radius r

r squared multiplied by the height h. Write an expression for
the volume. h

30. FINANCIAL LITERACY Jocelyn makes x dollars per hour working

at the grocery store and n dollars per hour babysitting. Write
an expression that describes her earnings if she babysat for
25 hours and worked at the grocery store for 15 hours.

Write a verbal expression for each algebraic expression.

3a 5
31. 25 + 6x 2 32. 6f 2 + 5f 33. _
2

B 34. HEALTH If the body mass index (BMI) is 25 or higher, then you are at a higher risk
for heart disease. The BMI is the product of 703 and the quotient of the weight in
pounds and the square of the height in inches.
a. Write an expression that describes how to calculate the BMI.
b. Calculate the BMI for a 140-pound person who is 65 inches tall.
c. Calculate the BMI for a 155-pound person who is 5 feet 8 inches tall.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 7
 35 DREAMS It is believed that about _ of our dreams involve people that we know.
3
4
a. Write an expression to describe the number of dreams that feature people you
know if you have d dreams.
b. Use the expression you wrote to predict the number of dreams that include
people you know out of 28 dreams.

C 36. SPORTS In football, a touchdown is awarded 6 points and the team can then try for
a point after a touchdown.
a. Write an expression that describes the number of points scored on
touchdowns and points after touchdowns by one team in a game.
b. If a team wins a football game 27-0, write an equation to represent the possible
number of touchdowns and points after touchdowns by the winning team.
c. If a team wins a football game 7-21, how many possible number of touchdowns
and points after touchdowns were scored during the game by both teams?

37. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this problem, you will explore the multiplication
of powers with like bases.
a. Tabular Copy and complete the table.
10 2 × 10 1 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 10 3
2 2
10 × 10 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 10 4
10 2 × 10 3 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = ?
2 4
10 × 10 = ? = ?

b. Algebraic Write an equation for the pattern in the table.

c. Verbal Make a conjecture about the exponent of the product of two powers.

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

38. REASONING Explain the differences between an algebraic expression and a verbal
expression.

39. OPEN ENDED Define a variable to represent a real-life quantity, such as time in
minutes or distance in feet. Then use the variable to write an algebraic expression
to represent one of your daily activities. Describe in words what your expression
represents, and explain your reasoning.

40. ERROR ANALYSIS Consuelo and James are writing an algebraic expression for three
times the sum of n squared and 3. Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.

Consuelo James
3(n 2 + 3) 3n 2 + 3

41. CHALLENGE For the cube, x represents a positive whole number. Find the
value of x such that the volume of the cube and 6 times the area of one of
its faces have the same value.
x
42. E WRITING IN MATH Describe how to write an algebraic expression from
a real-world situation. Include a definition of algebraic expression in your
own words.

8 | Lesson 1-1 | Variables and Expressions

 SPI 3108.1.3, SPI 3102.1.2, SPI 3108.3.1
Standardized Test Practice

43. Which expression best represents 45. SHORT RESPONSE The yards of fabric needed to
the volume of the cube? make curtains is 3 times the length of a
A the product of three and five window in inches, divided by 36. Write an
expression that represents the yards of
B three to the fifth power
fabric needed in terms of the length of the
C three squared window .
D three cubed

44. Which expression best represents the 46. GEOMETRY Find the area of the rectangle.
perimeter of the rectangle? A 14 square meters
2m
F 2w  B 16 square meters
G +w w C 50 square meters 8m

H 2 + 2w D 60 square meters
J 4( + w)

Spiral Review
47. AMUSEMENT PARKS A roller coaster enthusiast club took a poll to see what each
member’s favorite ride was. Make a bar graph of the results. (Lesson 0-13)
Our Favorite Rides
Ride Big Plunge Twisting Time The Shiner Raging Bull The Bat Teaser The Adventure
Number of Votes 5 22 16 9 25 6 12

48. SPORTS The results for an annual 5K race are shown at the right. Annual 5K Race Results
Make a box-and-whisker plot for the data. Write a sentence
Joe 14:48 Carissa 19:58
describing what the length of the box-and-whisker plot tells about
the times for the race. (Lesson 0–13) Jessica 19:27 Jordan 14:58
Lupe 15:06 Taylor 20:47
Find the mean, median, and mode for each set of data. (Lesson 0–12) Dante 20:39 Mi-Ling 15:48

49. {7, 6, 5, 7, 4, 8, 2, 2, 7, 8} 50. {-1, 0, 5, 2, -2, 0 ,-1, 2, -1, 0} Tia 15:54 Winona 21:35
Amber 20:49 Angel 16:10
51. {17, 24, 16, 3, 12, 11, 24, 15}
Amanda 16:30 Catalina 20:21
52. SPORTS Lisa has a rectangular trampoline that is 6 feet long and
12 feet wide. What is the area of her trampoline in square feet?
(Lesson 0–8)

Find each product or quotient. (Lesson 0–5)

3 _
53. _ · 7 54. _
4
÷_
7 5 _
55. _ ·8
5 11 3 6 6 3

Skills Review
Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 0–4)
56. _
3
+_
4
57. 5.67 - 4.21 58. _
5
-_
8
5 9 6 3
59. 10.34 + 14.27 60. _
11
+_
5
61. 37.02 - 15.86
12 36
connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 9
 Order of Operations
Then Now Why?
You expressed
algebraic
expressions verbally.
1 Evaluate numerical
expressions by using
the order of
The admission prices for SeaWorld
Adventure Park in Orlando, Florida,
are shown in the table. If four
(Lesson 1-1) operations. adults and three children go to
the park, the expression below Ticket Price ($)

2 Evaluate algebraic
expressions by using
the order of
represents the cost of admission
for the group.
Adult
Child
78.95
68.95
operations. 4(78.95) + 3(68.95)

NewVocabulary
evaluate
order of operations
1 Evaluate Numerical Expressions To find the cost of admission, the
expression 4(78.95) + 3(68.95) must be evaluated. To evaluate an expression
means to find its value.

Example 1 Evaluate Expressions

Evaluate 3 5.
Tennessee
Curriculum Standards 35 = 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 Use 3 as a factor 5 times.
SPI 3102.1.3 Apply = 243 Multiply.
properties to evaluate
expressions, simplify GuidedPractice
expressions, and justify
solutions to problems. 1A. 2 4 1B. 4 5 1C. 7 3
✔ 3102.2.2 Apply the order
of operations to simplify
and evaluate algebraic
expressions. The numerical expression that represents the cost of admission contains more than
one operation. The rule that lets you know which operation to perform first is called
the order of operations.

KeyConcept Order of Operations

Step 1 Evaluate expressions inside grouping symbols.
Step 2 Evaluate all powers.
Step 3 Multiply and/or divide from left to right.
Step 4 Add and/or subtract from left to right.

Example 2 Order of Operations

Evaluate 16 - 8 ÷ 2 2 + 14.
16 - 8 ÷ 2 2 + 14 = 16 - 8 ÷ 4 + 14 Evaluate powers.
= 16 - 2 + 14 Divide 8 by 4.
= 14 + 14 Subtract 2 from 16.
= 28 Add 14 and 14.

GuidedPractice
2A. 3 + 42 · 2 - 5 2B. 20 - 7 + 8 2 - 7 · 11

10 | Lesson 1-2
StudyTip When one or more grouping symbols are used, evaluate within the innermost
Grouping Symbols Grouping grouping symbols first.
symbols such as parentheses
( ), brackets [ ], and braces { }
are used to clarify or change Example 3 Expressions with Grouping Symbols
the order of operations.
Evaluate each expression.
a. 4 ÷ 2 + 5(10 - 6)
4 ÷ 2 + 5(10 - 6) = 4 ÷ 2 + 5(4) Evaluate inside parentheses.
= 2 + 5(4) Divide 4 by 2.
= 2 + 20 Multiply 5 by 4.
= 22 Add 2 to 20.

b. 6⎡⎣32 - (2 + 3) 2⎤⎦
6⎡⎣32 - (2 + 3) 2⎤⎦ = 6⎡⎣32 - (5) 2⎤⎦ Evaluate innermost expression first.
= 6[32 - 25] Evaluate power.
= 6[7] Subtract 25 from 32.
StudyTip = 42 Multiply.
Grouping Symbols A fraction _3
c. 2 - 5
bar is considered a grouping 15 + 9
symbol. So, evaluate 23 - 5
expressions in the numerator
_ =_8-5
Evaluate the power in the numerator.
15 + 9 15 + 9
and denominator before
completing the division. =_ 3
Subtract 5 from 8 in the numerator.
15 + 9
=_3
or _1
Add 15 and 9 in denominator, and simplify.
24 8

GuidedPractice
(4 + 5) 2
3A. 5 · 4(10 - 8) + 20 3B. 15 - ⎡⎣10 + (3 - 2) 2⎤⎦ + 6 3C. _
3(7 - 4)

2 Evaluate Algebraic Expressions To evaluate an algebraic expression, replace

the variables with their values. Then find the value of the numerical expression
using the order of operations.

Example 4 Evaluate an Algebraic Expression

Evaluate 3x 2 + (2y + z 3) if x = 4, y = 5, z = 3.
3x 2 + (2y + z 3)
= 3(4) 2 + (2 · 5 + 3 3) Replace x with 4, y with 5, and z with 3.
= 3(4) 2 + (2 · 5 + 27) Evaluate 3 3.
= 3(4) 2 + (10 + 27) Multiply 2 by 10.
= 3(4) 2 + (37) Add 10 to 27.
= 3(16) + 37 Evaluate 4 2.
= 48 + 37 Multiply 3 by 16.
= 85 Add 48 to 37.

GuidedPractice
Evaluate each expression.
4A. a 2(3b + 5) ÷ c if a = 2, b = 6, c = 4 4B. 5d + (6f - g) if d = 4, f = 3, g = 12

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 11
 Real-World Example 5 Write and Evaluate an Expression
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Science on a Sphere (SOS)® demonstrates the effects
of atmospheric storms, climate changes, and ocean temperature on the
environment. The volume of a sphere is four thirds of π multiplied by the
radius r to the third power.
a. Write an expression that represents the volume of a sphere.
Real-WorldLink π multiplied by radius
The National Oceanic &
Words four thirds of
to the third power
Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) developed the
Variable Let r = radius.
Science on a Sphere system
to educate people about
Earth’s processes. There are
Equation _4 × _
πr 3 or 4 πr 3
five computers and four video 3 3
projectors that power the
sphere.
Source: NOAA
b. Find the volume of the 3-foot radius sphere used for SOS.
V=_
4 3
πr Volume of a sphere
3
=_
4
π(3) 3 Replace r with 3.
3
()
= _4
3
π(27) Evaluate 3 3 = 27.

= 36π _
Multiply 4 by 27.
3
The volume of the sphere is 36π cubic feet.

GuidedPractice
5. FOREST FIRES According to the California Department of Forestry, an average
of 539.2 fires each year are started by burning debris, while campfires are
responsible for an average of 129.1 each year.
A. Write an algebraic expression that represents the number of fires, on average,
in d years of debris burning and c years of campfires.
B. How many fires would there be in 5 years?

Check Your Understanding = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R12.

Examples 1–3 Evaluate each expression.

1. 9 2 2. 4 4 3. 3 5
4. 30 - 14 ÷ 2 5 5·5-1·3 6. (2 + 5)4
(4 · 3) 2
7. [8(2) - 4 2] + 7(4) 8. _
11 - 8
9. _
1+7·2 9+3

Example 4 Evaluate each expression if a = 4, b = 6, and c = 8.

b(9 - c)
10. 8b - a 11. 2a + (b 2 ÷ 3) 12. _ 2
a

Example 5 13. BOOKS Akira bought one new book for $20 and three used books for $4.95 each.
Write and evaluate an expression to find how much money the books cost.
14. FOOD Koto purchased food for herself and her friends. She bought 4 cheeseburgers
for $2.25 each, 3 French fries for $1.25 each, and 4 drinks for $4.00. Write and
evaluate an expression to find how much the food cost.

12 | Lesson 1-2 | Order of Operations

 Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice begins on page 815.

Examples 1–3 Evaluate each expression.

15. 7 2 16. 14 3 17. 2 6
18. 35 - 3 · 8 19. 18 ÷ 9 + 2 · 6 20. 10 + 8 3 ÷ 16
21. 24 ÷ 6 + 2 3 · 4 22. (11 · 7) - 9 · 8 23. 29 - 3(9 - 4)
24. (12 - 6) · 5 2
25. 3 - (1 + 10
5 2)
26. 108 ÷ [3(9 + 3 2)]
8 + 33 (1 + 6)9
27. [(6 3 - 9) ÷ 23]4 28. _ 29. _
12 - 7 2
5 -4

Example 4 Evaluate each expression if g = 2, r = 3, and t = 11.

30. g + 6t 31. 7 - gr 32. r 2 + (g 3 - 8)5
33 (2t + 3g) ÷ 4 34. t 2 + 8rt + r 2 35. 3g(g + r)2 - 1

B 36. GEOMETRY Write an algebraic expression

to represent the area of the triangle. Then
evaluate it to find the area when h = 12 inches. h

h+6

37. AMUSEMENT PARKS In 2004, there were 3344 amusement parks and arcades. This
decreased by 148 by 2009. Write and evaluate an expression to find the number of
amusement parks and arcades in 2009.

38. SPORTS Kamilah works at the Duke University Duke University Football
Athletic Ticket Office. One week she sold 15 Ticket Prices
preferred season tickets, 45 blue zone tickets, and
Preferred Season Ticket $100
55 general admission tickets. Write and evaluate
an expression to find the amount of money Blue Zone $80
Kamilah processed. General Admission $70
Source: Duke University
Evaluate each expression.
39. 4 2 40. 12 3 41. 3 6
2
42. 11 5 43. (3 - 4 2) + 8 44. 23 - 2(17 + 3 3)
2 · 82 - 22 · 8
45. 3[4 - 8 + 4 2(2 + 5)] 46. __
2·8

47. 25 + ⎡(16 - 3 · 5) + _⎤ 48. 7 3 - _

12 + 3 2(
13 · 6 + 9)4
⎣ 5 ⎦ 3

Evaluate each expression if a = 8, b = 4, and c = 16.

2
c2
50. _ +_
b2
51. _
2b + 3c
49. a 2bc - b 2 2 2 2
b a 4a - 2b
2
52. _
3ab + c
a ( b )2 - _
53. _a c
a-b
54. _
2a - b 2
+_
c-a
ab2 b

55. SALES One day, 28 small and 12 large merchant

spaces were rented. Another day, 30 small and
15 large spaces were rented. Write and evaluate MERCHANT SPACE RENTALS
an expression to show the total rent collected. Small space $7.00/day
Large space $9.75/day
Open Daily from 9:00–6:00

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 13
 C 56. SHOPPING Evelina is shopping for back-to-school clothes. She bought Clothing
3 skirts, 2 pairs of jeans, and 4 sweaters. Write and evaluate an
skirt $25.99
expression to find out how much money Evelina spent on clothes,
without including sales tax. jeans $39.99
sweater $22.99
57 PYRAMIDS The pyramid at the Louvre has a square base with a side of
35.42 meters and a height of 21.64 meters. The Great Pyramid in Egypt
has a square base with a side of 230 meters and a height of 146.5 meters.
The expression for the volume of a pyramid is _ 1
Bh, where B is the area of
3
the base and h is the height.
a. Draw both pyramids and label the dimensions.
b. Write a verbal expression for the difference in volume of the two pyramids.
c. Write an algebraic expression for the difference in volume of the two pyramids.
Find the difference in volume.

58. FINANCIAL LITERACY A sales representative receives an annual salary s, an average

commission each month c, and a bonus b for each sales goal that she reaches.
a. Write an algebraic expression to represent her total earnings in one year if she
receives four equal bonuses.
b. Suppose her annual salary is $52,000 and her average commission is $1225 per
month. If each of the four bonuses equals $1150, what does she earn annually?

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

59. ERROR ANALYSIS Tara and Curtis are simplifying [4(10) - 3 2] + 6(4). Is either of
them correct? Explain your reasoning.

Tara Curtis
= [4(10) - 9] + 6(4) = [4(10) - 9] + 6(4)
= 4(1) + 6(4) = (40 - 9) + 6(4)
= 4 + 6(4) = 31 + 6(4)
= 4 + 24 = 31 + 24
= 28 = 55

60. REASONING Explain how to evaluate a[(b - c) ÷ d] - f if you were given values
for a, b, c, d, and f. How would you evaluate the expression differently if the
expression was a · b - c ÷ d - f?

61. CHALLENGE Write an expression using the whole numbers 1 to 5 using all five
digits and addition and/or subtraction to create a numeric expression with a
value of 3.

62. OPEN ENDED Write an expression that uses exponents, at least three different
operations and two sets of parentheses. Explain the steps you would take to
evaluate the expression.

63. WRITING IN MATH Choose a geometric formula and explain how the order of
operations applies when using the formula.

64. WRITING IN MATH Equivalent expression have the same value. Are the expressions
(30 + 17) × 10 and 10 × 30 + 10 × 17 equivalent? Explain why or why not.

14 | Lesson 1-2 | Order of Operations

 SPI 3102.1.3, SPI 3102.5.5, SPI 3108.4.7
Standardized Test Practice

65. Let m represent the number of miles. Which 67. EXTENDED RESPONSE Consider the rectangle
algebraic expression represents the number of below.
feet in m miles?
A 5280m
B _
5280
m
Part A Which expression models the area of
the rectangle?
C m + 5280
A 4+3×8 C 3×4+8
D 5280 - m
B 3 × (4 + 8) D 32 + 82
66. SHORT RESPONSE Part B Draw one or more rectangles to model
Simplify: ⎡⎣10 + 15(2 3)⎤⎦ ÷ ⎡⎣7(2 2) - 2⎤⎦ each other expression.
Step 1 [10 + 15(8)] ÷ [7(4) - 2] 2a mm
68. GEOMETRY What is the
2
Step 2 [10 + 120] ÷ [28 - 2] perimeter of the triangle 0.5b mm
if a = 9 and b = 10? 2
Step 3 130 ÷ 26 0.5b mm

Step 4 _
1 F 164 mm H 28 mm
5
Which is the first incorrect step? Explain G 118 mm J 4 mm
the error.

Spiral Review
Write a verbal expression for each algebraic expression. (Lesson 1-1)
69. 14 - 9c 70. k 3 + 13 71. _
4-v
w

72. MONEY Destiny earns $8 per hour babysitting and $15 for each lawn she mows.
Write an expression to show the amount of money she earns babysitting h hours
and mowing m lawns. (Lesson 1-1)

Find the area of each figure. (Lesson 0-7)

73. 74. 75.
6
9
4 b

12

76. SCHOOL Aaron correctly answered 27 out of 30 questions on his last biology test.
What percent of the questions did he answer correctly? (Lesson 0-5)

Skills Review
Find the value of each expression. (Lessons 0-4 and 0-5)
77. 5.65 - 3.08 78. 6 ÷ _
4
79. 4.85(2.72)
5

80. 1_
1
+ 3_
2 4 _
81. _ ·3 82. 7_
3
- 4_
7
12 3 9 2 4 10

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 15
 Properties of Numbers
Then Now Why?
You used the order
of operations to
simplify expressions.
1 Recognize the
properties of equality
and identity.
Natalie lives 32 miles away from the mall.
The distance from her house to the mall is
the same as the distance from the mall to
(Lesson 1-2) her house. This is an example of the
2 Recognize the
Commutative and
Associative
Reflexive Property.

Properties.

NewVocabulary
equivalent expressions
additive identity
1 Properties of Equality and Identity The expressions 4k + 8k and 12k are
called equivalent expressions because they represent the same number. The
properties below allow you to write an equivalent expression for a given expression.
multiplicative identity
multiplicative inverse
reciprocal
KeyConcept Properties of Equality
Property Words Symbols Examples
Reflexive Any quantity is equal to itself. For any number a, 5=5
Property a = a. 4+7=4+7
Tennessee
Curriculum Standards
If one quantity equals a For any numbers If 8 = 2 + 6,
✔ 3102.1.9 Identify and
use properties of the real Symmetric second quantity, then the a and b, if a = b, then 2 + 6 = 8.
numbers. Property second quantity equals then b = a.
SPI 3102.1.3 Apply the first.
properties to evaluate
expressions, simplify If one quantity equals a For any numbers If 6 + 9 = 3 + 12
expressions, and justify
solutions to problems.
second quantity and the a, b, and c, if a = b and and 3 + 12 =15, then
Transitive
second quantity equals a third b = c, then a = c. 6 + 9 = 15.
Property
quantity, then the first quantity
equals the third quantity.

A quantity may be substituted If a = b, then a may be If n = 11, then

Substitution
for its equal in any expression. replaced by b in any 4n = 4 · 11
Property
expression.

The sum of any number and 0 is equal to the number. Thus, 0 is called the
additive identity.

KeyConcept Addition Properties

Property Words Symbols Examples
For any number a, the sum of 2+0=2
Additive Identity a+0=0+a=a
a and 0 is a. 0+2=2
A number and its opposite are a + (-a) = 0
3 + (-3) = 0
Additive Inverse additive inverses of each
4-4=0
other.

16 | Lesson 1-3
 There are also special properties associated with multiplication. Consider the
following equations.

4·n=4 6·m=0
The solution of the equation is 1. Since The solution of the equation is 0. The
the product of any number and 1 is equal product of any number and 0 is equal to
to the number, 1 is called the 0. This is called the Multiplicative
multiplicative identity. Property of Zero.

Two numbers whose product is 1 are called multiplicative inverses or reciprocals.

Zero has no reciprocal because any number times 0 is 0.

KeyConcept Multiplication Properties

StudyTip Property Words Symbols Examples
Properties and Identities Multiplicative For any number a, the product of a·1=a 14 · 1 = 14
These properties are true for Identity a and 1 is a. 1·a=a 1 · 14 = 14
all real numbers. They are
also referred to as Multiplicative For any number a, the product of a·0=0 9·0=0
field properties. Property of Zero a and 0 is 0. 0·a=0 0·9=0
_
For every number a , where a, b ≠ 0, _a · _b = 1 _4 · _5 = _
20
or 1
Multiplicative b
_
b
there is exactly one number a such that b a
5 4 20
Inverse _b · _a = 1 _5 · _4 = _
the product of _a and _
20
b or 1
is 1. a b 4 5 20
b a

Example 1 Evaluate Using Properties

Evaluate 7(4 - 3) - 1 + 5 · _
1
. Name the property used in each step.
5
7(4 - 3) - 1 + 5 · _
1
= 7(1) - 1 + 5 · _
1
Substitution: 4 - 3 = 1
5 5
=7-1+5·_
1
Multiplicative Identity: 7 · 1 = 7
5
=7-1+1 Multiplicative Inverse: 5 · _
1
=1
5
=6+1 Substitution: 7 - 1 = 6

=7 Substitution: 6 + 1 = 7

GuidedPractice
Name the property used in each step.
1A. 2 · 3 + (4 · 2 - 8) 1B. 7 · _
1
+ 6(15 ÷ 3 - 5)
7
= 2 · 3 + (8 - 8) ?
=7·_
1
+ 6(5 - 5) ?
= 2 · 3 + (0) ? 7

=6+0 ? =7·_
1
+ 6(0) ?
7
=6 ? = 1 + 6(0) ?
=1+0 ?
=1 ?

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 17
 2 Use Commutative and Associate Properties Nikki walks 2 blocks to her
friend Sierra’s house. They walk another 4 blocks to school. At the end of the day,
Nikki and Sierra walk back to Sierra’s house, and then Nikki walks home.

The distance from the distance from the

Nikki’s house to school equals school to Nikki’s house.
2+4 = 4+2

This is an example of the Commutative Property for addition.

KeyConcept Commutative Property

Words The order in which you add or multiply numbers does not change their sum or product.
Symbols For any numbers a and b, a + b = b + a and a · b = b · a.
Examples 4+8=8+4 7 · 11 = 11 · 7

An easy way to find the sum or product of numbers is to group, or associate, the
numbers using the Associative Property.

KeyConcept Associative Property

Words The way you group three or more numbers when adding or multiplying does not change
their sum or product.
Symbols For any numbers a, b, and c,
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) and (ab)c = a(bc).
Examples (3 + 5) + 7 = 3 + (5 + 7) (2 · 6) · 9 = 2 · (6 · 9)

Real-World Example 2 Apply Properties of Numbers

PARTY PLANNING Eric makes a list of items that Party Supplies
he needs to buy for a party and their costs. Find
Item Cost ($)
the total cost of these items.
balloons 6.75

Balloons Decorations Food Beverages decorations 14.00

6.75 + 14.00 + 23.25 + 20.50 food 23.25

beverages 20.50
= 6.75 + 23.25 + 14.00 + 20.50 Commutative (+)
Real-WorldLink = (6.75 + 23.25) + (14.00 + 20.50) Associative (+)
A child’s birthday party may = 30.00 + 34.50 Substitution
cost about $200 depending = 64.50 Substitution
on the number of children
invited. The total cost is $64.50.
Source: Family Corner

GuidedPractice
2. FURNITURE Rafael is buying furnishings for his first apartment. He buys a couch
for $300, lamps for $30.50, a rug for $25.50, and a table for $50. Find the total
cost of these items.

18 | Lesson 1-3 | Properties of Numbers

 Example 3 Use Multiplication Properties
Evaluate 5 · 7 · 4 · 2 using the properties of numbers. Name the property used
in each step.
5·7·4·2=5·2·7·4 Commutative (×)

= (5 · 2) · (7 · 4) Associative (×)

= 10 · 28 Substitution

= 280 Substitution

GuidedPractice
Evaluate each expression using the properties of numbers. Name the property
used in each step.
3A. 2.9 · 4 · 10 3B. _
5
· 25 · 3 · 2
3

Check Your Understanding = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R12.

Example 1 Evaluate each expression. Name the property used in each step.
1. (1 ÷ 5)5 · 14 2. 6 + 4(19 - 15) 3. 5(14 - 5) + 6(3 + 7)

4. FINANCIAL LITERACY Carolyn has 9 quarters, 4 dimes, 7 nickels, and 2 pennies,

which can be represented as 9(25) + 4(10) + 7(5) + 2. Evaluate the expression to
find how much money she has. Name the property used in each step.

Examples 2–3 Evaluate each expression using the properties of numbers. Name the property used
in each step.
5. 23 + 42 + 37 6. 2.75 + 3.5 + 4.25 + 1.5
7. 3 · 7 · 10 · 2 8. _
1
· 24 · _
2
4 3

Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice begins on page 815.

Example 1 Evaluate each expression. Name the property used in each step.
9 3(22 - 3 · 7) 10. 7 + (9 - 3 2)
11. _
3
[4 ÷ (7 - 4)] 12. [3 ÷ (2 · 1)] _
2
4 3
13. 2(3 · 2 - 5) + 3 · _
1
14. 6 · _
1
+ 5(12 ÷ 4 - 3)
3 6

Example 2 15. GEOMETRY The expression 2 · _

22
· 14 2 + 2 · _
22
· 14 · 7 represents 7 in.
7 7
the approximate surface area of the cylinder at the right. Evaluate this 14 in.
expression to find the approximate surface area. Name the property used in
each step.

16. HOTEL RATES A traveler checks into a hotel on Hotel Rates Per Day
Friday and checks out the following Tuesday
Day Room Charge Sales Tax
morning. Use the table to find the total cost of
the room including tax. Monday–Friday $72 $5.40
Saturday–Sunday $63 $5.10

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 19
Examples 2–3 Evaluate each expression using properties of numbers. Name the property used
in each step.
17. 25 + 14 + 15 + 36 18. 11 + 7 + 5 + 13
19. 3_
2
+ 4 + 5_
1
20. 4_
4
+ 7_
2
3 3 9 9
21. 4.3 + 2.4 + 3.6 + 9.7 22. 3.25 + 2.2 + 5.4 + 10.75
23. 12 · 2 · 6 · 5 24. 2 · 8 · 10 · 2
25. 0.2 · 4.6 · 5 26. 3.5 · 3 · 6
27. 1_
5
· 24 · 3_
1
28. 2_
3
· 1_
1
· 32
6 11 4 8

B 29. SCUBA DIVING The sign shows the equipment rented or sold by a scuba
diving store. SCUBA SUPPLIES

a. Write two expressions to represent the total sales to rent 2 wet suits, SPECIALS
3 air tanks, 2 dive flags, and selling 5 underwater cameras. Underwater
Camera $18.99
b. What are the total sales? RENTALS
Air Tanks $ 7.50
Wet Suit $10.95
30. COOKIES Bobby baked 2 dozen chocolate chip cookies, 3 dozen sugar Dive Flag $ 5.00
cookies, and a dozen oatmeal raisin cookies. How many total cookies
did he bake?

Evaluate each expression if a = -1, b = 4, and c = 6.

31 4a + 9b - 2c 32. -10c + 3a + a 33. a - b + 5a - 2b
34. 8a + 5b - 11a - 7b 35. 3c 2 + 2c + 2c 2 36. 3a - 4a 2 + 2a

37. FOOTBALL A football team is on the 35-yard line. The quarterback is sacked at the
line of scrimmage. The team gains 0 yards, so they are still at the 35-yard line.
Which identity or property does this represent? Explain.

Find the value of x. Then name the property used.

38. 8 = 8 + x 39. 3.2 + x = 3.2
40. 10x = 10 41. _
1
·x=_
1
·7
2 2
42. x + 0 = 5 43. 1 · x = 3
44. 5 · _
1
=x 45. 2 + 8 = 8 + x
5
46. x + _
3
=3+_
3
47. _
1
·x=1
4 4 3

48. GEOMETRY Write an expression to represent the perimeter of the

triangle. Then find the perimeter if x = 2 and y = 7. 4 + 5x 4 + 5x

49. SPORTS Tickets to a baseball game cost $25 each plus a $4.50 handling
charge per ticket. If Sharon has a coupon for $10 off and orders 4 tickets,
3y
how much will she be charged?

50. RETAIL The table shows prices on children’s clothing. Shorts Shirts Tank Tops
a. Write three different expressions that represent $7.99 $8.99 $6.99
8 pairs of shorts and 8 tops.
$5.99 $4.99 $2.99
b. Evaluate the three expressions in part a to find the
costs of the 16 items. What do you notice about all the total costs?
c. If you buy 8 shorts and 8 tops, you receive a discount of 15%. Find the greatest
and least amount of money you can spend on the 16 items at the sale.

20 | Lesson 1-3 | Properties of Numbers

 51. GEOMETRY A regular octagon measures (3x + 5) units on each side. What is the
perimeter if x = 2? x+2

C 52. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS You can use algebra tiles to Y 1 1

model and explore algebraic expressions. The rectangular tile Y 1 1
4
has an area of x, with dimensions 1 by x. The small square Y 1 1
tile has an area of 1, with dimensions 1 by 1. Y 1 1

a. Concrete Make a rectangle with algebra tiles to model the expression 4(x + 2) as
shown above. What are the dimensions of this rectangle? What is its area?
b. Analytical What are the areas of the green region and of the yellow region?
c. Verbal Complete this statement: 4(x + 2) = ? . Write a convincing argument
to justify your statement.

53 GEOMETRY A proof is a logical argument in which each statement "

you make is supported by a statement that is accepted as true. It
−− −−− −− −− −− −−
is given that AB  CD, AB  BD, and AB  AC. Pedro wants to
−−− −−− # $
prove ADB  ADC. To do this, he must show that AD  AD,
−− −−− −− −−
AB  DC and BD  AC.
−− −−− −− −− −− −− %
a. Copy the figure and label AB  CD, AB  BD, and AB  AC.
b. Explain how he can use the Reflexive and Transitive Properties to prove
ADB  ADC.
c. If AC is x centimeters, write an equation for the perimeter of ACDB.

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

54. OPEN ENDED Write two equations showing the Transitive Property of Equality.
Justify your reasoning.

55. REASONING Explain why 0 has no multiplicative inverse.

56. REASONING The sum of any two whole numbers is always a whole number. So, the
set of whole numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … } is said to be closed under addition. This is
an example of the Closure Property. State whether each statement is true or false. If
false, justify your reasoning.
a. The set of whole numbers is closed under subtraction.
b. The set of whole numbers is closed under multiplication.
c. The set of whole numbers is closed under division.

57. CHALLENGE Does the Commutative Property sometimes, always or never hold for
subtraction? Explain your reasoning.

58. REASONING Explain whether 1 can be an additive identity. Give an example to

justify your answer.

59. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Identify the sentence that does not belong with the
other three. Explain your reasoning.

x + 12 = 12 + x 7h = h · 7 1+a=a+1 (2j )k = 2(jk )

60. WRITING IN MATH Determine whether the Commutative Property applies to

division. Justify your answer.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 21
 SPI 3108.3.1, SPI 3108.1.3, SPI 3102.1.3, SPI 0806.4.4
Standardized Test Practice

61. A deck is shaped like a rectangle with a width 63. 27 ÷ 3 + (12 - 4) =

of 12 feet and a length of 15 feet. What is the
A _
-11
C 17
area of the deck? 5

A 3 ft 2 B _
27
D 25
11
B 27 ft 2
64. GRIDDED RESPONSE Ms. Beal had 1 bran
C 108 ft 2 muffin, 16 ounces of orange juice, 3 ounces of
D 180 ft 2 sunflower seeds, 2 slices of turkey, and half a
cup of spinach. Find the total number of
62. GEOMETRY A box in the shape of a rectangular grams of protein she consumed.
prism has a volume of 56 cubic inches. If the Protein Content
length of each side is multiplied by 2, what
Food Protein (g)
will be the approximate volume of the box?
bran muffin (1) 3
orange juice (8 oz) 2
sunflower seeds (1 oz) 2
3 3
F 112 in H 336 in turkey (1 slice) 12
G 224 in 3 J 448 in 3 spinach (1 c) 5

Spiral Review
Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 1-2)
3 · 92 - 32 · 9
65. 3 · 5 + 1 - 2 66. 14 ÷ 2 · 6 - 5 2 67. __
3·9
68. GEOMETRY Write an expression for the perimeter of the figure. 2 2
(Lesson 1-1)
3 3
Find the perimeter and area of each figure. (Lessons 0-7 and 0-8) z

69. a rectangle with length 5 feet and width 8 feet

70. a square with length 4.5 inches

71. SURVEY Andrew took a survey of his friends to find out their favorite type of
music. Of the 34 friends surveyed, 22 said they liked rock music the best. What
percent like rock music the best? (Lesson 0-6)

Name the reciprocal of each number. (Lesson 0-5)

72. _
6
73. _
2
74. 3_
4
17 23 5

Skills Review
Find each product. Express in simplest form. (Lesson 0-5)
12 _ 10 _
75. _ · 3 76. _
5
· -_
( 5)
4
77. _ · 21
15 14 7 11 35
78. 63 · _
_ 79. -_ · -_ 1 _
80. _
3 ( 2)
120 9
4
·2
65 126 3 5

22 | Lesson 1-3 | Properties of Numbers

 The Distributive Property
Then Now Why?
You explored
Associative and
Commutative
1 Use the Distributive
Property to evaluate
expressions.
John burns approximately 420 Calories per
hour by inline skating. The chart below shows
the time he spent inline skating in one week.
Properties.
(Lesson 1-3)
2 Use the Distributive
Property to simplify
expressions.
Day
Time (h)
Mon
1
Tue
_1
2
Wed
0
Thu
1
Fri
0
Sat
2
Sun
2_
1
2

To determine the total number of Calories that

he burned inline skating that week, you can
use the Distributive Property.

NewVocabulary
like terms
simplest form
1 Evaluate Expressions There are two methods you could use to calculate the
number of Calories John burned inline skating. You could find the total time
spent inline skating and then multiply by the Calories burned per hour. Or you could
coefficient find the number of Calories burned each day and then add to find the total.

Method 1 Rate Times Total Time

420 1 + _
( 1
+ 1 + 2 + 2_
1
)
2 2
Tennessee = 420(7)
Curriculum Standards
✔ 3102.1.9 Identify and = 2940
use properties of the real
numbers.
Method 2 Sum of Daily Calories Burned
SPI 3102.1.3 Apply
properties to evaluate 420(1) + 420 _
1
+ 420(1) + 420(2) + 420 2_
(2) 1
( 2)
expressions, simplify
expressions, and justify
solutions to problems.
= 420 + 210 + 420 + 840 + 1050
✔ 3102.2.1 Recognize and = 2940
use like terms to simplify
expressions.
Either method gives the same total of 2940 Calories burned. This is an example of the
Distributive Property.

KeyConcept Distributive Property

Symbol For any numbers a, b, and c,
a(b + c) = ab + ac and (b + c)a = ba + ca and
a(b - c) = ab - ac and (b - c)a = ba - ca.
Examples 3(2 + 5) = 3 · 2 + 3 · 5 4(9 - 7) = 4 · 9 - 4 · 7
3(7) = 6 + 15 4(2) = 36 - 28
21 = 21 8=8

The Symmetric Property of Equality allows the Distributive Property to be

written as follows.
If a(b + c) = ab + ac, then ab + ac = a(b + c).

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 23
 Real-World Example 1 Distribute Over Addition
SPORTS A group of 7 adults and 6 children are USF Bulls Baseball Tickets
going to a University of South Florida Bulls
Ticket Cost ($)
baseball game. Use the Distributive Property
to write and evaluate an expression for the total Adult Single Game 5
ticket cost. Children Single Game
3
(12 and under)
Understand You need to find the cost of Groups of 10 or more
Real-WorldLink each ticket and then find the 2
Single Game
The record attendance for total cost.
Senior Single Game
a single baseball game was 3
Plan 7 + 6 or 13 people are going to (65 and over)
set in 1959. There were
92,706 spectators at a game the game, so the tickets are $2 each. Source: USF

between the Los Angeles Solve Write an expression that shows the
Dodgers and the Chicago
product of the cost of each ticket and the
White Sox.
sum of adult tickets and children’s tickets.
Source: Baseball Almanac
2(7 + 6) = 2(7) + 2(6) Distributive Property

= 14 + 12 Multiply.
= 26 Add.
The total cost is $26.
Check The total number of tickets needed is 13 and they cost $2 each.
Multiply 13 by 2 to get 26. Therefore, the total cost of tickets is $26.

GuidedPractice
1. SPORTS A group of 3 adults, an 11-year old, and 2 children under 10 years old
are going to a baseball game. Write and evaluate an expression to determine the
cost of tickets for the group.

You can use the Distributive Property to make mental math easier.

Example 2 Mental Math

Use the Distributive Property to rewrite 7 · 49. Then evaluate.
7 · 49 = 7(50 - 1) Think: 49 = 50 - 1

= 7(50) - 7(1) Distributive Property

= 350 - 7 Multiply.

= 343 Subtract.

GuidedPractice
Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then evaluate.
2A. 304(15) 2B. 44 · 2_
1
2
2C. 210(5) 2D. 52(17)

2 Simplify Expressions You can use algebra tiles to investigate how the
Distributive Property relates to algebraic expressions.

24 | Lesson 1-4 | The Distributive Property

Problem-SolvingTip The rectangle at the right has 3 x-tiles and 6 1-tiles. x+2
Make a Model It can The area of the rectangle is x + 1 + 1 + x + 1 + 1 +
Y 1 1
be helpful to visualize a x + 1 + 1 or 3x + 6. Therefore, 3(x + 2) = 3x + 6.
problem using algebra tiles 3 Y 1 1
or folded paper. Y 1 1

Example 3 Algebraic Expressions

Rewrite each expression using the Distributive Property. Then simplify.
a. 7(3w - 5)
7(3w - 5) = 7 · 3w - 7 · 5 Distributive Property
= 21w - 35 Multiply.

b. (6v 2 + v - 3)4
(6v 2 + v - 3)4 = 6v 2(4) + v(4) - 3(4) Distributive Property
= 24v 2 + 4v - 12 Multiply.

GuidedPractice
3A. (8 + 4n)2 3B. -6(r + 3g - t)
3C. (2 - 5q)(-3) 3D. -4(-8 - 3m)

ReviewVocabulary
term a number, a variable, Like terms are terms that contain the same variables, with corresponding variables
or a product or quotient of
having the same power.
numbers and variables
(Lesson 1-1) 5x 2 + 2x - 4 6a 2 + a 2 + 2a

three terms like terms unlike terms

The Distributive Property and the properties of equality can be used to show that
4k + 8k = 12k. In this expression, 4k and 8k are like terms.
4k + 8k = (4 + 8)k Distributive Property
= 12k Substitution

An expression is in simplest form when it contains no like terms or parentheses.

Example 4 Combine Like Terms

a. Simplify 17u + 25u.
17u + 25u = (17 + 25)u Distributive Property
= 42u Substitution

b. Simplify 6t 2 + 3t - t.
6t 2 + 3t - t = 6t 2 + (3 - 1)t Distributive Property
2
= 6t + 2t Substitution

GuidedPractice
Simplify each expression. If not possible, write simplified.
4A. 6n - 4n 4B. b 2 + 13b + 13
4C. 4y 3 + 2y - 8y + 5 4D. 7a + 4 - 6a 2 - 2a

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 25
 Example 5 Write and Simplify Expressions
Use the expression twice the difference of 3x and y increased by five times the
sum of x and 2y.
a. Write an algebraic expression for the verbal expression.

twice the difference five times the sum

Words increased by
of 3x and y of x and 2y

Variables Let x and y represent the numbers.

Expression 2(3x - y) + 5(x + 2y)

Math HistoryLink
Kambei Mori
b. Simplify the expression, and indicate the properties used.
(c. 1600–1628)
Kambei Mori was a Japanese
2(3x - y) + 5(x + 2y) = 2(3x) - 2(y) + 5(x) + 5(2y) Distributive Property
scholar who popularized the
abacus. He changed the = 6x - 2y + 5x + 10y Multiply.
focus of mathematics from
philosophy to computation. = 6x + 5x - 2y + 10y Commutative (+)

= (6 + 5)x + (-2 + 10)y Distributive Property

= 11x + 8y Substitution

GuidedPractice
5. Write an algebraic expression 5 times the difference of q squared and r plus
8 times the sum of 3q and 2r.

A. Write an algebraic expression for the verbal expression.

B. Simplify the expression, and indicate the properties used.

The coefficient of a term is the numerical factor. For example, in 6ab, the coefficient is
2
6, and in _
x
, the coefficient is _
1
. In the term y, the coefficient is 1 since 1 · y = y by the
3 3
Multiplicative Identity Property.

ConceptSummary Properties of Numbers

The following properties are true for any numbers a, b, and c.
Properties Addition Multiplication
Communicative a+b=b+a ab = ba
Associative (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (ab)c = a(bc)
0 is the identity. 1 is the identity.
Identity
a+0=0+a=a a·1=1·a=a
Zero — a·0=0·a=0
Distributive a(b + c) = ab + ac and (b + c)a = ba + ca
Substitution If a = b, then a may be substituted for b.

26 | Lesson 1-4 | The Distributive Property

 Check Your Understanding = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R12.

Example 1 1. PILOT A pilot at an air show charges $25 per passenger for rides. If 12 adults and
15 children ride in one day, write and evaluate an expression to describe the
situation.
Example 2 Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then evaluate.
2. 14(51) 3. 6_
1
(9)
9
Example 3 Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then simplify.
4. 2(4 + t) 5. (g - 9)5
Example 4 Simplify each expression. If not possible, write simplified.
6. 15m + m 7. 3x 3 + 5y 3 + 14 8. (5m + 2m)10
Example 5 Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression. Then simplify, indicating
the properties used.
9. 4 times the sum of 2 times x and six
10. one half of 4 times y plus the quantity of y and 3

Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice begins on page 815.

Example 1 11 TIME MANAGEMENT Margo uses dots to track her activities on a calendar. Red dots
represent homework, yellow dots represent work, and green dots represent track
practice. In a typical week, she uses 5 red dots, 3 yellow dots, and 4 green dots.
How many activities does Margo do in 4 weeks?
12. BLOOD SUPPLY The Red Cross is holding blood drives in two locations. In one day,
Center 1 collected 715 pints and Center 2 collected 1035 pints. Write and evaluate
an expression to estimate the total number of pints of blood donated over a 3-day
period.
Example 2 Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then evaluate.
13. (4 + 5)6 14. 7(13 + 12) 15. 6(6 - 1)
16. (3 + 8)15 17. 14(8 - 5) 18. (9 - 4)19
19. 4(7 - 2) 20. 7(2 + 1) 21. 7 · 497
22. 6(525) 23. 36 · 3_
1
24. 4_
( 7)
2
21
4
Example 3 Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression. Then simplify.
25. 2(x + 4) 26. (5 + n)3
27. (4 - 3m)8 28. -3(2x - 6)
Example 4 Simplify each expression. If not possible, write simplified.
29. 13r + 5r 30. 3x 3 - 2x 2 31. 7m + 7 - 5m
2 2
32. 5z + 3z + 8z 33. (2 - 4n)17 34. 11(4d + 6)
35. 7m + 2m + 5p + 4m 36. 3x + 7(3x + 4) 37. 4(fg + 3g) + 5g
Example 5 Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression. Then simplify, indicating
the properties used.
38. the product of 5 and m squared, increased by the sum of the square of m and 5
39. 7 times the sum of a squared and b minus 4 times the sum of a squared and b

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 27
 40. GEOMETRY Find the perimeter of an isosceles triangle with side lengths of 5 + x,
5 + x, and xy. Write in simplest form.

41 GEOMETRY A regular hexagon measures 3x + 5 units on each side. What is the

perimeter in simplest form?

Simplify each expression.

42. 6x + 4y + 5x 43. 3m + 5g + 6g + 11m 44. 4a + 5a 2 + 2a 2 + a 2

45. 5k + 3k 3 + 7k + 9k 3 46. 6d + 4(3d + 5) 47. 2(6x + 4) + 7x

B 48. FOOD Kenji is picking up take-out food for his study group.
Menu
a. Write and evaluate an expression to find the total
Item Cost ($)
cost of four sandwiches, three soups, three salads,
and five drinks. sandwich 2.49
cup of soup 1.29
b. How much would it cost if Kenji bought four of
each item on the menu? side salad 0.99
drink 1.49
Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression.
Then simplify.
49. _
1
(3
- 2b 27 ) 50. 4(8p + 4q - 7r) 51. 6(2c - cd 2 + d)

Simplify each expression. If not possible, write simplified.

52. 6x 2 + 14x - 9x 53. 4y 3 + 3y 3 + y 4 54. a + _
a
+_
2
a
5 5

55. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS The area of the model x -4

C
is 2(x - 4) or 2x - 8. The expression 2(x - 4) is in Y -1 -1 -1 -1
factored form. 2
Y -1 -1 -1 -1
a. Geometric Use algebra tiles to form a rectangle
with area 2x + 6. Use the result to write 2x + 6 in
factored form.
b. Tabular Use algebra tiles to form rectangles to Area Factored Form
represent each area in the table. Record the
2x + 6
factored form of each expression.
3x + 3
c. Verbal Explain how you could find the factored
3x - 12
form of an expression.
5x + 10

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

56. CHALLENGE Use the Distributive Property to simplify 6x 2[(3x - 4) + (4x + 2)].

57. REASONING Should the Distributive Property be a property of multiplication,

addition, or both? Explain your answer.

58. OPEN ENDED Write a real-life example in which the Distributive Property would be
useful. Write an expression that demonstrates the example.

59. E WRITING IN MATH Use the data about skating on page 23 to explain how the
Distributive Property can be used to calculate quickly. Also, compare the two
methods of finding the total Calories burned.

28 | Lesson 1-4 | The Distributive Property

 SPI 3102.1.3, SPI 0806.5.1
Standardized Test Practice

60. Which illustrates the Symmetric Property of 62. Which property is used below?
Equality? If 4xy 2 = 8y 2 and 8y 2 = 72, then 4xy 2 = 72.
A If a = b, then b = a. A Reflexive Property
B If a = b, and b = c, then a = c. B Substitution Property
C If a = b, then b = c. C Symmetric Property
D If a = a, then a + 0 = a. D Transitive Property

61. Anna is three years younger than her sister 63. SHORT RESPONSE A drawer Color Number
Emily. Which expression represents Anna’s contains the socks in the
age if we express Emily’s age as y years? white 16
chart. What is the
blue 12
F y+3 H 3y probability that a randomly
chosen sock is blue? black 8
G y-3 J _
3
y

Spiral Review
Evaluate each expression. Name the property used in each step. (Lesson 1-3)
64. 14 + 23 + 8 + 15 65. 0.24 · 8 · 7.05 66. 1_
1
·9·_
5
4 6
67. SPORTS Braden runs 6 times a week for 30 minutes and lifts weights 3 times a week
for 20 minutes. Write and evaluate an expression for the number of hours Braden
works out in 4 weeks. (Lesson 1-2)

SPORTS Refer to the table showing Blanca’s cross-country times for the Cross Country
first 8 meets of the season. Round answers to the nearest second. (Lesson 0-12)
Meet Time
68. Find the mean of the data. 1 22:31
2 22:21
69. Find the median of the data.
3 21:48
70. Find the mode of the data. 4 22:01
5 21:48
71. SURFACE AREA What is the surface area of the cube? (Lesson 0-10)
6 20:56
7 20:34
8 20:15
8 in.

Skills Review
Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 1-2)
72. 12(7 + 2) 73. 11(5) - 8(5) 74. (13 - 9) · 4

75. 3(6) + 7(6) 76. (1 + 19) · 8 77. 16(5 + 7)

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 29
 Mid-Chapter Quiz Tennessee
Curriculum Standards
Lessons 1-1 through 1-4 SPI 3108.4.7, SPI 3102.1.3

Write a verbal expression for each algebraic expression. Evaluate each expression. Name the property used in
(Lesson 1-1) each step. (Lesson 1-3)
1. 21 - x 3 2. 3m 5 + 9 13. (8 - 2 3) + 21

14. 3(1 ÷ 3) · 9
Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression.
(Lesson 1-1) 15. [5 ÷ (3 · 1)]_
3
5
3. five more than s squared
16. 18 + 35 + 32 + 15
4. four times y to the fourth power
17. 0.25 · 7 · 4
5. CAR RENTAL The XYZ Car Rental Agency charges a flat
rate of $29 per day plus $0.32 per mile driven. Write an Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression.
algebraic expression for the rental cost of a car for x days Then evaluate. (Lesson 1-4)
that is driven y miles. (Lesson 1-1)
18. 3(5 + 2)
Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 1-2) 19. (9 - 6)12
6. 24 ÷ 3 - 2 · 3
20. 8(7 - 4)
7. 5 + 2 2
8. 4(3 + 9)
Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression.
9. 36 - 2(1 + 3) 2 Then simplify. (Lesson 1-4)
40 - 2 3
10. _ 21. 4(x + 3)
4 + 3(2 2)
22. (6 - 2y)7
11. AMUSEMENT PARK The costs of tickets to a local 23. -5(3m - 2)
amusement park are shown. Write and evaluate an
expression to find the total cost for 5 adults and
8 children. (Lesson 1-2) 24. DVD SALES A video store chain has three locations. Use
the information in the table below to write and evaluate an
Adult
ADMIT ONE

ADMIT ONE

expression to estimate the total number of DVDs sold over

$45 a 4-day period. (Lesson 1-4)
Children Daily Sales
Location
$25 Numbers
Location 1 145
Location 2 211
12. MULTIPLE CHOICE Write an algebraic expression to
Location 3 184
represent the perimeter of the rectangle shown below.
Then evaluate it to find the perimeter when w = 8 cm.
(Lesson 1-2)
25. MULTIPLE CHOICE Rewrite the expression (8 - 3p)(-2)
using the Distributive Property. (Lesson 1-4)
w
F 16 - 6p
4w - 3 G -10p
A 37 cm C 74 cm H -16 + 6p
B 232 cm D 45 cm J 10p

30 | Chapter 1 | Mid-Chapter Quiz

 Equations
Then Now Why?
You simplified
expressions.
(Lesson 1-1
1 Solve equations with
one variable.
Mark’s baseball team scored 3 runs in the
first inning. At the top of the third inning,
their score was 4. The open sentence below
through 1-4)
2 Solve equations with
two variables.
represents the change in their score.
3+r=4
The solution is 1. The team got 1 run in the
second inning.

NewVocabulary
open sentence
equation
1 Solve Equations A mathematical statement that contains algebraic expressions
and symbols is an open sentence. A sentence that contains an equals sign, =, is
an equation.
solving
solution
replacement set
set expression 3x + 7 3x + 7 = 13 equation
element
solution set
identity Finding a value for a variable that makes a sentence true is called solving the open
sentence. This replacement value is a solution.

A set of numbers from which replacements for a variable may be chosen is called
Tennessee a replacement set. A set is a collection of objects or numbers that is often shown
Curriculum Standards using braces. Each object or number in the set is called an element, or member.
SPI 3102.1.3 Apply
properties to evaluate
A solution set is the set of elements from the replacement set that make an open
expressions, simplify sentence true.
expressions, and justify
solutions to problems.
✔ 3102.3.3 Justify correct Example 1 Use a Replacement Set
results of algebraic
procedures using extension of Find the solution set of the equation 2q + 5 = 13 if the replacement set is
properties of real numbers to
algebraic expressions. {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

Use a table to solve. Replace q in q 2q + 5 = 13 True or False?

2q + 5 = 13 with each value in the
2 2(2) + 5 = 13 False
replacement set.
3 2(3) + 5 = 13 False
Since the equation is true when q = 4, 4 2(4) + 5 = 13 True
the solution of 2q + 5 = 13 is q = 4. 5 2(5) + 5 = 13 False
6 2(6) + 5 = 13 False
The solution set is {4}.

GuidedPractice
Find the solution set for each equation if the replacement set is {0, 1, 2, 3}.
1A. 8m - 7 = 17 1B. 28 = 4(1 + 3d)

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 You can often solve an equation by applying the order of operations.
SPI 3102.1.3
Test Example 2
Solve 6 + (5 2 - 5) ÷ 2 = p.
A3 B 6 C 13 D 16
Read the Test Item
Test-TakingTip
You need to apply the order of operations to the expression in order to solve for p.
Rewrite the Equation
If you are allowed to write in
your testing booklet, it can be
Solve the Test Item
helpful to rewrite the equation 6 + (5 2 - 5) ÷ 2 = p Original equation
with simplified terms.
6 + (25 - 5) ÷ 2 = p Evaluate powers.
6 + 20 ÷ 2 = p Subtract 5 from 25.
6 + 10 = p Divide 20 by 2.
16 = p Add.
The correct answer is D.

GuidedPractice
2. Solve t = 9 2 ÷ (5 - 2).
F 3 G 6 H 14.2 J 27

Some equations have a unique solution. Other equations do not have a solution.

Example 3 Solutions of Equations

Solve each equation.
a. 7 - (4 2 - 10) + n = 10
Simplify the equation first and then look for a solution.
7 - (4 2 - 10) + n = 10 Original equation
7 - (16 - 10) + n = 10 Evaluate powers.
7 - 6 + n = 10 Subtract 10 from 16.
1 + n = 10 Subtract 6 from 7.
The only value for n that makes the equation true is 9. Therefore, this equation
has a unique solution of 9.

b. n(3 + 2) + 6 = 5n + (10 - 3)
n(3 + 2) + 6 = 5n + (10 - 3) Original equation
n(5) + 6 = 5n + (10 - 3) Add 3 + 2.
n(5) + 6 = 5n + 7 Subtract 3 from 10.
5n + 6 = 5n + 7 Commutative (×)
No matter what real value is substituted for n, the left side of the equation will
always be one less than the right side. So, the equation will never be true.
Therefore, there is no solution of this equation.

GuidedPractice
3A. (18 + 4) + m = (5 - 3)m 3B. 8 · 4 · k + 9 · 5 = (36 - 4)k - (2 · 5)

32 | Lesson 1-5 | Equations

 An equation that is true for every value of the variable is called an identity.
ReadingMath
Identities An identity is an
equation that shows that a
Example 4 Identities
number or expression is Solve (2 · 5 - 8)(3h + 6) = [(2h + h) + 6]2.
equivalent to itself.
(2 · 5 - 8)(3h + 6) = [(2h + h) + 6]2 Original Equation

(10 - 8)(3h + 6) = [(2h + h) + 6]2 Multiply 2 · 5.

2(3h + 6) = [(2h + h) + 6]2 Subtract 8 from 10.

6h + 12 = [(2h + h) + 6]2 Distributive Property

6h + 12 = [3h + 6]2 Add 2h + h.

6h + 12 = 6h + 12 Distributive Property

No matter what value is substituted for h, the left side of the equation will always
be equal to the right side. So, the equation will always be true. Therefore, the
solution of this equation could be any real number.

GuidedPractice
Solve each equation.
4A. 12(10 - 7) + 9g = g(2 2 + 5) + 36 4B. 2d + (2 3 - 5) = 10(5 - 2) + d(12 ÷ 6)
4C. 3(b + 1) - 5 = 3b - 2 4D. 5 - _
1
(c - 6) = 4
2

2 Solve Equations with Two Variables Some equations contain two variables.
It is often useful to make a table of values and use substitution to find the
corresponding values of the second variable.

Example 5 Equations Involving Two Variables

MOVIE RENTALS Mr. Hernandez pays $10 each month for movies delivered by
mail. He can also rent movies in the store for $1.50 per title. Write and solve an
equation to find the total amount Mr. Hernandez spends this month if he rents
3 movies from the store.
The cost of the movie plan is a flat rate. The variable is the number of movies
he rents from the store. The total cost is the price of the plan plus $1.50 times
the number of movies from the store. Let C be the total cost and m be the number
of movies.
C = 1.50m + 10 Original equation

= 1.50(3) + 10 Substitute 3 for m.

= 4.50 + 10 Multiply.

= 14.50

Mr. Hernandez spends $14.50 on movie rentals in one month.

GuidedPractice
5. TRAVEL Amelia drives an average of 65 miles per hour. Write and solve an
equation to find the time it will take her to drive 36 miles.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 33
 Check Your Understanding = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R12.

Example 1 Find the solution set for each equation if the replacement set is {11, 12, 13, 14, 15}.
1. n + 10 = 23 2. 7 = _c
2
3. 29 = 3x - 7 4. (k - 8)12 = 84
5. MULTIPLE CHOICE Solve _ = 2.
d+5
Example 2
10
A 10 B 15 C 20 D 25

Examples 3–4 Solve each equation.

6. x = 4(6) + 3 7. 14 - 82 = w
3
8. 5 + 22a = 2 + 10 ÷ 2 9. (2 · 5) + _
c
= c 3÷ (1 5 + 2) + 10
3
Example 5 10. RECYCLING San Francisco has a recycling facility that accepts unused paint.
Volunteers blend and mix the paint and give it away in 5-gallon buckets. Write and
solve an equation to find the number of buckets of paint given away from the
30,000 gallons that are donated.

Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice begins on page 815.

Example 1 Find the solution set of each equation if the replacement sets are y: {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and
z: {10, 12, 14, 16, 18}.
11. z + 10 = 22 12. 52 = 4z

13. _
15
y =3 14. 17 = 24 - y

15. 2z - 5 = 27 16. 4(y + 1) = 40

17. 22 = _
60
y +2 18. 111 = z 2 + 11

Examples 2–4 Solve each equation.

19. a = 32 - 9(2) 20. w = 56 ÷ (2 2 + 3)
21. _ = g 22. _
27 + 5 12 · 5
=y
16 15 - 3
9(6) 4(14 - 1)
23. r = _ 24. a = _ + 7
(8 + 1)3 3(6) - 5
25. (4 - 2 2 + 5)w = 25 26. 7 + x - (3 + 32 ÷ 8) = 3

27. 3 2 - 2 · 3 + u = (3 3 - 3 · 8)(2) + u 28. (3 · 6 ÷ 2)v + 10 = 3 2v + 9

29. 6k + (3 · 10 - 8) = (2 · 3)k + 22 30. (3 · 5)t + (21 - 12) = 15t + 3 2

31 (2 4 - 3 · 5)q + 13 = (2 · 9 - 4 2)q + _ - 1
( 12 )
3·4

r - (_ - 1) = r + (_
2
32. _
3 · 22 4 8·9
÷ 3)
18 + 4 9+7 3
33. SCHOOL A conference room can seat a maximum of 85 people. The principal
and two counselors need to meet with the school’s juniors to discuss college
admissions. If each student must bring a parent with them, how many students
can attend each meeting? Assume that each student has a unique set of parents.
34. GEOMETRY The perimeter of a regular octagon is 128 inches. Find the length of
each side.

34 | Lesson 1-5 | Equations

Example 5 35 SPORTS A 200-pound athlete who trains for four hours per day requires
2836 Calories for basic energy requirements. During training, the same athlete
requires 3091 Calories for extra energy requirements. Write an equation to find C,
the total daily Calorie requirement for this athlete. Then solve the equation.

36. ENERGY An electric generator can power 3550 watts of electricity. Write and solve
an equation to find how many 75-watt light bulbs a generator could power.

B Make a table of values for each equation if the replacement set is {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}.
37. y = 3x - 2 38. 3.25x + 0.75 = y

Solve each equation using the given replacement set.

39. t - 13 = 7; {10, 13, 17, 20} 40. 14(x + 5) = 126; {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
g-8
41. 22 = _
n
; {62, 64, 66, 68, 70} 42. 35 = _; {78, 79, 80, 81}
3 2

Solve each equation.

3(9) - 2
43. _ = d 44. j = 15 ÷ 3 · 5 - 4 2
1+4
45. c + (3 2 - 3) = 21 46. (3 3 - 3 · 9) + (7 - 2 2)b = 24b
p -p
47. HEALTH Blood flow rate can be expressed as F = _ 1 2
r , where F is the flow rate,
p 1 and p 2 are the initial and final pressure exerted against the blood vessel’s walls,
respectively, and r is the resistance created by the size of the vessel.
a. Write and solve an equation to determine the resistance of the blood vessel for
an initial pressure of 100 millimeters of mercury, a final pressure of 0 millimeters
of mercury, and a flow rate of 5 liters per minute.
b. Use the equation to complete the table below.

Initial Pressure Final Pressure Resistance Blood Flow Rate

p 1 (mm Hg) p 2 (mm Hg) r (mm Hg/L/min) F (L/min)
100 0 5
100 0 30
5 40 4
90 10 6

Determine whether the given number is a solution of the equation.

48. x + 6 = 15; 9 49. 12 + y = 26; 14 50. 2t - 10 = 4; 3

51. 3r + 7 = -5; 2 52. 6 + 4m = 18; 3 53. -5 + 2p = -11; -3

q g
54. _ = 20; 10 55. _
w-4
= -3; -11 56. _ - 4 = 12; 48
2 5 3

C Make a table of values for each equation if the replacement set is {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}.
57. y = 3x + 5 58. -2x - 3 = y 59. y = _
1
x+2 60. 4.2x - 1.6 = y
2
61. GEOMETRY The length of a rectangle is 2 inches greater than the width. The length
of the base of an isosceles triangle is 12 inches, and the lengths of the other two
sides are 1 inch greater than the width of the rectangle.
a. Draw a picture of each figure and label the dimensions.
b. Write two expressions to find the perimeters of the rectangle and triangle.
c. Find the width of the rectangle if the perimeters of the figures are equal.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 35
 62. CONSTRUCTION The construction of a building requires 10 tons of steel per story.
a. Define a variable and write an equation for the number of tons of steel required
if the building has 15 stories.
b. How many tons of steel are needed?

63 MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this problem, you will further explore

writing equations.

a. Concrete Use centimeter cubes to build a tower similar to the

one shown at the right.

b. Tabular Copy and complete the table shown below. Record

the number of layers in the tower and the number of cubes
used in the table.

Layers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cubes ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

c. Analytical As the number of layers in the tower increases, how does the number
of cubes in the tower change?

d. Algebraic Write a rule that gives the number of cubes in terms of the number
of layers in the tower.

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

64. REASONING Compare and contrast an expression and an equation.

65. OPEN ENDED Write an equation that is an identity.

66. REASONING Explain why an open sentence always has at least one variable.

67. ERROR ANALYSIS Tom and Li-Cheng are solving the equation x = 4(3 - 2) + 6 ÷ 8.
Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.

Tom Li-Cheng
x = 4(3 – 2) + 6 ÷ 8 x = 4(3 – 2) + 6 ÷ 8
= 4(1) + 6 ÷ 8 = 4(1) + 6 ÷ 8
=4+6÷8 =4+6÷8
=4+_ 6
8 = 10 ÷ 8
3
= 4_4 = _54

68. CHALLENGE Find all of the solutions of x 2 + 5 = 30.

69. OPEN ENDED Write an equation that involves two or more operations with a
solution of -7.

70. WRITING IN MATH Explain how you can determine that an equation has no real
numbers as a solution. How can you determine that an equation has all real
numbers as solutions?

36 | Lesson 1-5 | Equations

 SPI 3102.4.3, SPI 3102.4.4
Standardized Test Practice

71. Which of the following is not an equation? 73. GEOMETRY A speedboat and a sailboat take
off from the same port. The diagram shows
A y = 6x - 4
their travel. What is the distance between
B _=_
a+4 1
the boats?
2 4
8 mi
C (4 · 3b) + (8 ÷ 2c) F 12 mi speedboat
D 55 = 6 + d 2 G 15 mi 6 mi
H 18 mi
port
72. SHORT RESPONSE The expected attendance for J 24 mi 3 mi
the Drama Club production is 65% of the sailboat
student body. If the student body consists of 4 mi
300 students, how many students are expected
74. Michelle can read 1.5 pages per minute. How
to attend?
many pages can she read in two hours?
A 90 pages C 120 pages
B 150 pages D 180 pages

Spiral Review
75. ZOO A zoo has about 500 children and 750 adults visit each day. Write an
expression to represent about how many visitors the zoo will have over
a month. (Lesson 1-4)

Find the value of p in each equation. Then name the property that is used. (Lesson 1-3)
76. 7.3 + p = 7.3 77. 12p = 1 78. 1p = 4

79. MOVING BOXES The figure shows the dimensions of the boxes Steve
uses to pack. How many cubic inches can each box hold? (Lesson 0-9) 10 in.

8 in.
Express each percent as a fraction. (Lesson 0-6) 13 in.

80. 35% 81. 15% 82. 28%

For each problem, determine whether you need an estimate or an exact

answer. Then solve. (Lessons 0-6 and 0-1)
83. TRAVEL The distance from Raleigh, North Carolina, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
is approximately 428 miles. The average gas mileage of José’s car is 45 miles per
gallon. About how many gallons of gas will be needed to make the trip?

84. PART-TIME JOB An employer pays $8.50 per hour. If 20% of pay is withheld for
taxes, what are the take-home earnings from 28 hours of work?

Skills Review
Find each sum or difference. (Lesson 0-4)
85. 1.14 + 5.6 86. 4.28 - 2.4 87. 8 - 6.35

88. _
4
+_
1
89. _
2
+_
3
90. _
6
-_
1
5 6 7 4 8 2

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 37
 Relations
Then Now Why?
You solved equations
with one or two
variables.
1 Represent relations. The deeper in the ocean you are, the
greater pressure is on your body.
This is because there is more
(Lesson 1-5)
2 Interpret graphs of
relations.
water over you. The force of gravity
pulls the water weight down,
creating a greater pressure.
The equation that relates the total pressure
of the water to the depth is P = rgh, where
P = the pressure,
r = the density of water,
g = the acceleration due to gravity, and
h = the height of water above you.

NewVocabulary
coordinate system
coordinate plane
1 Represent a Relation This relationship between the depth and the pressure
exerted can be represented by a line on a coordinate grid.

x- and y-axes A coordinate system is formed by the intersection of two number lines, the horizontal
origin
axis and the vertical axis.
ordered pair
x- and y-coordinates
The vertical axis The plane containing
relation y
is also called the the x- and y-axes is the
domain (2, 3)
y-axis. coordinate plane.
range
independent variable
dependent variable Each point is named
O x by an ordered pair.
The origin, at (0, 0),
is the point where The horizontal axis is
the axes intersect. also called the x-axis.
Tennessee
Curriculum Standards
CLE 3102.3.6 Understand A point is represented on a graph using ordered pairs.
and use relations and
functions in various • An ordered pair is a set of numbers, or coordinates, written in the form (x, y).
representations to solve
contextual problems. • The x-value, called the x-coordinate, represents the horizontal placement of
SPI 3102.3.6 Interpret the point.
various relations in multiple
representations. • The y-value, or y-coordinate, represents the vertical placement of the point.
SPI 3102.3.7 Determine
domain and range of a A set of ordered pairs is called a relation. A relation can be depicted in several
relation, determine whether a
relation is a function and/or
different ways. An equation can represent a relation as well as graphs, tables,
evaluate a function at a and mappings.
specified rational value.
Also addresses ✓3102.1.12,
✓3102.3.13, and A mapping illustrates how each element of the Domain Range
✓3102.1.15. domain is paired with an element in the range.
The set of the first numbers of the ordered pairs -2
-1 4
is the domain. The set of second numbers of the 0 6
ordered pairs is the range of the relation. This 1 8
mapping represents the ordered pairs 2
(-2, 4), (-1, 4), (0, 6) (1, 8), and (2, 8).

38 | Lesson 1-6
StudyTip Study the different representations of the same relation below.
Multiple Representations
Each representation of the Ordered Pairs Table Graph Mapping
same relation serves a
different purpose. Graphing (1, 2) y Domain Range
x y
the points can show the (-2, 4) (−2, 4)
1 2
pattern between the points. (0, -3) (1, 2)
1 2
A mapping shows you at a -2 4 -2 4
glance if elements are paired 0 -3
0 -3 0 x
with the same element.
(0, −3)

The x-values of a relation are members of the domain and the y-values of a relation
are members of the range. In the relation above, the domain is {-2, 1, 0} and the
range is {-3, 2, 4}.

Example 1 Representations of a Relation

a. Express {(2, 5), (-2, 3), (5, -2), (-1, -2)} as a table, a graph, and a mapping.
Table x y
Place the x-coordinates into the first
2 5
column of the table. Place the
corresponding y-coordinates in the -2 3
second column of the table. 5 -2
-1 -2

Graph Mapping
Graph each ordered pair on a List the x-values in the domain and
coordinate plane. the y-values in the range. Draw
y
arrows from the x-values in the
domain to the corresponding
y-values in the range.
Domain Range

0 x 2 5
-2 3
5 -2
-1

b. Determine the domain and the range of the relation.

The domain of the relation is {2, -2, 5, -1}. The range of the relation is
{5, 3, -2}.

GuidedPractice
1A. Express {(4, -3), (3, 2), (-4, 1), (0, -3)} as a table, graph, and mapping.

1B. Determine the domain and range.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 39
 In a relation, the value of the variable that determines the output is called the
independent variable. The variable with a value that is dependent on the value
of the independent variable is called the dependent variable. The domain contains
values of the independent variable. The range contains the values of the dependent
variable.

Real-World Example 2 Independent and Dependent Variables

Identify the independent and dependent variables for each relation.
a. DANCE The dance committee is selling tickets to the Fall Ball. The more
tickets that they sell, the greater the amount of money they can spend for
decorations.
The number of tickets sold is the independent variable because it is unaffected
by the money spent on decorations. The money spent on decorations is the
dependent variable because it depends on the number of tickets sold.

b. MOVIES Generally, the average price of going to the movies has steadily
increased over time.
Time is the independent variable because it is unaffected by the cost of
attending the movies. The price of going to the movies is the dependent
variable because it is affected by time.

GuidedPractice
Identify the independent and dependent variables for each relation.
2A. The air pressure inside a tire increases with the temperature.
Real-WorldLink
In 1948, a movie ticket cost 2B. As the amount of rain decreases, so does the water level of the river.
$0.36. In 2008, the average
ticket price in the United
States was $7.18.
Source: National Association of
Theatre Owners 2 Graphs of a Relation A relation can be graphed without a scale on either axis.
These graphs can be interpreted by analyzing their shape.

Example 3 Analyze Graphs

The graph represents the distance Francesca has ridden on #JLF
3JEF

her bike. Describe what happens in the graph.
Distance

As time increases, the distance increases until the graph

becomes a horizontal line.
So, time is increasing but the distance remains constant.
At this section Francesca stopped. Then she continued to Time
ride her bike.

GuidedPractice
Describe what is happening in each graph.
3A. %SJWJOH
UP
4DIPPM 3B. $IBOHF
JO
*ODPNF
Distance

Income

Time Time

40 | Lesson 1-6 | Relations

 Check Your Understanding = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R12.

Example 1 Express each relation as a table, a graph, and a mapping. Then determine the
domain and range.
1. {(4, 3), (-2, 2), (5, -6)} 2. {(5, -7), (-1, 4), (0, -5), (-2, 3)}
Example 2 Identify the independent and dependent variables for each relation.
3. Increasing the temperature of a compound inside a sealed container increases
the pressure inside a sealed container.
4. Mike’s cell phone is part of a family plan. If he uses more minutes than his share,
then there are fewer minutes available for the rest of his family.
5. Julian is buying concert tickets for him and his friends. The more concert tickets he
buys the greater the cost.
6. A store is having a sale over Labor Day weekend. The more purchases, the greater
the profits.
Example 3 Describe what is happening in each graph.
7. The graph represents the distance 8. The graph represents revenues
the track team runs during a practice. generated through an online store.
Distance

Sales
Time Time

Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice begins on page 815.

Example 1 Express each relation as a table, a graph, and a mapping. Then determine the
domain and range.
9. {(0, 0), (-3, 2), (6, 4), (-1, 1)} 10. {(5, 2), (5, 6), (3, -2), (0, -2)}
11. {(6, 1), (4, -3), (3, 2), (-1, -3)} 12. {(-1, 3), (3, -6), (-1, -8), (-3, -7)}
13. {(6, 7), (3, -2), (8, 8), (-6, 2), (2, -6)} 14. {(4, -3), (1, 3), (7, -2), (2, -2), (1, 5)}
Example 2 Identify the independent and dependent variables for each relation.
15 The Spanish classes are having a fiesta lunch. Each student that attends is to bring
a Spanish side dish or dessert. The more students that attend, the more food there
will be.

16. The faster you drive your car, the longer it will take to come to a complete stop.

Example 3 Describe what is happening in each graph.

17. The graph represents the height of 18. The graph represents the sales of
a bungee jumper. lawn mowers.
Height

Sales

Time Time

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 41
 Describe what is happening in each graph.
19 The graph represents 20. The graph represents the distance
the value of a rare baseball card. covered on an extended car ride.

Distance
Value
Time Time

For Exercises 21–23, use the graph at the right.

Dog Walking
21. Name the ordered pair at point A and explain
what it represents. 40
35

Amount Earned ($)

22. Name the ordered pair at point B and explain
30
what it represents. #
25
23. Identify the independent and dependent 20
variables for the relation. 15
10
"
5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of Dogs Walked

For Exercises 24–26, use the graph at the right.

Annual Sales
24. Name the ordered pair at point C and
explain what it represents. 6 %
Sales (millions $)

25. Name the ordered pair at point D and 5

explain what it represents. 4
3
26. Identify the independent and 2
dependent variables. $
1

0 1 2 3 4 5
Years Since 2000

Express each relation as a set of ordered pairs. Describe the domain and range.
27. 28. y
Buying Aquarium Fish
Number
Total Cost
of Fish
1 $2.50 0 x
2 $5.50
5 $10.00
8 $18.75

Express the relation in each table, mapping, or graph as a set of ordered pairs.
29. 30. Domain Range 31. y
x y
4 -1 -5
8 9 -4 1
2 6
-2 -6 3 9 0 x

7 -3

42 | Lesson 1-6 | Relations

 C 32. SPORTS In a triathlon, athletes swim 2.4 miles, bicycle 112 miles, and run
26.2 miles. Their total time includes transition time from one activity to the
next. Which graph best represents a participant in a triathlon? Explain.
Graph A Graph B Graph C

Distance

Distance

Distance
Time Time Time

Draw a graph to represent each situation.

33. ANTIQUES A grandfather clock that is over 100 years old has increased in value
rapidly from when it was first purchased.

34. CAR A car depreciates in value. The value decreases quickly in the first few years.

35. REAL ESTATE A house typically increases in value over time.

36. EXERCISE An athlete alternates between running and walking during a workout.

37 PHYSIOLOGY A typical adult has about 2 pounds of water for each 3 pounds of body
weight. This can be represented by the equation w = 2 _
b
3 ()
, where w is the weight of
water in pounds and b is the body weight in pounds.
a. Make a table to show the relation between body and water weight for people
weighing 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, and 130 pounds. Round to the nearest
tenth if necessary.
b. What are the independent and dependent variables?
c. State the domain and range, and then graph the relation.
d. Reverse the independent and dependent variables. Graph this relation.
Explain what the graph indicates in this circumstance.

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

38. OPEN ENDED Describe a real-life situation that can be represented using a relation
and discuss how one of the quantities in the relation depends on the other. Then
represent the relation in three different ways.

39. CHALLENGE Describe a real-world situation where it is reasonable to have a

negative number included in the domain or range.

40. REASONING Compare and contrast dependent and independent variables.

41. CHALLENGE The table presents a relation. Graph the x y

ordered pairs. Then reverse the y-coordinate and the 0 1
x-coordinate in each ordered pair. Graph these ordered
1 3
pairs on the same coordinate plane. Graph the line y = x.
Describe the relationship between the two sets of 2 5
ordered pairs. 3 7

42. WRITING IN MATH Use the data about the pressure of water on page 38 to explain the
difference between dependent and independent variables.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 43
 SPI 3102.1.3, SPI 3102.4.3
Standardized Test Practice

43. A school’s cafeteria employees surveyed 45. SHORT RESPONSE Grant and Hector want to
250 students asking what beverage they drank build a clubhouse at the midpoint between
with lunch. They used the data to create the their houses. If Grant’s house is at point G and
table below. Hector’s house is at point H, what will be the
coordinates of the clubhouse?
Beverage Number of Students
y
milk 38 4 )

chocolate milk 112

−8 −4 0 4 x
juice 75
−4
water 25
( −8
What percent of the students surveyed
preferred drinking juice with lunch?
A 25% C 35% 46. If 3b = 2b, which of the following is true?
B 30% D 40% A b=0

44. Which of the following is equivalent B b=_

2
3
to 6(3 - g) + 2(11 - g)?
C b=1
F 2(20 - g) H 8(5 - g)
G 8(14 - g) J 40 - g D b=_
3
2

Spiral Review
Solve each equation. (Lesson 1-5)
47. 6(a + 5) = 42 48. 92 = k + 11 49. 17 = _
45
w +2
50. HOT-AIR BALLOON A hot-air balloon owner charges $150 for a one-hour ride. If he
gave 6 rides on Saturday and 5 rides on Sunday, write and evaluate an expression
to describe his total income for the weekend. (Lesson 1-4)
51. LOLLIPOPS A bag of lollipops contains 19 cherry, 13 grape, 8 sour apple,
15 strawberry, and 9 orange flavored lollipops. What is the probability
of drawing a sour apple flavored lollipop? (Lesson 0-11)

Find the perimeter of each figure. (Lesson 0-7)

52. 53. 54. 20 in.

7 yd 8 cm

11 yd 12 in.

Skills Review
Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 1-2)
55. 8 2 56. (-6) 2 57. (2.5) 2

58. (-1.8) 2 59. (3 + 4) 2 60. (1 - 4) 2

44 | Lesson 1-6 | Relations

 Functions Stopping Distance of a
Passenger Car

350

Stopping Distance (ft)

Then Now Why? 300
250
You solved equations
with elements from a
replacement set.
1 Determine whether a
relation is a function.
The distance a car travels from when
the brakes are applied to the car’s
complete stop is the stopping
200
150
(Lesson 1-5)
2 Find function values.
distance. This includes time for the
driver to react. The faster a car is
100
50
traveling, the longer the stopping 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
distance. The stopping distance is Speed (mph)
a function of the speed of the car.

NewVocabulary
function
discrete function
1 Identify Functions A function is a relationship between input and output. In a
function, there is exactly one output for each input.

continuous function
vertical line test KeyConcept Function
nonlinear function
Words A function is a relation in which each element of the domain is paired with
exactly one element of the range.
Examples Domain Range y

Tennessee -3 5
Curriculum Standards 0 3
SPI 3102.1.4 Translate 2 2
between representations of 4 -1 0 x
functions that depict real-
world situations.
CLE 3102.3.6 Understand
and use relations and
functions in various
representations to solve
contextual problems.
SPI 3102.3.7 Determine
domain and range of a
relation, determine whether a Example 1 Identify Functions
relation is a function and/or
evaluate a function at a Determine whether each relation is a function. Explain.
specified rational value.
Also addresses ✓3102.1.12, a. Domain Range For each member of the domain, there is only
✓3102.3.16, ✓3102.3.25, one member of the range. So this mapping
and ✓3102.5.6.
-2 -3 represents a function. It does not matter if
0 6 more than one element of the domain is
3 9 paired with one element of the range.
4

b. Domain 1 3 5 1 The element 1 in the domain is paired with

Range 4 2 4 -4 both 4 and -4 in the range. So, when x
equals 1 there is more than one possible
value for y. This relation is not a function.

GuidedPractice
1. {(2, 1), (3, -2), (3, 1), (2, -2)}

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 45
 A graph that consists of points that are not connected is a discrete function.
A function graphed with a line or smooth curve is a continuous function.

Example 2 Draw Graphs

ICE SCULPTING At an ice sculpting competition, each sculpture’s height was
measured to make sure that it was within the regulated height range of 0 to
6 feet. The measurements were as follows: Team 1, 4 feet; Team 2, 4.5 feet;
Team 3, 3.2 feet; Team 4, 5.1 feet; Team 5, 4.8 feet.

a. Make a table of values showing the relation between the ice sculpting team
and the height of their sculpture.

Team Number 1 2 3 4 5
Height (ft) 4 4.5 3.2 5.1 4.8

b. Determine the domain and range of the function.

Real-WorldLink The domain of the function is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} because this set represents
The Icehotel, located in the values of the independent variable. It is unaffected by the heights.
Arctic Circle in Sweden, is a
hotel made out of ice. The ice The range of the function is {4, 4.5, 3.2, 5.1, 4.8} because this set
insulates the igloo-like hotel
represents values of the dependent variable. This value depends
so the temperature is at
least -8°C. on the team number.
Source: Icehotel
c. Write the data as a set of ordered pairs. Ice Sculpture
Then graph the data. Competition
Use the table. The team number is the
independent variable and the height of the 6
sculpture is the dependent variable. Therefore, 5

Height (ft)
the ordered pairs are (1, 4), (2, 4.5), (3, 3.2), 4
(4, 5.1), and (5, 4.8). 3
2
Because the team numbers and their 1
corresponding heights cannot be between
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
the points given, the points should not be
Team Numbers
connected.

d. State whether the function is discrete or

continuous. Explain your reasoning.
Because the points are not connected, the function
is discrete.

GuidedPractice
2. A bird feeder will hold up to 3 quarts of seed. The feeder weighs 2.3 pounds
when empty and 13.4 pounds when full.
A. Make a table that shows the bird feeder with 0, 1, 2, and 3 quarts of seed in it
weighing 2.3, 6, 9.7, 13.4 pounds respectively.
B. Determine the domain and range of the function.
C. Write the data as a set of ordered pairs. Then graph the data.
D. State whether the function is discrete or continuous. Explain your reasoning.

46 | Lesson 1-7 | Functions

StudyTip You can use the vertical line test to see if a graph represents a function. If a vertical
Vertical Line Test line intersects the graph more than once, then the graph is not a function. Otherwise,
One way to perform the the relation is a function.
vertical line test is to use a
pencil. Place your pencil Function Not a Function Function
vertically on the graph and
y y y
move from left to right. If the
pencil passes over the graph
in only one place, then the
graph represents a function.
0 x 0 x 0 x

Recall from Lesson 1-6 that an equation is a representation of a relation. If the relation
is a function, then the equation represents a function.

Example 3 Equations as Functions

Determine whether -3x + y = 8 represents y
a function.
First make a table of values. Then graph the
equation.
x -1 0 1 2
y 5 4.5 11 14

0 x
The graph is a line. Place a pencil at the left of the
graph to represent a vertical line. Slowly move
the pencil across the graph.

For any value of x, the vertical line passes through no more than one point on the
graph. So, the graph and the equation represent a function.

GuidedPractice
Determine if each of the equations represents a function.
3A. 4x = 8 3B. 4x = y + 8

A function can be represented in different ways.

ConceptSummary Representations of a Function

Table Mapping Equation Graph
y
Domain Range
x y

f(x) = _
-2 1 -2 1 1 2
x -1
0 -1 2
0 -1 2
2 1
0 x

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 47
StudyTip
Function Notation
Functions are indicated by
2 Find Function Values Equations that are functions can be written in a form
called function notation. For example, consider y = 3x - 8.
the symbol f(x). This is read f Equation Function Notation
of x. Other letters, such as g y = 3x - 8 f(x) = 3x - 8
or h, can be used to represent
functions. In a function, x represents the elements of the domain, and f(x) represents the
elements of the range. Suppose you want to find the value in the range that
corresponds to the element 5 in the domain. This is written f(5) and is read “f of 5.”
The value f(5) is found by substituting 5 for x in the equation.

Example 4 Function Values

For f(x) = -4x + 7, find each value.
a. f(2)
f(2) = -4(2) + 7 x=2
= -8 + 7 Multiply.
= -1 Add.

b. f(-3) + 1
f(-3) + 1 = [-4(-3) + 7] + 1 x = -3
= 19 + 1 Simplify.
= 20 Add.

GuidedPractice
For f(x) = 2x - 3, find each value.
4A. f(1) 4B. 6 - f(5)
4C. f(-2) 4D. f(-1) + f(2)

A function with a graph that is not a straight line is a nonlinear function.

Example 5 Nonlinear Function Values

If h(t) = -16t 2 + 68t + 2, find each value.
a. h(4)
h(4) = -16(4) 2 + 68(4) + 2 Replace t with 4.
= -256 + 272 + 2 Multiply.
= 18 Add.

b. 2[h(g)]
2[h(g)] = 2[-16(g) 2 + 68(g) + 2] Replace t with g.
2
= 2(-16g + 68g + 2) Simplify.
= -32g 2 + 136g + 4 Distributive Property

GuidedPractice
If f(t) = 2t 3, find each value.
5A. f(4) 5B. 3[ f(t)] + 2
5C. f(-5) 5D. f(-3) - f(1)

48 | Lesson 1-7 | Functions

 Check Your Understanding = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R12.

Examples 1, 3 Determine whether each relation is a function. Explain.

1. Domain Range 2. Domain Range
2 6
-4 -1
-2 1 5 7
0 4
2
6 9
4 6 10

3. {(2, 2), (-1, 5), (5, 2), (2, -4)} 4. y = _

1
x-6
2

5. y 6. y

0 x

0 x

7. y 8. y

0 x 0 x

Example 2 9. SCHOOL ENROLLMENT The table shows the total enrollment in U.S. public schools.

School Year 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08

Enrollment (in thousands) 48,560 48,710 48,948 49,091
Source: The World Almanac

a. Write a set of ordered pairs representing the data in the table if x is the number
of school years since 2004–2005.
b. Draw a graph showing the relationship between the year and enrollment.
c. Describe the domain and range of the data.

10. CELL PHONES The cost of sending cell phone pictures is given by y = 0.25x, where x
is the number of pictures that you send. Write the equation in function notation
and then find f(5) and f(12). What do these values represent? Determine the
domain and range of this function.

Examples 4–5 If f(x) = 6x + 7 and g(x) = x 2 - 4, find each value.

11 f(-3) 12. f(m) 13. f(r - 2)

14. g(5) 15. g(a) + 9 16. g(-4t)

17. f(q + 1) 18. f(2) + g(-2) 19. g(-b)

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 49
 Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice begins on page 815.

Example 1 Determine whether each relation is a function. Explain.

20. Domain Range 21. Domain Range 22. Domain Range
4 5 1 5 4 6
-6 4 4 6
-5 3
3 3 -8 7
-2 3 8 6 -3
-5 5

23. 24. y 25. y

Domain Range
-4 2
3 -5
4 2 0 x
9 -7
-3 -5 0 x

Example 2 26. HOME VALUE The table shows the median home prices in the United States, from
2007 to 2009.
Year Median Home Price (S)
2007 234,300
2008 213,200
2009 212,200

a. Write a set of ordered pairs representing the data in the table.

b. Draw a graph showing the relationship between the year and price.
c. What is the domain and range for this data?

Example 3 Determine whether each relation is a function.

27. {(5, -7), (6, -7), (-8, -1), (0, -1)} 28. {(4, 5), (3, -2), (-2, 5), (4, 7)}

29. y = -8 30. x = 15

31. y = 3x - 2 32. y = 3x + 2y

Examples 4–5 If f(x) = -2x - 3 and g(x) = x 2 + 5x, find each value.
33. f(-1) 34. f(6) 35. g(2)

36. g(-3) 37. g(-2) + 2 38. f(0) - 7

39. f(4y) 40. g(-6m) 41. f(c - 5)

42. f(r + 2) 43. 5[f(d)] 44. 3[g(n)]

B 45 EDUCATION The average national math test scores f(t) for 17-year-olds can be
represented as a function of the national science scores t by f(t) = 0.8t + 72.
a. Graph this function.
b. What is the science score that corresponds to a math score of 308?
c. What is the domain and range of this function?

50 | Lesson 1-7 | Functions

 Determine whether each relation is a function.
46. y 47 y

0 x 0 x

48. BABYSITTING Christina earns $7.50 an hour babysitting.

a. Write an algebraic expression to represent the money Christina will earn if she
works h hours.
b. Choose five values for the number of hours Christina can babysit. Create a table
with h and the amount of money she will make during that time.
c. Use the values in your table to create a graph.
d. Does it make sense to connect the points in your graph with a line? Why or
why not?

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

49. OPEN ENDED Write a set of three ordered pairs that represent a function. Choose
another display that represents this function.

C 50. REASONING The set of ordered pairs {(0, 1), (3, 2), (3, -5), (5, 4)} represents a relation
between x and y. Graph the set of ordered pairs. Determine whether the relation is
a function. Explain.

51. CHALLENGE Consider f(x) = -4.3x - 2. Write f(g + 3.5) and simplify by combining
like terms.

52. WRITE A QUESTION A classmate graphed a set of ordered pairs and used the vertical
line test to determine whether it was a function. Write a question to help her
decide if the same strategy can be applied to a mapping.

53. CHALLENGE If f(3b - 1) = 9b - 1, find one possible expression for f(x).

54. ERROR ANALYSIS Corazon and Maggie are analyzing the relation to determine
whether it is a function. Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.

Corazon Maggie
Domain Range No, each member of the
No, one member of the
-2 -5 range is matched with domain is matched with one
0 0
1 2 two members of the member of the range.
3
domain.

55. E WRITING IN MATH Describe a display of a relation that is not a function.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 51
 SPI 3102.4.3, SPI 3102.3.7, SPI 3108.4.11
Standardized Test Practice

56. Which point on the number line represents a 58. GEOMETRY What is the value of x?
number whose square is less than itself?
A 3 in. 2 in.
" # $ % B 4 in.
C 5 in. 6 in.
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
D 6 in. 9 in.
A A C C
4 in.
B B D D x

57. Determine which of the following relations is

a function.
F {(-3, 2), (4, 1), (-3, 5)} 59. SHORT RESPONSE Camille made 16 out of 19 of
her serves during her first volleyball game.
G {(2, -1), (4, -1), (2, 6)}
She made 13 out of 16 of her serves during her
H {(-3, -4), (-3, 6), (8, -2)} second game. During which game did she
J {(5, -1), (3, -2), (-2, -2)} make a greater percent of her serves?

Spiral Review
Solve each equation. (Lesson 1-5)
32 + 4
60. x = _ 61. m = _
27 + 3
62. z = 32 + 4(-3)
10 7-5

63. SCHOOL SUPPLIES The table shows the prices of some items Tom needs. School Supplies Prices
If he needs 4 glue sticks, 10 pencils, and 4 notebooks, write and solve
glue stick $1.99
an equation to determine whether Tom can get them for under $10.
Describe what the variables represent. (Lesson 1-6) pencil $0.25
notebook $1.85
Write a verbal expression for each algebraic expression. (Lesson 1-1)
64. 4y + 2 65. _
2
x 66. a 2b + 5
3
Find the volume of each rectangular prism. (Lesson 0-9)
67. 68. 69.
40 mm
5.4 cm
40 mm
180 mm
2.2 cm
1 12 in.
3.2 cm

Skills Review
Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 1-2)
70. If x = 3, then 6x - 5 = ? . 71. If n = -1, then 2n + 1 = ? .
72. If p = 4, then 3p + 4 = ? . 73. If q = 7, then 7q - 9 = ?
74. If k = -11, then 4k + 6 = ? 75. If y = 10, then 8y - 15 = ?

52 | Lesson 1-7 | Functions

 Graphing Technology Lab
Representing Functions
You can use TI-NspireTM or TI-NspireTM CAS technology to explore the different
ways to represent a function.

Activity
Graph f(x) = 2x + 3 on the TI-Nspire graphing calculator.
Step 1 From the Home screen, select Graphs & Step 2 Type 2x + 3 · in the entry line.
Geometry.

Represent the function as a table.

Step 3 Press b. Choose View, then Add Step 4 Press / + e to toggle from the
Function Table. Then press · or the table to the graph. Press e until
click button. an arrow appears on the graph. Use
the click button to grab the line and
move it. Notice how the values in the
table change.

Analyze the Results

Graph each function. Make a table of five ordered pairs that also represents the function.
1. g(x) = -x - 3 2. h(x) = _
1
x+3 3. f(x) = -_
1
x-5
3 2
4. f(x) = 3x - _
1
5. g(x) = -2x + 5 6. h(x) = _
1
x+4
2 5
connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 53
 Logical Reasoning
and Counterexamples
Then Now Why?
You applied the
properties of real
numbers.
1 Identify the
hypothesis and
conclusion in a
The Butterfly Gardens is a
conservatory in British
Columbia, Canada, with
(Lesson 1-3) conditional statement. over 50 species of
butterflies. There is also
2 Use a counterexample
to show that an
assertion is false.
an Emerging Room where
you can see caterpillars
change into butterflies.

NewVocabulary
conditional statement
if-then statements
1 Conditional Statements The statement If an insect is a butterfly, then it was a
caterpillar is called a conditional statement. A conditional statement can be
written in the form If A, then B. Statements in this form are called if-then statements.
hypothesis
conclusion
If A, then B.
deductive reasoning
counterexample
If an insect is a butterfly, then it was a caterpillar.

The part of the statement The part of the statement

immediately following the word that immediately follows then
Tennessee if is called the hypothesis. is called the conclusion.
Curriculum Standards
CLE 3102.1.3 Develop
inductive and deductive
reasoning to independently
make and evaluate Example 1 Identify Hypothesis and Conclusion
mathematical arguments and
construct appropriate proofs; Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of each statement.
include various types of
reasoning, logic, and intuition.
a. CELEBRATION If it is the Fourth of July, then we will see fireworks.
✔ 3102.1.10 Use algebraic
properties to develop a valid The hypothesis follows the word if and the conclusion follows the then.
mathematical argument.
Hypothesis: it is the 4 th of July
Conclusion: we will see fireworks

b. If 2x - 10 = 0, then x = 5.
Hypothesis: 2x - 10 = 0
Conclusion: x = 5

GuidedPractice
1A. If we have enough sugar, then we will make cookies.
1B. If 16z - 5 = 43, then z = 3.

Sometimes a conditional statement does not contain the words if and then. But a
conditional statement can always be rewritten in if-then form.

54 | Lesson 1-8
StudyTip Example 2 Write a Conditional in If-Then Form
Conditional Statements If a
conditional statement is true, Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of each statement. Then write each
the hypothesis need not statement in if-then form.
always be true. For example,
if Daniel plays air hockey, a. Chen gets chocolate chip ice cream when she is at the ice cream parlor.
then he is at an arcade. But Hypothesis: Chen is at the ice cream parlor
just because Daniel is at an
arcade does not mean that Conclusion: she will get chocolate chip ice cream
he plays air hockey.
If-Then Form: If Chen is at the ice cream parlor, then she will get chocolate
chip ice cream.

b. For the equation 3y + 4 = 25, y = 7.

Hypothesis: 3y + 4 = 25
Conclusion: y=7
If-Then Form: If 3y + 4 = 25, then y = 7.

GuidedPractice
2A. The neon light is on when the store is open.
2B. A circle with a radius of w - 4 has a circumference of 2π(w - 4).

2 Deductive Reasoning and Counterexamples The process of using facts,

rules, definitions, or properties to reach a valid conclusion is called deductive
reasoning. If you know that the hypothesis of a true conditional is true for a given
case, deductive reasoning allows you to say that the conclusion is true for that case.

Example 3 Deductive Reasoning

Determine a valid conclusion that follows from the statement below for each
condition. If a valid conclusion does not follow, write no valid conclusion and
ReadingMath explain why.
If-Then Statements Note If one number is odd and another is even, then their product must be even.
that if is not part of the
hypothesis, and then is not a. The numbers are 5 and 8.
part of the conclusion.
5 is odd and 8 is even, so the hypothesis is true.
Their product is 40, which is even, so the conclusion is also true.

b. The product is 24.

The product is part of the conclusion. The product is even, so the conclusion
is true.
The hypothesis is also true for numbers such as 3 and 8. However, for numbers
such as 4 and 6 the hypothesis is not true. So, there is no valid conclusion.

GuidedPractice
Determine a valid conclusion that follows from the statement If one number is
negative and another is positive, then their product must be negative. If a valid
conclusion does not follow, write no valid conclusion and explain why.
3A. The numbers are -3 and 4.
3B. The product is 10.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 55
 To show that a conditional is false, we can use a counterexample. A counterexample
is a specific case in which the hypothesis is true and the conclusion is false.

StudyTip Example 4 Counterexamples

Counterexamples It takes Find a counterexample for each conditional statement.
only one counterexample
to show that a statement a. If a + b > c, then b > c.
is false.
One counterexample is when a = 7, b = 3, and c = 9. The hypothesis is true,
7 + 3 > 9. However, the conclusion 3 > 9 is false.

b. If the leaves on the tree are brown, then it is fall.

If the leaves are brown then the tree could have died. So, the conclusion is
not necessarily true.

GuidedPractice
4A. If ab > 0, then a and b are greater than 0.
4B. If a clothing store is selling wool coats, then it must be December.

Check Your Understanding = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R12.

Example 1 Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of each statement.

1. If the game is on Saturday, then Eduardo will play.
2. If the chicken burns, then it was left in the oven too long.
3. If 52 - 4x = 28, then x = 6.

Example 2 Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of each statement.

Then write each statement in if-then form.
4. Alisa plays with her dog in the yard when the weather is nice.
5. Two lines that are perpendicular form right angles.
6. A prime number is only divisible by one and itself.

Example 3 Determine a valid conclusion that follows from the statement below for each
given condition. If a valid conclusion does not follow, write no valid conclusion
and explain why.
If a number is a multiple of 10, then the number is divisible by 5.
7 The number is divisible by 5.
8. The number is 5010.
9. The number is 955.

Example 4 Find a counterexample for each conditional statement.

10. If Jack is at the park, then he is flying a kite.
11. If a teacher assigns a writing project, then it must be more than two pages long.
12. If |x|= 7, then x = 7.
13. If a number y is multiplied by _
1
, then _
1
y < y.
3 3
56 | Lesson 1-8 | Logical Reasoning and Counterexamples
 Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice begins on page 815.

Example 1 Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of each statement.

14. If a team is playing at home, then they wear their white uniforms.
15 If you are in a grocery store, then you will buy food.
16. If 2n - 7 > 25, then n > 16.
17. If x equals y and y equals z, then x equals z.
18. If it is not raining outside, we will walk the dogs.
19. If you play basketball, then you are tall.

Example 2 Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of each statement.

Then write each statement in if-then form.
20. Lamar’s third-period class is art. 21. Joe will go to the mall after class.
22. For x = 4, 6x - 10 = 14. 23. 5m - 8 < 52 when m < 12.
24. A rectangle with sides of equal length is a square.
25. The sum of two even numbers is an even number.
26. August has 31 days.
27. Science teachers like to conduct experiments.

Example 3 Determine whether a valid conclusion follows from the statement below for each
given condition. If a valid conclusion does not follow, write no valid conclusion
and explain why.

If Belinda scores higher than 90% on the exam, then she will receive an A for the
course.
28. Belinda scores a 91% on the exam. 29. Belinda scores an 89% on the exam.
30. Belinda receives an A for the course. 31. Belinda receives a B for the course.

Example 4 Find a counterexample for each conditional statement.

32. If you live in London, then you live in England.
33. If you attend the banquet, then you will eat the food.
34. If the four sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the shape is a square.
35. If a number is divisible by 3, then the number is odd.
36. If 3x + 17 ≤ 53, then x < 12.
37. If x 2 = 1, then x must equal 1.
38. If an animal has spots, then it is a Dalmatian.
39. If a number is prime, then it is an odd number.
40. If an animal cannot fly, then the animal is not a bird.

B 41. RESEARCH Use the Internet or some other resource to research the weather
predictions and actual weather for your region for the past five years. Summarize
your data as examples and counterexamples.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 57
 42. Determine whether a valid conclusion follows from the statement below for each
given condition. If a valid conclusion does not follow, write no valid conclusion
and explain why.
If the dimensions of rectangle ABCD are doubled, then the " #
perimeter is doubled.
5 in.
a. The new rectangle measures 16 inches by 10 inches.
b. The perimeter of the new rectangle is 52 inches.
% $
8 in.
C 43 GEOMETRY Use the following statement.
−− −− −−−
If there are three line segments AB, BC, and CD, then they form a triangle.
a. Draw a diagram to provide an example for the conditional statement.
b. Draw a diagram to provide a counterexample for the conditional statement.

44. GROUNDHOG DAY On Groundhog Day, some people say that if a groundhog sees its
shadow, then there will be 6 more weeks of winter. If it does not see its shadow,
then there will be an early spring.
a. The most famous groundhog, Punxsutawney Phil in Pennsylvania, sees his
shadow 85% of the time. Write an algebraic expression to represent how many
times he sees his shadow in y years.
b. The table lists each possible scenario. From the given conditional statement,
determine whether this is true or false.

Sees His 6 More Weeks of Winter

True or False
Shadow or Not or an Early Spring
shadow Winter true
shadow Spring ?
no shadow Winter ?
no shadow Spring ?

c. Of the situations listed in the table, explain which situation could be considered
a counterexample to the original statement.

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

45. CHALLENGE Determine whether the following statement is always true. If not,
provide a counterexample.
If 2(b + c) = 2b + 2c, then 2 + (b · c) = (2 + b)(2 + c).

46. CHALLENGE For what values of n is the opposite of n greater than n? For what
values of n is the opposite of n less than n? For what values is n equal to its
opposite?

47. OPEN ENDED Write a conditional statement. Label the hypothesis and conclusion.

48. REASONING Determine whether this statement is true or false. If the length of a
rectangle is doubled, then the area of the rectangle is doubled. Justify your answer.

49. OPEN ENDED Write a conditional statement. Write a counterexample to the

statement. Explain your reasoning.

50. WRITING IN MATH Explain how deductive reasoning is used to show that a
conditional is true or false.

58 | Lesson 1-8 | Logical Reasoning and Counterexamples

 SPI 3102.3.5, SPI 3102.1.3
Standardized Test Practice

51. Which value of b serves as a counterexample 53. Which illustrates the Transitive Property of
to the statement 2b < 3b? Equality?
A -4 C _
1
F If c = 1, then c · _
1
c = 1.
2
G If c = d and d = f, then c = f.
B _
1
D 4
4 H If c = d, then d = c.
52. SHORT RESPONSE A deli serves boxed lunches J If c = d and d = c, then c = 1.
with a sandwich, fruit, and a dessert. The
sandwich choices are turkey, roast beef, or 54. Simplify the expression
ham. The fruit choices are an orange or an 5d(7 - 3) - 16d + 3 · 2d.
apple. The dessert choices are a cookie or a A 10d C 21d
brownie. How many different boxed lunches
B 14d D 25d
does the deli serve?

Spiral Review
Determine whether each relation is a function. (Lesson 1-7)
55. Domain Range 56. {(0, 2), (3, 5), (0, -1), (-2, 4)} 57. x y
-3 -10 17 6
-1 12
1 42 18 6
3 19 5
7
20 4

58. GEOMETRY Express the relation in the graph at the right as a set of
Perimeter of
ordered pairs and describe the domain and range. (Lesson 1-6) Equilateral Triangles
20
59. CLOTHING Robert has 30 socks in his sock drawer. 16 of the socks
18
are white, 6 are black, 2 are red, and 6 are yellow. What is the 16
probability that he randomly pulls out a black sock? (Lesson 0-9) 14
12
Perimeter

Find the perimeter of each figure. (Lesson 0-7) 10

8
60. 61. 6
4
4 in. 11 cm 2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6 in. Length of Side
8 cm

Skills Review
Evaluate each expression. (Lesson 1-2)

62. 7 2 63. (-9) 2 64. 2.7 2

65. (-12.25) 2 66. 5 2 67. 25 2

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 59
 Algebra Lab
Sets
A set is any collection of objects. The set that contains all objects is called the
universal set, or the universe, usually labeled U. Each object is called a member
or element of the set.

Activity 1 Solve Inequalities

Step 1 Cut 6 pieces of paper for each
color shown. Draw the shapes
shown at the right.

Step 2 Place the shapes inside a loop

of string. Label the space inside
of the loop U.

Step 3 Arrange the shapes and string as shown. Call the set of squares A.

U
A

The set of squares is a subset of U. The empty set, denoted by { } or , is a

set with no objects. It is a subset of any set. A set is also a subset of itself. In
math notation, we can write A ⊆ U, A ⊆ A, and  ⊆ U.

Step 4 We can identify a set by writing a description in brackets, such as {squares}.

Put a loop around B = {circles}. Label it B. Notice that B ⊆ U.

Step 5 If A = {squares}, then the complement of A, written A’, is every object in U

that is not in A. A’ = {circles and triangles}, or {nonsquares}. Draw the
elements in B’. Write a description of B’ in brackets.

Model and Analyze

1. Let C = {triangles}. Write a description of the complement of set C in brackets.
2. Let R = {yellow shapes}. Write a description of the complement of set R
in brackets.
3. Let U = {squares}. Subsets of U can have 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 elements. How many
subsets of U have exactly two elements? How many subsets are there total?

60 | Extend 1-8 | Algebra Lab: Sets

 Activity 2
You can perform operations on two or more numbers, such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. Finding the complement of a set
is an operation on one set. You can also perform operations on two or more
sets at a time.
Step 1 Use U from Step 2 in Activity 1. Arrange
the shapes as shown. Label the sets. U
Write a description of L in brackets. Write a
description of Q in brackets. L Q

Step 2 In the diagram in Step 1, describe the

shapes in the region where L and Q
overlap.

Step 3 The intersection of two sets is the set of

elements common to both. The symbol
for this operation is ∩. Intersection means
that an element is in L and Q. Draw the
elements in L ∩ Q.

Step 4 The union of two sets is the set of elements in one set or the other set. The
symbol for this operation is ∪. You might think of this operation as adding
up or combining all elements in two or more sets. Draw the elements in the
set L ∪ Q.

Step 5 Recall that finding the complement is an operation on only one set.
Draw the elements in (L ∩ Q)’.

Step 6 Draw the elements in (L ∪ Q)’.

Exercises
Refer to the Venn diagram shown at the right. Write
U
a description of the shapes in each set.
M
4. M 5. P P

6. T 7. M ∩ P
8. M ∩ T 9. P ∩ T
10. M ∪ P 11. M ∪ T
12. P ∪ T 13. M ∩ P ∩ T
14. M ∪ P ∪ T 15. (M ∪ P ∪ T)’ T

16. CHALLENGE Use U from Step 2, Activity 1. Find

two sets W and Z such that W ∩ Z = Ø. Draw a
diagram with W, Z, and U labeled and all shapes shown.
Write a description of W, Z, and (W ∪ Z)’ in brackets.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 61
 Study Guide and Review

Study Guide
KeyConcepts KeyVocabulary
algebraic expression (p. 5) like terms (p. 25)
Order of Operations (Lesson 1-2)
• Evalute expressions inside grouping symbols. base (p. 5) mapping (p. 38)
• Evaluate all powers. coefficient (p. 26) ordered pair (p. 38)
• Multiply and/or divide in order from left to right. conclusion (p. 54) order of operations (p. 10)
• Add or subtract in order from left to right. conditional statement (p. 54) origin (p. 38)
Properties of Equality (Lessons 1-3 and 1-4) coordinate system (p. 38) power (p. 5)
• For any numbers a, b, and c: counterexample (p. 56) range (p. 38)
Reflexive: a=a
deductive reasoning (p. 55) reciprocal (p. 17)
Symmetric: If a = b, then b = a.
Transitive: If a = b and b = c, then a = c. dependent variable (p. 40) relation (p. 38)
Substitution: If a = b, then a may be replaced by b in domain (p. 38) replacement set (p. 31)
any expression.
equation (p. 31) simplest form (p. 25)
Distributive: a(b + c) = ab + ac and
a(b - c) = ab - ac exponent (p. 5) solution (p. 31)
Commutative: a + b = b + a and ab = ba function (p. 45) term (p. 5)
Associative: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) and
hypothesis (p. 54) variables (p. 5)
(ab)c = a(bc)
independent variable (p. 40) vertical line test (p. 47)
Solving Equations (Lesson 1-5)
• Apply order of operations and the properties of real numbers
to solve equations.
VocabularyCheck
Relations (Lesson 1-6) State whether each sentence is true or false. If false, replace
• Relations can be represent by ordered pairs, a table, the underlined term to make a true sentence.
a mapping, or a graph. 1. A coordinate system is formed by two intersecting
Functions (Lesson 1-7) number lines.
• Use the vertical line test to determine if a relation is 2. An exponent indicates the number of times the base is to
a function. be used as a factor.
Conditional Statements (Lesson 1-8) 3. An expression is in simplest form when it contains like
• An if-then statement has a hypothesis and a conclusion. terms and parentheses.

4. In an expression involving multiplication, the quantities

being multiplied are called factors.
StudyOrganizer
5. In a function, there is exactly one output for each input.
Be sure the Key Concepts
1-1
are noted in your Foldable. 1-2 6. Order of operations tells us to perform multiplication before
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6 subtraction.
1-7
1-8
Propertiesy
Vocabular
7. Since the product of any number and 1 is equal to the
number, 1 is called the multiplicative inverse.

62 | Chapter 1 | Study Guide and Review

Lesson-by-Lesson Review SPI 3102.3.1, CLE 3102.4.1

1-11 Variables and Expressions (pp. 5–9)

Example 1
Write a verbal expression for each algebraic expression.
8. h - 7 9. 3x 2 10. 5 + 6m 3 Write a verbal expression for 4x + 9.
nine more than four times a number x
Write an algebraic expression for each verbal expression.
Example 2
11. a number increased by 9
Write an algebraic expression for the difference
12. two thirds of a number d to the third power of twelve and two times a number cubed.
13. 5 less than four times a number Variable Let x represent the number.
Expression 12 - 2x 3
Evaluate each expression.
14. 2 5 15. 6 3 16. 4 4 Example 3
Evaluate 3 4.
17. BOWLING Fantastic Pins Bowling Alley charges $2.50 The base is 3 and the exponent is 4.
for shoe rental plus $3.25 for each game. Write an
expression representing the cost to rent shoes and bowl 34 = 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 Use 3 as a factor 4 times.
g games. = 81 Multiply.

SPI 3102.1.3, ✔3102.2.2

1-22 Order of Operations (pp. 10–15)

Example 4
Evaluate each expression.
18. 24 - 4 · 5 19. 15 + 3 2 - 6 Evaluate the expression 3(9 - 5) 2 ÷ 8.

20. 7 + 2(9 - 3) 21. 8 · 4 - 6 · 5 3(9 - 5) 2 ÷ 8 = 3(4) 2 ÷ 8 Work inside parentheses.

11 + 4 2 = 3(16) ÷ 8 Evaluate 4 2.
22. ⎡⎣(2 5 - 5) ÷ 9⎤⎦11 23. _2 2
5 -4 = 48 ÷ 8 Multiply.
=6 Divide.
Evaluate each expression if a = 4, b = 3, and c = 9.
Example 5
24. c + 3a Evaluate the expression (5m - 2n) ÷ p 2 if
25. 5b 2 ÷ c m = 8, n = 4, p = 2.
26. (a 2 + 2bc) ÷ 7 (5m - 2n) ÷ p 2
Replace m with 8, n with 4,
= (5 · 8 - 2 · 4) ÷ 2 2
and p with 2.
27. ICE CREAM The cost of a one-scoop sundae is $2.75, = (40 - 8) ÷ 2 2 Multiply.
and the cost of a two-scoop sundae is $4.25. Write and = 32 ÷ 2 2 Subtract.
evaluate an expression to find the total cost of 3 one-
= 32 ÷ 4 Evaluate 2 2.
scoop sundaes and 2 two-scoop sundaes.
=8 Divide.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 63
 Study Guide and Review Continued
✔3102.1.9, SPI 3102.1.3

1-33 Properties of Numbers (pp. 16–22)

Example 6
Evaluate each expression using properties of numbers.
Name the property used in each step. _
Evaluate 6(4 · 2 - 7) + 5 · 1 . Name the property used in
5
28. 18 · 3(1 ÷ 3) 29. [5 ÷ (8 - 6)]_2 each step.
5
30. (16 - 4 2) + 9 31. 2 · _
1
+ 4(4 · 2 - 7) 6(4 · 2 - 7) + 5 · _
1
2 5
32. 18 + 41 + 32 + 9 33. 7_2
+ 5 + 2_3 = 6(8 - 7) + 5 · _
1
Substitution
5 5 5
34. 8 · 0.5 · 5 35. 5.3 + 2.8 + 3.7 + 6.2 = 6(1) + 5 · _
1
Substitution
5
=6+5·_ 1
Multiplicative Identity
36. SCHOOL SUPPLIES Monica needs to purchase a binder, 5
a textbook, a calculator, and a workbook for her algebra =6+1 Multiplicative Inverse
class. The binder costs $9.25, the textbook $32.50, the =7 Substitution
calculator $18.75, and the workbook $15.00. Find the
total cost for Monica’s algebra supplies.

✔3102.1.9, SPI 3102.1.3, ✔3102.2.1

1-44 The Distributive Property (pp. 23–29)

Example 7
Use the Distributive Property to rewrite each expression.
Then evaluate. Use the Distributive Property to rewrite the expression
37. (2 + 3)6 38. 5(18 + 12) 5(3 + 8). Then evaluate.

39. 8(6 - 2) 40. (11 - 4)3 5(3 + 8) = 5(3) + 5(8) Distributive Property

41. -2(5 - 3) 42. (8 - 3)4 = 15 + 40 Multiply.

= 55 Simplify.
Rewrite each expression using the Distributive Property.
Then simplify. Example 8
43. 3(x + 2) 44. (m + 8)4 Rewrite the expression 6(x + 4) using the Distributive
Property. Then simplify.
45. 6(d - 3) 46. -4(5 - 2t)
6(x + 4) = 6 · x + 6 · 4 Distributive Property
47. (9y - 6)(-3) 48. -6(4z + 3)
= 6x + 24 Simplify.
49. TUTORING Write and evaluate an expression for the
number of tutoring lessons Mrs. Green gives in 4 weeks. Example 9
Tutoring Schedule Rewrite the expression (3x - 2)(-5) using the
Distributive Property. Then simplify.
Day Students
Monday 3 (3x - 2)(-5)
Tuesday 5 = (3x )(-5) - (2)(-5) Distributive Property
Wednesday 4 = -15x + 10 Simplify.

64 | Chapter 1 | Study Guide and Review

 SPI 3102.1.3, ✔3102.3.3

1-55 Equations (pp. 31–37)

Example 10
Find the solution of each equation if the replacement sets
are x: {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and y: {6, 8, 10, 12, 14}. Solve the equation 5w - 19 = 11 if the replacement
50. y - 9 = 3 51. 14 + x = 21 set is w: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}.

52. 4y = 32 53. 3x - 11 = 16 Replace w in 5w - 19 = 11 with each value in the

replacement set.
54. _
42
y =7 55. 2(x - 1) = 8
w 5w - 19 = 11 True or False?
Solve each equation. 2 5(2) - 19 = 11 False
56. a = 24 - 7(3) 4 5(4) - 19 = 11 False
6 5(6) - 19 = 11 True
57. z = 63 ÷ (3 2 - 2)
8 5(8) - 19 = 11 False
58. AGE Shandra’s age is four more than three times 10 5(10) - 19 = 11 False
Sherita’s age. Write an equation for Shandra’s age.
Solve if Sherita is 3 years old Since the equation is true when w = 6, the solution of
5w - 19 = 11 is w = 6.

CLE 3102.3.6, SPI 3102.3.6, SPI 3102.3.7

1-66 Representing Relations (pp. 38–44)

Example 11
Express each relation as a table, a graph, and a mapping.
Then determine the domain and range. Express the relation {(-3, 4), (1, -2), (0, 1),
59. {(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (4, 6)} (3, -1)} as a table, a graph, and a mapping.

60. {(-1, 1), (0, -2), (3, 1), (4, -1)} Table x y
61. {(-2, 4), (-1, 3), (0, 2), (-1, 2)} Place the x-coordinates into -3 4
the first column. Place the 1 -2
Express the relation shown in each table, mapping, or corresponding y-coordinates
0 1
graph as a set of ordered pairs. in the second column.
3 -1
62. x y
63. Domain Range
Graph y
5 3 -2 -3
3 -1 0 -2 Graph each ordered pair
2 -1 on a coordinate plane.
1 2 4 0
0 x
-1 0

64. GARDENING On average, 7 plants grow for every 10

seeds of a certain type planted. Make a table to show the Mapping Domain Range
relation between seeds planted and plants growing for List the x-values in the -3 4
50, 100, 150, and 200 seeds. Then state the domain and domain and the y-values 1 -2
range and graph the relation. in the range. Draw arrows 0 1
3 -1
from the x-values in set X
to the corresponding
y-values in set Y.

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 Study Guide and Review Continued
SPI 3102.1.4, CLE 3102.3.6, SPI 3102.3.7

1-77 Representing Functions (pp. 45–52)

Example 12
Determine whether each relation is a function.
65. 66. Determine whether the relation shown below
x y is a function.
-3 3
-1 1 -4 3
1 2 For each member of the
3 4
2 0 domain, there is only -4 -5
3 0
1 -2 one member of the range -1 3
2 1 that corresponds to it. So 2
this mapping represents a
y function. It does not matter
67.
that more than one element
of the domain is paired with
one element of the range.
0 x
Example 13
Determine whether 2x - y = 1 represents a function.
68. {(8, 4), (6, 3), (4, 2), (2, 1), (0, 0)} First make a table of values. Then graph the equation.
y
If f (x ) = 2x + 4 and g (x ) = x 2 - 3, find each value. x y

69. f (-3) 70. g (2) 71. f (0) -1 -3

0 -1
72. g (-4) 73. f (m + 2) 74. g (3p)
1 1
0 x
75. GRADES A teacher claims that the relationship between 2 3
number of hours studied for a test and test score can be 3 5
described by g(x) = 45 + 9x, where x represents the
number of hours studied. Graph this function. Using the vertical line test, it can be shown that
2x - y = 1 does represent a function.

CLE 3102.1.3, ✔3102.1.10

1-88 Logical Reasoning and Counterexamples (pp. 54–59)

Example 14
Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of each statement.
76. If Orlando practices the piano, then he will perform well Identify the hypothesis and the conclusion for the
at his recital. statement “If the football team wins their last game,
then they will win the championship.”
77. If 2x + 7 > 31, then x > 12.
The hypothesis follows the word if, and the conclusion
Find a counterexample for each conditional statement. follows the word then.

78. If it is raining outside, then you will get wet. Hypothesis: the football team wins their last game

79. If 4x - 11 = 53, then x < 16. Conclusion: they will win the championship

66 | Chapter 1 | Study Guide and Review

 Tennessee
Practice Test Curriculum Standards
SPI 3102.1.3, SPI 3102.3.7

Write an algebraic expression for each verbal 15. CELL PHONES The ABC Cell Phone Company
expression. offers a plan that includes a flat fee of $29 per
month plus a $0.12 charge per minute. Write an
1. six more than a number
equation to find C, the total monthly cost for m
2. twelve less than the product of three and minutes. Then solve the equation for m = 50.
a number
3. four divided by the difference between a number Express the relation shown in each table, mapping,
and seven or graph as a set of ordered pairs.

Evaluate each expression. 16. x y

17. Domain Range
(2 · 4) 2
4. 32 ÷ 4 + 2 3 - 3 5. _ 2
-2 4 -3 -2
7+3 1 2 -1 0
1 2
6. MULTIPLE CHOICE Find the value of the expression 3 0 3 4
a 2 + 2ab + b 2 if a = 6 and b = 4. 4 -2
A 68
B 92 18. MULTIPLE CHOICE Determine the domain and
C 100 range for the relation {(2, 5), (-1, 3), (0, -1),
(3, 3), (-4, -2)}.
D 121
F D: {2, -1, 0, 3, -4}, R: {5, 3, -1, 3, -2}
Evaluate each expression. Name the property used G D: {5, 3, -1, 3, -2}, R: {2, -1, 0, 3, 4}
in each step.
H D: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, R: {-4, -3, -2, -1, 0}
7. 13 + (16 - 4 2) 8. _
2
[9 ÷ (7 - 5)]
9 J D: {2, -1, 0, 3, -4}, R: {2, -1, 0, 3, 4}
9. 37 + 29 + 13 + 21

Rewrite each expression using the Distributive 19. Determine whether the relation {(2, 3), (-1, 3),
Property. Then simplify. (0, 4), (3, 2), (-2, 3)} is a function.

10. 4(x + 3) 11. (5p - 2)(-3) If f(x) = 5 - 2x and g(x) = x 2 + 7x, find each value.
20. g(3) 21. f(-6y)
12. MOVIE TICKETS A company operates three movie
theaters. The chart shows the typical number of
tickets sold each week at the three locations. Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of
Write and evaluate an expression for the total each statement.
typical number of tickets sold by all three
locations in four weeks. 22. If the temperature goes below 32°F, it will
snow outside.
Location Tickets Sold
A 438
23. If Ivan breaks his arm, he will need to go to
the hospital.
B 374
C 512
Find a counterexample for each conditional
statement.
Find the solution of each equation if the
replacement sets are x: {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and 24. If you go to the pool, you will get wet.
y: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}.
25. If a quadrilateral has one pair of sides that are
13. 3x - 9 = 12 14. y 2 - 5y - 11 = 13 parallel, then it is a square.

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 Preparing for Standardized Tests

Eliminate Unreasonable Answers

You can eliminate unreasonable answers to help you find the correct one when solving
multiple choice test items. Doing so will save you time by narrowing down the list of
possible correct answers.

Strategies for Eliminating Unreasonable Answers

Step 1
Read the problem statement carefully to determine exactly what
you are being asked to find.
Ask yourself:

• What am I being asked to solve?

• What format (i.e., fraction, number, decimal, percent, type of

graph) will the correct answer be?

• What units (if any) will the correct answer have?

Step 2
Carefully look over each possible answer choice and evaluate for reasonableness.

• Identify any answer choices that are clearly incorrect and eliminate them.

• Eliminate any answer choices that are not in the proper format.

• Eliminate any answer choices that do not have the correct units.

Step 3
Solve the problem and choose the correct answer from those remaining.
Check your answer.

SPI 3102.1.3
Test Practice Example
Read each problem. Eliminate any unreasonable answers. Then use the
information in the problem to solve.

Jason earns 8.5% commission on his weekly sales at an electronics retail store.
Last week he had $4200 in sales. What was his commission for the week?

A $332 C $425

B $357 D $441

68 | Chapter 1 | Preparing for Standardized Tests

 Using mental math, you know that 10% of $4200 is $420. Since 8.5% is less than
10%, you know that Jason earned less than $420 in commission for his weekly
sales. So, answer choices C and D can be eliminated because they are greater
than $420. The correct answer is either A or B.
$4200 × 0.085 = $357
So, the correct answer is B.

Exercises
Read each problem. Eliminate any unreasonable 3. What is the range of the relation below?
answers. Then use the information in the problem
{(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)}
to solve.
A all real numbers
1. Coach Roberts expects 35% of the student body
to turn out for a pep rally. If there are 560 B all even numbers
students, how many does Coach Roberts expect
C {2, 4, 6, 8}
to attend the pep rally?
D {1, 3, 5, 7}
A 184
B 196 4. The expression 3n + 1 gives the total number of
squares needed to make each figure of the pattern
C 214
where n is the figure number. How many squares
D 390 will be needed to make Figure 9?

2. Jorge and Sally leave school at the same time. Figure 1

Jorge walks 300 yards north and then 400 yards
east. Sally rides her bike 600 yards south and
then 800 yards west. What is the distance
Figure 2
between the two students?

400 yd
N Jorge
300 yd Figure 3
W E

S
F 28 squares
600 yd
G 32.5 squares
Sally H 56 squares
800 yd
J 88.5 squares
F 500 yd
5. The expression 3x - (2x + 4x - 6) is
G 750 yd equivalent to
H 1,200 yd A -3x - 6 C 3x + 6
J 1,500 yd B -3x + 6 D 3x - 6

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 69
 Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 1

5. The table shows the number of some of the items

Multiple Choice
sold at the concession stand at the first day of a
Read each question. Then fill in the correct answer soccer tournament. Estimate how many items
on the answer document provided by your teacher were sold from the concession stand throughout
or on a sheet of paper. the four days of the tournament.

1. Evaluate the expression 2 6. Concession Sales

Day 1 Results
A 12 Item Number Sold
B 32 Popcorn 78
C 64 Hot Dogs 80
Chip 48
D 128
Sodas 51

2. Monica claims: If you are in the drama club, then Bottled Water 92
you are also on the academic team. Which student
A 1350 items C 1450 items
is a counterexample to this statement?
B 1400 items D 1500 items
Drama Club Academic Team

6. There are 24 more cars than twice the number of

,JN trucks for sale at a dealership. If there are 100
5IPNBT 3POOJF
#FUI cars for sale, how many trucks are there for sale
at the dealership?
F 28 H 34
F Beth H Ronnie G 32 J 38
G Kim J Thomas

3. Let y represent the number of yards. Which 7. Refer to the relation in the table below. Which of
algebraic expression represents the number the following values would result in the relation
of feet in y? not being a function?

A y-3 x -6 -2 0 ? 3 5
B y+3 y -1 8 3 -3 4 0
C 3y
A -1
D _
3
y B 3
C 7
4. What is the domain of the following relation?
D 8
{(1, 3), (-6, 4), (8, 5)}
F {3, 4, 5)
Test-TakingTip
G {-6, 1, 8} Question 2 A counterexample is a specific case in which the
H {-6, 1, 3, 4, 5, 8} hypothesis of a conditional statement is true, but the conclusion
is false.
J {1, 3, 4, 5, 8}

70 | Chapter 1 | Standardized Test Practice

 10. GRIDDED RESPONSE Evaluate the expression below.
Short Response/Gridded Response
53 · 42 - 52 · 43
__
Record your answers on the answer sheet provided 5·4
by your teacher or on a sheet of paper.
11. Use the equation y = 2(4 + x) to answer
8. The edge of each box below is 1 unit long. each question.
Figure 1 a. Complete the table for each x y
value of x.
1
Figure 2 b. Plot the points from the table on 2
a coordinate grid. What do you
3
notice about the points?
4
c. Make a conjecture about the
5
Figure 3 relationship between the change
in x and the change in y. 6

a. Make a table showing the perimeters of the

first 3 figures in the pattern.
b. Look for a pattern in the perimeters of the
shapes. Write an algebraic expression for the
perimeter of Figure n. Extended Response
c. What would be the perimeter of Figure 10 in
Record your answers on a sheet of paper. Show
the pattern?
your work.

12. The volume of a sphere is four-thirds the product

9. The table shows the costs of certain items at a of π and the radius cubed.
corner hardware store.

Item Cost
box of nails $3.80 S
box of screws $5.25
claw hammer $12.95
electric drill $42.50
a. Write an expression for the volume of a sphere
a. Write two expressions to represent the total with radius r.
cost of 3 boxes of nails, 2 boxes of screws,
2 hammers, and 1 electric drill. b. Find the volume of a sphere with a radius of
6 centimeters. Describe how you found your
b. What is the total cost of the items purchased? answer.

Need ExtraHelp?
If you missed Question... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Go to Lesson... 1-1 1-7 1-2 1-6 1-4 1-5 1-7 1-5 1-3 1-2 1-4 1-1

For help with TN SPI... 3102.1.3 0806.1 0806.4.4 3102.3.7 3102.5.1 3102.1.2 3102.3.7 3102.1.1 3102.1.3 3102.1.3 3102.5.3 3102.1.3

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