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Experiment No 10

The document describes an experiment to measure the surface profile of a forced vortex and investigate the physical phenomena of a free vortex. The experiment involves creating a forced vortex by rotating a cylinder containing water and measuring the tangential velocity and surface profile at different radii and angular velocities. The relationship between tangential velocity and angular velocity is derived. Measurements are taken and compared to theoretical calculations, with errors between 0.05-13%. Free and forced vortices have applications in fluid dynamics research, education, turbine design, industrial mixing, and atmospheric modeling.

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arham rizwan
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10 views

Experiment No 10

The document describes an experiment to measure the surface profile of a forced vortex and investigate the physical phenomena of a free vortex. The experiment involves creating a forced vortex by rotating a cylinder containing water and measuring the tangential velocity and surface profile at different radii and angular velocities. The relationship between tangential velocity and angular velocity is derived. Measurements are taken and compared to theoretical calculations, with errors between 0.05-13%. Free and forced vortices have applications in fluid dynamics research, education, turbine design, industrial mixing, and atmospheric modeling.

Uploaded by

arham rizwan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment No.

# 10
Objective:
 To measure the surface profile of a forced vortex
 To investigate the physical phenomena associated with a free vortex
Introduction:
Vortex:
The region in a body of fluid in which the elements of the fluid have angular velocity. The forced
peak profile is parabolic. In a forced vortex, the entire fluid rotates with a uniform angular
velocity about an axis, which for convenience will be considered here as the z-axis. The fluid
essentially rotates as a solid, and the tangential velocity has a radius of r.

A forced vortex, on the other hand, is caused by external forces acting on the fluid. It can be
created by rotating a container containing a liquid or by paddling in a liquid. The rotating flow
created by pump impellers is an example of a forced vortex. Forced vortices are created by
external forces, so we increase the rotation speed during the experiment to study the theoretical
and experimental relationships between the vortex surface profile and the angular velocity.
Derivation:
Forced vortex:

As the velocity at the center of forced vortex is zero,

1
datacenter = 0
P1andP2
both lie on the same free surface hence

P1 = P2 = 0

Dividing the whole equation by ρg.


We get;

The relationship between tangential velocity and angular velocity is;

v = rω
Hence,

Procedure:
Forced Vortex:
 Position the apparatus into the working channel of the bench and connect the supply.
Place the blanking plug into the central hole in the base of the cylinder. Press the
paddle onto the stud. Connect a flexible hose to the outlet pipe and close the outlet
valve.
 Switch on the bench pump, open the bench control valve, and open the three-way
inlet valve so that water enters the cylinder from the 9mm tangential inlet ports, set at
60 degrees, and leaves through the larger ports, discharging into the volumetric tank.
 Raise the outlet pipe and allow it to fill with water, then lower it into the volumetric
tank. This induces a syphonic effect hence increasing the discharge rate.
 For each value of flow rate the outlet valve should be adjusted until water just flows
through the overflow cut-outs.The speed of rotation of the paddle is measured by
timing a number of paddle rotations using the marker spot as a reference.
 Remove the bridge and record the length of each needle.

Observation and calculation:


S.N NUMBER TIM REVS RADI MEASUR HEIGH CALCULAT Erro
O. OF E PER US ED T ED r
REVOLUTIO SECON NEEDLE FROM HEIGHT %
NS D R LENGTH DATU
(N) (t) Rps(w) (cm) (cm) M (cm)
(cm)
1 40 20 2 0.110 13.12 2.58 13.21 0.68
2 40 20 2 0.090 14.3 1.4 14.3651 0.45
3 40 20 2 0.070 14.9 0.8 14.89 0.06
7
4 40 20 2 0.050 15.3 0.4 15.29 0.06
2
5
5 40 20 2 0.030 15.6 0.1 15.5 0.64
6 40 20 2 0 15.7 0 15.69 0.05

Conclusion :
The procedure of determination of metacentric height, as well as its application to the stability of
floating bodies, has been discussed. For a stable equilibrium, the metacentric height must be
above its center of gravity. A floating body is said to be in stable equilibrium if its metacenter
coincides with the center of gravity. The application of force of Buoyancy is applied on
submarines. Water is filled in containers and weight becomes greater thank force of buoyancy
and submarine sinks. Now, whenever there is a need to get upwards the containers get empty and
force of buoyancy become greater than weight. Metacentric height is a measure of the stability of
a floating body, as it is defined as a distance between the center of gravity of a body and its
metacenter. It has a direct relationship with the stability of a body that means, larger the
metacentric height, greater will be the stability. The error that has been found after performing
this experiment ranges between 5-13 percent. This error could exist due to the human negligence
in taking measurements or it could be due to faulty apparatus.
Applications of free and forced vortex:
 Free vortex applications play a crucial role in hydrodynamics research, aiding scientists
in understanding natural water flow patterns, such as whirlpools and tornadoes.
 Forced vortex concepts find application in fluid dynamics education, helping students
grasp the principles behind controlled rotational motion in fluids through experiments
and simulations.
 Free vortex is employed in the design of certain types of turbines, optimizing energy
transfer by allowing fluid to rotate freely, enhancing efficiency in power generation
systems.
 Forced vortex is utilized in industrial mixing processes, ensuring thorough blending of
liquids in applications like chemical processing and manufacturing.
 Free vortex patterns are studied in atmospheric modeling to comprehend large-scale
weather phenomena, contributing to improved weather prediction models and disaster
preparedness.

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