CE 333

Engineering Utilities 1

Lecture 6

Illumination Engineering Design

Luminous Flux (𝝓) is the light energy radiated out per second from the body in the form of luminous flux.
Unit of luminous flux is lumen (lm).

Luminous Intensity (I) or Candle Power of a point source in any particular direction is given by the
luminous flux radiated out per unit solid angle (steradian) in that direction. The unit of flux is lumen and solid
angle is steradian, then the unit of luminous intensity is lumen/steradian (lm/sr) or candela (cd) or candle.

Steradian cuts out an area of a sphere equal to the square radius.

Note: For the entire surface area, 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 , then 𝜃 = 4𝜋 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠.

Generally, the luminous intensity of a source is different in different directions. The average candle power
of a source is the average of its candle power in all directions.

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝜙

𝐼= =
4𝜋 4𝜋

Example: What is the luminous intensity of a 200-W tungsten lamp whose efficiency is 18 lm/W?

18 𝑙𝑚
𝐼=
𝜙
= 𝑊 𝑥 200 𝑊 = 286 𝑐𝑑
4𝜋 4𝜋

Laws of Illumination

The illumination (E) of a surface depends upon the following factors. The source is assumed to be a point
source.

• E is directly proportional to the luminous intensity I of the source. ( 𝐸 ∝ 𝐼 )

• The illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the surface
from the source. ( 𝐸 ∝ 1⁄𝑑 2 )

• E is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle made by the normal to the illuminated surface
with the direction of the incident flux. ( 𝐸 ∝ cos 𝜃 )
 𝐼
𝐸= cos 𝜃
𝑑2

E I d 𝜃
lux (lx) candle meter degree
foot-candle (fc) candle foot degree
phot candle centimeter degree

Note: Meter-candle is the same as lux

Example: What is the illumination on a surface 3 m below a 150-W incandescent lamp that emits a
luminous flux of 2275 lm?

𝜙 2275
𝐼= = = 181 𝑐𝑑
4𝜋 4𝜋

𝐼 181
𝐸= 2
cos 𝜃 = 2 cos 0˚
𝑑 3

𝐸 = 20.11 𝑙𝑥

Example: A point source unshaded electric lamp of luminous intensity 100 candles is 4 ft above the top of
a table. Find the illumination of the table at a point 3 ft from the point directly below the lamp.

𝑑 2 = 3 2 + 42
𝑑=5

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 4
cos 𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠 5

𝐼 100 4
𝐸= 2
cos 𝜃 = ( )
𝑑 (5)2 5

𝐸 = 3.2 𝑓𝑐

Example: A lamp of 100 candle power is placed at the center of a room 10 m x 6 m x 4 m high. Calculate
the illumination
(a) in each corner of the floor.
(b) at a point in the middle of a 6 m wall at a height of 2 m above the floor.

𝑑 2 = 5 2 + 32 + 42
𝑑 = 7.07 𝑚

𝐼 100 4
𝐸= 2
cos 𝜃 = 2 ( ) = 1.13 𝑙𝑥
𝑑 (7.07) 7.07
𝑑 2 = 5 2 + 22
𝑑 = 5.38 𝑚

𝐼 100 5
𝐸= 2
cos 𝜃 = 2 ( )
𝑑 (5.38) 5.38

𝐸 = 3.21 𝑙𝑥

Illumination from More Than One Point Sources

The total illumination E on a point is equal to the arithmetic sum of the illumination given by each sources.

𝐼1 𝐼2
𝐸= 2 cos 𝜃1 + cos 𝜃2
𝑑1 𝑑2 2

Example: Two unshaded lamps of each 100 cd each are suspended 5 ft above the pool table and 6 ft
apart. Find the illumination on the table top under one of the lamp.

𝑑2 2 = 62 + 52
𝑑 = 7.81 𝑓𝑡

𝐼1 𝐼2
𝐸= 2 cos 𝜃1 +cos 𝜃2
𝑑1 𝑑2 2
100 100 5
= 2 cos 0 + 2
( )
5 7.81 7.81
𝐸 = 5.05 𝑓𝑐
Mounting Height To Give Maximum Illumination

√2
ℎ= 𝑥
2

h = mounting height or distance of lamp from floor

x = distance of point P from a point directly below the lamp

Note: The mounting height h is variable while the horizontal distance x is fixed.

Example: How high on the wall above the floor should a light source be placed in order to give maximum
illumination to a point on the floor that is 4 m from the wall?

√2 √2(4)
ℎ= ( )𝑥 =
2 2

ℎ = 2.83 𝑚

Types of Lighting Systems

• Direct Lighting – the light from the source falls directly on the object or the surface to be
illuminated. Downward distribution is about 60%.

• Indirect Lighting – light does not reach directly from the source but indirectly by diffuse
reflection. Upward distribution is about 80%.

• Semi-Direct Lighting – the system utilizes luminaires which send most of the light downwards
directly on the working plane but a considerable amount reaches the ceiling and walls also.
Upward distribution is about 30% while downward distribution is about 45%.

• Semi-Indirect Lighting – this system is a compromise of the first two systems, the light is partly
received by diffuse reflection and partly direct from the source. Upward distribution is about 75%
while downward distribution is about 10%.

• General Diffuse Lighting – in this system, luminaires are employed which have almost equal
light distribution downwards and upwards. Both upward and downward distributions are about
40%.

Average Lumen Method

This method assumes that the total lumens emitted by a light source are distributed evenly on the surface
being illuminated.

𝜙 𝑥 𝐶𝑢 𝑥 𝐷𝑓
𝐸=
𝐴

E = maintained illumination
𝜙= total lumen output of the lamp
Cu = coefficient of utilization or utilization factor
Df = depreciation factor or maintenance factor
Coefficient of utilization – it is the ratio of the lumens received by a particular surface to the total lumens
emitted by the light source. This value depends on the type of lighting system, whether direct or indirect,
to the type of mounting height of the fittings and the color and surface of walls and ceilings.

𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

𝐶𝑢 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒

Note: For direct lighting, its value is about 0.4 to 0.6. For indirect lighting, its value lies between 0.1 to
0.35.

Depreciation factor – this factor allows the fact that effective candle power of all lamps or luminous
sources deteriorates owing to the blackening and or accumulation of dust or dirt on tubes and reflectors,
etc.

𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝐷𝑓 =
𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛

Note: These factors are about 0.65 to 0.75.

Example: Determine the average illumination of a room measuring 9.15 m by 12.2 m illuminated by a
dozen 150 W lamps. The luminous efficiency of the lamps maybe taken as 14 lm/W and the coefficient of
utilization is 0.35.

𝜙 𝑥 𝐶𝑢 𝑥 𝐷𝑓
𝐸=
𝐴

𝑊 𝑙𝑚
(12 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠 𝑥 150 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑥 14 𝑊 ) (0.35)(1)
=
(9.15)(12.2)

𝐸 = 79 𝑙𝑢𝑥

Note: Since not specified, assume Df = 1 or 100%

Example: A factory space of 33 m x 13 m is to be illuminated with an average illumination of 72 lux by 200

W lamps. The coefficient of utilization is 0.4 and the depreciation factor is 1.4. Calculate the number of
lamps required. The lumen output of a 200 W lamp is 2730 lm.

𝜙 𝑥 𝐶𝑢 𝑥 𝐷𝑓
𝐸=
𝐴

𝑙𝑚 1
(2730 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑥 𝑁) (0.4) (1.4)
72 =
(33)(13)

𝑁 ≅ 40 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠

Note: If depreciation factor or the coefficient of utilization is given in whole number, take the reciprocal of
it and apply to the same formula.