Google Test Framework development for LTE Physical

Layer Validation in UE, Optimization and Scheduling of

Activities in Rx

MANISH SINGH (M210448EC)

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 Introduction

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for wireless broadband communication

for mobile devices and data terminals, based on the GSM/EDGE and
UMTS/HSPA standards.

LTE is a standard for 4G technology in cellular communication systems. In a

communication systems, the study is about understanding the receiver in a
physical layer. The physical layer provides an electrical, mechanical, and procedural
interface to the transmission medium.

Cellular communication has undergone technological advances from 1G in later

80’s to 4G in 2010. At present the new technology 5G has promised revolutionary
changes in communication with its advancement in technology to speed up the
communication in lightning speed.

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 OBJECTIVE

Performance Monitoring and Analysis of Wireless Receiver using tools in Wireless

Protocol Domain, especially the Receiver Drivers.

To schedule the data in Physical Layer 1 and DSP by Physical Scheduler.

To handle the issues related to the performance, any new updation or coding error
on the basis of code and specification study.

To verify and check MUT (Module/Modem Test Cases) of a targeted or source

main code written in C++ language under Google Test framework.

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 LTE FRAME STRUCTURE

LTE organizes its symbols and sub-carriers in the time and frequency
domains, First consider the time domain. The timing of the LTE
transmissions is based on a time unit Ts, which is defined as follows:

Ts = 1/ (2048 X 15000) seconds

Radio frame duration, Tf = 307200 X Ts = 10 ms

In LTE, DL and UL transmissions are organized into radio frames of

10 ms each. Each frame is divided into ten equally sized subframes.
The duration of each subframe is 1 ms. Moreover, each subframe is
further divided into two equally sized time slots, that is, each slot is
0.5 ms.

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 LTE FRAME STRUCTURE

Number of subframe in one frame is 10. Number of slots in one

subframe is 2. This means that we have 20 slots within one frame.

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 CYCLIC PREFIXES
One slot is made up of 7 small blocks called ’symbol’. There are two
different type of Cyclic Prefix. One is Normal Cyclic Prefix and the
other is Extended Cyclic Prefix.

The normal cyclic prefix, each symbol is preceded by a cyclic prefix

that is usually 144 Ts (4.7 microsecond) long. The first cyclic prefix
has a longer duration of 160 Ts (5.2 microsecond), to tidy up the
unevenness that results from fitting seven symbols into a slot.

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 FDD FRAME STRUCTURE

LTE FDD is full duplex system, means both the downlink and uplink transmission
happens at the same time at different frequencies and is assigned in complete
radio frame separately for downlink and uplink.

Downlink and Uplink both can be send and receive in separate Frames from UE to
eNodeB and vice-versa.

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 TDD FRAME STRUCTURE

In TDD, the two transmissions share the same frequency bands but are separated
in time. Hence, they share the same Frame, means at one moment of time either
downlink subframe is transmitted or uplink subframe in a radio Frame.

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 SPECIAL SUBFRAME IN TDD FRAME STRUCTURE

Special Subframes are used at the transitions from downlink to uplink

transmission. They contain three regions DwPTS, GP and UpPTS.

DwPTS and UpPTS both provide time which enables downlink and uplink
switching to be performed, used for RACH and sound reference signal.

GP control the switching between Uplink and Downlink transmission.

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 LTE PROTOCOL STACK
LTE protocol stack layers in LTE describes User plane layer consists of NAS,
PDCP, RLC, MAC, PHY and RF. LTE Control plane layer covers NAS, RRC, PHY
and RF.

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 LTE - BASIC PROCEDURES
UE is Off
Power On UE
Frequency Search and Timing Sync by reference signals and PSS and SSS
Cell Search : MIB decoding and essential SIB decoding
Cell Selection
Initial RACH Process and after Registration/Authentication/Attach
Now UE is in IDLE Mode
(If the current cell become weak or UE moves to another cell resign) Cell
Reselection
(When Paging message comes or User make a call) RACH Process
Receive data and Transmit data
(If UE power is percieved too weak by the network) Network send TPC command
to increase UE Tx Power
(If UE power is percieved too strong by the network) Network send TPC command
to decrease UE Tx Power
(If UE moves to another cell region) Network and UE perform Handover procedure
User stop call and UE gets into IDLE mode
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 WHAT IS CELL ?
Cell is the geographic area that is covered by a single base station in a cellular
network. A network for wireless communications is comprised of a large number of
base stations to efficiently use radio spectrum to cover the service area.
Types of Cell: Primary, Secondary and Serving cell.

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 CELL SEARCH PROCEDURE

After being powered on, UE tunes the RF and attempts to measure RSSI for
specific frequencies over a set of supported frequency bands one after another and
ranks those cells based on signal strength.
Two types of Frequency scan SLS and DBS
(i) SLS Storage list search: Search frequencies which was stored in mobile before
switch on
(ii) DBS Deviated band search: after SLS if UE didn’t find any cell then UE will
Start DBS search for whole frequency band.
UE first finds the primary synchronization signal (PSS) which is located in the last
OFDM symbol of first time slot of the first and 5th sub-frames This enables UE to
be synchronized on sub-frame level. Primary Synchronization Signal helps for Slot
Timing Detection and Physical Layer ID (0,1,2) detection.

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 CELL SEARCH PROCEDURE
Secondary synchronization symbol (SSS) are also located in the same sub-frame of
P-SS but in the symbol before PSS.
From SSS, UE is able to obtain physical layer cell identity group number (0 to
167). It helps for Radio Frame Timing detection, find Physical Layer Cell ID, cyclic
prefix length detection, FDD or TDD detection.
Once UE knows the PCI for a given cell, it also knows the location of cell
Reference signals - which are used for channel estimation, cell selection /
reselection and handover procedures.

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 CELL SEARCH PROCEDURE

PSS and SSS Position in FDD Frame Structure.

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 MIB and SIB Decoding

MIB carries the following information. You can get the System Bandwidth and
SFN by decoding MIB. (i) DL Bandwidth, Number of Transmit Antenna, (ii)
System Frame Number (SFN), (iii) PHICH Configuration

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 LTE RACH PROCEDURE

RACH is the first message from eNodeB from UE. LTE Random Access Procedure
is used by the UEs to initiate a data transfer.

The main purpose of RACH can be described as follows.

Initial Access: When the UE tries to access the network during RRC IDLE or initial
power on mode.
During the RRC Reconnection establishment between the UE and network. To
obtain the resource for the message-3 ( RRC Connection Request).
When the UE losses the Uplink Synchronization from the network, then to achieve
Uplink synchronization between UE and eNB.

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 LTE RACH PROCEDURE

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 CONTENTION-BASED and CONTENTION-FREE

Two Types of RACH process : Contention-based and Contention-free:

The same PRACH preamble from multipe UE reaches the network at the same
time. This kind of PRACH collision is called ”Contention” and the RACH process
that allows this type of ”Contention” is called ”Contention Based” RACH
Process.
There is some cases that these kind of contention is not acceptable due to some
reason (e.g, timing restriction) and these contention can be prevented.
In this case Network will allocate preamble signature at different time so that it
would not collide. This kind of RACH process is called ”Contention Free” RACH
procedure.

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 CONTENTION-BASED and CONTENTION-FREE

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 PHYSICAL DOWNLINK CHANNELS IN LTE

Channels carries information between different protocol layers. These channels

provide a orderly flow of data in each layer.
Mapping of Different Physical channels.

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 DECODING OF PHYSICAL DOWNLINK CHANNELS IN
LTE

PCFICH channel - Physical Control Format Indicator Channel: PCFICH is used at

the starting of each 1ms subframe. It provides information about number of
symbols used for PDCCH transmission. The signalling values for PCFICH depends
upon channel bandwidth.

CFI(Control format indicator): it tells how many OFDM symbols are used for
carrying control channels(eg. PDCCH and PHICH) at each subframe.

CFI = 1: one symbol is used for PDCCH allocation

CFI = 2: first two symbols are used for PDCCH allocation.

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 PHYSICAL DOWNLINK CHANNELS IN LTE

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 DECODING OF PHYSICAL DOWNLINK CHANNELS IN
LTE

One PDCCH carries one DCI message with one of the formats.
Each scheduling message is transmitted on a separate PDCCH, and consequently
there are typically multiple simultaneous PDCCH transmissions within each cell.
UE de-mask each control candidate’s CRC using its Radio Network Temporary
Identifier (RNTI). If no CRC error is detected, the UE considers it as a successful
decoding attempt and reads the control information within the successful
candidate.
Detect PCFICH channel and figure out how many symbols are used for PDCCH.
Based on this, UE will calculate CCE index for PDCCH.
Decode PDCCH and find DCI which is destined to the UE.
From the DCI, figure out the locations for PDSCH which is allocated for the UE.
Decode PDSCH

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 LTE ADVANTAGE

High throughput High data rates can be achieved in both downlink

as well as uplink. This causes high throughput.
Low latency Time required to connect to the network is in the range
of a few hundred milliseconds and power saving states can now enter
and exit very quickly.
FDD and TDD in the same platform Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD), both schemes can be used
on same platform.
Seamless Connection LTE will also support seamless connection to
existing networks such as GSM and CDMA
Plug and play The user does not have to manually install drivers for
the device.

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 PROBLEM DEFINITION AND FORMULATION

Physical layer request for cell search to RRC layer so that it can camp on to a cell,
RRC layer performs the following functions such as broadcast of system
information, paging, establishment/release of an RRC connection.
The setup request confirmation comes from higher layer comes to various modules
in order to perform events like cell search, power scan and specific cell search etc.
After cell camp on, Controller and driver will perform various data calculations will
configuration the DSP, where data analysis is done at very lower level.

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 PROBLEM DEFINITION AND FORMULATION

Google C++ Testing Framework helps you write better C++ tests. No matter
whether you work on Linux, Windows, or a Mac, Google C++ Testing Framework
isolates the tests by running each of them on a different object. When a test fails,
Google C++ Testing Framework allows you to run it in isolation for quick
debugging.

Tests should be fast, with Google C++ Testing Framework, you can reuse shared
resources across tests and making tests depend on each other.

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 ASSERTIONS

Google Test assertions are macros that resemble function calls. You test a class or
function by making assertions about its behavior. When an assertion fails, Google
Test prints the assertion‘s source file and line number location, along with a failure
message.
You may also supply a custom failure message which will be appended to Google
Test’s message. ASSERT * versions generate fatal failures when they fail, and
abort the current function. ASSERT * versions generate nonfatal failures, which
don‘t abort the current function.

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 BINARY COMPARISON

This section describes assertions that compare two values. In the event of a
failure, Google Test prints both val1 and val2. Value arguments must be
comparable by the assertion‘s comparison operator or you’ll get a compiler error.
ASSERT EQ() does pointer equality on pointers. If used on two C strings, it tests
if they are in the same memory location, not if they have the same value.

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 STRING COMPARISON

The assertions in this group compare two C strings. If you want to compare two
string objects, use EXPECT EQ, EXPECT NE, etc.

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 WORK DONE AND RESULT

Performance Related Issues Handling:

For performance related issues, some regions will be mentioned from the other
teams where actually the issue is happening. Once after we got to know about the
regions, we must use Log tool for analysis through the log.
RACH Failure: This is the first message from UE to eNB, when you power it on.
Analysis part: This issue will be observed in two perspectives. One is with
scheduling request and the other is in terms of RA-RNTI.
Scheduling Request process:
(i) First step is to check whether C-RNTI is enabled or not.
(ii) Next Step is to check whether UL grant is received from the network when
C-RNTI is enabled.

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 WORK DONE AND RESULT

RA-RNTI Process:
First step is to check whether RA-RNTI is enabled or not.
Next is to check whether RAR grant is received from the network when RA-RNTI
is enabled.
Once after RAR grant is received, then have to check whether T-CRNTI is enabled
or not.
At last, when T-CRNTI is enabled, one must check for the MSG4(RRC Connection
setup).
If the UE does not receive a response within the random access window or fails to
verify the response, the response fails. In this case, if the number of random access
attempts is smaller than the upper limit, the UE retries random access. Otherwise,
random access fails.

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 WORK DONE AND RESULT

If anyone of the steps is not successful, then it leads to the RACH failure
performance issue. All this analysis used to do by using LOG tool.

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 WORK DONE AND RESULT

For example, to find out whether C-RNTI is enabled or not, one must check in
very large region in LOG tool which takes lot of time around 1 day and with the
help of LR Tool, to find out C-RNTI is enabled or not it takes very less time..

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 WORK DONE AND RESULT

Setting up a New Test Project To write a test program using Google Test, you
need to compile Google Test into a library and link your test with it. Google Test
should be compiled GTEST ROOT and GTEST ROOT/include in the header
search path
Simple Tests Use the TEST() macro to define also said has tembstub.cpp file and
name a test function, These are ordinary C++ functions that don’t return a value.
In this function, along with any valid C++ statements you want to include, use
the various Google Test assertions to check values.
The test’s result is determined by the assertions; if any assertion in the test fails
(either fatally or non-fatally), or if the test crashes, the entire test fails. Otherwise,
it succeeds.

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 RESULT : LINUX SERVER BUILD AND TRIGGERING

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 RESULT : LINUX SERVER BUILD AND TRIGGERING

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 RESULT : CODE COVERAGE

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 RESULT : CODE COVERAGE

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 RESULT : CODE COVERAGE

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 REFERENCES
”Physical Layer,” in LTE and the Evolution to 4G Wireless: Design
and Measurement Challenges , Wiley, 2013, pp.91-157, doi:
10.1002/9781118799475.ch3.
E. Hajlaoui, A. Khlifi, A. Zaier, J. Ghodhbane, M. Ben Hamed and L.
Sbita, ”Performance Evaluation of LTE Physical Layer,” 2019
International Conference on Internet of Things, Embedded Systems
and Communications (IINTEC), 2019, pp. 106-111, doi:
10.1109/IINTEC48298.2019.9112117.
L. Bhaskar, R. B. Natak and R. Ranjith, ”Unit Testing for USB
Module Using Google Test Framework,” 2020 11th International
Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking
Technologies (ICCCNT), 2020, pp. 1-3, doi:
10.1109/ICCCNT49239.2020.9225528.
Sung-won Kim and Kun-yong Kim, ”Physical layer verification for
3GPP LTE (FDD),” 2009 11th International Conference on Advanced
Communication Technology, 2009, pp. 1095-1100.
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 Thank you

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