11/20/2012

Overview

• Introduction
• Physical Construction
• Armature Windings
31-AC Machine Construction • Pitch Factor
text: 7.1 to 7.7 • Distribution Factor
• Winding Connections
ECEGR 450 • Rotor
Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Dr. Louie 2

Introduction Introduction

• Recall that Advantages of armature windings in the stator:

 DC machines: armature windings in rotor  Larger coils can be used since they are located in
 AC machines: armature windings in the stator the stator
• AC machines (generators, motors) have similar  High power rated slip rings can be avoid
stators  Easier to cool stator than rotor
• Rotors are different  Easier to construct the armature winding if it is in
the stator
 Induction
 Easier to electrically insulate the stator
 Synchronous
• Analyze physical construction of AC machines

Dr. Louie 3 Dr. Louie 4

Stator Armature Windings

• Houses armature windings • Common for the armature (stator) windings to be

• Contains large gauge coils (low R) three-phase
• Conductors are symmetrically arranged to form a balanced • Windings are identical, but displaced by 120 o
poly-phase winding
electrical
• Induced emf can be in kV range
• Power ratings can be in MVA range • Can be delta or wye connected (generators)
 wye is common if higher voltage is needed
• neutral point is grounded
• Windings are commonly double layer
 Equal number of slots and windings

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Salient vs Cylindrical Salient-Pole vs Cylindrical

• Early machines used salient pole stators

 Salient poles still used in rotors
• Modern machines use cylindrical stators c-axis
c-axis

a-axis a-axis

b-axis
b-axis

salient pole cylindrical

Dr. Louie 7 Dr. Louie 8

Armature Windings Armature Windings

• Mechanical slot span: • Balanced three phase:

360  Number of coils connected in series and in parallel
m
# of slots in each phase must be equal
• Electrical slot span: • Total number of coils must be an integer multiple of
360 P P m the number of phases
m
# of slots 2 2 • Coils are distributed equally among the poles
 Number of coils (slots) per pole must be an integer
• Example: 24 slot, 4 pole
machine • Number of coils per phase must be an integer
 m = 15o
 = 30o

Dr. Louie 9 Dr. Louie 10

Armature Windings Armature Windings

• Mathematically • Example: a three-phase, 4-pole synchronous

S
n generator has 24 slots.
Pq
 S: number of armature slots  P = 4 (poles)
 P: number of poles  S = 24 (slots)
 q: number of phases  q = 3 (phases)
 n: number of coils per pole per phase (integer) • therefore
S 24
n 2
• P x q = is the number of phase groups (phase Pq 4 3
coils under the same pole)  24/4 = 6 coils per pole
 n is also equal to the number of coils per phase  24/3 = 8 coils per phase
group  6/3 = 2 coils per pole per phase
 4 x 3 = 12 phase groups (4 phase groups per
phase)

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Armature Windings Armature Windings

• 24 total coils (24 slots) • Coils in each phase group are connected in series
• A-phase: • A-phase windings shown (4 phase groups)
 8 coils total
 4 phase groups
A4 A1
 2 coils per phase group
• B-phase:
four-poles,
 8 coils total Note: phase group
24 slots coils must be
 4 phase groups
series connected.
 2 coils per phase group
• C-phase:
 8 coils total
m= 15o
 4 phase groups = 30o A3 A2
 2 coils per phase group

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Coil Span Coil Span

• Each coil spans 5 slots • If = 180o, then known as “full pitch” coils
 75 degrees (mechanical) A1 • If < 180, then known as “fractional pitch” or “partial
 150 degrees (electrical) pitch” coils
• Coil span: angular span of 1
2 • Typical coil span strategy:
each coil 3
180 (# of coils in each phase group-1)
4
 m: coil span (mechanical) 5
 : coil span (electrical)
6
P m
7
m
2

m= 15o
= 30o

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Pitch Factor Pitch Factor

• Example of “full pitch” coils • Consequence of partial pitch is reduction of flux

• Fractional pitch is used: through each coil
A1
 Reduces harmonics • Must account for partial pitch coils by a de-rating
(have a sinusoidal
voltage output) factor known as “pitch factor”
 Shortens length of end
connections (less
copper, less resistance)
 Reduces leakage and
magnetizing losses S N
 Reduces the induced N S
emf (disadvantage)

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Pitch Factor Pitch Factor

• Flux density is not uniform over face of rotor pole Flux density of a cylindrical rotor can be approximated as
B Bm cos
• Flux density is maximum (Bm) at the face of the
pole  Bm: maximum flux density per pole (T)

 |Bm|: maximum flux density Bm

1
 |B2|: minimum flux density
B1
 |B1|: between maximum and 0 0.8

B1
0.6

B (p.u.)
Bm B1
0.4

Bm
B2 0.2

x B2
B2 0
-100 -50 0 50 100
(deg.)
x

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Pitch Factor Pitch Factor

2
For multi-pole rotors: m • Consider a full-pitch coil
P with coil conductors X, Y in
• m: mechanical angle
• : electrical angle the stator Y
 = 180o
• Orientation shown results in
maximum flux
• Flux through the coil: 2
Bm
P B ds
s

Bm 2

X
air gap exaggerated

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Pitch Factor Pitch Factor

• From the geometry of the rotor (see Figure 7.5): • Maximum flux through a full pitch coil:
2 2
2Lr 4Lr
ds Lrd Lrd B ds Bm cos( d Bm
m m
P P s m )
P
m
P Y
 L: axial length of the rotor (m) 2

 r: radius of the rotor (m)

 P: number of poles
2
Bm

r
X
L
air gap exaggerated

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Pitch Factor Pitch Factor

• Now consider a fractional-pitch coil • For a fractional pitch coil:

2
 < 180o 2Lr 4LrBm
B ds Bm cos( ) d sin( )
cm s m
P
m
P 2
2

= sin( ) k
Y
p 2 p p

kp sin( )
2
 cm: maximal flux per coil (Wb)
2  : span of the coil (rad)
Bm
 kp: pitch factor (less than or equal to 1)
2
X

air gap exaggerated

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Example Example

Calculate the pitch factor of a 48-slot, 4-pole three • Calculate the pitch factor of a 48-slot, 4 pole
phase AC machine. three phase winding
 12 slots per pole, so each slot spans 180o/12 = 15o
(electrical)
 n = 48/(4 x 3) = 4 coils per phase group
• Coil 1: slot 1, slot 10
• Coil 2: slot 2, slot 11
• Coil 3: slot 3, slot 12
• Coil 4: slot 4, slot 13
 Each coil spans 9 x 15o = 135o (electrical)
 kp = sin(135o/2) = 0.924

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Winding Connection Winding Connection

Polarity dots
• Coils in each phase group • Several possible ways to connect each winding in
are series-connected A4 a phase
• Series-connected coils are
“windings” A1  Series
• Note the orientation of  Parallel
the coils under the rotor
poles  Series/parallel
 A1, A3 are under North
 A2, A4 are under South

A3 A2

Polarity dots

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Winding Connections Winding Connections

A1 A2 A3 A4
I low current, high voltage To achieve 3 phase, A, B, C phases must be
displaced by 120 degrees electrical
2I A1

A1 A2
150

100 B1
A3 A4 50

Voltage (V)
0

-50

4I -100
C1
-150

A1 A3 A2 A4 high current, low voltage 0 0.01 0.02

time (s)
0.03 0.04 0.05

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Distributed Windings Distributed Windings

• Cylindrical stators use “distributed windings” • To create a sinusoidal voltage, there are more
• Advantages (motors) than one coil in each phase group
 Greater starting torque • Coils within a phase group are connected in
 Quieter operation series and are in distributed across the pole
• Advantages (generators) • Each coil in a phase group therefore has a
 Less harmonic distortion in induced voltage different induced voltage at a given point in time

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Distributed Windings Distributed Windings

single full-pitch coil two series-connected single full-pitch coil five series-connected
distributed coils distributed coils

1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2

end connection detail not shown

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Distribution Factor (text 7.5) Distribution Factor

• Distribution factor: kd • Distribution factor kd and pitch factor kp are

• Accounts for the different phasing of the coils combined into the winding factor
• De-rates induced voltage  kw = kdkp
 kd = 1 only if the coils in a phase group are in the • Winding factor accounts for the physical
same slots characteristics of the stator windings
 Typically: 0.8 < kw < 0.95
sin(n )
• We can show that: kd 2
n sin( )
2

 : slot pitch (electrical degrees) (see Figure 7.7)

Dr. Louie 37 Dr. Louie 38

Stator Winding Example Stator Winding Example

c-axis

2-pole x 4-pole
x
18 slot machine x 24 slot machine
x
x x
x x
n=3 n=2
Pole pitch : 140o Pole pitch : 150o
x x
Pitch factor: 0.939 Pitch factor: 0.966
Slot pitch : 20o
a-axis Slot pitch : 30o (electrical)
x x Dist. factor: 0.911
Dist. factor: 0.959
Winding factor: Winding factor: 0.879
0.901
x
x x
x
x
x

b-axis

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Rotor (Synchronous) Rotor

• DC current or PM used to establish flux • Cylindrical rotor

• Usually: number of poles in stator = number of  Quiet operation at high speeds
poles in rotor  Better balance
 Low windage loss at high speeds
• DC current is provided by DC generator
 See Figure 7.2 of text
 can be coupled to the same prime mover as the ac tooth
generator N
slot
• Two common types: field winding
 Cylindrical
 Salient-pole
S

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Rotor Summary

• Salient Pole • Modern AC machines use cylindrical stators with

 Used in low or medium speed application partial pitch and distributed windings
 Better ventilation (cooling) of rotor • Distributed windings reduce harmonics, and
 Small windage loss at low speeds increase torque
salient pole
 See Figure 7.1 of text • Induced voltage de-rated by distributed windings
and partial pitch coils
field coils N
• Rotors of synchronous machines may be
x cylindrical or salient
x  Induction machine rotors are often squirrel cage

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