Contents

1 discuss the fundamental epistemology debates concerning the source of human knowledge? .......... 2
2 List and explain the types of argument with example? ....................................................................... 3
3 discuses briefly similarities and difference between deductive and inductive arguments, support
your discussion with your own examples? ............................................................................................ 4
4 Explain the relationship between logic and language? ....................................................................... 6
5 Discuses the standard rule of lexical definition of support your discussion with your own example.7
6 Discuses and evaluate the similarities and difference between John Dewey’s definition of critical
thinking and that of Robert Ennis? ........................................................................................................ 9
7 explain “fallibility principle”. Do you think it contradict with “the truth seeking principle”? ......... 10
8 compare and contrast the intellectual traits of critical thinkers and uncritical thinkers? .................. 10
1 discuss the fundamental epistemology debates concerning the source of human knowledge?
Epistemology is the other field of philosophy that studies about the nature scope, meanings and
possibility of knowledge.

 It deals with issue of knowledge, opinion, truth, falsity, reason experience and faith.
 Epistemology is also referred to as “theory of knowledge”

Is the word epistemology has been derived from the Greeks words episteme” knowledge,
understanding “and logos meaning “study of”

 In other word we can say that epistemology is the study of the nature source and validity of
knowledge. Epistemology seeks to answer of the basic question the following are the among
the question with epistemology deals.
o What is knowledge?
o What does it mean to know?
o What is the source of knowledge? Experience? Reason?
o What make knowledge different from believe opinion?

The study of epistemology deals with issue related to the dependability of knowledge and the validity
of the source through which we gain information.

A major aspect of epistemology related to the source of human knowledge.

There are five knowledge source are identified

1 Empiricism:-
 Means knowledge obtained through the senses.
 Knowledge appears to be built in the very nature of human experience.
 Sensory knowing is immediate and universal.
 It’s the important source of knowledge.
2 Rationalism :-
Is reason is source of knowledge.
Is the view that reasoning, thought or logic is the central factor in knowledge?
It emphasis the capability of humanities power of through and the mind
3 Intuition :-is direct apprenousion ( graspiany) of knowledge that is not derived from conscious
reasoning
It is immediate feeling of certainty or saddest flash of in signet
 Source for many scientific advancement confirmed by experimentation

4 Revelation:-is primary source of knowledge in religion it also truth related is absolution

and uncontaminated information.

:-prespsspose Tran’s cendent super natural reality.

5 authority:-accepted as true because it come from experts.

:-a fifth source of at human knowledge thoath no a philosophical.

In the class room, the most common source information is some authority. Such as a text book, teacher
or reference court

It is important to not one source of information alone might not be capable of supplying people with
all knowledge

2 List and explain the types of argument with example?

-they are two types of argument
1 Deductive argument
2 Inductive argument
1 Deductive argument:-is the conclusion clained to you follow with strict certainty on necessity
- Is an argument in corpora ting the clained that it is impossible for the premises is true and
conclusion to be false
- It’s an argument is which the premises are clained to support conclusion
- In such argument the conclusion clainde to follow necessary or conclusionaly from the
premises
- Deductive argument are involve necessary reasoning
Example 1:- All students are scored high grade in Hawassa University
Temesgen is the student in Hawassa University
Therefore, temesgen scored high grade
Example 2:- all numbers are ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5
The numbers 35 ends with a 5

So it must be divisible by 5

2 inductive argument: - is an argument incorporating the claim that is impossible for the
conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
 It’s an argument in which the premises are clainde to be support the conclusion such away
that it’s impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false
- In such that argument the conclusion is claims to follow only probably from the premises
 The premises proved some considerably evidence for the conclusion but they do not
necessarily support the conclusion
 Inductive arguments are involve probabilistic reasoning

Example 1:- the minority of Ethiopians people are wealthy

Alamudi is an Ethiopian
Therefore, Alamudi is wealthy

3 discuses briefly similarities and difference between deductive and inductive arguments, support
your discussion with your own examples?
 The main similarities between deductive and inductive arguments are
 Both are arguments
 Both contains premise and conclusion
 The premise supports the conclusion
 Both contains the right orders of arguments or structures
 Both involves an inferential claims, the claim that the conclusion is support to
follow from the premises
 Both arguments makes a claims it’s premises proved grounds for truth of in to
conclusion.
 The main difference between deductive argument and inductive arguments

Deductive argument Inductive argument

Aims at testing can existing theory Aims at developing theory
Deductive argument works from the more Inductive argument moving from specific
general to the more specific observation to order generation and theories
It cannot be acquires new premises It can be affected by acquiring now premises
or evidence
It involve necessity reasoning process It involves probabilistic reasoning processes
 Make a claim that the conclusion follow from It is one whose conclusion is claimed to follow
the reason, evidences or premises with the from its premises only with probability
force of necessity
The premises provides support the conclusion The conclusion actually does not follow with
with absolute necessity. strict necessity from the premises but does
follow probably.

Deductive argument

Valid invalid

(all are unsound ) inductive argument

Sound unsound

Strong Weak

(All are uncogent)

t cogent Uncognet

By using the occurrence of special indicators By using indicators words (probably,

words (unnecessarily certainly, absolutely improbably, possibly, impossibly, likely,
definitely...) unlikely, Reason about conclude……etc.)
Example 1 Example 1
Almaz is a member of the Christian society. The majority of accounting students are cleaver
Almaz is accounting student
 All member of the Christian society are Therefore Almaz cleaver
conservatives
Therefore it necessarily follow that Almaz is
conservatives
Example 2 Example 2
all dogs are mammals The temperature in hawassa has been more
Boby is a dog than 20 degree Celsius over the past ten years
Therefore boby is a mammals Therefore the temperature in hawassa will
probably increase with 20 degree Celsius

Example 3 Example 3
all men are mortal Most Ethiopian peoples are literate
Kebede is aman Almaz is Ethiopian
Therefore kebede is mortal Hence Almaz literate
Example 4
All section five students are pass the exam
Andualem is a section five
Therefore Andualem is passed the exam

4 Explain the relationship between logic and language?

 Logic:- is the meaning of thinking right
 Language is the dress of thought
 It is essentially thought that shape the language or shape
 Human being is a thinking and talking creature.
 One of the reasons why we can easily take about existence of a close relationship between
logic and language is grammar given the race or speaking correctly logic thinking correctly.
 What language relates to word is the relationship between logic and concepts.
 How every logic refers to the laws of the thought of all mankind?
 It is important to uses the language correctly ,properly and consistently while communication
takes place therefore people shows use language correctly and consistently while sharing
their thought among their service.
  In addition logic is needed for shared thinking to be consistently.
 Human being needs language and logic makes sound thinking. To make accurate and precise
judgment and to use valid and consistent arguments.
 Language which is the most imporatnta sign and law of human and civilization. Allows
people to express their feeling thought and desires as well as maintain their lives.
 Language which is the carrier of thought or meaning.
 The subject of logic is logical thinking therefore logic is defined as knowledge of collectively
thinking rules.
 Reasoning needs to be expressed in language and take the form of an argument logic is side.
It is thought to express language with thought for their reason. Language thought and logic
have a strict and right relationship among them.
 A person who seeks think logically to make the right judgment and to use valid argument
first need reason.
 Logic and language therefore logic and language play an important race and conducting a
healthy communication for this reason logic and language are need for communication.
 Consequently logic and language must be together in this case it shows us that the
relationship between language and logic must allow continues strongly.
 Therefore it is not possible to think of language without logic and logic without language.
 Thoughts must be expressed in language because it we do not expressed our thoughts in
language, we will not be able to analyses them logically.
 The logic renders the outer speech error- free after solidifying the inner speech path foreign
speech takes place in language it is possible for language design with logic rule for this
reason language and logic belong to whole.

5 Discuses the standard rule of lexical definition of support your discussion with your own example.
The standard rule of lexical definition are

1st lexical definition should confirm to the standard of proper grammar. This means a definition like
any other form of expression should be grammatically correct.

Example “constitution means it is the fundamental law of the state”

“Wealth is when the state of being rich and of went having plenty of full supply of
material good and money”
Constitution is the fundamental law of country or state. Wealth is the state of being rich and having
plenty of material good and money.

Definendum should be put in quotation mark.

22ndlexical definition should cover the essential meaning of the word being defined. Is definition
cannot be belief full it is fails to covey the essential meaning of the definedum.

Example paragraph: - sentence collection therefore the paragraph should be defined as one of the
several district subdivision of a text intended to separate ideas begging is usually marked by a new
intended line.

3 rd. lexical definition should be nether too broad not too narrow. If definition is too broad the
defines includes too much if the definition is too narrow the defines include too little.

Example king means ruler to broad, rule is not generally synonyms with king.

 Lexical definition tend to be subsection to either synonymous definition defining and by

genus and difference with synonymous definition one must be careful that the defines really
synonymous of the defindum.

As definition by genus and difference one must ensure that the specific difference narrow genus
in exactly in the right way.

4th lexical definition should avoid circularity

The defindum is defined in terms of self or virtually in terms of itself sometimes the problem of
circularity appears in connection with pairs of definition

Example Soporific means soporiferous. Science means the activity engaged in scientific
.Scientist means anyone who engage in science .5 lexical definition should not as negative when it
can be affirmative one of the definition the first is in affirmative and the second is positive.

Example Accountability means responsibility for someone for some activity accountability
means the absence of not responsibility to someone or to some activity.

6thlexical definition should avoid figurative obscure and ambiguous language

It is figurative it involves metaphors fend to paint a picture exposing the essential meaning of a
term. Example architecture means frozen music. It is obscure the meaning are hidden as a
 result of defect or in appropriate language. It is vague it lacks precision or its meaning blurred or
there is no way of feeling exactly what class of things that defined refers too. If it is ambiguous it
land itself to more than one distinct with reparation.

7tha lexical definition should avoid effective terminology is a kind of world usage that plays up
on the motion of the reader or listener.

Example Theism means belief that great santé clue in the sky also breaks metaphor rule

8tha lexical definition should indicate the context to which the definition is which the context on
the definition petrous.

It applies to any definition in which context of the differentials is important to the meaning of
defendum

Example “Deuce” means a tie in point forward a game or in game toward a set is practically
meaningless without any reference to tennis.

6 Discuses and evaluate the similarities and difference between John Dewey’s definition of critical
thinking and that of Robert Ennis?
Robert Ennis defines critical thinking as a type of current that is reflexive and rational, which
allows the individual to concentrate to decide whether he will do something or not, according to
the base of beliefs and internal judgments that he possesses. The author's intention was to
concentrate the concepts already founded on one.

John Dewey in 1934, defined critical thinking as “Active, persistent, and careful consideration of
a belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of grounds which support it and the
consequences to which it leads

Similarities both are creative, innovative individuals. They are fascinated by how things work.
They get their news and views from a wide variety of sources. They are always asking questions.
They have levelheaded conversations with people they disagree with.

Basic difference

Robert Ennis:- It is reflective because it analyzes results and situations of the individual or of others
around him.
It is rational because reason predominates over other elements of thought; that is, it is not random or
random because you want to explore the dimensions of the presented problem.

John Dewey active, persistent, and careful consideration of a belief or supposed form of knowledge
in the light of the grounds which support it and the furthest conclusions to which it ends (Dewey,
1910, p. 6).” John Dewey is credited with being the progenitor of many modern educational ideals,
critical thinking being no exception.

7 explain “fallibility principle”. Do you think it contradict with “the truth seeking principle”?
 Fallibility principle: - is willingness of the precepts of in all argument to knowledge his or her
fallibility. Consequently accept that your view may wrong willing to change movement.
Accept one’s own initial views they may not be the most defensible position on the issue.
 All admission of fallibility:- is a positive sign for further decision inquire and fair. It is
positive sign that you are generally interested of honest inquires that may lead to a fair
resolution of the issue.
 Every one need to open to the possibility that his or her initial position may be wrong or have
some weariness.
 It is first principle of critical thinking which are an error
 Fallibility principle means given the great number of issue that divided as and the large
number of different position on each of this issue. It’s more likely that a person would turn
out to be wrong on more issue that a right

8 compare and contrast the intellectual traits of critical thinkers and uncritical thinkers?
Critical thinkers Uncritical thinker
They have passionate drive for clarity Uncritical thinkers are unclear emprises and
precision accuracy. in accurate
They have skilled at understand analyzing and They are miss understanding or evaluate
evaluating arguments unfairly
Critical thinkers reason hopefully draw Uncritical thinkers are illogical and draw
appropriate conclusion from evidence and unsupported conclusion
data
They are intellectually honest with the server Uncritical thinkers pretend they know more
a knowledgin, what they do not, know and than they do and ignore their limitation
recognizing their limitations
 Critical thinkers listen up on mindedly to Uncritical thinker are closed minded and
opposing of a view resist criticism
Critical thinkers base their belief on fact and Uncritical thinker often base belief on more
evidence personnel preference.
Critical thinkers are of the bases and Uncritical thinker lend to engage in group
preconceptions that shape the way they think uncritically following the beliefs and
perceive the world value of the crowed
They have the intellectual courage to face and They fear resist ideas that challenge their base
aces fairly ideas that challenge even their beliefs
most basic believers.
Finally importantly critical thinker purpose truth despite obstacles and difficulties. Where
uncritical thinkers are often relatively in different to truth and luck curiosity.

Reference

 Critical Thinking: A Beginner’s Guide to Critical Thinking, Better Decision Making, and
Problem Solving – Jennifer Wilson
 www.whatis.techtarget.com
 https://iep.utm.edu
 www.rbjones.com
 https://books.google.com