Energy Conversion

ESE 551

Lecture 2:
Ideal Transformers

Prepared by:
Dr. Mostafa Gamal
 Prepared by: Dr. Mostafa Gamal

Outline Learning Outcomes

Understand the hysteresis loop

1 Magnetizing and demagnetizing
Describe the Ideal transformer and
2 Transformers
evaluate its basic parameters
3 Ideal transformer
Investigate the transformation from

primary side to secondary, and vice versa

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 Prepared by: Dr. Mostafa Gamal
1 Magnetizing & Demagnetizing
Hysteresis Loop:
When a ferromagnetic material is magnetized, it increases
until it gets to saturation point at which it wont increase
anymore even if the field is increased. However, it will not
return back to zero magnetization when the imposed
magnetizing field is removed.
The amount of remaining magnetization when the field is Saturation
dropped back to zero, is called its remanence.
Remanence
While the amount of the reverse field required to
demagnetize the material (i.e. get it back to zero) is called Coercivity
its coercivity.

The only theory you’ve got throughout the course

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1 Magnetizing & Demagnetizing (Cont.)
Faraday’s Law: States that voltage is induced in a circuit whenever the flux linking (i.e.
passing through) the circuit is changing and that the magnitude of the
voltage is proportional to the rate of change of the flux linkages
𝑑
𝑒=− flux linkage  =𝑁𝜑
𝑑𝑡 𝑊𝑏 𝑡
induced electro
motive force 𝑣
The –ve sign indicates the opposite direction

𝑑𝜑
∴ 𝑒 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡

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1 Magnetizing & Demagnetizing (Cont.)
Example 1:
An iron core with 1200 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 and flux equals to 500 𝑚𝑊𝑏, it changes steadily to reach
525 𝑚𝑊𝑏in 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐, what is the voltage induced in such a coil?
Sol. end initial

∆ 𝜑 = 525 − 500 = 25 𝑚𝑊𝑏

𝑑𝜑 25 × 10−3
∴ 𝒆 = −𝑁 = −1200 × = −𝟏𝟎 𝒗
𝑑𝑡 3

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2 Transformers
Definition:
It is an AC stationary energy converter, that connects two electrical circuits, electrically
disconnected but magnetically coupled.
As shown: one circuit is the source/ supply or generator "primary side" and the other is the
load "secondary side"

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 Prepared by: Dr. Mostafa Gamal
2 Transformers (Cont.)

Each of its sides have different number of turns 𝑁𝑝 & 𝑁𝑠 ,

different flowing current 𝐼𝑝 & 𝐼𝑠 ,
different impedances 𝑍𝑝 & 𝑍𝑠 ,
and definitely different voltages 𝑉𝑝 & 𝑉𝑠 with different induced 𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝐸𝑝 & 𝐸𝑠

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2 Transformers (Cont.)

To have a step-up transformer, therefore, the number of turns at the secondary side must
be greater than that of the primary one 𝑁𝑠 > 𝑁𝑝
Therefore, to have a step-down transformer, the opposite happens 𝑁𝑝 > 𝑁𝑠
The voltage is directly proportional to the turns ratio
While the current is inversely proportional to the turns ratio
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3 Ideal Transformers
• Ideal core; having no flux leakage
• Ideal windings; neglecting all resistances and inductances at both windings
You have to transfer your magnetic circuit into electric one, in
order to know how to deal with it via ordinary electric equations

𝐸𝑝 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑠 𝑁𝑝
= = = =𝑎
𝐸𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑝 𝑁𝑠
turns ratio

𝑉𝑝 = 𝐼𝑝 𝑍𝑝 & 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐼𝑠 𝑍𝑠
𝑉𝑝 𝑎 𝑉𝑠 2
𝑉𝑠
∴ 𝑍𝑝 = = =𝑎 ≡ 𝑎2 𝑍𝑠
𝐼𝑝 𝐼𝑠 𝑎 𝐼𝑠

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3 Ideal Transformers (Cont.)
Example 2:
For the variable transformer shown in figure, there exist 3200 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 between taps 2 and 0,
while having 400 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 between taps 1 and 2, and another 600 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 between taps 1 and 3. If
the number of turns at the secondary side is fixed to be of 150 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛. And if the generator’s
voltage is of 2400 𝑣. What would be the output voltage when the primary side is connected to
tap 1? to tap 3?
Sol.

When the tap is connected to 1:

𝑁𝑝 = 3200 + 400 = 3600 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛
𝑎 = 24 𝐸𝑔

𝐸𝑝 2400
= 𝑎 → ∴ 𝑬𝒔 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒗
𝐸𝑠 24

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3 Ideal Transformers (Cont.)
Example 2:

When the tap is connected to 3:

Between taps 2 & 3, there exist 200 turn
𝑁𝑝 = 3200 − 200 = 3000 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛
𝑎 = 20
𝐸𝑝 2400
= 𝑎 → ∴ 𝑬𝒔 = = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒗
𝐸𝑠 20

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3 Ideal Transformers (Cont.)
Example 3:
For the ideal transformer shown, find the reflected impedance, load and generator currents,
and load voltage.
Sol.
𝑁𝑝 5
𝑎= = =5
𝑁𝑠 1

𝒁𝒑 = 𝑎2 𝑍𝑠 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒐𝒉𝒎

120 00 0𝐴
𝐼𝑔 = 𝐼𝑝 = = 1.2 −30
100 300

∴ 𝑰𝒍 ≡ 𝑰𝒔 = 𝑎 𝐼𝑝 = 𝟔 −𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑨

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3 Ideal Transformers (Cont.)
Example 3:
For the ideal transformer shown, find the reflected impedance, load and generator currents,
and load voltage.
Sol.
𝑉𝑝 120 00
𝑽𝒔 = = = 𝟐𝟒 𝟎𝟎 𝑽
𝑎 5

Or
𝑉𝑠 = 𝐼𝑠 𝑍𝑠 = 6 −300 × 4 300

𝑽𝒔 = 𝟐𝟒 𝟎𝟎 𝑽

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3 Ideal Transformers (Cont.)
Transformer rating:
Another way to express the ratio between the primary and secondary sides of a transformer,
is to state its power (the maximum that it can handle) along with the ratio of voltage, as
shown below:

A transformer rated 2400 120 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 and 48 𝑘𝑉𝐴

primary voltage secondary voltage transformer’s power 𝑆

𝑆 48000
𝐼𝑔 = 𝐼𝑝 = = = 20 𝐴 𝑃𝑙 = 𝐸𝑠 𝐼𝑠 × 𝑝. 𝑓
𝐸𝑝 2400
𝑆 48000 load power 𝑊 power factor
𝐼𝑙 = 𝐼𝑠 = = = 400 𝐴
𝐸𝑠 120 the cosine of the angle between the
secondary voltage & current

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Learning Outcomes (Recap)

Understand the hysteresis loop

Describe the Ideal transformer and evaluate its basic parameters
Investigate the transformation from primary side to secondary, and vice versa

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End of Lecture 2
Any Questions