1 Made by; Nabiha Fahim

1703-1762; Shah Walliullah

1608; British land in Surat

1612; British get permission to trade in India through Shah Jehan

1686; British fought with emperor Aurangzeb after they refused to pay taxes and introduced EIC
currency

1707; Aurangzeb’s death

1757; Battle of Plassey (Robert Clive vs. Siraj ud Daulah) [British won, Mir Jafar became Nawab
of Bengal, Robert Clive became Governor of Bengal]

1761; Battle of Panipat [Shah Walliullah wrote to Muslim nobles, Ahmed Shah Abdali and local
Muslim leaders joined forces and defeated Marathas]

1764; Battle of Buxar (Nawab of Oudh/Shah Alam II/Mir Qasim vs. EIC) [British won, Gained tax
collection from Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, Treaty of Allahabad ended battle]

1773; Act of Parliament/Regulating Act [Required EIC to provide good government, Bengal was
in direct control of the British, EIC was allowed trade monopoly, 4-member Executive council]

1782; Treaty of Salbai [Warren Hastings signed with the Marathas, initiated peace for 20 years,
ended Anglo-Maratha war]

1784; Pitts’ India Act [British government took direct control of India’s assets, EIC’s
administrative powers handed over to British, Governor-General, Commander-in-chief and
Provincial governors appointed, Police force & Civil service introduced]

1799; Fourth Anglo-Mysore war + Nawab of Oudh defeated + Tipu Sultan’s death [British took
control of the lands of defeated]

1833; Charter Act [Claimed that Indians would be allowed to take part in administration.
However, only 1000 out of the millions of Indians could be chosen and the exams were held in
England]
2 Made by; Nabiha Fahim

1846; Battle of Aliwal [British won, Treaty of Lahore signed to end the fighting. Another step to
annex Punjab]

1852; Doctrine of Lapse

January 1857; New rifle with a paper cartridge that used cow and pig grease introduced,
causing huge resentment by Muslim and Hindu soliders
March 1857; Mangal Pandey refused to use the rifles and was executed
May 1857; Soldiers refused to touch the rifles and were put into jail, later on freed by fellow
Indian soldiers. The soldiers marched to Delhi and captured it, Bahadur Shah II supported them,
Mathura, Cawnpore, Jhansi, Allahabad, Lucknow were also captured
September 1857; Delhi and Lucknow regained by British

1858; Proclamation of Allahabad [stated that British would not interfere with religious beliefs,
and would not further try to acquire more areas]

1878; Vernacular Act [put strict controls over newspaper after facing huge criticism] + Arms act
[made it impossible for Indians to own their own weapons]

1885; Indian National Congress formed

1905; Partition of Bengal

1906; Simla Deputation [Led by Aga Khan to Viceroy Lord Minto to ask for Muslim
representation and higher percentage of seats than the percentage of their population] +
Formation of All-India Muslim League

1908; Press Act [Gave Government more control over newspapers] + Restrictions placed on
newspapers and public meetings + Radical leaders left India + Ordinary people considered
‘Revolutionaries’ and imprisoned without trials [Response from the Hindus]

1909; Morley Minto reforms [Increased Indian representation in government, 1% voting rights,
separate electorates and weightage for Muslims accepted]

1911; Reversal of Bengal partition [As a result of widespread protests by Hindus, but Lord
Harding said it was part of their new governing policy]

1913; Kanpur mosque incident

1914-1918; First World War

1916; Lucknow Pact [⅓ seats for Muslims, Provinces should have autonomy, Minorities must be
protected, No act was to be passed unless ¾ of the committee agrees]
3 Made by; Nabiha Fahim

1917; August declaration [Lord Montague claimed he wanted give Indians more rights]

1919; Montague-Chelmsford reforms, also known as Government of India Act of 1919 [diarchy
introduced, voting rights extended but only 2% could vote, council of state set up] + Rowlatt Act
passed [Results; Jinnah resigned from Imperial Legislative Council, Gandhi launched hartal,
Several strikes and demonstrations, British banned public meetings] + Amritsar Massacre [1200
wounded, Hunter committee was set up to investigate the actions of General Dyer who was
removed from position, Gandhi began the Non-Cooperation movement]

1919-1924; Khilafat movement [Started under Maulana Shaukat Ali and Maulana Muhammad
Ali Jauhar to save the Caliphate in Turkey and save Muslim Holy places like Makkah and
Jerusalem to go under non-Muslim rule]
June 1919; Treaty of Versailles [Signed between the victorious Allied powers and Germany
stating that Germany’s colonies were to be taken away, Large sums to be paid to the victorious
(to compensate for their losses during the WW1 and to weaken Germany economically),
Germany would be split to create a new state, Poland]

1920; Non-Cooperation movement [British goods burnt, Lawyers gave up their practices,
Students left English colleges and schools, called off in 1922] + Treaty of Sevres [Announced
the split up of Ottoman Empire, provided for an independent state of Armenia]
August 1920; Hijrat to Afghanistan [18,000 Muslims migrated from the Dar-ul-Harb subcontinent
after selling off their properties. Afghanistan government closed their borders and many Muslims
returned penniless and were of low morale]

1921; Moplahs [Began an uprising as a result of a disagreement with the Hindu landlords and
set a police station on fire. British reactions caused the death of 4000 Moplahs. The
disagreement also led to the British trying to create a rift between the Muslim-Hindu unity by
releasing exaggerated reports of Hindu-Muslim riots]

1922; Chauri-Chaura incident [A violent mob set fire on a police station in Gorakhpur district on
fire, killing 21 policemen. Gandhi used this as an excuse to call off the non-cooperation
movement thus lowering his support]

1927; Delhi Proposals set out by Muslim community [response to Hindu violence and forcible
conversion, Sindh should be separated from Bombay, All reforms extended to Balochistan and
NWFP, Seats to be given to Muslims in Punjab and Bengal according to the population that lives
there, ⅓ seats in Central Legislative Council] + Simon Comission formed

1928; Nehru Report [Immediate dominion status, No separate electorates/weightage, Hindi to

1929; Declaration of Indian independance written by Gandhi [Read out on the banks of river
Ravi] + Jinnah’s 14 points that united Muslims [Muhammad Shafi group and Muhammad Ali
Jinnah group were united in accepting Jinnah’s 14 points]
4 Made by; Nabiha Fahim

1930; Simon Report [Diarchy ended at provincial level thus no representation, Demand of
Muslims to separate Sindh from Bombay postponed, Muslims to be given weightage, Federal
system with more power to provinces] + Salt March [Part of the Non-Cooperation movement,
not joined by Muslims as Jinnah believed Hindus were aiming for independence from British but
also dominance over Muslims] + Allahabad address [Allama Iqbal stated that there could be no
peace until Muslims were recognised as a separate nation with separate rights, Became
inspirational for uncertain Muslims as they were given an objective goal to work towards, for
future Muslim leaders such as Rehmat Ali and Iqbal’s poetry was also a source of inspiration]

1930-1932; Round Table Conferences + Communal Award [Separate electorates to minorities,

1935; Government of India Act [India was to be a federation with the Governor-General as the
head with special powers, Diarchy dropped at provincial level but replaced by a system that
gave the provinces a large degree of autonomy, Claimed to give India’s population lots of power
but reality was different, 25% of India’s population could vote, Provided basis for the
negotiations that finally resulted in British leaving India, Nehru called it a ‘Charter of Slavery’ and
Jinnah thought it was fundamentally rotten]

1937; Elections [Congress won majorities in 5 provinces, largest single party in 4 other, Muslims
won 109/482 and were unsuccessful. However, they were able to learn more about how to
contest elections, became united as a community, also became aware of their ‘image problem’
and that they were seen as privileged princes when most Muslims were illiterate]

1937-1939; Rule of Congress [Bande Matram, Wardha scheme, Vidva Mandir scheme, Hosting
of three coloured flags, Non-cooperation with Muslims, Anti-Muslim riots]

22nd December 1939; Day of Deliverance [Celebration of the end of the tyranny of the
Congress Muslims had to bear as Congress members resigned from Provincial government]

23rd March 1940; Pakistan Resolution passed [Maulvi Fazl-ul-Haq put forward a resolution
demand that stated that the Muslim majority areas of north-western and eastern zones of India
should be made into a sovereign state for the Muslims, and as a result this resolution made the
Muslims more prepared to work towards self rule] + August offer [Dominion status and the
formation of a Constituent assembly was promised, Lord linlithgow also offered to expand the
Executive council, rejected by both League and Congress due to inadequate representation and
no mention of independence]

1942; Cripps Mission [Indian Union set up with dominion status after the war, Constituent
Assembly elections, Rejected by Muslims because no reference to Pakistan’s independence
and by Congress because they intended to exploit the British during their times of need and
because it did not grant the Indians immediate control of central government, and the Defence
5 Made by; Nabiha Fahim

and Finance would remain in the hands of the British] + Quit India Resolution [Non-violent
protests asking for immediate withdrawal of the British so the Japanese threat could end.
Gandhi was arrested and then released in 1944. Disapproved by Jinnah who stated that
Congress was exploiting Britain’s problems for its own Anti-Muslim wishes]

1944; Gandhi-Jinnah talks [Gandhi wanted League to give Congress immediate support to
remove the British whereas Jinnah wanted to secure partition beforehand, Gandhi considered
himself to be speaking on behalf of all of India, Gandhi did not support the ‘Two-nation theory’
which was an official League policy]

1945; Simla Conference [British proposed that an Executive council was to be set up,
disagreements about who was to be on the council (because Congress wanted to nominate
Muslim members in the Executive council and claimed not all Muslims were represented by the
League as the Congress president, Abul Kalam Azad was Muslim, Jinnah argued that League
was the undisputed voice of the Muslims since they had won every by-election for the last two
years and did not agree on the equal seats for both Muslims and Hindus as the Sikhs and
Scheduled castes were bound to vote with the Congress), Conference failed]

1946; Cabinet Mission Plan [A three-man delegation, proposed that the idea of establishing
Pakistan was rejected instead there would be three different parts (Hindu majority areas, Muslim
majority areas, Bengal and Assam) with local autonomy, foreign affairs, defence and
communication was to be managed by Central Indian Union]
16th August 1946; Direct Action day [An attempt to stop British to give in to Hindu demands,
Initially started off as peaceful protests that turned into riots]

1947; 3 June plan set up [Pakistan and India as two separate countries, each state would have
dominion status, Muslim majority provinces had to vote on whether they were joining India or
Pakistan]
15th July; Independence Act [Declared India and Pakistan as separate states, the Government
of India Act 1935 was to be the main constitution until the countries devised their own, Power in
the hands of the Governor-General]
17th August; Radcliffe award [Gave Ferozepur, Gurdaspur and Calcutta to India, Chittagong hill
tracts awarded to Pakistan, unfair]
September; Martial law declared in Delhi [Non-Muslim refugees killing Muslim refugees]

1948; Death of Quaid-e-Azam + Khwaja Nazimuddin made Governor-General + Temporary

1949; Objectives Resolution + PRODA [Public and Representative Officers Disqualification Act]

1950; Liaquat-Nehru pact (Stated that each government would be responsible for its own
refugees, Visa system was introduced to restrict free passing of refugees, also known as
6 Made by; Nabiha Fahim

Minorities pact) + Korean war [Increased jute exports to Korea to feed soldiers, resulted in a
boost of Pakistan’s economy]

1951; Rawalpindi conspiracy + Liaquat Ali Khan shot dead while addressing a meeting in
Rawalpindi (earned him the title of Shaheed-e-Millat) + 6 Year Plan [Jute mill built in
Narayanganj, Discovery of Sui gas reserve]

1953; Khwaja Nazimuddin dismissed [Replaced by Muhammad Ali Bogra who was a US
ambassador]

1954; Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement [Signed between Pakistan and USA to provide aid
to Pakistan] + SouthEast Asia Treaty Organisation [Signed between Pakistan, USA,
Philippines,etc, Aimed to resist communist expansion, Left by Pakistan in 1972, Also known as
Manila pact]

1955: Central Asia Treaty Organisation [Named as Baghdad Pact as first, Aimed to control
communist expansion, joined by Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Britain, Never actually developed troops
against USSR, USA supported but never joined] + One Unit Scheme passed [To reduce
administration cost, bring about economic development, to make people loyal to state instead of
provinces and to prevent East Pakistan from gaining a majority, to make constitution making
easier]

1956; 1956 constitution passed + Soviet Union offers to build steel mill in Pakistan + Iskandar
Mirza visits Afghanistan

1959: Islamabad made capital of Pakistan + Pakistan voted against China’s admission to the
UN

1960; U2 incident [American spy plane was shot down and pilot Gary Powers was captured
alive. America tried covering it up by saying it was sent to study weather conditions, but Powers
admitted to it being a spy plane. USSR believed Pakistan to be a part of this, and threatened
military action. USA not allowed to use Pakistani airbase without knowing destination of aircraft]

1961; Family Laws Ordinance [Divorce laws tightened, minimum age for marriage set, polygamy
required written permission, Family planning introduced] Soviet Union agreed to oil exploration
in Pakistan

1962; 1962 constitution passed + India-China war over border issue [Ceasefire arranged,
leading Pakistan to believe India could be easily defeated and led to 1965 war] + Ayub Khan’s
visit to China

1963; Soviet Union loans Pakistan [

1964; Regional Cooperation Development [Set up with Iran, Pakistan and Turkey largely due to
the encouragement of Ayub Khan to allow economic development, Re-established by Zia]

1965; Presidential elections [64% of vote won by Ayub Khan, Fatima Jinnah woh 36% of the
vote] + 1965 war + Ayub Khan’s visit to USSR

1966; Tashkent declaration [

1970; Bhola cyclone [

3rd December 1971; Pakistan launches attack on northern India

1972; Simla Agreement [Signed between India and Pakistan as a result of 1971 war, setting free
90,000 Pakistani war prisoners and with the agreement that Kashmir issue was not to be
discussed on an international forum] + Setting up of KANUPP [To allow Pakistan to emerge as a
Nuclear power, reason why Pakistan did not sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1970] +
Pakistan withdraws from SEATO + Pakistan Steel Mill [Built at Pipri with Soviet assistance]

1973: Constitution of 1973 [Minority provinces granted equal status in Senate, power of National
assemblies revived, fundamental human rights guaranteed]

1977; Operation fairplay [ ] + Zia visits Kabul

1978; Sardar Daud of Afghanistan visits Pakistan

1979; Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto hanged + US embassy in Islamabad burnt

1981; Pakistan sends troops to Siachen glacier [To prevent Indian troops from taking over.
However, 300 Indian troops were already present and thus, the issue remains unsolved]

1984; Zia attends funeral of Andropov [Receives cold response since Pakistan had previously
accepted US aid against Soviet Union]

1985; Pressler Amendment [Passed in the USA, stated that USA will not give aid to any country
with nuclear weapons, largely ignored during the Afghan crisis, but after the crisis, President
Bush used this to stop aid to Pakistan and end sale of 28 F-16 fighter jets to Pakistan that
Pakistan paid for]

1987; Cricket diplomacy [PM Zia-ul-Haq visits Rajiv Gandhi to watch a cricket match at Jaipur,
results in PM Rajiv withdrawing military exercises in Rajasthan desert]

1988; [Afghan-Soviet war ended, US aid greatly reduced to Pakistan] + Zia killed in plane crash
8 Made by; Nabiha Fahim

May; India tests 5 nuclear devices [A few weeks later, Pakistan tests nuclear devices on the Ras
Koh hills]

1995; William Perry visits Pakistan [Defence secretary of USA, after his visit agreed that
Pressler Amendment had been a mistake]

1996; Comprehensive Test Treaty Ban [Signed between Pakistan and India with the help of the
UN Secretary general to announce the halting of nuclear tests] + Benazir Bhutto visits USA +
First lady Hilary Clinton and daughter Chelsea visits Pakistan + Brown Amendment [Passed in
USA, called for USA to compensate Pakistan for the payment of F-16 jets and send $388M in
aid]

1999; Kargil conflict [Muslim Kashmiri guerillas crossed the LOC and occupied towns of Kargil
and Drass, India responds by sending 250,000 shells and rockets and two aircrafts sent into
Pakistan out of which one was shot down. PM Sharif persuaded by US President Clinton to
withdraw forces]