Module 5 : A.C.

Machines

Miss P.V. Paranjape

Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli.
Contents
 Construction and working principle of
single and three-phase induction motor
 Types, torque-speed characteristics and
applications of induction motor
 Types of starters
 AC generator
 Basic Working Principle Of An
Induction Motor
 In a DC motor, supply is needed to be given for the stator
winding as well as the rotor winding. But in an induction
motor only the stator winding is fed with an AC supply.
 Alternating flux is produced around the stator winding due to
AC supply. This alternating flux revolves with synchronous
speed. The revolving flux is called as "Rotating Magnetic Field"
(RMF). In a motor, synchronous speed is the speed at which
the magnetic field rotates.
 The relative speed between stator RMF and rotor
conductors causes an induced emf in the rotor conductors,
according to the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
The rotor conductors are short circuited, and hence rotor
current is produced due to induced emf. That is why such
motors are called as induction motors.
 This action is same as that occurs in transformers, hence
induction motors can be called as rotating transformers.
 Now, induced current in rotor will also produce
alternating flux around it. This rotor flux lags
behind the stator flux. The direction of induced
rotor current, according to Lenz's law, is such
that it will tend to oppose the cause of its
production.
 As the cause of production of rotor current is
the relative velocity between rotating stator flux
and the rotor, the rotor will try to catch up with
the stator RMF.
 Thus the rotor rotates in the same direction as
that of stator flux to minimize the relative
velocity. However, the rotor never succeeds in
catching up the synchronous speed. This is
the basic working principle of induction
motor of either type, single phase of 3 phase.
 Synchronous Speed:
The rotational speed of the rotating
magnetic field is called as synchronous
speed.

where, f = frequency of the spply

P = number of poles
 Slip:
 Rotor tries to catch up the synchronous speed of the stator
field, and hence it rotates. But in practice, rotor never
succeeds in catching up. If rotor catches up the stator speed,
there wont be any relative speed between the stator flux
and the rotor, hence no induced rotor current and no
force/torque production to maintain the rotation.
 However, this won't stop the motor, the rotor will slow
down due to lost of torque, the torque will again be exerted
due to relative speed. That is why the rotor rotates at speed
which is always less the synchronous speed.
The difference between the synchronous speed (Ns) and actual
speed (N) of the rotor is called as slip.
 Construction
 A three phase Induction motor mainly
consists of two parts called as
the Stator and the Rotor.

 The stator is the stationary part of the

induction motor, and the rotor is the
rotating part.
 Construction of Stator
The stator is built up of high-grade alloy steel laminations
to reduce eddy current losses. It has three main parts,
namely outer frame, the stator core and a stator winding.
 Outer frame
It is the outer body of the motor. Its main function is to
support the stator core and to protect the inner parts of
the machine. For small machines, the outer frame is casted,
but for the large machine, it is fabricated.
 Stator Core
The stator core is built of high-grade silicon steel
stampings. Its main function is to carry the alternating
magnetic field which produces hysteresis and eddy
current losses. The stampings are fixed to the stator
frame. Each stamping are insulated from the other with
a thin varnish layer. The thickness of the stamping
usually varies from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. Slots are punched on
the inner side of the stampings as shown in the figure
below.
 Stator windings
 The core of the stator carries three phase windings
which are usually supplied from a three-phase supply
system. The six terminals of the windings (two of
each phase) are connected in the terminal box of
the machine.
 The stator of the motor is wound for a definite
number of poles, depending on the speed of the
motor. If the number of poles is greater, the speed
of the motor will be less and if the number of poles
is less than the speed will be high.
 Construction of Rotor
The rotor is also built of thin laminations of the same
material as the stator. The laminated cylindrical core is
mounted directly on the shaft. These laminations are
slotted on the outer side to receive the conductors.
There are two types of rotor.

 Squirrel Cage Rotor

A squirrel cage rotor consists of a laminated cylindrical
core. The circular slots at the outer periphery are
semi-closed. Each slot contains bar conductor of
aluminum or copper. At the end of the rotor the
conductors the short-circuited by a heavy ring of
copper or aluminum. The diagram of the cage rotor is
shown below.
 The rotor slots are usually not parallel to
the shaft but are skewed. The skewing of
the rotor conductors has the following
advantages given below.
1. It reduces humming and provide smooth
and noise free operation.
2. It results in a uniform torque curve for
different positions of the rotor.
3. The locking tendency of the rotor is
reduced. As the teeth of the rotor and the
stator attract each other and lock.
4. It increases the rotor resistance due to
the increased length of the rotor bar
conductors.
Advantages of Squirrel Cage Rotor

 The cage rotor is cheaper, and the

construction is robust.
 The absence of the brushes reduces the
risk of sparking.
 Its Maintenance is less.
 The power factor is higher
 The efficiency of the cage rotor is higher.
 Phase Wound Rotor
 The Phase wound rotor is also called as Slip Ring
Rotor. It consists of a cylindrical core which is
laminated. The outer periphery of the rotor has a
semi-closed slot which carries a 3 phase insulated
windings. The rotor windings are connected in star.
 The slip ring induction motor is shown in the
figure below
 The slip rings are mounted on the shaft with
brushes resting on them. The brushes are
connected to the variable resistor. The function
of the slip rings and the brushes is to provide a
means of connecting external resistors in the
rotor circuit. The resistor enables the variation
of each rotor phase resistance to serve the
following purposes given below.
1. It increases the starting torque and decreases
the starting current.
2. It is used to control the speed of the motor.
3. In this type also, the rotor is skewed. A mild
steel shaft is passed through the center of the
rotor and is fixed to it. The purpose of the
shaft is to transfer mechanical power.
Advantages of Phase Wound Rotor

 High starting torque and low starting

current.
 For controlling the speed of the motor, an
external resistance can be added in the
circuit.
Squirrel Cage Rotor
Single Phase IM
Working Principle
 When ac supply is given, current starts
flowing through the stator winding
 This alternating current produces an
alternating flux called main flux.
 This flux links with the rotor conductors
and hence cut the rotor conductors.
 The EMF gets induced in the rotor and
current starts flowing in the rotor (Faraday’s
Law).
 This rotor current produces its own flux
called rotor flux.

26
 This flux is produced due to induction
principle.
 Two fluxes: one is main flux and another is
rotor flux.
 The interaction of these two fluxes
produces the desired torque which is
required by the motor to rotate.
 Good efficiency up to 97%.
 The speed of the motor varies with the
load given

27
 Principle of Starting
 Two windings are phase shifted by 90° electrically
 The winding currents are 90° phase shifted with
respect to each others
 Two windings produce a rotating magnetic field in
air gap between stator & rotor.
 This rotating magnetic field induces EMF in rotor
& rotor rotates in the same direction of rotating
magnetic field.
 Methods used for Phase shifting the currents:
1. Resistance split phase
2. Capacitor Split phase
28
Principle of Starting

29
 Types of Single Phase Induction
Motor
1. Split phase induction motor
2. Capacitor start induction motor
3. Capacitor start capacitor run
induction motor
4. Shaded pole induction motor

30
1. Split phase induction motor

31
Split phase induction motor
 In addition to the main winding (inductive)
,the stator carries another winding called
auxiliary winding or starting winding
(resistive).
 Centrifugal switch: to disconnect the auxiliary
winding from the main circuit at speed up to 75
to 80% of the synchronous speed.
 Aim is to create the phase difference between
the two winding
 This is possible if the starting winding carries
high resistance.
32
 For highly resistive winding the current is
almost in phase with the voltage and for
highly inductive winding the current lag
behind the voltage by large angle.
 The current flowing in the starting
winding lags behind the applied voltage
by very small angle and the current
flowing in running winding lags behind
applied voltage by large angle.
 The resultant of these two current
produce rotating magnetic field which
rotates in one direction

33
2. Capacitor Start Induction
Run Motor

34
 For producing rotating magnetic field, the
phase difference is provided by capacitor in
series with starting winding.
 Current flowing through the capacitor leads
the voltage.
 With starting winding, we connect a
capacitor so the current flowing in the
capacitor leads the applied voltage by some
angle.
 The current flowing in main winding
(inductive) lags behind applied voltage.

35
 There occur large phase angle
differences between two currents
which produce a resultant current
and produce a rotating magnetic
field.
 Phase angle difference is almost 90°
 Very high starting torque
 Centrifugal switch is provided so as
to disconnect the starting winding
afterwards.

36
3. Capacitor Start Capacitor Run
Induction Motor

37
 The working principle & construction of
Capacitor start inductor motors &
capacitor start capacitor run induction
motors are almost the same.
 Two windings: main winding and the
starting winding
 No centrifugal switch
 Capacitor remains in the circuit
 It helps to improve the power factor at
the running conditions

38
Torque Slip Characteristics of
Induction Motor
The torque slip curve for an induction motor gives
us the information about the variation of torque with
the slip. The variation of slip can be obtained with the
variation of speed that is when speed varies the slip
will also vary and the torque corresponding to that
speed will also vary. The torque-slip characteristic
curve can be divided roughly into three regions:
 Low slip region
 Medium slip region
 High slip region
The curve can be described in three modes of
operation-
Motoring Mode-
In this mode of operation, supply is given
to the stator sides and the motor always
rotates below the synchronous speed. The
induction motor torque varies from zero
to full load torque as the slip varies. The
slip varies from zero to one.
From the curve it is seen that the torque is
directly proportional to the slip. That is,
more is the slip, more will be the torque
produced and vice-versa.
 Generating Mode
In this mode of operation induction motor
runs above the synchronous speed and it
should be driven by a prime mover.
The stator winding is connected to a three
phase supply in which it supplies electrical
energy. Actually, in this case, the torque and
slip both are negative so the motor
receives mechanical energy and delivers
electrical energy.
 Braking Mode

In the Braking mode, the two leads or

the polarity of the supply voltage is
changed so that the motor starts to
rotate in the reverse direction and as a
result the motor stops. This method of
braking is known as plugging. This
method is used when it is required to
stop the motor within a very short
period of time.
Applications of IM
 Fan, Blowers, Machine tools
 Compressor, Crushers, Conveyors
 Bulldozers
 Cranes, Elevators, Hoist
 Types of starters
Need of starters
 Large current flowing initially just after
switching ON the supply causes large
voltage drops across various elements of
motor which greatly affects the functioning
of motor. This can cause heating up of the
motor, eventually damaging it. To prevent
this, motor starters are needed.
 It is the device connected in series with the
motor to decrease its starting current
and then increase it as the motor starts
rotating gradually.
Direct-On-Line (DOL) Starters
 Small three phase induction motors can be started
direct-on-line, which means that the rated supply is
directly applied to the motor.
 Induction motors can be started directly on-line using a
DOL starter which generally consists of a contactor and
a motor protection equipment such as a circuit breaker.
A DOL starter consists of a coil operated contactor
which can be controlled by start and stop push buttons.
When the start push button is pressed, the contactor
gets energized and it closes all the three phases of the
motor to the supply phases at a time. The stop push
button de-energizes the contactor and disconnects all
the three phases to stop the motor.
 In order to avoid excessive voltage drop in the supply
line due to large starting current, a DOL starter is
generally used for motors that are rated below 5kW.
 Star-Delta Starter:
 This method is used in the motors, which are designed
to run on delta connected stator. A two way switch is
used to connect the stator winding in star while starting
and in delta while running at normal speed.
 The stator winding is connected in star fashion so that
voltage at each phase is 𝑉𝐿 /√3 Where,VL is line voltage.
Therefore voltage is reduced at each phase at starting
and hence current is reduced. As soon as motor achieves
certain speed, motor winding is connected in delta
fashion such that line voltage is equal to phase voltage
with the help of two way switch.
 A star-delta starter is equivalent to an auto-transformer
1
of ratio or 58% reduced voltage. The star delta
3
starter is used for starting of induction motor above 5
H.P.
 Starting Of Slip-Ring Motors

 Slip-Ring IM are started with full line voltage, as external

resistance can be easily added in the rotor circuit with the
help of slip-rings. A star connected rheostat is connected in
series with the rotor via slip-rings as shown in the fig.
Introducing resistance in rotor current will decrease the
starting current in rotor (and, hence, in stator). Also, it
improves power factor as the torque is increased.
 The connected rheostat may be hand-
operated or automatic.
 As, introduction of additional resistance
in rotor improves the starting torque,
slip-ring motors can be started on load.
The external resistance introduced is
only for starting purposes, and is
gradually cut out as the motor gathers
the speed.
THANK YOU