Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

SIDAMA TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

ETHIOPIAN DAYE POLY TECHNIQUE COLLEGE DESIGN OF TEFF
SIEVING MACHINE BY USING MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL
SYSTEM

PREPARED BY:- DEBRITU MENGISTU

MARCH 19/2015
SIDAMA ETHIOPIA

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

DECLARATION
We declare that this research paper is the original work done by me, and as far as I aware, it has
not been presented with a title of “Teff Sieve Machine” for the Bachelor award in other
universities.

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First, I would like to give thanks to Almighty God for giving me the strength and ability and
opportunity seeking to undertake every achievement in our life. We need to express the deepest
and heartfelt thanks as well as the most sincere appreciation to the main research advisors for
their consistent guidance, critical review, and for commenting on the work throughout the
analysis up to the document preparation phase. Deserve special thanks for having their time and
sharing knowledge unlimitedly as a co-advisor.

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

Table of Contents
DECLARATION...........................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT..............................................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................vii
ACCRONYMS............................................................................................................................viii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................ix
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................1
1. NTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1
1.1. Back ground...........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Statement of the problem..................................................................................................1
1.2 Objectives..........................................................................................................................1
1.2.1 General objective.......................................................................................................1
1.2.2 Specific objective.......................................................................................................2
1.3 Significance of the project................................................................................................2
1.4 Scope of the project...........................................................................................................2
1.5 Limitations of the project..................................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................................3
2.1. Existing research and projects related to sieve machine...................................................3
3. Study area................................................................................................................................7
3.1. Data collection......................................................................................................................7
3.2. Primary data collection.........................................................................................................7
3.3. Secondary data collection.....................................................................................................7
3.4. System Description...............................................................................................................8
3.4.1.Design one:.....................................................................................................................9
3.4.2. Design Two:...................................................................................................................9
3.4.3.Design Three:................................................................................................................10
3.5. Evaluation of different designs and ranking.......................................................................10
3.6. Materials.............................................................................................................................11
3.6.1. Design of component.......................................................................................................11

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

3.7. Beneficiaries.......................................................................................................................12
3.8. Small Scale Enterprises..................................................................................................12
3.8.1. Governmental..............................................................................................................12
3.9. Non-governmental organization.....................................................................................12
CHAPTER FOUR.......................................................................................................................13
4.1. Computation Analytical manufacturing process..............................................................13
4.2. Introduction to Shaft Design...........................................................................................13
4.3. Critical Speed of a Rotating Shaft...................................................................................17
4.4. Geometrical analysis of belt and pulley..........................................................................17
4.5. Centre Distance (C) for V-belt Drive..............................................................................17
1.7. Design of proper key for the machine.............................................................................24
4.7. Design of crushing key...................................................................................................24
4.8. Appropriate bearing for teff sieve machine....................................................................25
4.9. Bearing selection criteria................................................................................................26
4.10. Automatic and man power driven teff sieve machine outcomes.................................28
4.11. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY AND COST ANALYSIS............................................30
4.11.1. FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS......................................................................................30
4.11.2. TECHNICAL ASPECT.......................................................................................30
4.11.3. ECONOMIC ASPECT........................................................................................30
4.11.4. SOCIAL ASPECT...............................................................................................31
4.12. Material cost................................................................................................................32
4.13.1. Part drawing.............................................................................................................33
4.13.2. Assembly drawing...................................................................................................37
CHAPTER FIVE.........................................................................................................................38
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................38
5.1. Conclusions...........................................................................................................................38
5.2. Recommendation............................................................................................................38
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................39
APPENDIX...................................................................................................................................39

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

LIST OF TABLE

Table 3.1 top design selection criteria...........................................................................................11

Table 4.1 The pulley materials.....................................................................................................21

Table 5.1 Regression analysis........................................................................................................29

Table 5.2 General relevant parameters and specification of the Teff sieve machine....................29

Table 6.1 Teff sieve machine cost.................................................................................................32

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Commonly used labor-intensive sieve [3].....................................................................6

Figure 3.1 Steps in data collection.................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 3.2 Teff sieving machine......................................................................................................8

Figure 4.1 types of shaft and alignment.........................................................................................13

Figure 4.2 different types of load applied on shaft.......................................................................14

Figure 4.3 Main shaft is carrying a pulley supported by two bearings..........................................14

Figure 4.4 Vertical Bending moment............................................................................................16

Figure 4.5 Vertical Bending moment...........................................................................................16

Figure 4.6 V-belt center distance...................................................................................................18

Figure 4.7 The pulley system.........................................................................................................21

Figure 4.8 different types of keys..................................................................................................24

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

ACCRONYMS
PC performance coefficients

2D Two dimensional

3D Three dimensional

T Torque

HP Horse power

Mm millimeter

Cm centimeter

DP design power

SR Speed ratio

KG Kilogram

ETB Ethiopian Birr

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

ABSTRACT
Small scale technology adaptation in the country has augmented and the advantage is significant
in order by improving the life standard of the users. Cleaning teff from dust, sand, and other dirty
particles is a tedious work in milling houses and farming process. After the critical observation
and review of related works gap filling machine has been designed. The developed technology
aims to design efficient teff cleaner. This design improves the quality of teff and enhances the
amount of cleaned teff with a specific time. To increase the life span of the machine relevant
components are designed such as belt, pulley, key, and shaft based on the design compatible
electric motor and bearing has been selected. The automatic and manual operating machine is
capable to sieve (ten) 10 kg of teff within three (3) minutes. As a result this implies that using the
teff sieve machine major outcomes are increase the quality of teff and to reduce cleaning time
consumption.

Key words: Teff, Sevier, belt, bearing, pulley, automatic and manual

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

CHAPTER ONE
1. NTRODUCTION
1.1. Back ground
Teff is well known by Ethiopians and Eritreans for its superior nutritional quality. It contains
11% protein, 80% complex carbohydrate and 3% fat. It is an excellent source of essential amino
acids, especially lysine, the amino acid that is most often deficient in grain foods. Teff contains
more lysine than barley, millet, and wheat and slightly less than rice or oats. Teff is also an
excellent source of fiber and iron, and has many times the amount of calcium, potassium and
other essential minerals found in an equal amount of other grains. When teff is used to make
Injera, a short fermentation process allows the yeast to generate more vitamins. Teff would be
available to all persons in Ethiopia to make engera. However, while it is the preferred grain in
making engera, its availability is limited by its high cost. Teff is currently the most expensive
grain to purchase in Ethiopia as it requires labor-intensive harvesting and processing techniques,
and produces especially low yields. Although teff covers the greatest land space in Ethiopia, it
has the lowest yield per hectare, an average of 910 kg/ha. In

1996-1997, teff covered 31% of the total landmass, as compared to 17% and 13% for corn and
wheat respectively. The total yield for the teff grown in that year was only 26-28%, [1].

1.1 Statement of the problem

Teff is a source of food for almost all Ethiopians even though the final which can be used form
of teff passes through various steps starting from the farmer to the milling machine. From
Sidama region administrations, Daye worada is known for its high production of crop. Teff in
small, marginal, medium and rich farmers. Teff produced in Daye worada had also been very
important to economic growth and infrastructural food. sampling method was used to select
producer farmers from 2 kebeles Odaa and Bensa kebado of Daye Woreda.. The quality of
product is very poor since there is a significant unwillingness of users to adopt mechanical
technologies. Cleaning Process of teff is a tedious labor-intensive task and consumes more time.
Additionally, the existing traditional sieving mechanism is not efficiently cleaning method.

1.2 Objectives

1.2.1 General objective

The general objective of this project is to design and prepare teff sieving manual and automated
machine

1.2.2 Specific objective

 To design teff sieving manual and automated machine

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

 To determine shaft diameter

 To compute basic parameters for key, belt and pulley
 To intend the 2D and 3D Sieving machine using AutoCAD

1.3 Significance of the project

The significance of this project is to enhance productivity, increase quality of the teff and
minimizing the time needed for the process. The quality of the teff benefit related to the humans’
health which caused due to the redundant daily exercise specifically on hand affect joints and
bone as well as the dust causes the respiratory disease. The increasing of productivity is a means
of more income generation for the milling house owners.

The designed machine is not complicated with simple training even unskilled personnel’s can
operate it. It has different features that can be modified, for instance the possibility of using solar
PV as energy source. The machine is well customized based on the need of the customer in rural
and urban areas which can be used manually and automatically considering the electrical power
is not accessible for all Ethiopians. This machine can contribute great achievement to an
individual, government and nongovernment institutes.

1.4 Scope of the project

This project extent is to design teff sieving machine considering all proper components. The belt,
pulley, joints and frame design has been carefully done since it has a role on the machine
durability. The parts and assembly drawing has been done by using AutoCAD software. The
design combines both manually and automatically operating system.

1.5 Limitations of the project

The limitations of the project are several some of them describe as below

 The shortage of material like reference book, internet accesses

 Limited Access to data
 Time constraint
 Insufficient sample size for stastical measurements

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Existing research and projects related to sieve machine

The sieve machine can be used for multipurpose; in the design of pin mill type flour sieve the
system performance has been examined to achieve appropriate processing method to met
consumer needs. Different machines like pin, hammer, attrition and mortar mills have compared
based on the quality of sieved cassava floor. As a result the quality of floor in percentages
recorded 96, 87, 75, & 62 respectively as mentioned above. The pin mill machine is an efficient
and effective than the others machines,

The motorized starch extracting machine based on shaking mechanism was designed, fabricated
and tested to solve the problem associated with sieving of starch and other agricultural crops.
The machine consist components like a hopper, a mixing compartment, a sieving compartment
operated by a crank and spring arrangement collecting trays and outlets. The capacity of the
machine is 22.45 kg/h at 0.0206 m3/h volumetric flow rate,

This pressure-tight inline check sieve can be incorporated directly in a pneumatic conveying line.
It removes foreign matter from powders and granular products with maximum reliability. Only
the fine fraction passes through the screen, while coarser particles spill over the end of the
screen. Sieving can be accomplished either before or after curing. Composting is the age-old
process of converting organic waste materials into a key ingredient of soil humus. While
composting has often been driven by the need to recover organic materials to maintain soil
health, more recently, composting has been seen as a way of reducing the problems associated
with landfills, incinerators, and other waste disposal methods. As know the way sand and soil
compost is been collected still used the conversional way such as sieving using hand and human
energy is needed to run the process. So to make the process more efficient new technology is
needed to help increase the productivity so the human power can be reduce and also can
minimize the cost of the process. Sieving or screening of the materials or compost is normally
accomplished to produce the fine, uniform texture desired for the final product, and to recover
the bulking material for reuse in the composting process. Screening or sieving is not necessary
with certain (fine) bulking agents,

A multi – purpose wet sieving machine has been developed. It was tested and found to be
efficient in the processing of the mash of agricultural products such as maize, cassava and
soybean for the production of food products such as “Ogi”, soymilk and starch .Generally,
sieving capacity and performance coefficients decreased with increasing mash concentration.
The highest performance coefficient was observed with maize, followed by wheat and lastly
cassava. 12.23% is the optimum sieving concentration that would give best performance in terms
of capacity and performance coefficients (PC). The equipment is easy to operate and maintain. It

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

is highly recommended for every household in Nigeria and beyond where the desirable eating
qualities of “Ogi” and starch diets are valued compared with the bad quality products from retail
outlet [8].

Mixing with water can be carried out more or less separately from screening, but more often the
two operations are combined in “wet screening” that is’ the mass is rinsed with the excess water
on a screen which is in continuous motion. Screening can also be done by many mechanical
devices such as screen bends, screen pumps, jet washers, but these devices find application in
large scale processing. A simple, cheap and portable wet sieving machine is therefore required
by local farmers in the tropics for wet sieving of agricultural products. This would improve the
quality of product, make it meet international standard and increase production. Sieves are
effective provided they are made to vibrate. The throughput of sieves is dependent upon a
number of factors; chiefly the nature and amplitude of the shaking; the methods used to prevent
sticking of the sieve, the tension and physical nature of the sieve material, [8].

Construction of buildings requires sand as an important ingredient Sand is used at different

stages in construction right from the foundation to the finishing work i.e. plaster. This sand is
needs to be screened properly for various stages in construction, i.e. size of sand for construction
work is slightly coarse whereas that used for plaster work is fine. Conventionally screening is
normally done manually using fixed screens or machines. This manual process time consuming
and laborious takes a lot of time and cost. It is also observed that the conventional machine prove
of no or little help as the sand needs to be manually transported and material handling takes place
twice to get different sizes of sand. The paper reviews a few machines and research in the same
area then goes onto show the need and utility of an multi-screen machine for fully automatic
multi-level screening and automatic vertically transportation with help of vertical screw
conveyor mechanism. The critical part of the multi-level screening machine is the vibration
mechanism and the input shaft and connecting rod of this mechanism for the given system power
have been designed and analysis using

ANSYS work bench 16.0 has been done to prove the part safety, [9]. [2018]

The purpose of this work is to describe the structural and technological parameters of a sieve mill
with a linear asynchronous drive to implement a mathematical model of the technological
process of a grain cleaning machine work. A kinematic study of the flat hinged mechanism of the
sieve mill of a grain cleaning machine was carried out, for which all geometric dimensions are
known and the laws of motion of the leading link – the electric drive of the sieve mill based on a
linear asynchronous motor are determined. As a result, the following were determined: kinematic
modes kP > kB > kH of sieve mill vibrations under various technological conditions; laws of
motion of all parts of the mechanism of the sieve mill, movement, speed (0.34, 0.36 m/s) and
acceleration (5.8, 6.9 m/s2) of the driven links; a mathematical model of the kinematic scheme of
a sieve mill of a grain cleaning machine with a drive from a linear induction motor has been
developed. The use of a linear induction motor compared to existing (classical) drive designs as a

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

drive of a sieve mill in a grain-cleaning machine significantly reduces the metal consumption of
the structure (drive shafts, transmission mechanisms, connecting rods, bearings are excluded
from the structure), and energy consumption is also reduced due to pulse drive operation; makes
it possible in a wide range of technological parameters regulation for various crops, including
various physical and mechanical parameters of the crop being cleaned, [10].[2020].

The performance of the machine was evaluated in terms of separation and cleaning efficiencies,
and separation and cleaning losses at different feed rate, sieves oscillations and sieves
inclinations; three levels of sieve slopes

(0, 5 and 10 degrees), four levels of sieve oscillation (5, 10, 15 and 20 Hz) and four levels of feed
rates (3, 6, 9 and 12 kg/min) were used. The experimental design was factorial in split-split plot.
The prototype teff grain separating and cleaning machine had the ability to winnow the
premature grains, chaff and leaves, which are lighter than grains. It was also capable of reducing
time wastage, grains loss, labour requirement and contamination. The performance evaluated in
terms of separating efficiency, cleaning efficiency, separation loss and cleaning loss at different
sieve slopes, sieve oscillations and feed rates indicate that the separation and cleaning losses
increased with increasing sieve oscillation and feed rate for all sieve slopes. But the separation
and cleaning efficiencies decreased with increasing sieve oscillations and feed rates at all sieve
slopes. The minimum losses and the maximum efficiency were achieved at 5o sieve slope for all
sieve oscillations and feed rates. The separation efficiency, cleaning efficiency, separation loss
and cleaning loss were 97.94, 98.58, 0.71 and 0.7%, respectively at sieve oscillation of 5 Hz,
feed rate of 3 kg/min and sieve slope of 5 degrees. The separation efficiency, cleaning efficiency,
separation loss and cleaning loss were 52.71, 39.88, 25.62 and 34.5%, respectively, at sieve
oscillation of 20 Hz, at feed rate 12 kg/min and at sieve slope of 5 degree, [11].

2.2. Common trends of teff farming and harvesting in Ethiopian

Currently, Ethiopia produces over 90% of the world’s teff. But because of its growing
popularity, teff production has attracted other countries including; Australia, China, India, South
Africa, and the US. Ethiopia has some major shortcomings when it comes to teff production. The
system currently relies on inefficient traditional farming practices, faces harvest losses and there
aren’t enough financial incentives for farmers to modernize the system. To meet local demand
and keep competitive, as new countries start growing the crop, Ethiopia must introduce improved
teff varieties and the government must support policies that open up the industry to encourage
technical improvement around it, [2].

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

Fig 1a teff farming and b) harvesting in Ethiopian

Figure 2: Commonly used labor-intensive sieve [3]

Sieving is a traditional and a very easy method of separation since it does not require much of
your skills. It is a cheap method as the installation cost is very low. It takes lesser time in
comparison to other methods of separation. It cannot separate two substances in a mixture, which
have the same size. For example, it cannot separate a mixture of chalk powder from flour.
Several factors have been identified to influence the operation of this unit, including the size and
shape of particles relative to the sieve aperture, the mesh size of the sieve itself, the amount of
material on the surface of the sieve, the direction of movement of the sieve, the rate of material
movement, etc. Sieving is a method of using a sieve to distinguish small particles from bigger
particles. It is used in flourmills or building sites. Impurities such as husks and stones are
extracted from wheat at flourmill. They remove pebbles and stones from sand through sieving.

2.3. Literature Gap

After critical review of the literature pertaining to the problem of teff sieving that variety of
solutions have been offered but the research seldom addresses the problem of screening teff.
More projects focuses on sand and flour cleaning. Keeping this in view a special machine needs
to be designed that will screen well the teff before milling thereby saving a labor.

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

CHAPTER THREE

3. Methodology
3. Study area
In this project specific study area has not been selected since the machine can be a usable in all
over Ethiopia. Additionally whether condition not required for the analytical analysis so that the
idea is an open ended everywhere possible to implement.

3.1. Data collection.

Before starting the design useful data’s has been collected how the traditional cleaning method is
carried out. Both data collection methods known as primary and secondary have considered to
identify the problem, and to observe how the community is suffering with the traditional method.

3.2. Primary data collection

As the primary data collection questionnaires’ has been prepared and I have distributed on their
specific hometown to know the effect of traditional commonly used cleaning method. Direct
interviewing was the other method as data gathering. Confidently this data collection was helpful
to design problem solving cost effective project for the community. The main objectives of
conducting interviews are to get accurate and relevant information from the beneficiary
themselves easily.

3.3. Secondary data collection

A well-known journal has been used to review existing related articles to identify the knowledge
gap. Newspapers, technology related publishing magazines, and books have been use as a
reference for the analytical analysis.

Figure 2.1.1 Steps in data collection

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

3.4. System Description

As shown in figure (3.5) the designed teff sieve machine operates either manually or using an
electrical energy.

Belt, pulley, frame, sieve and bearing are the major relevant components assembled to form the
machine. At the tope unclean teff has been supplied and directed to the sieve that used to remove
contaminant particles through manual and electrical energy driven machine by creating
oscillation or reciprocating method.

Operated by using electric motor

 Have more components and cost

 Low productive than the other machine
 Complex mechanisms
 Difficult to assemblies

Figure 3 Teff sieving machine

At the top of the machine there is a box as inlet and store the teff to minimize the waste it helps
as a controlling is specific area. The next part is the sieve that removes dust and other dirty
particles from the teff. The cleaned teff passes through the sieve and reaches to the tilted flat
surface in the middle that has a direction to be stored in any storage tank or polypropylene bag.
Belt and first and second stage pulley driven by an electric motor or based on the location of the
customer manually operating machine has designed. The minimum materials used means directly
has an effect on the overall cost so that this machine is cost effective than other complicated
systems. The other advantage is due to its lower weight can be moved easily. The energy
consumption is lesser since it is only a sieving machine.

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

3.4.1.Design one: Manual Teff sieving machine

The manual machine is better than the traditional method but relatively from other types related
to the productivity which means at a time how much kg of teff is cleaned it is lower in
performance and depends on the users’ potential.

Description

 Only operated manually

 Relatively less in productivity
 Simple mechanism
 Electrical power is not required
 Electrical component is not used
 Cost effective
 Labor-intensive

Figure 4 Manual Teff sieving machine

3.4.2. Design Two: Automatic Teff sieving machine

Teff is used in all over Ethiopia so that the designed machine should consider the population of
the country living in rural and urban areas that has not an access to power and has coverage of
electrical power. The automatic machine is productive even though has a limitation of
beneficiary.

 It requires more energy to clean

 The machine operated by using only electrical Energy

 Not simple in Structure as the manual machine

 It has more component that increase the initial investment

 Not usable in rural areas, for the users those are not able to access electrical power

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

Figure 5 Automatic Teff sieving machine

3.4.3.Design Three: Automatic and manual Teff sieving machine

This machine driven by electrical power and at times of no power it can be used by human power
what makes it more productive and effective machine for the sieving of teff.

 More effective in quality

 The machine operated by using electrical Energy and manually by human power
 More productive than the other designs
 Accessible widely
 Not dependent on electrical power

Figure 6 Manual and automatic Teff sieving machine

3.5. Evaluation of different designs and ranking
All designs has been characterized based on the criteria that are good enough to evaluate the
performance, social benefit, environment, safety and energy related aspects

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

The comparison has made for the selection of better design depending on the criteria as shown in
the table below and gives points of 5, 3, and 1 as a more acceptable, acceptable and poorly
acceptable. All designs have examined depending on the same evaluation criteria.

More acceptable 5

Acceptable 3

Poorly acceptable 1

Table 2.1.1 top design selection criteria

Selection criteria’s Design 1 Design 2 Design 3

Manual Automatic Manual and automatic
Time required 1 3 5
Human effort 3 5 3
Cost minimization 5 1 5
Easy to operate 5 3 5
Duration of product 1 5 5
Safety 5 3 5
Easy to assemble 5 3 3
Inexpensive 5 3 5
Total sum 30 26 36
Rank 3rd 2nd 1st

As observed from the above table based on the evaluation criteria the automatic and manual teff
sieving machine has been selected as scores better result.

3.6. Materials

3.6.1. Design of component

Material is select based on strength requirement of various components of the mechanism. The
machine is expected to be constructed from locally available materials; the component of the
machine will be:

Pulley key

Motor Sheet metal

Shaft Grinding stone disc miller

Bearing drill

Electrode Flat bar

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

3.7. Beneficiaries
The research has been designed and achieved the expected outcomes to satisfy the beneficiaries.
The directly benefited sectors of this research as a beneficiary are listed as follows:

 Government
 The small micro enterprises
 Urban and rural area individual residents
 Rural farmers
 Investors
 Large entity business sector related to milling service

3.8. Small Scale Enterprises

The community living in rural area of the country is able to produce different edible plants. The
research enables the independent farmer to improve quality of teff produced through different
farming process, this will increase income, enhance teff resilience and food security, reduce the
man power and time required.

3.8.1. Governmental
The government initiates and develops the food-water-energy nexus policy to sustain the
reduction of poverty and improve the life standard of independent farmers in the country.
Promote sustainable development goal to reduce the environmental impact and improve the food
security. The teff sieve machine increases agricultural economic output and creation of small
businesses/employment across the value chain.

3.9. Non-governmental organization

The donor and charity organization promote the life of rural farmers through providing and
funding small scale technologies to eliminate the problem associate with quality and waste
minimization and supporting in order to modify the life standard of the community

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1. Computation Analytical manufacturing process

The Teff sieve features are, the materials drop down the long line, and the machine bears the
features of different specifications. Take the partial block as the exciter, which is strong. Screen
cross-beam and box are connected by strong belt, which is with simple structure, and convenient
maintenance. With small amplitude, high frequency, large-inclination structure, high efficiency,
large capacity, long service life, low power consumption and noise. In the sieve analysis, a
suitable quantity of teff known weight is taken and sieved through a selected set of sieves
arranged to their relative sizes, with the largest aperture sieve at the top and the smallest aperture
sieve at the base. The amount of shaking depends on the shape and number of particles.

4.2. Introduction to Shaft Design

The term shaft usually refers to a component of circular cross-section that rotates and transmits
power from a driving device, such as a motor or engine, through a machine. Shafts can carry
gears, pulleys, and sprockets to transmit rotary motion and power via mating gears, belts, and
chains. Alternatively, a shaft may simply connect to another shaft via a coupling. A shaft can be
stationary and support a rotating member, such as the short shafts that support the non-driven
wheels of automobiles often referred to as spindles.

Some common shaft arrangements are illustrated as follows

Shafts can be subjected to a

variety of combinations of
axial, bending, and torsional
loads (see Figure 4.1) which
may fluctuate or vary with
time. Typically, a rotating
shaft transmitting power is
subjected to a constant
torque together with a
completely reversed bending
load, producing a mean
torsional stress and an
Figure 4.2 types of shaft and alignment
alternating bending stress
respectively.

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

Figure 4.3 different types of load applied on shaft

Determination of the diameter of the shaft

Figure 4.4 Main shaft carrying a pulley supported by two bearings

The pulley is mounted on shaft using keyways. The power transmitted by the motor to the main
shaft is 2hp.

Constant and realistic assumption taken considering specific material type

Ultimate stress of mild steel shaft is, Sut = 700 N/mm2

Yield stress of mild steel shaft is, Syt = 460 N/mm2

Rigidity, G = 79,300 N/mm2

Shear stress of mild steel shaft can be calculated as follows

τ d = σy / 2 = 460 /2 = 230 N/mm2

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

Torque transmitted by the shaft is given by

Mt = P/2(pi) n

Let

P = 2 hp = 1.5 kW

n = 900 rpm

Mt = 10 Nm

Mt = (Tt-Ts)*rhp, when the diameter of the larger pulley is 495mm

Tt-Ts = Mt / rhp

Tt – Ts = 10/0.2475 this is the force difference at the tight and slack

Tt – Ts = 40.40 N

Tt= 3Ts = so that, Ts= 20.20 N and Tt = 60.60 N

Where Tt & Ts are tight and slack tension on the belt.

The net vertical downward force acting on the shaft in the plane of the pulley is

Tt+Ts = 80.80 N

The rotational speed of the shaft

Motor rotational speed/ speed ratio

n shaft = n of motor * (d/D)

= 900 * (0.2475/0.495) = 450 rpm

Bending moment

Figure 4.5 Vertical Bending moment

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

Figure 4.6 Vertical Bending moment

BMV = (T1 + T2) * distance, so that the vertical force applied by both smaller and larger pulley
at an attached distance can be computed.

BMV = 80.80 * 200 = 16160 Nm or 16.16 Nmm

Horizontal Bending moment

BMH = Force * distance, the total distance is 200 mm and the force is applied at the middle
distance.

BMH = 200N * 100 mm = 20,000 Nmm or 20 Nm

From the bending moment diagrams, the maximum bending moment is observed at theplane of
bearing.

The resultant bending moment at the plane is

RBM = √𝐵𝑀𝑥2 + 𝐵𝑀𝑦2

RBM = √16.162 + 202

RBM = 25.712 Nm

Considering Cm = Ct = 1, then the diameter of the shaft can be calculated or If Cm = Ct = 1.5,

then the diameter of the shaft can be different.

d = 25 mm

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

4.3. Critical Speed of a Rotating Shaft

When the rotating speed of a shaft approaches its natural frequency, the shaft will vibrate
violently. If the rotating speed exceeds the natural frequency of the shaft the shaft will fail due to
the fatigue stressed induced. This speed is called the critical speed of the shaft

4.4. Geometrical analysis of belt and pulley

A belt is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more rotating shafts mechanically, most
often parallel.

Belts may be used as a source of motion, to transmit power efficiently, or to track relative
movement. Belts are looped over pulleys and may have a twist between the pulleys, and the
shafts need not be parallel. In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive the pulleys normally
in one direction (the same if on parallel shafts), or the belt may be crossed, so that the direction
of the driven shaft is reversed (the opposite direction to the driver if on parallel shafts). As a
source of motion, a conveyor belt is one application where the belt is adapted to carry a load
continuously between two points.

4.5. Centre Distance (C) for V-belt Drive

In assembling a V-belt drive, the pitch diameters of the pulleys and the belt length are usually
known. The distance between pulley centers must be determined. The belt drive used to transmit
power from one shaft to another. Due to the friction between the pulley and the belt one side of
the belt become, tight side and other become slake side. Among flexible machine elements,
perhaps v-belt drives have widest industrial application.

Belt are manufactured only for certain standards to accommodate this only for pulley has v-
shaped grove, as the belts are endless types v-belt drives do not suffer from any joint failure and
are quiet in operation v-belts constitute fabric and cords of cotton, nylon etc and impregnated
with rubber. Because of their special characteristics, flexible –connector drives have the
following advantages as compared with other connector drives. V-belt is advantageous due to the
requirement of small amount of maintenance, high reliability, high peripheral velocities, and
good adaptability to the individual application.

The dimension of the different component, pulley diameter, center diameter datum length (pitch
length) of the flexible connector and the operational characteristics speed ratio angle of warp
included angle) directly interrelated.

This distance may be approximated, as shown in figure 5, with sufficient accuracy by the
equation:

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

Figure 4.7 V-belt center distance

Belt drive is simple, inexpensive, and does not require axially aligned shafts. It helps protect the
machinery from overload and jam, and damps and isolates noise and vibration. Load fluctuations
are shock-absorbed (cushioned). They need no lubrication and minimal maintenance. They have
high efficiency (90-98%, usually

95%), high tolerance for misalignment, and are of relatively low cost if the shafts are far apart.
Clutch action is activated by releasing belt tension. Different speeds can be obtained by stepped
or tapered pulleys.

The angular-velocity ratio may not be constant or equal to that of the pulley diameters, due to
slip and stretch.

However, this problem has been largely solved by the use of toothed belts. Temperatures range
from −31 °F (−35 °C) to 185 °F (85 °C). Adjustment of center distance or addition of an idler
pulley is crucial to compensate for wear and stretch.

Force Analysis of V-Belt

F1 = T1 + Tb1 + Tc

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

F2 = T1 + Tb2 +Tc

TC =172.82 *103 Kc

STEP-1: Calculate the design power (DP)

DP = Service Factor (Table 10) x input power

STEP-2: Calculate speed ratio (SR)

STEP-3: Determine the minimum pulley diameter from table

STEP-4: Calculate the velocity of the belt (Vb) (m/sec)

Vb = Dn/60

STEP-5: Find the rated power from graph

STEP-6: Calculate the power added

Total power (hp/belt) = Rated power + power added to rated power

STEP-5: Estimate the center distance (Cesst)

STEP-6: Find the non-actual belt length (Lna)

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2 ( D ¿ ¿ 1+ D2)
Lna=2 C esst + ( D 1+ D2 ) + ¿
π 4 C esst

STEP-7: Find the standard belt length (L standard) from table)

Type of belt Standard pitch lengths of V-belts in mm

A 645, 696, 747, 823, 848, 925, 1001, 1026, 1051, 1102, 1128, 1204, 1255,
1331, 1433, 1458, 1509, 1560, 1636, 1661, 1687, 1763, 1814, 1941, 2017,
2068, 2093, 2195, 2322, 2474, 2703, 2880, 3084, 3287, 3693

B 932, 1008, 1059, 1110, 1212, 1262, 1339, 1415, 1440, 1466, 1567, 1694,
1770, 1821, 1948, 2024, 2101, 2202, 2329, 2507, 2583, 2710,2888, 3091,
3294, 3701, 4056, 4158, 4437, 4615, 4996, 5377.

C 1275, 1351, 1453, 1580, 1681, 1783, 1834, 1961, 2088, 2113, 2215, 2342,
2494, 2723, 2901, 3104, 320, 3307, 3459, 3713, 4069, 4171, 4450 4628,
5009, 5390, 6101, 6863, 7625, 8387, 9149

D 3127, 3330, 3736, 4092, 4194, 4473, 4651, 5032, 5413, 6124, 6889, 7648,
8410, 9172, 9934, 10696, 12220, 13744, 15268, 16792

E 5426, 6137, 6899, 7661, 8423, 9185, 9947, 10709, 12233,13757, 15283,

STEP-8: Calculate actual center distance

STEP-9: Find wrap angle, small pulley

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

STEP-10: Determine the correction factor (C)

STEP-11: Calculate the corrected power (hp)

Corrected Power 1.2 *C*TP

Figure 4.8 The pulley system

The pulley material has been selected in order to resist corrosion, fatigue, heat and load. The
most common material used to produce the load carrying components should be in precision.

Table 4.2 The pulley materials

No Component Material
1 Belt (V-belt) Rubber
2 Bearing (Ball) Chrome steel
3 Pulley Cast-iron
4 Frame (flat bar) Steel
5 Teff holder Sheet metal
6 Sieve Steel mesh
7 Shaft Mild steel

The diameter of the pulley (D) may obtain from either velocity ratio consideration or a
centrifugal stress consideration. We know that the centrifugal stress induced in the rim of the
pulley, the pulley design conducted with the belt design since these two components are
assembled to each other in the machine. Continuously running component durability is not long
as much as non-rotary mechanical parts. Different size pulleys are engaged with the belt.

Center Distance

C= 𝐵±√𝐵2−32(𝐷−𝑑)2

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Where,

D= diameter of the larger pulley

d= diameter of the smaller pulley

The unknown “B” can be computed as follows

B = 4L-2π (D-d)

In this case the length of the belt cannot be assumed so that the center distance between the
pulleys assumed with the consideration of the total machine length and the height from the
bottom at which the motor has placed. Based on the critical observation let’s assume the center
distance “C”

C = 800 mm

16 computed to identify the value of “B”

B = 7234.5

Calculate the total length of the belt “L” as follows

B = 4L-2π (D-d)

L = 2272 mm or 2.272 m

 Contact angle of the smaller pulley

θd = 180- 2 sin-1 ((D-d)/2C) θd = 158.75

Tension ratio

 𝑇1 /𝑇2 = 𝑒µ𝜃𝑑 µ = 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.3

𝜃𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

𝑻𝟏/ 𝑻𝟐= 𝟐.𝟐𝟗𝟕

The equation used to identify the peripheral velocity of the belt on the driving pulley.

 V = (πdn)/60

V= 23.33 m/s

 P = (T1-T2)* V

1.5/23.33 = T1-T2

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

T1-T2 = 64.29

T1 = 2.5 T2

2.5 T2 – T2 = 64.29

T2 = 42.9 N and T1 = 107.16 N

Where,

T1= tension in the right side of the belt, and

T2 = tension in the slack side of the belt

4.6. Analytical computation of Motor

Based on the required power for the application 2hp motor has been selected and the rotational sp
eed is 900rpm.

The power and rotational speed data has taken from the manufacturer.

The torque applied by the motor can calculate by using the power equations.

T= P*ω= 𝑃𝑥60,000

2𝜋𝑛

Where,

n= speed of rotation of electric motor

P = power transmitted by electric motor

ω = angular speed of the electric motor

T = Torque

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

1.7. Design of proper key for the machine

A key is a made up of mild steel inserted at the attachment of pulleys for motion creation and
power transmission. Mechanical keys used as provisional fasteners and attached to considerable
movement that leads it to quick damage and shortened life.

4.7. Design of crushing key

The most commons method of transferring power (torque) of the connected pulley and belt with
an electric motor is by means of a key. Various kinds of keys are shown in Figure 7.

Figure 4.9 different types of keys

Basic Parameters used to design a key

Width of the key, W= d/4 =30/4 = 7.5mm

Thickness of key, t= d/4 = 30/4 = 7.5mm

The shear stress of the material is 40mpa = 40N/mm 2

The crushing stress of the key material = 70N/mm 2

(a) Shear and crushing in key

Torque transferred

T= 60,00037.3) (60,000 *)/ (2xx150)

Tangential force at shaft surface:

F = T/r

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

Area in bearing for key

Ac= ½ h1

Compressive stress:

σ=F/A

c = F/A

ns = σyp/ σc

Area in shear for key

As s= w*l 12.7mm89mm 6.35mm1049 mm 2.

Shearing stress in key:

F/As

Ns= yp

B) Area in shear for bolts,

As = d

4.8. Appropriate bearing for teff sieve machine

Most bearings support rotating shafts against either transverse (radial) or thrust (axial) loads. To
minimize friction, the contacting surfaces in a bearing may be partially or completely separated
by a film of liquid (usually oil) or gas; these are sliding bearings, and the part of the shaft that
turns in the bearing is the journal. The surfaces in a bearing may be separated also by balls or
rollers; these are known as rolling bearings. In the illustration, the inner race turns with the shaft.

Under certain combinations of load, speed, fluid viscosity, and bearing geometry, a fluid film
forms and separates the contacting surfaces in a sliding bearing; this is known as a hydrodynamic
film. An oil film can also be developed with a separate pumping unit that supplies pressurized oil
to the bearing; this is known as a hydrostatic film.

The compressive strength of the bearing element at different temperature must be sufficient to
support the load acting at the bearing otherwise it will be deformed it has no enough strength.

It should have the property of wear resistance, corrosion resistance and fatigue strength. The
materials must have thermal conductivity at high speed or loads where heat is generated at high

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

rates the ability of the bearing materials to conduct heat away from friction surface to the
operating temperature.

A bearing is a machine element, which supports another moving machine element known as
journal that is the portion of the shaft resting on the sleeve. It permits a relative motion between
the contact surfaces of the members while carrying the load. Since there is a relative motion
between the bearing and the moving element a certain amount of power must be absorbed in
overcoming friction, and if the surface actually touches there will be a rapid wear

Both sliding and rolling frication bearing are used in shaft supports, the various bearings are

a. Roll bearings

i. Ball bearing

ii. Roller bearing

b. Plain bearing

4.9. Bearing selection criteria

The various considerations in the selection of bearings are as follows

Performance requirements and operating conditions

 Bearing type and arrangement

 Bearing size
 Lubrication

Lubrication - The main purposes of lubrication in bearings are

 To reduce friction and wear between rubbing surfaces

 To carry of heat into which frictional work is connected
 To provide protection against corrosion

All lubrication grouped into three general types: -

 Fluids
 Greases
 Solid film lubricants

Both oils greases used to lubricate the sliding bearing and rolling bearing

 Bearing Interfaces
 Operating temperature and speed
 Bearing implementation
 Sealing, mounting and dismounting

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

Ball bearings are less proof to heating and permit larger speeds. They are less sensitive to small
alignment errors. However, ball bearings have higher load capacity. Therefore, for food
processing machine ball bearing selected because of advantage over the other bearing.

Depending upon the nature of contact the antifriction ball bearing has been chosen.

Figure 7 boll Bering

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

4.10. Automatic and man power driven teff sieve machine outcomes
Separation efficiency tended to decrease with increasing sieve oscillation while separation loss
increased with increasing sieve oscillation. The increase in the separation loss percentage was as
sieve oscillation increased in Hz. The decrease in separation efficiency and increase of separation
loss with increasing sieve oscillations may be due to less resident time of materials to be
separated on the sieve. Higher sieve oscillations, forced grains and chaff to bounce without
adequate time to reside on the sieve so that the separation and cleaning to take place, hence poor
or low level separation became eminent leading into low separation efficiency and high
separation loss. Concluded that high oscillation frequency lead, in general, to faster movement of
grains on the sieve, hence less time was available for the grains to pass through materials on the
sieve and sieve holes. They also indicated that at high sieve oscillation, grains and teasing be
discharged without passing through the sieves perforations. Furthermore, it was learnt that sieves
at high oscillation frequency could serve as conveyor rather than a means to sieve and sift
through to effect separation.

Dominant parameters on the sieving process

 The performance of the machine was significantly affected by feed rate, sieve oscillation
and sieved teff holder slope in that order of dominancy
 Separation and cleaning efficiencies in general decreased with the increasing sieve
Oscillation and feed rate, while separation and cleaning losses increased with the
increasing sieve oscillation and feed rate;
 The separation efficiency related to time slightly increase as sieved teff holder slope
increased from 0 to 10 degrees
 The separation and cleaning losses were decreased as sieve vibration increased

High levels of feed rate and sieve oscillation is considered are inefficient and cannot obtain
satisfactory or acceptable efficiencies and losses; The study clearly indicated the optimum
combination of sieved holder slope, sieve oscillation and feed rate to be 10 degree, 5 Hz and 3
kg/min, respectively for the designed machine developed; and The multiple regression analyses
made and the equations developed can be used as corner stones and spring boards to select
optimum combination of the variable parameters to further develop and/or improve seeds and
grain separating and cleaning machine. The multiple regression analysis made the level
correlation coefficients were used to identify parameters that had a dominant effect on separation
and cleaning efficiencies and associated losses. The dominant parameter feed rate on separation
efficiency.

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

Table 5.3 Regression analysis

Regression Equation 2R
SE Vs SS, SO and FR SE = 128.044 -0.52xSS -3.21xSO -2.593Xfr 0.834
SL Vs SS, SO and FR SL = -14.231 +0.513xSS +1.163xSO +1.45xFR 0.824
CE Vs SS, SO and FR CE = 137.008 -1.251xSS -2.82xSO -3.558xFR 0.802
CL Vs SS, SO and FR CL = -22.78 +0.738xSS +1.657xSO +2.108xFR 0.783
The designed teff sieve machine is able to minimize the number of labor, saves a time and also it
produces more pure teff than the traditional common method, and the machine sieves 180kg-
200kg per hours in average considering 3 minutes of oscillation for 10 kg of teff. Expected
outputs of the machine

Advantages of adopting teff sieve machine small scale technology

 Improve the quality of the teff

 Applicability with combined manual and electric motor as start up
 Time saving , cost effective machine has designed
 This machine develops productivity. Output of the machine volume is very high.
 To reduce influential vibrate and sounds.
 Reduce man power and time consumption.
 Simple design to assemble and to use.
 Minimize wastage of product due to it component.
 Simply operated by unskilled person.

Table 5.4 General relevant parameters and specification of the Teff sieve machine

NO. Descriptions Details

1. Name of the machine Teff sieving machine

2. Working width 700 * 460 cm
3. Dram diameter 60cm
4. Height of the machine 150 cm
5. Length of the machine 110cm
6. Source of power Electrical energy and man power
7. Motor power 2 hp
8. Source resource to manufacture Locally available materials
9. Cost of equipment, Birr 30, 887.5 ETB

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4.11. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY AND COST ANALYSIS

4.11.1. FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
Feasibility analysis: -A feasibility study aims to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths
and weaknesses of an existing project or proposed machine to design, opportunities and threats
present in the environment, the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects
for success.

Feasibility study was carried out using existing method of producing teff sieving machine.
Different existing designs were look at, modification made, optimization for profit done,
environment, ease of use and minimization for loss consider.

4.11.2. TECHNICAL ASPECT

Technical requirement entails workable properties a material should have, and they include
machinability, forgability, malleability, ductility, weld ability, cast ability, etc. all the selected
material to build the teff sieving machine is best in technically for our project. Engineers and
manufacturers have choices of the material and products they use to design projects Material
choice depends on several factors including first cost, life cycle cost and performance for a
specific application. Due to growing interest in sustainable development engineers and
manufacturers are motivated more than ever before to choose materials that are more sustainable.

4.11.3. ECONOMIC ASPECT

Economic Requirement: - Economic requirement in teff sieving machine project production of
teff sieving machine entails the affordability of the material for fabrication and
commercialization. It would be profitable to manufacture at a high cost and to sell teff sieving
machine in good price to manufacturing sector investors and other sector and sub sector
stakeholders in economic infrastructure. In today‘s markets, manufacturing companies,
especially small ones, struggle to increase their profits because of the high competitiveness and
globalization. Therefore, more efforts are directed towards reducing production expenses. To this
end, the impact of the various value- added, supporting, and non-value-added activities on the
cost of the product or service should be investigated. Today, manufacturing companies are
becoming more information intensive, highly flexible, and immediately responsive to the
customer expectations current economic circumstances accelerate the developments of new Fire-

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

wood saving multipurpose outdoor cooking oven. Whereas the process technology impacts the
mix-design strategy, it seems obvious that manufacturing process is prone to evolutions.

4.11.4. SOCIAL ASPECT

Teff sieving machine project production of sieving and chuff removing process is required large
amount of human power that is it require large amount of human power that participate in
manufacturing projects. Therefore this teff sieving machine project production of sieving and
chuff removing process is labor intensive it creates good job opportunities too much
unemployment condition in my country and in my wereda of Daye town of sidama regional state.
Sufficient job creation for its growing workforce, especially for the youth and women. In my city
daye the number of manufacturing industry grow time to time by the coming year and
employment expanded annually. At the same time, fertility rates in bensa zone daye city remain
high and the population is very young, with an average of many people entering the labor force
each year. As a result, youth who are neither employed nor in school (NEET), represent large of
the total, which is high by international standards. Moreover, the women are at an advantage in
employment outcomes because my teff sieving machine project is easy and comfortable for
women.

 Increase structural transformation and high productivity. The share of employment in

construction has remained virtually changed between since in high structural
transformation in the economy. About two thirds of the employed work in manufacturing
sector with lowest labor productivity. Labor productivity overall remains substantially
below many comparator countries.
 High quality of jobs and high formality. Most jobs created domestically are of low
quality in the informal sector.
 Strong private sector and formal business creation and growth. The formal private sector,
squeezed by the large public and informal sectors, is developed and the entry rate of new
firms connected to teff sieving machine project. In most countries, the creation of good
jobs depends on a thriving formal private sector. In daye, formal wage employment in
the private sector represents just small percent of total employment. The rate of entry of
formal businesses remains low and there are indications that small businesses have
difficulties or disincentives to grow formal employment. The teff sieving machine

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

project share of latent entrepreneurs who try to start a business pointing to significant
barriers reduced by entrepreneurship of the new teff sieving machine project.

Initial investment cost

The cost of the product is often overriding consideration marketable and general customer
satisfaction most purpose of calculating cost. The value of money id decreasing and components
has increased about 50% of the recent year’s price.

As an initial investment to produce the first working model machine the following different three
categories of costs are required. Obviously the mass production will reduce the expense for the
future.

Designing cost

Material cost

Labor cost

Manufacturing cost

Electric bill

4.12. Material cost

Table 6.5 Teff sieve machine cost

No Materials Specification Measurem Quantity Unit Total

ent price cost

1 Sheet metal 2m * 1m Number 2 3500 7000

2 Sieve 700*460 cm Number 1 700 1400
3 Electrode 2 ∅(e 6013) Kg 1 250 250
4 Anti- rust painting Red Kg 1 165 165
5 Electric Motor 2hp Pcs 1 6500 6500
7 Belt V- belt Pcs 1 250 250
8 Angle iron 6m Pcs 1 400 400
9 Bolt and nut M18x40mm length Pcs 5 20 100
10 Brush Small Number 1 50 50
11 Pulley 495 mm∅ Pcs 1 2200 2200
12 Pulley 200 mm∅ Pcs 1 900 900

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

13 Bearing Ball-bearing Pcs 2 350 700

Total 19,915.00
Contingency 10% 1,991.5
Manufacturing and labour cost

Total cost of the machine

Manufacturing cost= Material + labor cost + energy cost + profession fee

= (19,915+1991.5) + 5310 + 200 + 2000

Total manufacturing initial investment cost= 29,416.5 ETB

Considering 5% of profit this machine join the market to be sold by 30, 887.5 ETB, according to
the location of the customer the transportation cost will be added.

Since this is the first working model the initial investment cost is expensive the mass production
and utilization of surplus material for other machine construction can play a big role in order to
reduce the price as well as the profession fee for designer and other cost will not be required for
the future manufacturing process.

4.13. Manufacture Analysis

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

4.13.1. Part drawing

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Figure 10: lag plat Figure 11: Teff Holder or Hooper

Figure 12: Crank arm Figure 13: Sieved arm

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Figure 14: hoper detail Figure 15: handle assemble

10

100 500

200

1200
1

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Figure 16: Teff sieve details

Figure 17: Teff sieves

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Figure 18: Teff holder view

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4.13.2. Assembly drawing

3D Design

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

CHAPTER FIVE

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Conclusions
Teff has the largest value in terms of both production and consumption in Ethiopia and the value
of the commercial surplus of teff is second next to coffee. Performance evaluation to quantify the
effects of the sieved teff holder slopes, sieve oscillations and feed rates on separation and
cleaning efficiencies and associated losses when separating chaff and cleaning teff grains and
teasing was made. Flat sieve, oscillation caused through vibration and at varied feed rates was
investigated to identify the optimum combination of the variables in question. Based on the
performance evaluation made and results are obtained. Significance relief for users that can clean
200 kg of teff per hour is designed. Time saving, applicable with power and without which
relates to the consistency of cleaning processes are the major significance outputs of the
machine.

5.2. Recommendation
As a group we have tried to accomplish this project successfully even though the time is not
allowed as to meet and work together because of COVID 19 and living in distances were also a
big challenge.

 Most of the basic design work has covered and some further works are recommended for
the future researchers as follows
 The machine is manually and electrically operated so solar photovoltaic integrated
system can be designed
 Power calculation from solar PV to run the electric motor
 Detail needs assessment and market analysis in Ethiopia context considering all cities
 To study existing problem of current waste management practices in the fast- growing
sub-urban area.
 Environmental and social benefit and effect of the machin.

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Design of teff sieving machine by using mechanical and electrical system, March 2015

REFERENCES

[1] Doris Piccinin, M.S. R.D. 2010, “More about Ethiopian Food: Teff” Department of Nutrition
and Food Service Tsegazeab Woldetatios, PhD, Agronomy, Medical Interpreter at Harborview
Medical Center Date Last Reviewed: 6/8/2021 https://ethnomed.org/resource/moreabout-
ethiopian-food-teff/

[2] The conversation, 2019. “Ethiopia needs to improve production of its “golden crop” Teff.
Here’s how” https://theconversation.com/ethiopia-needs-to-improve-production-of-its
goldencrop- teff-heres-how-112987

[3] Two field workers sieve grains of harvested rice into a large basket west Bali Indonesia

[4] https://byjus.com/chemistry/sieving/ Date Last Reviewed: 6/8/2021

[5] Swapnil Bandgar , Dnyaneshwar Chate, Vijay Dongare , Dipak Mirpagar,2018. “Review of

Multi-level Sand screening Machine and Analysis of Vibration mechanism”

[6] Rustam Aipov, Andrey lineko, Ildar badretidnov, marat tuktarov, salavat Akchurin, 2020.

“Research of the work of the sieve mill of a grain-cleaning machine with a linear asynchronous
drive” DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2020240

[7] Abayineh Awgichew and Abebe Fanta, 2015. Design and Construction of Tef Grain and

Chaff Separator and Cleaner. International Journal of Engineering Research.3(6): 556-561.

Articles Available Online Http://Www.Ijoer.In

[8] salavat ackchurin,2020 “Mathematical modeling and study of the grain cleaning machine
sieve frame operation” DOI:10.35633/inmateh-60-02

[9] Rustam Aipov, Andrey Linwko, Marat Tuktarov, 2020. “Research of the work of the sieve
mill of a grain-cleaning machine with a linear asynchronous drive”.

[12] MOHAD EFFIB MOHJEE “Design and fabricate sieve machine 2008”.

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