BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULITY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING
PROJECT TITLE: DESIGN OF CHIP COMPACTOR MACHINE

HOISTING CAMPANY: AMHARA METAL INDUSTRYAND

MACHINE TECHNOLOGY ENTERPRISE (AMIMTDE)

SUBMITTED BY

ABEBE MULU

AGUATE KASSA

ABRIHAM MOLLA
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

STUDENT DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this report describes our four month stay in (AMIMTDE) and
that all sources of material and picture used while compiling this report have been duly
acknowledged and we approve this by our signature.

Declared by:

Abebe mulu …………………

Abreham molla ……………..

Aguate kassa ………………..

Date ……………………..

On behalf of our project work the above declaration made by the candidate to certify
the best of our contribution knowledge that we have:

Monitor : Abeba Desalegn, signature………, date……

Feburary 24,2021 I
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We want to express our special gratitude those individually who helped us in preparing
this project work. We heartily thank company adviser Mr. AWOL Muhabew and
university adviser Ms. Ababa Desalegn who guide our work and made the necessary
correction. Finally, we would like to thank, the machinist and librarian for everything
those they have sacrificed a lot for our project by giving their time.

Feburary 24,2021 II
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT
Metal Chips, especially of ferrous metals, are widely recycled and substitutes metal
ores in steel making. The collection, storage and transportation of metal chips is an
important aspect in the process of recycling. This project focuses on the compaction
and creation of metal chips briquette for ease of storage as well handling and
transportation of metal chips as a whole. The project is carried out mainly in two parts.
First, the compactor machine is designed keeping the size as compact as possible and
ease of availability of materials required to build it. Then the machine is constructed
with mild steel sheet metal and other hardened metal objects, later the briquette is
studied for its weight, and compaction ratio required creating it. The briquettes obtained
from different compaction methods are compared with the briquette obtained from this
machine for its density and compaction ratio analytically. The loss factors are estimated
for briquettes in retaining of the lubricants coated on the chips as thin films. These
values are compared with analytical estimates in the literature.

Feburary 24,2021 III

AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

LIST OF TABLE
Table 3.1 material selection standards ............................................................. 51
Table 3.2: - Selection standard cylinders ......................................................... 57
Table 3.3 standards of motor power selection, all dimensions in kW. ............ 61

Feburary 24,2021 IV
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

LIST OF FIGURE
Fig1.1agricultural equipment manufacturing................................................. 4
Fig 1.2 food processing equipment manufacturing........................................ 6
Fig 1.3 lathe machine ..................................................................................... 7
Fig 1.4 milling machine ................................................................................. 8
Fig 1.5 NC cutting machine ........................................................................... 8
Fig 1.6 shearing machine ............................................................................... 9
Fig 1.7 bending machine ................................................................................ 9
Fig 1.8 rolling............................................................................................... 10
Fig 1.9 CNC lathe machine .......................................................................... 10
Fig 3.1 main frame. ...................................................................................... 25
Fig 3.2 upper cover. ..................................................................................... 26
Fig 3.1 single transverse fillet weld ............................................................. 29
Fig 3.3 pin. ................................................................................................... 30
Fig 3.4 one eye link. ..................................................................................... 32
Fig 3.5 double eye link................................................................................. 37
Fig 3.6 spring carrier. ................................................................................... 40
Fig 3.7 base plate ......................................................................................... 43
Fig 3.8 inlet cover. ....................................................................................... 45
Fig–3.2 double transverse fillet weld ........................................................... 47
Fig 3.9 spring. .............................................................................................. 49
Fig 3.10 hopper ............................................................................................ 55

Feburary 24,2021 V
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Table of Contents

STUDENT DECLARATION ........................................................................................ I

ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................................................... II

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. III

LIST OF TABLE .........................................................................................................IV

LIST OF FIGURE......................................................................................................... V

Chapter one .................................................................................................................... 1

Historical background of the company .......................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Enterprise Engagement .................................................................................... 1

1.3 Location ........................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Enterprise Mission Vision Values Duties and Responsibilities....................... 2

1.5 Objectives of the hoisting company................................................................. 4

1.6 Main product or service of the company ......................................................... 4

1.7 Machines of the company ................................................................................ 7

1.7.1 Lathe machine ....................................................................................... 7

1.7.2 Milling machine .................................................................................... 7

1.7.3 NC gas cutting machine ........................................................................ 8

1.7.4 Shearing machine .................................................................................. 8

1.7.5 Bending machine .................................................................................. 9

1.7.6 Rolling machines .................................................................................. 9

1.7.7 CNC machines .................................................................................... 10

1.8 Main costumers or end user of the product to the organization ..................... 10

1.9 Organizational Structure ................................................................................ 11

1.10 Work flow .................................................................................................. 11

Feburary 24,2021 VI
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

1.11 Raw Materials .............................................................................................. 12

1.12 Major challenges and problem ..................................................................... 12

Chapter two .................................................................................................................. 14

Over all internship experience ..................................................................................... 14

2.1 Introductions .................................................................................................. 14

2.2 Benefits that we have gained from the internship .......................................... 15

2.2.1 Gained in terms of improving practical skill and upgrade theoretical

knowledge .................................................................................................... 15

2.2.2 The gained in terms of improving team playing skill ......................... 16

2.2.3 The gained in terms of improving leadership skills ............................ 16

2.2.4 The gained in terms of understanding about work ethics issue, industrial
physiology and related issues....................................................................... 16

2.2.5 The gained in terms of entrepreneurship skill..................................... 17

2.2.6 Interpersonal communication skills .................................................... 17

2.3 Recommendation ........................................................................................... 18

Chapter three ................................................................................................................ 20

Design of chip compactor machine.............................................................................. 20

3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 20

3.2 Problem statement .......................................................................................... 20

3.3 Literature review ............................................................................................ 21

3.4 Scope of the project ....................................................................................... 23

3.5 Objectives ...................................................................................................... 23

3.5.1 General objective ................................................................................ 23

3.5.2 Specific objectives .............................................................................. 23

3.6 Advantages and limitations ............................................................................ 23

3.6.1 Advantages .......................................................................................... 23

3.6.2 Limitations .......................................................................................... 23

Feburary 24,2021 VI
AMIMTDE I
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

3.7 Methodology .................................................................................................. 23

3.8 Components of chip compactor machine ....................................................... 24

3.9 Design specification ....................................................................................... 24

3.10 Design analysis ............................................................................................ 25

3.10.1 Design of main frame and upper cover of the hopper ...................... 25

3.10.2 Design upper cover of hopper ........................................................... 27

3.10.3 Design of the pin ............................................................................... 30

3.10.4 Design of link .................................................................................... 32

3.10.5 Design of double eye gate and link ................................................... 36

3.10.6 Design of the spring carrier............................................................... 40

3.9.7 Design of inlet cover ........................................................................... 45

3.10.8 Design of the spring .......................................................................... 49

3.10.9 Design of hopper ............................................................................... 54

3.10.10 Cylinder and piston selection .......................................................... 55

3.10.11 Pump selection ................................................................................ 59

3.10.12 Selection of motors ......................................................................... 60

3.10.13 working principle ............................................................................ 61

3.10.14 Cost estimation of chip compactor machine ................................... 61

3.11 Result and discussion ................................................................................... 65

Chapter Four ................................................................................................................ 65

4.1 Manufacturing process ................................................................................... 65

Chapter Five ................................................................................................................. 66

Conclusion and recommendation ................................................................................. 66

5.1 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 66

5.2 Recommendation ........................................................................................... 67

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 67

Feburary 24,2021 VI
AMIMTDE II
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

APPENDEX................................................................................................................. 68

Part and Assembly Drawing ........................................................................................ 69

List of symbols

L=length of briquette ................................................................................... 24

W=width of briquette ................................................................................... 24
H=height of briquette ................................................................................... 24
V=hopper capacity ....................................................................................... 24
𝜎ul=ultimate stress of the chips being compacted ....................................... 26
Fc = the force required to compact the chips ............................................... 26
Ac = compact area ....................................................................................... 26
L=stroke length ............................................................................................ 27
H or t=briquette height (thickness) .............................................................. 27
𝜏s=shear stress ............................................................................................... 27
As = shear area ............................................................................................. 27
t= thickness of the main frame ..................................................................... 27
𝜏𝑠 = 12000𝐾𝑁/260 ∗ 𝑡 .............................................................................. 27
sf=factor of safety ........................................................................................ 27
Patm=atmospheric pressure ......................................................................... 28
𝜎t=tangential stress ....................................................................................... 28
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 .............................................................. 28
t= throat thickness ........................................................................................ 29
s = leg or size of weld .................................................................................. 29
l = length of weld ......................................................................................... 29
d = diameter of pin ....................................................................................... 31
P=reaction force ........................................................................................... 33
Fc=compaction force ................................................................................... 33
Wcr =cripping load ...................................................................................... 34
t= thickness of the link, and ......................................................................... 34
b= width of the link ...................................................................................... 34

Feburary 24,2021 IX
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

I=moment of inertia ..................................................................................... 34

K=radius of gyration .................................................................................... 34
t=thickness of the link .................................................................................. 34
p = the tensile force acting on the link ........................................................ 39
d= the diameter of the pin ............................................................................ 39
d2 = outer diameter of the double eye link and the gate ............................... 39
t= thickness of the gate ................................................................................ 39
t2 = thickness of the double eye link ............................................................ 39
𝜎t, 𝜏s = the permissible stresses for the joint material in tension, and shear
respectively. ................................................................................................. 39
T = torque acting on the vertical plate ......................................................... 41
L = length of weld ........................................................................................ 41
S = size or leg of weld ................................................................................. 41
Ff = friction force ......................................................................................... 50
𝜇 = coefficient of friction........................................................................... 50
FH = pulling force which is applied to the gate ............................................ 50
Fn = normal force ......................................................................................... 50
Lf=free length .............................................................................................. 54
Z’=number of turns ...................................................................................... 54
P=pitch of the coil ........................................................................................ 54
Z=number of coil ......................................................................................... 54

Feburary 24,2021 X
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Chapter one

Historical background of the company

1.1 Introduction
The Amhara Metal Industry and Machine Technology Development Enterprise
(hereinafter called “AMIMTDE) is an autonomous government development enterprise
established by the Council of Regional Government on November 28, 2004 with the
regulation Number 127/2014 intending to create and build up one strong metal
engineering centers in the region which carries out the tasks of manufacturing and
commercializing metal and machine technology products so as to alleviate impediments
in technology supply and utilization within the manufacturing industry and agricultural
sector.

AMIMTDE works focusing on copping and adapting appropriate technologies.

Evaluating each technology for technical merit, commercial opportunity and state of
appropriateness, it implements the design development, production of prototypes and
then harvesting it, consecutively, for those feasible and selected technologies. The mass
production operation for verified technologies will be carried out through outsourcing
and own capacity. The large amount of production is intended to be manufactured
through outsourcing with critical follow up and quality control process, how each part
of the technology is performed per proposed functionality regarding capable of being
made economical and to be attractive for the targeted consumers.

The Enterprise comes to operation since the 4th quarter of 2008 after Bahir Dar and
Kombolcha branches of Agricultural Mechanization Research Centers have been
transferred into the enterprise by the regional government decision on December 1,
2008. The human and material resources in the two mechanizations used as an engine
to start its technology development in the existing workshops. Moreover, these
workshops are used to capacitate the skills of engineers and produce prototypes that are
going to be used in the new manufacturing factories besides to generating revenues.

The Enterprise is now found on project implementation phase. Four factories, such as,
general flexible manufacturing factory, foundry plant, transformer maintenance plant
at Bahir Dar site, and farm implement factory at Kombolcha site.

1.2 Enterprise Engagement

The enterprise is engaged in the 7 (seven) engineering and metal subsectors
manufactured in demand driven based, namely;

General Equipment manufacturing sub program.

1. Agricultural machinery manufacturing sub program.

2. Food processing and packaging materials manufacturing sub program.

Feburary 24,2021 1
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

3. Main machinery parts manufacturing sub program.

4. Construction equipment manufacturing sub program.
5. Transportation of manufacturing Equipment sub program.
6. Environmental protection equipment manufacturing sub program.

1.3 Location
The center is located in Bahir Dar city, Keble 07 beside the Papyrus Hotel along the
high way to Addis via Ties Abbay or locally around Amado gebeya. It is situated
approximately 11.60’ latitude, and 37.38’ longitude, 1770 Altitude(m).

1.4 Enterprise Mission Vision Values Duties and Responsibilities

Mission

Maintain, produce market and import metal and machine technology to market the
world's largest technology and manufacturing industries which will challenge the
agricultural and industrial technologies of the world and ensure stable institutional
growth.

Vision

Be one of Africa's top 10 technological capabilities by 2017.

Motto

Building competitiveness''.

Major values

While all ethical codes are preserved, focus on the following values.

 Passionate about the customers.

 Employees are the heart of the business.
 Committed to deliver exceptional values.
 Profitability is the core of the business.
 Build trust and act with honesty.
 Believe in working together as a team and as a partner.
 Never stop learning and growing.
 Respect the environment.

Duties and responsibilities

Feburary 24,2021 2
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

In order to achieve the objectives of the enterprise following details and responsibilities
will be provided.

1. Identifies the region's technological needs, develops medium- and long-term

strategic plans.
2. Collect, extract information technology supporting the development from
inside and outside the country, undertake feasibility studies and undertake
studies, develop technologies and improve product and service delivery.
3. Use of metal and machine technology products equipment and other related
inputs.
4. Participates in investment, such as in the Stock Exchange.
5. It uses economic strategies based on market law to generate its own human
resources and machinery usage policies.
6. In collaboration with national and international machineries and machine
technology manufacturers and consumers as appropriate.
7. Conduct task-oriented studies and researches for the region's technology
development.
8. Adapt and adapt the appropriate and suitable technologies to the community and
facilitate ways to provide them.
9. Prepares necessary technical designs for the overall development of the region,
and shall distribute samples for use in the service.
10. Facilitate the establishment of industrial institutions that play a role in the
transfer of technologies in the region.
11. Provides training, technical and consulting services to defective manufacturers
and service providers.
12. It will be able to support private investors, associations, micro and small
enterprises and other stakeholders engaged in technology development.
13. Shares of the entities or institutions that support the development of the region
in various ways shall contribute to the development of the support that shall be
provided.
14. Design and support the necessary mechanisms in the area of technology
development and development.
15. Cooperate with the colleges and universities of research centers in the Regional
State.

Feburary 24,2021 3
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

16. Promotes standards for the best and the best technologies and promotes the
utilization of services in various ways and creates market linkages.
17. It deals with the law under the law, owns the property and prosecutes it by
name.

1.5 Objectives of the hoisting company

The General objective of the enterprise is to full fill the gaps of Agricultural
technologies encountered the small folder farmers for increasing production and
productivity of the agricultural products. And To realize the economic structural
transformation of the region by supporting the manufacturing industry sector with
technology.

1.6 Main product or service of the company

The following are the main product or service of the company:-

I. Agricultural equipment manufacturing

Most products of the company are agricultural products, which are valuable for our
country. Because our country economy is majorly depend on agriculture. This company
simplifies the production method of agriculture. Such thresher, Sheller, Milking
equipment and harvesting Technology.

Fig1.1agricultural equipment manufacturing

II. Shaping Machines
 Shaping machines uses huge load per stroke and also it Remove much chip
per stroke as we compare it with lath and Milling machines.
 Shaping machines are generally used for producing flat surfaces
 In shaper machine cutting motion is given to reciprocating Cutting tool &
feed motion to work piece.
Product

Feburary 24,2021 4
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 Hooks and clamp bolt -Pulley Products

 Spindle big -Taper lock
 Nut -elevating Rod
 Presentation bolt -chock support
 Bevel gear -Belt connector
 Piston Ring -bolt
 Key -helical gear
III. Transportation equipment manufacturing

In developing countries especially, in Ethiopia transportation is ahead ache for the

people. Because; most societies are unable to use their own transportation. So, the
company assists the people by manufacturing local and cheap transportation
equipment’s.

IV. Food processing equipment manufacturing

Since, food is one of the basic needs for human being the company plays a great role
for a society by importing different food oven machines. Now a days, eating three times
in a day.

Feburary 24,2021 5
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Fig 1.2 food processing equipment manufacturing

V. General equipment manufacturing

The company has functional and general machines that can manufacture various
products for general purpose. Some examples of general equipment manufacturing
machines are:

 Manufacturing and selling machine spare part

 Advising and training service
 Shed construction for large store/ reservoir etc.

VI. Machine building factory

This factory was developed for huge machine production and assembly and
maintenance.

Product Service

 Industrial machinery -Consultancies

 Construction machinery -Training on machine tools building technology.
 Farm machinery -Machine erecting and commissioning
-Up grading convectional machine to NC and
CNC

Feburary 24,2021 6
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

1.7 Machines of the company

1.7.1 Lathe machine

Lathe is one of the most versatile and widely used machine tools all over the world. It
is commonly known as the mother of all other machine tools. The main function of a
lathe is to give the materials required shape and size.

Fig 1.3 lathe machine

1.7.2 Milling machine

Milling is a machine that the metal or work piece is cut by means of a rotating cutter
having multiple cutting edges. For cutting operation, the work piece is fed against the
rotary cutter. As the work piece moves against the cutting edges of milling cutter, metal
is removed in the form of chips. There are different types of milling cutters.

Feburary 24,2021 7
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Fig 1.4 milling machine

1.7.3 NC gas cutting

machine
NC cutting machine is operated with acetylene gas which used to cut different shapes
such as, curve circle and ellipse.

Fig 1.5 NC cutting machine

1.7.4 Shearing machine

This machine is used to cut sheet metal in sheet metal shop.

Feburary 24,2021 8
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Fig 1.6 shearing machine

1.7.5 Bending machine

The main function of this machine is bending sheet metal.

Fig 1.7 bending machine

1.7.6 Rolling machines

These machines are used to roll sheet metal.

Feburary 24,2021 9
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Fig 1.8 rolling

1.7.7 CNC machines

Fig 1.9 CNC lathe machine

1.8 Main costumers or end user of the product to the organization
The above products that produced in the company are selling to local market customers
like

 Amhara regional state administration office-car parking and shade

 Bahir Dar University-mixer and fish feed Pelletizer machine
 Rural society-agricultural product.
 Graduate and postgraduate students.
 Different governmental and non-governmental organization
 Agricultural research institutes
 Enterprises
 Different industries
 Ministry of health
 Researchers

Feburary 24,2021 10
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

1.9 Organizational Structure

Chart: 1.1 organizational Structure of AMIMTDE

Board of director

General Manager

Audit service
System service
Planning, ICT and law service

Deputy (vice) manager

Technology Quality Marketing Purchasing

exposure procurement Human
development control
and and , finance and resource
assessment
marketing process purchasing property
preparation process management

Agriculture Preparation of Finance

development design marketing coordinator
coordinator coordinator
Purchasing
Product sales coordinator
Industrial
coordinator
development design Property
coordinator Industrial input management
purchasing coordinator
Biophysical coordinator
economics research Product specific factor
coordinator General
Marketing work shop Metal product and
preparation
machine coordinator
coordinator
Wood shop coordinator Assembling coordinator

Electrical and electronics Machine installation

coordinator coordinator

1.10 Work flow

Chart: 1.2 work flow of AMIMTDE

Problem Value Technology Design Prototype

identification explanation selection manufacturing
preparation
Feburary 24,2021 11
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Fig.

Market Cost Patent Marketing Prototype

advertisement estimation permission explanation testing

Sale plan Giving Product Production Manufacturing

preparation training promising preparation

Evaluation

1.11 Raw Materials

Raw materials in AMIMTDE are imported from different countries

 The raw materials are in the form of:-

 Cylindrical rods with different diameter

 Hexagonal rods with different size
 Wires of different diameters
 Plates of different thickness
 Sheet metals with different thickness

 Most of the materials are steel but bronze and aluminum are also
applicable.

1.12 Major challenges and problem

1. There is shortage of organized data; reference books and no permission

to students copy any material from the company.

2. The company has no pocket money and other benefits for the students;
like work clothes and soap for cleaning.
3. Shortage of man power on mechanical engineering, so it becomes difficult
for us asking and getting real information.
4. The company has high wastage of material.
5. All machines are old, used and huge for no reason. And also some
machines are sometimes blocked.

Feburary 24,2021 12
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Feburary 24,2021 13
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Chapter two

Over all internship experience

2.1 Introductions
Primarily; like any other students, after BIT gives us the application paper for the
companies we were searching; the companies which can accept and which company is
change our theoretical knowledge in to practical. Finally, we decided to be here we
applied to Amhara Metal Industry and Machine Technology Development Enterprise.
After then, the response was positive. Before proceeding to any of our activities we go
to our contacting person who is manager of the company. We were talking with him
clearly and he told as we start to attend the practice on September 19, 2020.

 Within the four month of intern ship time specifically we are grouped under
design shop but we work in different workshops of AMIMTDE by
communicating with shop workers Such as,
 Machine shop
 Wood shop
 Assembly shop
 Sheet metal shop
 Welding shop
 Design shop
 Maintenance shop
A. Machine shop
In this shop the experience that we have got is;
 We understand the working principle of the machines in this shop
 We practiced how different spare parts are produced with the
machines in this shop
B. Wood shop
The experience that we have got in this shop is:
 We understand how different structures are made from wood
 We also understand how different structures made from wood are
assembled
 We identify types of tools used in wood shop
B. Assembly shop
In this shop the experience that we gain is:
 Understand how different components of the machine are
assembled.
 Understand the mechanism of assembling.
 Infer some concept about the defects occur during assembly.
D. Sheet metal shop
The experience we have got in this shop is:
 Understanding the shearing mechanism of sheet metals.

Feburary 24,2021 14
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 Gaining some concept about bending mechanism of sheet metals.

 Inferring some concept about rolling and pipe bending.
 Understanding the working mechanisms of different sheet metal
machines.
E. Welding shop
The experience we have got in this shop is:
 Understanding different types of welding.
 Understanding arc and MIG welding.
 Knowing something about defects occur during welding.
F. Design shop
The experience we have got in this shop is:
 Mainly in this shop we acquire some knowledge about mechanical
design software.
G. Maintenance shop
The experience we have got in this shop is:
 Understand how to maintain different component of cars,
transformers and machines of the company.

2.2 Benefits that we have gained from the internship

Internship is one method of making university students potentially valuable and explore
Career Avenue as well as specific companies. It is also very important to relate the
application of what we learned theoretical knowledge to practical one, improve inter
personal communication skills and understanding about work ethics as well as
entrepreneur skill.

2.2.1 Gained in terms of improving practical skill and upgrade

theoretical knowledge
From the company totally given practical application therefore it is so interesting, joy
full and good skill full than theoretical part and the cause that interesting and joy full
through practical application we were upgrading the theoretical approaches and the
formation that good theoretical one freely doing practical application.

Intern ship helps to applying our theoretical knowledge to practical experience and
working with others. The intern ship program helps us to know by touching and looking
practically that we have learnt theoretically before. We have gained the following
benefits.

 Creativity and an innovative approach to solve problems.

 Upgrading our knowledge to solve problems such as; Agricultural and
industrial problems.
 The ability to manufacture materials.
 The ability to design, and manufacture.
 Understanding about machine operations practically.

Feburary 24,2021 15
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 Effective assessment and management of risks, resource and time.

 It also helps us to consolidate and upgrading of our previous theoretical
knowledge by visiting and working on different machines. We have also
acquired more knowledge about design and manufacturing.

2.2.2 The gained in terms of improving team playing skill

Improving team work, Team work has a dramatic effect on one’s organizational
performance. An effective team can help the organization to achieve goals. We have
understood that team work is an essential thing to solve problem and nothing is
impossible when we work together. Team work also helps us to strength our
communication skill and to generate different ideas which can solve various
challenging problems. Generally, our team playing skill helps us to improve the
following qualities

 Communicate constructively
 To Be active participant
 Cooperate and help others
 Tolerate differences
 Create good approach
 Share experience
 showing commitment to the team

In general team playing skill is very important for the organization to be productive and
achieving the aim of the goal and if it archives that goals and the organizations will
success.

2.2.3 The gained in terms of improving leadership skills

Leadership skills can play a large role in career development. Often, our technical skills
can only take us so far. To help someone move forward in his career, we need soft skills
such as the ability to be a good leader. Therefore, leader ship skills are considered to be
important traits which can help us to get to the top of our career field. And we
understood which area can be controlled in order of more productive and reliable for
easiness of the work flow in the factory. Moreover we made contacts to the manager
for to understand the leading condition of one’s company. And we have learned mostly
during the regulation takes place in the industry. Generally, it made us more confident
whenever making a leadership to the future in any organization or an industry.

2.2.4 The gained in terms of understanding about work ethics

issue, industrial physiology and related issues
Work Ethics and discipline is one of the major factors for the step to professionalism.
Ethical work enables us to possess appropriate behaviors in the work and so we
developed proper relationship with co-workers and it enables us to create good working
environment. By our stay in the company, we were very punctual, daily attendant of

Feburary 24,2021 16
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

the work and responsible to our professionals. We have been guided and obeyed by the
rules and regulations of the company. Some of the work ethics are as follows:

 Punctuality
 Office discipline
 Reliability
 Honesty
 Cooperation

i. Punctuality- means keeping the companies work beginning and ending time and to
complete a given task within a given period

ii. Office discipline- in work place we should not disturb the working environment for
example opening loud voice, loud music, songs and things which disturb other worker’s
working mood.

iii. Reliability- the workers should be qualified for part we are supposed to be
performing

iv. Honesty- regarding this value each worker regardless of its status should abstain
from bad behavior such as; cheating, bias and corruption.

We are also improving our interpersonal communication skill. The purpose of

communication is to get our message across to others clearly and without ambiguity. In
ability to communicate with office mates makes it nearly impossible to compute
effectively in the workplace and sharing constructive ideas and to generate new and
difference ideas which are very important for creativeness’s and entrepreneurship of
the students.

2.2.5 The gained in terms of entrepreneurship skill

Interns, to cope up with this of work, students must been enterprising and flexible, and
may need to become entrepreneurial. Entrepreneurship can be defined as the process of
involving the creation of new enterprise and that the entrepreneur is the founder. The
major characteristics of entrepreneurs that we have been observed in the company such
that.

 Self- confident multi- skilled

 Innovative skills
 Results- orientated
 Risk- taker
 Total commitment.

2.2.6 Interpersonal communication skills

We are also improving our interpersonal communication skill. The purpose of
communication is to get our message across to others clearly and without ambiguity. In

Feburary 24,2021 17
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ability to communicate with office mates makes it nearly impossible to compute

effectively in the workplace and sharing constructive ideas and to generate new and
difference ideas which are very important for creativeness’s and entrepreneurship of
the students.

Without smooth communication with co-workers there is no satisfactory success on our

job. We have got the following basic experiences from our internship period.

 How to communicate with people operating on machines and

shops
 How to express ideas freely accordingly
 How to communicate with people working in different
companies
 Improve communication during team work which is very
important

One of the major reasons for reliable work is the work force. Many workers are
appointed a task according to their personal skills. In the duration of the internship, we
have been able to ask different kinds of people from all standards of living. Therefore,
we have gained confidence on how

 Ask different questions

 Make discussions
 Answer questions when asked
 Respond to superior and the like

Generally, from the internship Experience we had been able to upgrade our
communication skills during our internship.

2.3 Recommendation
AMIMTDE produces many different machine parts but there are some problems and
some of our recommendations for these problems are;

 Minimize material wastage

When some product ordered to produced, very large diameter material (piece) is used.
This makes a material to waste because to make smaller diameter,they need to remove
some material from it. So if they need to have a small diameter piece, must use small
diameter piece. The costumers take such responsibilities and pay the money including
for the wasted material so this may cause disagreement between the customers and the
company so, the company may lose customers. Then they should have to avoid such
silly problems.

Feburary 24,2021 18
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 Reuse waste materials

The most waste material in this industry is metal scraps and chip. These chips are not
recycled in the industry. Most of the time, it’s just thrown away and expose to
temperature and weather but if they recycle them, can save a lot of things.

 Avoid tool wear

During machining heat is generated at the cutting point. This heat generated is shared
by the chip, cutting tool and the blank. This causes rapid tool wear which reduces tool
life. So to solve this, they must avoid continuous chip formation by using chip breaker.

 Use coolant

The basic purpose of cutting fluid application is cooling of the job and the tool to reduce
the detrimental effects of cutting temperature on the job and the tool. But the machinists
don’t use coolant and there is a formation of fire due to the high contact between the
tool and job. So coolants are very important and consider it to increase the tool life.

 Maintenance

The failure of the machine is due to carelessness or unskilled labor and also improper
material or tool usage due to these and other some machines are stop working so they
need to be maintained and they can increase their profit.

Feburary 24,2021 19
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Chapter three

Design of chip compactor machine

3.1 Introduction
Metal Chips Compactors are widely used machines in recycling plants. Basically, a
metal chip compactor machine is one which applies high compressive force on a lump
of metal chips which is place in either an open or a closed die. Because of this
mechanical aspect, they are heavy, immobile and they occupy large spaces. They are
commonly used in scrap metal yards and industries with high metal swarfs, mid-scale
machine shops and large scale metal oriented products plants. The objective of the
machine is to make the volume of the chips as small as possible in order to have a
compact, high density and specific fashion of 3D shape for the purpose of reducing of
transportation cost, as well as to gain the more value for chips with same weight.
However, these machines are very expensive and are only economical in cases of huge
output of chips. The machines used in those industries use the principle of hydraulic
power to apply high pressure to achieve better compaction ratio as well as extract
cutting fluids coated on the chips. The concept of designing of a size concerned compact
and inexpensive machine is an important aspect for induction of chip compactor
machines in micro and small scale industries. The metal chips of various kinds and of
different metals possess its own characteristics and require different amount of
pressures to compact into briquettes, thus the volume of initial lump of chips for making
a specific volume of briquette changes respectively. Toss way the compaction ratio, it
is necessary to know the compression strength and spring effect of the chips, since this
allows us to design the machine die cavity from the view point of optimum pressure
application for the same force magnitude. The project is carried out mainly in two parts.
First, the compactor machine is designed keeping in the size as compact as possible and
ease of availability of materials required to build it. Then the machine is constructed
with mild steel sheet metal and other hardened metal objects, later the briquette is
studied for its weight, density and compaction ratio required creating it. The results are
compared with the available analytical estimates obtained from products of other
machines. The design and the materials required are presented. All conceptual designs
presented in this project are drafted using solid works.

3.2 Problem statement

It has been found that manufacturers in AMIMTDE are unable recycle and store the
chips properly by the use of conventional manufacturing methods so there is big need
for the development of engineering system for compensating these drawbacks. It is well
known that by using a chip compactor machine which is very important for reducing
wastage of chips and for recycling them; we can achieve a good management of chips;
ultimately have impact on national economy. As we can see today, the major problem

Feburary 24,2021 20
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

faced by the manufacturers is management of chips during manufacturing. So in order

to have solution to it, it was proposed to manufacture a chip compactor machine. So,
the manufacturers can work more easy and functional.

3.3 Literature review

S.V.Tarun; Metal Chips, especially of ferrous metals, are widely recycled and
substitutes metal ores in steel making. The collection, storage and transportation of
metal chips are an important aspect in the process of recycling. This project focuses on
the compaction and creation of metal chips briquette for ease of storage as well handling
and transportation of metal chips as a whole. The project is carried out mainly in two
parts. First, the compactor machine is designed keeping the size as compact as possible
and ease of availability of materials required to build it. Then the machine is constructed
with mild steel sheet metal and other hardened metal objects, later the briquette is
studied for its weight, density and compaction ratio required creating it. The briquettes
obtained from different compaction methods are compared with the briquette obtained
from this machine for its density and compaction ratio analytically. The loss factors are
estimated for briquettes in retaining of the lubricants coated on the chips as thin films.
These values are compared with analytical estimates in the literature.

Milan Brozek, Alexandra Novakova; The paper presents pieces of knowledge

obtained at chips briquetting at metal cutting. For briquetting the functional model of
the briquetting press of our own construction was used. Experiments were carried out
using eight chips types obtained at three different cutting methods and five different
nonferrous metal alloys. By the evaluation of the measured values the relations between
the briquettes volume density and the briquetting pressure and between the force needed
for the briquette destruction and the briquetting pressure were obtained. It was proved
that the briquettes volume density depends very much on the material which the
briquettes are made from. Next influences (cutting method, chips size) are less
meaningful. From the point of view of the relation between the destruction force and
the briquetting pressure it was found that the resistance to crushing of briquettes made
from copper alloys was minimal, the resistance to crushing of briquettes made from
aluminum alloys was major and the resistance to crushing of briquettes made from zinc
alloys was the highest.

Sean Dyer, Bao Ngo, Kurt Wivagg; for over a hundred and fifty years, steel making has
been of great importance to the building of industrial America. Before the 1850s, steel
was not widely used, and for the most part, was entirely unheard of in some areas of
the world. However, beginning in the 1850s with Henry Bessemer's Bessemer process,
steel was quickly being produced cheaply and in large quantities. This process gave
steel the advantage over wrought iron. As with most metal processing, steel acquires
surface defects during its production. A common way of removing these surface defects
is by a process called abrasive chip removal. The process utilizes a highly abrasive
grinding wheel, which grinds off a small portion of the surface in order to remove

Feburary 24,2021 21
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

surface defects and impurities. This process produces small grain-size steel chips, and
Saint Gobain Abrasives is looking for a way to recycle these chips. This project, done
in conjunction with Saint-Gobain Abrasives, responds to the rising cost of nickel and
chromium, the major components of stainless steel by conducting a comprehensive cost
analysis of the stainless steel production and recycling processes. Background research
was performed with company surveys for important information about specific
machines, which recycle stainless steel chips. With these data, conclusions were
prepared about the cost-effectiveness of recycling as opposed to selling or dumping the
stainless steel chips. A cost structure analysis and new recycling methods for specific
applications were proposed.

Todor Penchev, Dimitar Karastojanov, Ivan Altaparmakov; for briquetting of metal

chips hydraulic and mechanical presses are used. The density of the briquettes in this
case is about 60% - 70 % on the density of solid metal. In this work the results of
experimental studies for briquetting of metal chips are presented, by using a new
technology for impact briquetting. The used chips are by Armco iron, steel, cast iron,
copper, aluminum, and brass. It has been found that: in a controlled impact the density
of the briquettes can be increases up to 30% at the same specific impact energy Es
(J/sm3) the density of the briquettes increases with increasing of the impact velocity
realization of the repeated impact leads to decrease of chips density, which can be
explained by distribution of elastic waves in the briquette. The following characteristics
which distinguish controlled impact briquetting than other types briquetting are
established. Obtained in this work and in results shows that briquetting of the metal
chips with a controlled impact increases the density of the briquettes with up to 30% in
comparison with a hydraulic press briquetting.

Dipl-Ing Andreas Jess Berger, RUF Gmbh & Co KG; many industrial production
processes include mechanical machining of cast parts by means of turning, milling and
drilling. The chips produced in these processes can be recycled. While cast parts are
traditionally machined by specialized companies operating as suppliers to other
industries, there is a marked trend towards preliminary and final machining of parts
directly in the foundries. Specialized machining companies sell their chips as scrap
material, while foundries use it as a bulk material in their own melting units or sell it to
scrap dealers. In contrast to steel chips (grade 5), cast iron chips are not officially
classified. In reality, they are, however, treated and traded as a separate grade. Cast iron
chips are generally sold at a higher price than steel chips. The material is used primarily
in foundries, steel mills or chemical processing plants. For this reason, cast iron chips
are generally collected, stored and sold separately from other scrap material. Loose
chips have, however, many disadvantages. Hence compared with large-part scrap (sheet
metal, casting scrap etc.), chips get considerably lower market prices.

Feburary 24,2021 22
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

3.4 Scope of the project

 The machine can solve the problem of wastage since it enhances good handling
and recycling of chips.
 It provides alternatives for industries aiming towards reducing human effort.
 Labor cost is reduced.
 It increases the value of scrap metal.

3.5 Objectives

3.5.1 General objective

To design a chip compactor machine for more profitable, less time consuming, less
cost, light weight, use friendly and portable.

3.5.2 Specific objectives

 Design of chip compactor machine components with their respective
components.
 Clearly show each parts and its assembly of chip compactor machine.
 Identify geometrical analysis of components.

3.6 Advantages and limitations

3.6.1 Advantages
 Saves labor time and money
 Increases the value of the scrap metal
 Transportation, handling and storage costs are lowered as a result of the
volume reduction
 Cutting Fluids can be reclaimed and re-used
 Improves housekeeping
 Controls leakage
 Alleviate any potential cross contamination with other materials
 Allows you to accurately monitor the amount of scrap being produced
 Increase available floor space by reducing scrap storage area
 Free of coolant, reducing your potential EPA liability’s

3.6.2 Limitations
 It does not take the chip directly from the machine
 The machine is available for selected metals

3.7 Methodology
The steps from the planning stage to fabrication stage were decided by thoroughly
studying the above mentioned objectives. The steps in the methodology are as follows;
conducting survey and analyzing the metal chips, designing a suitable heating chamber

Feburary 24,2021 23
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

for heating the metal chips, designing a suitable piston and die arrangement for
compaction, designing the pneumatic circuit for a continuous ramming process,
fabrication of the machine and testing it.

3.8 Components of chip compactor machine

Main frame (upper and lower cover of hopper)

 Pin
 Link
 Double eye gate and link
 Design of the spring carrier
 Design of inlet cover
 Spring
 Hopper

3.9 Design specification

 Suitable chips for compaction
 Cast iron
 Bronze
 Stain less steel
 Aluminum
Compacted briquette dimension
𝐿∗𝑊∗𝐻
260 ∗ 200 ∗ 150
Compaction pressure
𝑃 = 400𝑀𝑃𝐴
Hopper capacity
𝑉 = 12𝐿
Where

L=length of briquette

W=width of briquette

H=height of briquette

V=hopper capacity

Feburary 24,2021 24
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

3.10 Design analysis

3.10.1 Design of main frame and upper cover of the hopper

Fig 3.1 main frame.

This body is the main frame of the machine which is used as a supporter for all assembly
of the body in both sides as basement and upper cover. They are joined together by
weld and the chip is compacted through.

Feburary 24,2021 25
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Fig 3.2 upper cover.

Force analysis of the frame

When the compaction process is done, the compaction force is applied on the frame, it
is exert its own effect.

𝜎𝑈𝑙 = 𝐹/𝐴𝑐

𝐹𝑐 = 𝜎𝑢𝑙 ∗ 𝐴𝑐

Where,

𝜎ul=ultimate stress of the chips being compacted

Fc = the force required to compact the chips

Ac = compact area
But from the given briquette dimension

𝐴𝑐 = 200 ∗ 150 = 30000𝑚𝑚2

𝐹𝑐 = 𝜎𝑢𝑙 ∗ 𝐴𝑐

But the ultimate stress is equivalent with pressure capacity=400Mpa

𝐹𝑐 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎 ∗ 30000𝑚𝑚2

= 12000𝐾𝑁

Material selection for the frame

AISI 1117 steal

The selection of AISI 1117 carbon steel contains more manganese than other lower-
carbon steels in order to ensure good hardenability.

𝜏𝑠 = 770𝑀𝑝𝑎

Stress analysis of the frame

We analyses the stress appeared on the frame is shear stress.

𝐴𝑠 = 𝐿 ∗ 𝐻

Feburary 24,2021 26
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Where; L=stroke length

H or t=briquette height (thickness)

𝜏𝑆𝐷 = 𝐹𝑐/𝐴𝑠 ….
Where; FC=compacting force

𝜏s=shear stress

As = shear area
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

= (820 ∗ 150)𝑚𝑚2

= 123,000𝑚𝑚2

𝜏𝑠 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝑐
= 𝐴𝑠

= 12000𝐾𝑁/123000𝑚𝑚2

= 97.56𝑀𝑝𝑎
Now we can find the thickness of the main frame, t from the shear stress
formula.
t= thickness of the main frame
𝜏𝑠 = 𝐹𝑐/𝐴𝑠, … … . 𝐴𝑠 = 260 ∗ 𝑡

𝜏𝑠 = 12000𝐾𝑁/260 ∗ 𝑡
12000
770 = = 59.9, . . . 𝑡 = 59.9𝑚𝑚
260 ∗ 𝑡
For more convenient value of the thickness is =60mm

Factor of safety, 𝑠𝑓 = 𝜏𝑠/𝜏𝑠𝐷 = 770/97.56 = 7.89 = 8 the design is safe.

Where sf=factor of safety

3.10.2 Design upper cover of hopper

The upper cover of the hopper is used to protect the chip from any unwanted materials.
It simply covers the hopper after and before field.

Force analysis of the upper cover

The upper cover is subjected to only come from the atmospheric pressure.

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.325 𝐾𝑃𝑎

𝐹 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚/𝐴, … . . 𝐴 = 𝐿2 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐿.

Feburary 24,2021 27
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

𝐹 = 101.325 𝐾𝑃𝑎/(820 ∗ 820)

𝐹 = 0.15𝑁

Stress analysis of the upper cover

/The upper cover of the hopper is subjected to only stress from the atmospheric
pressure.

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.325 𝐾𝑃𝑎

Where Patm=atmospheric pressure
Material selection

AISA 1030

Hot-rolled

Since, to select the hot rolled 1030 steel is a grade that has:

 Moderate strength and hardness

 Fair machinability, ductility, and good weldability.

𝜎𝑡 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 200𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜎t=tangential stress

𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

Type of weld

We select single transverse fillet types of weld.

Because, the joint has one member to form an intersection and only tensile stress is
applied.

Feburary 24,2021 28
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Fig 3.1 single transverse fillet weld

Assumptions:

 Since the weld is weaker than the plate due to slag and
blow holes there for the weld is given a reinforcement
which may be taken as 10% of the plate thickness.
 In order to determine the strength of the fillet joint, it is
assumed that the section of fillet is a right angled triangle
with hypotenuse making equal angles with other two
sides.
Where,

t= throat thickness

s = leg or size of weld

l = length of weld
We find that the throat thickness

From the right angle triangle

𝑡 = 𝑠 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45 = 0.707𝑠

 minimum area of the weld or throat area

A=throat thickness*Length of the weld
𝐴 = 0.707𝑠 ∗ 𝐿
From the above fig 𝑃 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝜎𝑡

𝑃 = 0.707𝑠 ∗ 𝜎𝑡, 𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑃 = 12000/2 = 6000𝐾𝑁

Feburary 24,2021 29
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

6000𝐾𝑁 = 0.707𝑠 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 200𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝐿 = 820𝑚𝑚……….standard of stroke length.

6000𝐾𝑁 = 0.707𝑠 ∗ 820 ∗ 200𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑠 = 51.7𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑠 = 52𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 0.707 ∗ 52 = 36.8𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑡 = 37𝑚𝑚

Factor of safety, 𝑠𝑓 = 𝜎𝑡/𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎/200𝑀𝑝𝑎 = 2 the design is safe.

3.10.3 Design of the pin

Fig 3.3 pin.

Here there are two types of pins the short one is used to connect both links whereas the
long one is used to hold the whole assembly with ground rigidly. They are from the
same material and the same diameter except their length.

The pins are in double shear

Material selection

AISI 1118 steal

This material is selected for the construction of pin due to

 Good welding property

 Its machinability rate is high around 85
 It can be machined using conventional techniques

Feburary 24,2021 30
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

𝜏𝑠 = 803𝑀𝑃𝐴

𝐹𝑐 = 12000𝐾𝑁

Force analysis of the pin

Then the force exerts on the pin joints, at the pin head and nut assembled part. Let, P is
reaction force.
𝐹
𝑃 = 2 , … … . . 𝑃 = reaction force acting at the pin joint
12000𝐾𝑁
=
2
𝑃 = 6000𝐾𝑁

Standard dimension

 We manufacture pins of standard dimension with size ranging between ø20 -

ø200 in diameter and 50 - 1000mm in length.
 Size of pins exceeding above ranges can also be manufactured through
discussions with customers.

Let, d = diameter of pin

𝑑 = 85𝑚𝑚

𝐿 = 200𝑚𝑚

Stress analysis of the pin

Since, the pins are in double shear, therefore load on the pins

𝑃
𝜏𝐴𝑙𝑙 =
𝐴𝑠

𝑃 = 6000𝐾𝑁 since the load is equally shared by the pins

𝜋𝑑2 ∗2 2∗𝜋∗852
𝐴𝑠 = =
4 4

Now, 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (6000000𝑁 ∗ 2)/(𝜋 ∗ 852 )

𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 528.68𝑀𝑝𝑎

Feburary 24,2021 31
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Now we can calculate the other dimensions of the pin by using the diameter of 𝑑 =
85𝑚𝑚.

Therefore,

 The thickness of pin collar, 0.5 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.5 ∗ 85𝑚𝑚 =

44𝑚𝑚
 The diameter of pin head is taken as, 1.5𝑑 = 1.5 ∗ 85𝑚𝑚 =
128𝑚𝑚
 The diameter of pin collar also, 1.5 ∗ 𝑑 = 1.5 ∗ 85𝑚𝑚 =
128𝑚𝑚
 The tip of the pin also, 0.25𝑑 = 0.25 ∗ 85𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
22𝑚𝑚
 Thickness of pin head, 0.5𝑑 = 0.5 ∗ 85𝑚𝑚 = 42.5𝑚𝑚
Factor of safety, 𝑠𝑓 = 𝜏𝑠/𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 803/528.68 = 1.52 = 2 the design is safe.

3.10.4 Design of link

Fig 3.4 one eye link.

Force analysis of the link

The force acting on the link joints. Specially at the hinged parts.

Therefore,

Feburary 24,2021 32
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑐 /2

Where, P=reaction force

Fc=compaction force
𝑃 = 12000𝐾𝑁/2

𝑃 = 6000𝐾𝑁

Stress analysis of the link

Actually the links are used for the free motion of opening and closing operation then
there is not that much force acting on them. Anyhow due to the load the links may
buckle.

Assumption

 The links are hinged at both ends and for buckling in a

plane perpendicular to the vertical plane, it is
considered as fixed at both ends.

Material selection

Cs700

This material is selected for the construction of link. Due to the following properties.

 Good corrosion resistance

 High strength after cold forming

𝜎𝑡 = 700𝑀𝑃𝐴

𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑝/𝐴𝑤, … … 𝐴𝑤 = 𝑡 ∗ 𝐿=area of weld.

𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 6000𝐾𝑁/(60 ∗ 180)

𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 555.56𝑀𝑝𝑎

We know that load on the links

𝐹 = 6000𝐾𝑁 since, the total load is shared by links.

Feburary 24,2021 33
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Then let take, 𝑊𝑐𝑟 = 6000𝐾𝑁 no need of factor of safety since the links are used only
for opening and closing system.

Then, 𝑊𝑐𝑟 = 6000𝐾𝑁

Where Wcr =cripping load

t= thickness of the link, and

𝑡 = 60𝑚𝑚

b= width of the link

Assuming that the width of the link is three times the thickness of the link, that is,

𝑏 = 3𝑡, therefore,

𝑏 = 3 ∗ 60 = 180𝑚𝑚

Cross-sectional area of the link,

𝐴 = 3𝑡 ∗ 𝑡 = 3𝑡2

And moment of inertia of the cross-section of the link,

1 1
𝐼 = ∗ 𝑡 ∗ (𝑏)3 = 12 𝑡(3𝑡)3 = 0.25𝑡 4
12

We know that the radius of gyration,

𝐼
𝐾 = √𝐴

𝐼
𝐾 = √𝐴

2.5𝑡 4
𝐾 = √ 3𝑡 2

𝐾 = 0.866𝑡

Where, I=moment of inertia

K=radius of gyration

t=thickness of the link

Feburary 24,2021 34
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Now let us consider the buckling of the link,

Moment of inertia of the cross-section of the link,

𝑏∗𝑡 3 3𝑡∗𝑡 3
𝐼 = = = 0.25𝑡 4
12 12

And cross-sectional area of link is,

𝐴 = 𝑡 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑡 ∗ 3𝑡 = 3𝑡 2

Therefore,

Radius of gyration,

𝐼 0.25𝑇 4
𝐾 = √ =√ = 0.29𝑡
𝐴 3𝑇 2

Since for buckling of the links, the ends are considered as fixed, therefore,

Equivalent length of the link,

Again according to rankine`s formula,

Buckling load or crippling load(cr),

𝜎𝑐∗𝐴
𝑊𝑐𝑟 = , where 𝑎 = 1/7500,
𝑙 2
1+𝑎(𝑘)

(For both ends hinged, 𝐿 = 𝑙)

[For both ends fixed, 𝐿 = 𝑙/2]

𝐿 = 226/2 = 113𝑚𝑚

Feburary 24,2021 35
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

𝐿 = 226𝑚𝑚=Equivalent length of the connecting rod, and

a= Constant
= 1 / 7500, for mild steel
= 1 / 9000, for wrought iron
= 1 / 1600, for cast iron
555.56𝑀𝑃𝐴 ∗ 3𝑡2
𝑊𝑐𝑟 =
1
1+
113 2
7500( )
0.29𝑡
2
555.56𝑀𝑃𝐴 ∗ 3(60𝑚𝑚)
𝑊𝑐𝑟 =
1
1+
113 2
7500( )
17.4

103,626𝑁
𝑊𝑐𝑟 =
1
1+
7500 ∗ 42.18
Through some rearrangement yields,

103,626𝑁
𝑊𝑐𝑟 =
1

𝑊𝑐𝑟 = 103,626𝑁

Since this buckling load is more than the calculated value (that is 6000KN), therefore
the link is safe for buckling.

Then, 𝑡 = 60𝑚𝑚 and 𝐿 = 180𝑚𝑚

Factor of safety, 𝑠𝑓 = 𝜎𝑡/𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 700/555.56 = 1.256 = 2 the design is safe.

3.10.5 Design of double eye gate and link

The double eye gate is used to shut the chip during the compressing time until it gets
the desired shape. Whereas the double eye link is used to pull the double eye gate after
the full compaction of the chip through the spring loaded mechanism.

Feburary 24,2021 36
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Fig 3.5 double eye link.

Material selection

Grade – 2

Cs 700

This material is selected for the construction of double eye gate and link. Due to the
following properties.

 Good corrosion resistance

 High strength after cold forming

𝜏𝑠 = 733𝑀𝑃𝐴

𝜎𝑡 = 755𝑀𝑃𝐴

Based on the standard formula, diameter of the pin is already given, then;

Thickness of the gate = 0.75 ∗ 85𝑚𝑚 = 63.75𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦, 64𝑚𝑚

Thickness of double eye link = 0.75 ∗ 85𝑚𝑚 = 63.75𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦, 70𝑚𝑚

Let, 𝑡2 = 70𝑚𝑚

The outer diameter of the double eye link is = 𝑑2 = 2𝑑 = 170𝑚𝑚

Feburary 24,2021 37
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Force analysis of the double eye gate and link

The force acting on the double eye gate and link joints. Specially at the hinged parts
of the links and the double eye gate.

Therefore,

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑐 /2

Where, P=reaction force

Fc=compaction force

𝑃 = 12000𝐾𝑁/2

𝑃 = 6000𝐾𝑁

Stress analysis of the double eye gate and link

 The tensile load acting on it is P, due to this we calculate the tensile stress.

𝑃 = (𝑑2 − 𝑑) ∗ 2 ∗ 𝑡 ∗ 𝜎𝑡

6000000𝑁 = (170𝑚𝑚 − 85𝑚𝑚) 2 ∗ 70𝑚𝑚 ∗ 𝜎𝑡

𝜎𝑡 = 6000000𝑁/(170𝑚𝑚 ∗ 70𝑚𝑚)

𝜎𝑡 = 504.2𝑀𝑃𝐴; Therefore, due to tensile stress the design is safe.

 The shear load acting on it is P, due to this we calculate the shear stress.

𝐴 = (𝑑2 − 𝑑) ∗ 2𝑡1 then,

𝑃 = (𝑑2 − 𝑑) ∗ 2𝑡 ∗ 𝜏𝑠

6000000𝑁 = (170𝑚𝑚 − 85𝑚𝑚) 2 ∗ 70 ∗ 𝜏𝑠

𝜏𝑠 = 6000000𝑁/11900𝑚𝑚2

τs = 504.2MPA; Therefore, due to shear stress the design is safe.

Methods of checking failurities

Feburary 24,2021 38
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Let, p = the tensile force acting on the link

d= the diameter of the pin

d2 = outer diameter of the double eye link and the gate

t= thickness of the gate

t2 = thickness of the double eye link

𝜎t, 𝜏s = the permissible stresses for the joint material in tension, and shear
respectively.
In determining the strength of the joint for the various methods of failure, it is assumed
that.

1. There is no stress concentration, and,

2. The load is uniformly distributed over each part of the joint

Due to these assumptions, the strengths are approximated however they serve to
indicate a well-proportioned joint.

The most critical failurities are

Since, they have the same geometric and they are from the same material so no need to
check individually.

1. Failure of the double eye link in tension.

The double eye link end may tear off due to the tensile load.

We know that area resisting tearing therefore, tearing strength of the double eye link

𝑃 = (𝑑2 − 𝑑) ∗ 2 ∗ 𝑡 ∗ 𝜎𝑡

6000000𝑁 = (170𝑚𝑚 − 85𝑚𝑚) 2 ∗ 70𝑚𝑚 ∗ 𝜎𝑡

𝜎𝑡 = 6000000𝑁/(170𝑚𝑚 ∗ 70𝑚𝑚)

𝜎𝑡 = 504.2𝑀𝑃𝐴

Since this one is less than the permissible tensile stress of the material then it is safe.

2. Failure of the double eye link and gate in shearing

The forked end may fail in shearing due to the tensile load. We know that area resisting
shearing,

Feburary 24,2021 39
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

𝐴 = (𝑑2 − 𝑑) ∗ 2𝑡1 then,

𝑃 = (𝑑2 − 𝑑) ∗ 2𝑡 ∗ 𝜏𝑠

6000000𝑁 = (170𝑚𝑚 − 85𝑚𝑚) 2 ∗ 70 ∗ 𝜏𝑠

𝜏𝑠 = 6000000𝑁/11900𝑚𝑚2

𝜏𝑠 = 504.2𝑀𝑃𝐴

Then it is safe since it is less than the allowable shear stress and sf is greater than one.

𝑠𝑓 = 𝜏𝑠 /𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 733𝑀𝑃𝐴/504.2𝑀𝑝𝑎 = 1.45 = 2 design is

safe.

3.10.6 Design of the spring carrier

Fig 3.6 spring carrier.

The spring carrier is used to hold the spring at a proper position.

Material selection

Grade – 3

Cs 840

Since, the spring carrier carries the spring in tension and compression it requires a
strong material so due to its high strength cs840 grade-3 is suited to this function.

Feburary 24,2021 40
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

𝜏𝑠 = 840𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 557.14𝑀𝑝𝑎

Force analysis of the spring carrier

The spring carrier is subjected to the reaction force, P at both sides of spring carrier.

𝐹 = 𝐹𝑐/2 = 12000𝐾𝑁/2

𝐹 = 6000𝐾𝑁

The desired type of weld is,

 Long fillet weld

Because, the joint has a long member to be welded form an intersection and is subjected
to both shear and tensile stress.

Consideration

 A vertical plate attached to a horizontal plate by two identical

fillet welds
 The effect of the applied torque is to rotate the vertical plate
about the -x - axis through its mid-point.

This rotation is resisted by shearing stress developed between two fillet welds and the
horizontal plate.

Torque analysis acting on spring carrier

Let, T = torque acting on the vertical plate which is,

𝑇 =𝐹∗𝑅

𝑇 = 6000𝐾𝑁 ∗ 170𝑚𝑚 = 1020000𝐾𝑁𝑚𝑚

L = length of weld

S = size or leg of weld

t= throat thickness

And, through some rearrangement,

Feburary 24,2021 41
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

𝜏 = 3𝑇/(𝑡 ∗ 𝑙 2 )

Since the maximum shear stress occurs at the throat and is given by

𝜏𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 4.242𝑇/(𝑠 ∗ 𝑙^2 ) since, 𝑡 = 0.707𝑠

4.242𝑇
𝑆 =
𝜏 ∗ 𝑙2

4.242∗1020000000𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑆 = since, 𝐿 = 200𝑚𝑚;
557.14𝑀𝑃𝐴∗(200𝑚𝑚2 )

Where, L is length of weld.

𝑆 = 194.15𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦, 200𝑚𝑚

Since, 𝑡 = 0.707𝑠

𝑡 = 0.707 ∗ 200𝑚𝑚 = 141.14𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦, 150𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 150𝑚𝑚

𝑠 = 200𝑚𝑚

Shear stress analysis of the throat area

The shear stress is occur when the compaction process perform.

𝐹 𝐹
𝜏 = = 𝑡∗𝐿
𝐴𝑡

Where, 𝐴𝑡 = throat area weld

L=length of weld

t=thickness of weld

𝐹 6000𝐾𝑁
𝜏 = = = 200𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑡∗𝐿 150∗200

Factor of safety = 𝑠𝑓 = 𝜏𝑠/𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 840𝑀𝑝𝑎/200𝑀𝑝𝑎 = 4.2 design is safe.

Stability of the machine(base plate)

Feburary 24,2021 42
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Fig 3.7 base plate

During the compaction process the whole assembly of the machine may move forward
so, it should be pinned by two 85mm pins to the ground.

And also the lower plate of the hopper is welded to some other grounded plate to make
safe the stability of the whole machine.

Material selection

Grade - 1

Cs640

Since, it requires a strong material so due to its high strength cs640 grade-1 is suited to
this function.

𝜎𝑡 = 640𝑀𝑃𝐴

Feburary 24,2021 43
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎

Type of weld

Single transverse fillet welded joint. Because, the joint has one member to form an
intersection and only tensile stress is applied.

Since, 𝐹 = 6000𝐾𝑁

Assumptions

 Since the weld is weaker than the plate due to slag and blow
holes, therefore the weld is given a reinforcement which may
take as 10% of the plate thickness.
 In order to determine the strength of the fillet joint it is
assumed that the section of fillet is a right angle triangle with
hypotenuse making equal angles with the other two sides.

Where, t= throat thickness

S = leg or size of weld

L = length of weld, which is, 200mm

We find that the throat thickness;

𝑡 = 𝑠 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45 = 0.707𝑠

 Maximum area of the weld or throat area,

A = throat thickness ∗ length of weld

𝐴 = 𝑡 ∗ 𝑙 = 0.707𝑠 ∗ 𝑙

Then,

𝑝 = 0.707𝑠 ∗ 𝑙 ∗ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙

6000000𝑁
𝑠 = 0.707∗400∗200𝑚𝑚

𝑠 = 114.24𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦, 120𝑚𝑚

Feburary 24,2021 44
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

𝑠 = 120𝑚𝑚

Since,

𝑡 = 0.707𝑠

𝑡 = 0.707 ∗ 120𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 84.84 𝑠𝑎𝑦, 90𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 90𝑚𝑚
Factor safety= 𝑠𝑓 = 𝜎𝑡/𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 640𝑀𝑃𝐴/400𝑀𝑝𝑎 = 1.6 = 2 design is
safe.

3.9.7 Design of inlet cover

Fig 3.8 inlet cover.

The inlet cover is used to cover the chip after the hopper is filed enough by the
chip.Then; the most critically induced stress is shear stress

Material selection

AISI 3140

Material is best suited for the inlet cover due to:

 Its high hardness, strength and toughness

Feburary 24,2021 45
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 Also these material can be machined easily in the annealed

condition
 Its resistance to corrosion is also one reason

Heat treatment of material

 Annealed

𝜏𝑠 = 793𝑀𝑃𝐴

𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 610𝑀𝑝𝑎

Force analysis of the inlet cover

The inlet cover subjected to the compaction force and the load of chip is fully interred
in hopper.

𝐹𝑐 = 12000𝐾𝑁 + 30𝑁

Therefor ;

𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐹𝑠/𝐴𝑠

Since, 𝐴𝑠 = 150𝑚𝑚 ∗ 𝑡

12000𝐾𝑁
610𝑀𝑃𝐴 = 150𝑚𝑚∗𝑡

12000𝐾𝑁
𝑡= since, there is double shear stress,
610𝑀𝑃𝐴∗150𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 131.14𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦, 140𝑚𝑚

𝑡 = 140𝑚𝑚

Stress analysis of the inlet cover

The inlet cover is subjected to shear stress from compaction force and direct stress from
the load of the chip.

Shear stress;

Feburary 24,2021 46
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

𝜏𝑠 = 𝐹𝑐/𝐴 … 𝐴 = 𝐿2 =area of the inlet cover.

= 12000𝐾𝑁/(150 ∗ 150)

= 519.39𝑀𝑝𝑎

Tensile stress;

𝜎𝑡 = 𝑊/𝐴, … . . 𝐴 = 𝐿2 =area of the inlet cover.

𝑊 = 30𝑁

𝜎𝑡 = 30/23104

𝜎𝑡 = 0.0013𝑀𝑝𝑎

Design for the welded joint also, we select a double transverse joint weld.

Because, the joint has two members to form an intersection and subjected to both tensile
and shear stress.

Fig–3.2 double transverse fillet weld

Assumptions

 The section of fillet is a right angled triangle with

hypotenuse making equal angles with other two sides.

Feburary 24,2021 47
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 Since the weld is weaker than the plate due to slag and blow
holes therefore, the weld is given a reinforcement which may
be taken as 10% of the plate thickness.

Where, t= throat thickness

S = leg or size of weld

L = length of weld

We find that the throat thickness,

𝑡 = 𝑠 ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45 = 0.707𝑠

 Minimum area of the weld or throat area

A = throat thickness*length of weld
𝐴 = 𝑡 ∗ 𝑙 = 0.707𝑠 ∗ 𝑙

𝜎t = tensile stress for the weld metal

P = force acting at the weld joint

Material selection

AISI 610

17-22A

This material is selected for the purpose of weld due to its:

 ultra-high-strength,
 high-temperature strength, and
 high-heat resistance. It is mostly used for parts that are
exposed to high temperatures for short
period

𝜎𝑡 = 845𝑀𝑃𝐴

Now, p = throat area∗ 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑃 = 0.707𝑠 ∗ 𝑙 ∗ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙

Feburary 24,2021 48
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Since, the weld is double fillet weld then,

𝑃 = 2 ∗ 0.707𝑠 ∗ 𝑙 ∗ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑃 = 1.414𝑠 ∗ 𝑙 ∗ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 by substituting the values yields,

12000𝐾𝑁 = 1.414𝑠 ∗ 𝑙 ∗ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙

12000000𝑁
𝑆 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝐿 = 150𝑚𝑚
1.414∗150𝑚𝑚∗704.2𝑀𝑃𝐴

𝑆 = 80.34 𝑠𝑎𝑦, 81𝑚𝑚

𝑆 = 81𝑚𝑚

And also 𝑡 = 0.707 ∗ 81𝑚𝑚 = 57.27𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦, 58𝑚𝑚

Factor of safety= 𝑠𝑓 = 𝜏𝑠/𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 793𝑀𝑃𝐴/ 519.69𝑀𝑝𝑎 = 1.5 = 2 the

design is safe.

3.10.8 Design of the spring

Force analysis of spring

Fig 3.9 spring.

Assumptions

Feburary 24,2021 49
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 The pulling force which is applied to the gate due to the

mechanism of spring loaded should be greater than the
friction in between the chip and the two eye gate. Then it is
easily opened and the chip gets out through smoothly.

Since there is no vertical force acting on the gate so, let’s begin from the equation, that
the summation of all forces acting on the gate horizontally,

Where,

Ff = friction force

𝜇 = coefficient of friction

FH = pulling force which is applied to the gate

Fn = normal force
Then, 𝐹𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝐹𝑓 = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 00. So,

𝐹𝐻 − 𝐹𝑓 = 0

And also, 𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇 ∗ 𝐹𝑁 now substitute in the above equation yields,

𝐹𝐻 – 𝜇 ∗ 𝐹𝑁 = 0

Based on the criterion poor work man ship or very slow and frequent motion without
lubrication and hard material let’s take,

μ = 0.21

𝐹𝑛 = by considering 6000KN only half part of the gate.

𝐹𝑛 = 6000𝐾𝑁/2 = 3000𝐾𝑁

Since, the chips are very fine then let’s assume that the maximum force that is exerted
by the hydraulic at the end of the gate is half of 6000KN which is 3000KN. Then,

𝐹𝑓 = 3000𝐾𝑁 ∗ 0.21

𝐹𝑓 = 630𝐾𝑁

The spring subjected to axial load calculated as;

𝜋𝑑3 𝜋∗383
𝑊 = 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝐾 = 350 ∗ 1.125∗8∗152 = 44,104.47𝑁
𝑆 8𝐷

Feburary 24,2021 50
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Then, it is less than the pulling force so it is safe and the gate can easily opened. Having
all this assumptions lets design the spring.

Material selection

Table 3.1 material selection standards

Carbon steel

The selection of carbon steel is due to the following properties:

 Hardness
 Strength
 Toughness and
 Machinability

𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 350𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝐺 = 80𝑘𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Assumptions

 The end of spring is squared and ground

 The spring index, s = 4

Given,

Feburary 24,2021 51
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

𝐹 = 100𝐾𝑁

Stress factor, K is given by,

4𝑠−1 0.615
𝐾 = + by substituting all the values in the equation yields,
4𝑠−4 𝑠

4∗4−1 0.615
𝐾 = +
4∗4−4 4

15 0.615
𝐾 = +
12 4

𝐾 = 1.4

Having all this values let’s find all the dimensions of the spring,

The wire diameter d,is given from the above table.

𝑑 = 38𝑚𝑚

Now all dimensions of the spring is as follows,

 Mean coil diameter

𝐷 = 𝑑∗𝑠
𝐷 = 38𝑚𝑚 ∗ 4
𝐷 = 152𝑚𝑚
 Outside diameter of the coil

𝐷 = 𝐷 + 𝑑

𝐷 = 152𝑚𝑚 + 38𝑚𝑚

𝐷 = 190𝑚𝑚

 Inside diameter of the coil

𝐷𝑖 = 𝐷 – 𝑑
𝐷𝑖 = 152𝑚𝑚 – 38𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝑖 = 114𝑚𝑚
 Number of coil required
8 ∗ 𝐹 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ 𝑠3
𝛿=
𝐺∗𝑑

Feburary 24,2021 52
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Let, 𝛿 = 20𝑚𝑚

𝐺∗𝑑∗𝛿
𝑍 = 8∗𝐹∗𝑠3

𝑁
38𝑚𝑚∗20𝑚𝑚∗80000
𝑚𝑚2
𝑧 = 8∗100000𝑁∗43

𝑧 = 4.453𝑠𝑎𝑦, 5

𝑧 = 5

 Total number of turns for square and ground ends,

𝑍’ = 𝑧 + 2
𝑍’ = 5 + 2
𝑍’ = 7
 Solid length of the spring
𝐿 = (𝑧 + 2) 𝑑
𝐿 = (5 + 2) ∗ 38𝑚𝑚
𝐿 = 266𝑚𝑚
 Free length of spring
𝐿𝐹 = 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ + 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 +
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐿𝐹 = 𝑧’ ∗ 𝑑 + 𝛿 + 0.15𝛿
𝐿𝐹 = 7 ∗ 38𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 + 0.15 ∗ 20𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝐹 = 289𝑚𝑚
 Pitch of the coil
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑃= 𝑍′−1
289𝑚𝑚
𝑃 = 7

𝑃 = 41.3𝑚𝑚
Where

Feburary 24,2021 53
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Lf=free length

Z’=number of turns

P=pitch of the coil

Z=number of coil
Stress analysis of the spring

A helical compression spring made of circular wire and subjected to an axial load W
due to this direct shear stress is induced, the load tends to rotate the wire due to the
twisting moment (T) set up in the wire. Thus torsional shear stress is induced in the
wire.

The torsional shear stress due to the twisting moment is;

8𝑊𝐷
𝜏1 = ,
𝜋𝑑3
𝜋𝑑3 𝜋∗383
Where, 𝑊 = 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝐾 = 350 ∗ 1.125∗8∗152 = 44,104.47𝑁
𝑆 8𝐷

1
𝐾𝑆= 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐾𝑆 = 1 + 2𝐶 =

1.125
8𝑊𝐷 8∗44,104.47∗152
𝜏1 = =
𝜋𝑑3 𝜋∗383

𝜏1 = 311.11𝑀𝑝𝑎

The direct shear stress due to the load W is;

𝜏2 = 4𝑊/(𝜋𝑑2 ) …
Where, 𝑊 = 44,104.47𝑁
𝜏2 = (4 ∗ 44,104.47𝑁)/(𝜋382 )
𝜏2 = 38.88𝑀𝑝𝑎

All direct and torsional shear stress are less than permissible shear stress.

Factor of safety= 𝑠𝑓 = 𝜏𝑠 /𝜏1 = 350𝑀𝑝𝑎/311.11𝑀𝑝𝑎 = 1.12 = 2 the design is

safe.

3.10.9 Design of hopper

The hopper is part which feeds the die cavity of the machine with metal chips as and
when the slide door of the chips entry is lifted. Since it acts exactly like a container, the
loads experienced due to static weight of the metal chips does not severely affect the

Feburary 24,2021 54
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

bounding walls of the hopper. The metal sheet which is used in construction of the base
plate and the body is used in making hopper as well.

All the dimensions of the hopper are its square boarders. Upper

Boarder is wider than the lower one. At upper part, L=820mm…..equal to the upper
cover weld length.

At lower part L=150mm…..equal to the inlet cover weld length.

N.B design for the welded joint also between the throats

Of the hopper all dimensions are equal to design of inlet cover part.

Fig 3.10 hopper

3.10.10 Cylinder and piston selection

The specification of the job

Force requirement

 12000KN

Length of work stroke

 820mm

Speed of piston and rod assembly

Feburary 24,2021 55
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 0.02 𝑚⁄𝑠

Maximum pressure rating

 400MPA

Having all this limitations the hydraulic double acting cylinder should be

Body material

 Steel

Pressure direction

 Double acting cylinder

Standard or non-standard

 Standard

Structure

 Piston cylinder

Seal type

 UN or common standard or in accordance with client`s

requirement

Fluid temperature range

 -10 to +90 degrees C

 For more safe during operation temperature should not
exceed 70/80 degree centigrade.

Filtration requirement

 -25 micron abs (recommended minimum)

Fluid specification

 Mineral oil DIN 51524+51525HL H-lp and HV ISOHM

Feburary 24,2021 56
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Fluid viscosity

 5 to 200cst

Rod finish

 20 micron and chromium plate minimum Ra = 0.4

The size of the reservoir

 2.5– 3 times the pump capacity

Structure: piston cylinder

a. Chrome plated thickness > 25micron

b. Roughness Ra < 0.2
c. Top seal

Cylinder selection reasoning

Large diameter cylinder

1) Operates at low pressure

2) Requires bigger pump for speed

Based on the limitations of the machine

Table 3.2: - Selection standard cylinders

Type Bore O’Dea Rod Max A 1.5 B C D
barrel dia stroke
40M 40 50 22 300 122 55 11 ¼

50M 50 60 28 480 134 60 22 ¼

60M 60 73 36 650 146 65 27 3/8

70M 70 80 40 750 155 70 27 3/8

80M 80 92 45 820 177 82 32 3/8

90M 90 105 50 900 190 88 32 --

Feburary 24,2021 57
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

100M 100 115 56 1005 210 90 32 --

Source: - Standards of HMMBI

Since the maximum stroke is 820mm then,

Type :

 80M

Rode diameter:

 45mm

Outer diameter of barrel:

 92mm

Bore:

 80mm

Simple hydraulic double acting cylinder circuit

Fig-3. 11 simple hydraulic double acting cylinder circuits

Components of the hydraulic

 Strainer

Feburary 24,2021 58
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 Reservoir
 Pump
 Flexible coupling
 Electric Motor
 Connectors
 Relief valve
 DCV – 4 way
 Hydraulic Cylinder

The component with their simple diagram representation

 Directional valve with three positions, four

connections and an arrangement that close the value when in the central
position.

 Manual shut off valve operated by hand.

 Electric motor

 Filter – remove dirt and foreign matter from the system

 A fixed displacement pump

 Double acting cylinder, single rod end

 Pressure gauge – for indicating either oil or air pressure

 Pilot operated relief valve

 A line to the reservoir, entering the reservoir below the fluid level
in the reservoir or tank.

3.10.11 Pump selection

 Assumption
 No leakage through the cylinder i.e. positive displacement

Feburary 24,2021 59
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Sliding velocity=0.02m/s
 The volume leaving the pump is equal to the volumetric displacement of a
piston.
𝑄 = 𝑉. 𝐴
Dia rod = 0.45mm
Weight = 12000KN
Pressure = 400MPA
 The flow rate
𝑄 = 𝑉. 𝐴
𝑚 𝜋(0.45)2
𝑄 = 0.02 ∗
𝑠 4
−3
𝑄 = 3.1 ∗ 10 𝑚3 /𝑠

By using the value 𝑃 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎 and 𝑄 = 3.1 ∗ 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠, we can select an
appropriate pump.

3.10.12 Selection of motors

The given data’s are:

𝐹 = 12000𝐾𝑊

S = 820mm where, Wand S, are work done and maximum stroke by the
cylinder respectively.

Then, 𝑊 = 𝐹 ∗ 𝑆

𝑊 = 12000𝐾𝑁 ∗ .820𝑚𝑚 = 9840000𝐽

𝑊
𝑃= 𝑡

9840000𝐽
𝑃 = = 246𝐾𝑊 Since,t=is the time for single stroke which is
40𝑠

= 40𝑠.

Feburary 24,2021 60
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Table 3.3 standards of motor power selection, all dimensions in kW.

Then we select approximately 250kw.

Now due to this power all the dimensions of the motor are as follows,

𝑁 = 1500 𝑟𝑝𝑚

𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 𝐷220𝑆

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ (𝐴) = 660𝑚𝑚

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑏/𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 (𝐵) = 640𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏/𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟 & 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 (𝐶) =
320𝑚𝑚

Power requirements

Power supply voltage, 𝐴𝑐 220 ± 10% 3𝑃𝐻, 60𝐻𝑍

3.10.13 working principle

Primarily the chip is feed into the hopper by optional mechanisms and here after the
hopper is filled with the chip it is covered with the inlet cover and chip starts to move
down the full compaction is takes place in the main frame(upper and lower parts of the
frame with a double acting cylinder by spring loaded mechanism and during this time
the spring carrier carries the spring and this full compaction through the frame ls
achieved by the double eye gate since the double eye gate is used to shut the chip until
the chip is compacted.in the operation links are used for free closing and opening,
finally after the chip is fully compacted the briquette is pulled out by the action of the
cylinder ,the pulling force on the gate is through the mechanism of the spring.

3.10.14 Cost estimation of chip compactor machine

The main objective of manufacturing engineer is minimizing cost with good profit, as
much as possible we will try to make the manufacturing cost minimum.

Feburary 24,2021 61
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Main frame
𝑚 = 𝑣 ∗ 𝜌,

Where: m= mass of the part

V=volume of the part

𝛒=density of the part

𝑉 = 𝐿 ∗ 𝑡 ∗ 𝑤 = 260 ∗ 150 ∗ 60
𝑉 = 2340000𝑚𝑚3
The density of all carbon steel grades almost equal. 𝜌 = 7850𝑘𝑔/m3 the variation in
density is small.

𝑚 = 0.00234 ∗ 7850

𝑚 = 18.37𝑘𝑔, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 0.599 − 0.799 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑔.

Cost

= 18.37 ∗ 0.599 = 11 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 11 ∗ 40 = 440𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟

Upper cover of the hopper

𝑚 = 𝑣 ∗ 𝜌, 𝑣 = 0.707𝑠 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝑡 = 0.707 ∗ 52 ∗ 820 ∗ 37𝑚𝑚3

𝑣 = 1115419𝑚𝑚3

𝑚 = 0.001115419 ∗ 7850𝑘𝑔

𝑚 = 8.76𝑘𝑔

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 8.76 ∗ 0.599 = 5.24𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 5.24 ∗ 40 = 210𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟

Pin
𝑚 = 𝑣 ∗ 𝜌, 𝑣 = 𝜋𝑑 2 /4 ∗ 𝐿 = 𝜋 ∗ 852 ∗ 200/4

𝑉 = 1124900𝑚𝑚3

𝑚 = 0.0011249𝑚3 ∗ 7850𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑚 = 8.83𝑘𝑔

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 8.83 ∗ 0.64 = 5.7 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 5.7 ∗ 40 = 228𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟

Feburary 24,2021 62
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Link

𝑚 = 𝑣 ∗ 𝜌, 𝑣 = 3 ∗ 𝑡2 ∗ 𝐿 = 3 ∗ 602 ∗ 113

𝑣 = 1220400𝑚𝑚3

𝑚 = 0.0012204𝑚3 ∗ 7850𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑚 = 9.58𝑘𝑔

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 9.58𝑘𝑔 ∗ 0.75 𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟/𝑘𝑔 = 7𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 7 ∗ 40 = 280𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟

Double eye gate and link

𝑚 = 𝑣 ∗ 𝜌, 𝑣 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝐿 = (𝑑2 − 𝑑) ∗ 2𝑡 ∗ 𝐿 = (170 − 85) ∗ 2 ∗
70 ∗ 113𝑚𝑚3

𝑉 = 1344700𝑚𝑚3

𝑚 = 0.0013447 ∗ 7850𝑘𝑔

𝑚 = 10.56𝑘𝑔

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 10.56𝑘𝑔 ∗ 0.7 = 7.4𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 7.4 ∗ 40 = 296𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟

Design of the spring carrier

𝑚 = 𝑣 ∗ 𝜌, 𝑣 = 𝑡 ∗ 𝑤 ∗ 𝐿 = 150 ∗ 200 ∗ 230𝑚𝑚3

𝑣 = 6900000𝑚𝑚3

𝑚 = 0.0069 ∗ 7850𝑘𝑔

𝑚 = 54𝑘𝑔

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 54 ∗ 0.599 = 32.4𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 32.4 ∗ 40 = 1296𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟

Design of inlet cover

𝑚 = 𝑣 ∗ 𝜌, 𝑣 = 𝐿 ∗ 𝑡 ∗ 𝑤 = 150 ∗ 140 ∗ 58𝑚𝑚3

𝑣 = 1218000𝑚𝑚3

𝑚 = 0.001218 ∗ 7850𝑘𝑔

𝑚 = 9.7𝑘𝑔

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 9.7 ∗ 0.599 = 5.7𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟

Feburary 24,2021 63
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 5.7 ∗ 40 = 228𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟

Spring
𝑚 = 𝒗 ∗ 𝜌, 𝑣 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝐿 = 𝜋 ∗ 382/4 ∗ 289

𝑣 = 327759𝑚𝑚3

𝑚 = 0.000327759 ∗ 7850𝑘𝑔

𝑚 = 2.6𝑘𝑔

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 2.6 ∗ 0.799 = 2𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 2 ∗ 40 = 80𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟

Lower plate

𝑚 = 𝑣 ∗ 𝜌, 𝑣 = 𝐿 ∗ 𝑊 ∗ 𝑡 = 400 ∗ 230 ∗ 90

𝑣 = 8280000𝑚𝑚3

𝑚 = 0.00828 ∗ 7850𝑘𝑔

𝑚 = 64𝑘𝑔

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 64 ∗ 0.68 = 44.2𝑑𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 44.2 ∗ 40 = 1768𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟

Total cost of the machine=The sum of each part costs.

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 440 + 210 + (228 ∗ 6) + 280 + 296 + (1296 ∗

2) + 228 + (80 ∗ 2) + 1768𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 7342𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

+ 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

Assume

Labour cost = 10% of material cost = 10% of 7342birr = 735birr

Manufacturing cost = 25% of material cost = 25% of 7342birr =

1836birr

Feburary 24,2021 64
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Therefore,

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 7342𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟 + 735𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟 + 1836𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑟

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 9913𝑏𝑖𝑟

3.11 Result and discussion

After finished this project, there will be no more any wastage of chips and the company
may become profitable even by selling the compacted chips and may refabricate it there
and may reclaim buying of any material that is in ported. And it reduces the area
required to store these chips and the industry becomes very clean.

Chapter Four
4.1 Manufacturing process
In the manufacturing process of a chip compactor machine we can apply different
ways of manufacturing, most of the components are manufactured by machining
process.

 The manufacturing process of the main frame is prepared by

machining and then by welding each other both of the upper
and lower plates.
 The manufacturing of pin is also by machining in lathe or
milling.
 The manufacturing of the links are all prepared by machining
in CNC milling.

Feburary 24,2021 65
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

 The manufacturing of all the plates are through machining

and then welding.
 In the manufacturing process of this chip compactor machine we can buy
some components directly from the market based on the given standard
such as bolts and nuts

Chapter Five

Conclusion and recommendation

5.1 Conclusion
With a spring, link, double eye gate link, and hydraulically operated piston cylinder,
the briquette press operation can be fully automated. Automating the process gives
benefits of reducing the cycle time for producing briquettes and for good space
utilization. It is proved that this machine is capable of handling the amount of metal
chips output of micro and small scale industries. The hardness of briquette obtained
after destructive testing is up to the level of satisfaction.

Feburary 24,2021 66
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

5.2 Recommendation
 The company has not great interest to manufacture different machines
which are designed by intern ship students and we recommend that the
company should have a best relationship with students and create
sustainable conditions to internship students to solve the problems of the
company.
 Also we recommend that the hoisting company should create a good
relationship with university industry linkage in order to enhance best
problem solving mechanisms.

REFERENCES
1. Shigley`s Mechanical Engineering Design, Eighth Edition
2. .Josely Dominguez E, Machine element & Design.
3. Harry L.stewart, practical guide to fluid power new edition.
4. text book of electric motor and drive
5. R.S Khurmi and K.Gupta, a text book of machine design.
6. Different Web sites.

Feburary 24,2021 67
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

APPENDEX
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

PE= Potential energy

m - Mass
g - Acceleration due to gravity
h – Height

𝑉 = √2𝑔ℎ [Impact velocity]

g - Acceleration due to gravity

h – Height

Feburary 24,2021 68
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

KE = ½ mv2

m - Mass

v – Velocity

(16PR)/πd3 x (1+d/4R) [Maximum shear stress in spring]

P - Load R - Mean radius of the spring

d - Dia of wire

Torque 𝜏 = ½ 𝑥 𝐷 𝑥 𝑀

D - Dia of pulley
M - Weight of the mass

Part and Assembly Drawing

Feburary 24,2021 69
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Feburary 24,2021 70
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Feburary 24,2021 71
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Feburary 24,2021 72
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Feburary 24,2021 73
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Feburary 24,2021 74
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Feburary 24,2021 75
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Feburary 24,2021 76
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Feburary 24,2021 77
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Feburary 24,2021 78
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Feburary 24,2021 79
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Feburary 24,2021 80
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Feburary 24,2021 81
AMIMTDE
 BAHIR DAR INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Feburary 24,2021 82
AMIMTDE