To have a meaningful and successful accomplishment in this FS episode,

be sure to read through the whole episode before participating and assisting in
your FS 2 Resource Teacher’s class. Note all the information you will need and
tasks you will need to do before working on this episode.

Target Your Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of tis Learning Episode, I must be able to:

 Show skills in the selection, development and use of a variety of teaching

and learning resources, to address learning goals. (PPST 4.5.1)
 Show skills in the positive use of non-digital/conventional resources and
materials for student engagement in teaching and learning.
 Demonstrate positive attitude towards the use of resources and
instructional materials.
 Use professional reflection and learning to improve practice. (PPST 7.4.1)

Clarify Your Task

We choose the most important appropriate or suitable resources or

instructional materials based on our lesson objectives or learning outcomes. Even
when technology-based educational materials abound, the teacher still needs to
be competent in selecting and developing resources in tapping non-digital or
conventional resources and materials available in the area and situation.
Any book on educational technology or instructional materials would
usually devote some pages to Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience. It is a classic
model articulating the different types of audiovisual materials and how these
audiovisual types relate to each other. Seventy-five years ago, in 1946, Dale
already identified ten classifications of instructional materials, which remain to
be relevant today, namely: (1) Direct, Purposeful Experiences; (2) Contrived
Experiences; (3) Dramatic Participation; (4) Demonstrations; (5) Field Trips; (6)
Exhibits; (7) Motion Pictures; (8) Radio/Recordings/Still Pictures; (9) Visual
Symbols and (10) Verbal Symbols.
According to Dale, “The cone device is a visual metaphor of learning
experiences, in which various types of audiovisual materials are arranged in the
order of increasing abstractness as one proceeds from direct experiences.” As
such, the Cone of Experience can be seen more as a continuum, not just a
hierarchy. It is a way to see instructional materials in a continuum from
increasing concreteness in one direction to increasing abstractness in the other.
 Jerome Bruner explained the three ways by which we can represent
knowledge. These representations are: 1. Enactive – which involves movement
and physical manipulation, 2. Iconic – which involves pictures and images; and 3.
Symbolic, which involves symbols like letters and numbers. Both the teachers
and students make representations of knowledge. The teachers, when they teach
or impact knowledge, and by learners when they show or demonstrate what they
have learned.

Ideally, the more direct and real the experience given to students to learn
something, the better is the opportunity for learning. However, it is not always
possible to do so. For instance, during the pandemic, all classes switched to
flexible learning utilizing online modalities, TV, Radio, and printed modules.
Situation and context challenge teachers to choose the best instructional
materials considering the limitations.

As you work, on this episode, remember that you take the role of an FS
student now participating and assisting in the work of selecting non-digital or
conventional resources and instructional materials. You are not simply a
detached observer, but you are now a participant as well. You are more involved
in the tasks, becoming more and more a teacher!

Be mindful that you are also developing yourself as a teacher-researcher.

Always use your capacity to notice what is going well? Or what can be missing;
what can be improved? What can be a new way of doing things? Then focus on
finding out the answers to these questions. That as a teacher, you can always find
ways to do things better and more effectively. Also, aim to develop the confidence
to try and initiate to continuously improve your skills.

Revisit the infographics on the Dale Cone of experiences showing types of

audiovisual instructional materials and the selection criteria and steps in using
instructional materials. (Today, some of these materials can be described as
multi-sensory, not just audio-visual). They will prepare you to perform well in
this episode. Go FS student, go!
 Revisit the Infographic/s
DALE’S CONE OF EXPERIENCE AND EXAMPLES OF RESOURCES AND MATERIALS

Direct and Purposeful Experiences  Tree planting

 Working with puzzles
 Performing on experiments
Contrived Experiences  Model of the brain
 Mock-up of a car
 Simulation of a courtroom session
 Games
Dramatize Experiences  Dramatic play
 Pantomime
 Puppet
 Tableau
Demonstrations  How to cook bibingka
 How to use the microscope
 How to wash hands properly
Field Trips  Zoo
 Museum
 Factory
Exhibits  Painting exhibit
 Photo gallery
 Career fair
Motion picture/TV  Biography movies
 Greek mythology movies
 Documentaries
 Educational TV
Audio Recordings/Photos  Recorded lectures
 Audio books
Visual/Pictures  Charts
 Graphs
 Maps
 Drawings
Text/Verbal Symbols  Usually written words that
represent an object, an idea, or a
principle
 Reviewer notes
 Selected readings

Selecting Resources and Instructional Materials:

Some points to consider
The resource or instruction material:

 Has accurate and meaningful content

 Aligns to the learning objectives/outcomes of the lesson
 Elicits student interest and engagement
 Is inclusive and free from cultural bias
 Is developmentally appropriate
 Fosters critical thinking/aesthetic appreciation
 Allows collaboration among learners
 Flexible for group or self-study
 Time and cost-efficient

The proper Use of Instructional Materials (IM)

1. Prepare yourself

 Be clear on your lesson’s learning outcomes

 Have a plan on how you will use the IM
 Formulate the questions you will ask.
 Determine how you will assess learning
2. Prepare your students
 Capture the students’ interest and attention
  Communicate the intended learning outcomes
 Provide scaffolding questions to guide them
 Communicate how their learning will be assessed.
3. Present the material
 Ensure that you have the steps well-planned out
 Ensure that everyone has good visual and/or auditory access to the
IM.
 Be ready to answer the students’ questions
4. Follow-up
 Encourage students to interact in sharing their experience with the
IM, their feedback and insights
 Assess the attainment of the learning

References: Instructional Media (Smith and Nagel) Educational Technology

(Corpuz and Lucido)

Participate and Assists

1. Consult your FS Resource Teacher about this episode. Let your teacher know
that the task for this episode is for you to assist the teacher by
providing suggestions on resources and materials that the teacher can use in
delivering a lesson on a specific topic.

2. Request your FS Resource Teacher for a topic/lesson he/she will be teaching

soon. You will also need the learning objectives/outcomes for this lesson. Some
teachers may instruct you to write a complete lesson plan.

3. Refer to these guide points. Consider which ones are applicable. The non-
digital or conventional resource or instructional material:
a. Has accurate and meaningful content
b. Aligns to the learning objectives/outcomes of the lesson
c. Elicits student interest and engagement
d. Is inclusive and free from cultural bias
e. Is developmentally appropriate
f. Fosters critical thinking/aesthetic appreciation
g. Allows collaboration among learners
h. Flexible for group or self-study
i. Time and cost-efficient

4. Fill out the table at the next page.

Participate and Assist
1. Consult your FS Resource Teacher about this episode. Let your teacher
know that the task for this episode is for you to assist the teacher by
providing suggestions on resources and materials that the teacher can use
in delivering a lesson on a specific topic.
2. Request your FS Resource Teacher for a topic/lesson he/she will be
teaching soon. You will also need the learning objectives/outcomes for this
lesson. Some teachers may instruct you to write a complete lesson plan.
3. Refer to these guide points. Consider which ones are applicable. The non-
digital or conventional resource or instructional material:
a. Has accurate and meaningful content
b. Aligns to the learning objectives/outcomes of the lesson
c. Elicits student interest and engagement
d. Is inclusive and free from cultural bias
e. Is developmentally appropriate
 f. Fosters critical thinking/aesthetic appreciation
g. Allows collaboration among learners
h. Flexible for group or self-study
i. Time and cost-efficient

4. Fill out the table below.

Subject: Grade Level:

Topic:

Learning Objectives/Outcomes

Resources/Instructional What is the use or purpose of Explain why you selected the
Materials you plan to utilize in resource/ material? Describe resource/material based on the
the lesson. how you will use the guide points mentioned above.
resources/materials to attain How are these criteria met?
the learning
objectives/outcomes.

Resources/Instructional Materials What is the use or purpose Explain why you selected the
you plan to utilize in the lesson. of resource/material? resource/material based on
Describe how you will use the guide points mentioned
 the resources/materials to above. How are these criteria
attain the learning met?
objectives/outcomes.

5. As the situation would permit, try out the resources/materials with the students. Be
sure to follow the steps on using instructional materials found in the Infographics
section of this Episode.

Notice
After you participated or assisted in using resources/instructional materials in
teaching-learning, described what you observed and experience by answering the items
below.
1. How did you prepare for this activity? -
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2. Describe how you or the teacher utilized the resources/instructional materials.
Narrate your experience as you participated and assisted.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3. What were your feelings and thoughts while you were assisting with the use of the
resources/materials?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
 4. Describe how the students responded and participated.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

Analyze
What worked well during the activity using the resources/materials?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

What part can be improved?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
What would you have done differently? What would I change? What will make it better next
time?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
How does this connect with what you know about selecting and using instructional
materials
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________

Reflect
 1. How ready am I in selecting and developing resources/instructional materials in the
teaching-learning process?

2. What do I still need to learn to select and develop resources/instructional materials

in teaching effectively?

3. What can I do to learn more about and practice the use of resources and
instructional materials?

Write Action Research Prompts

This part allows you to synthesize or put together what you noticed, analyzed, and reflected
on to come up with a possible topic to explore for an action research
OBSERVE
1. Doing this episode on selecting and using resources/materials, what problematic
situation/challenges/areas of improvement did I find?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
REFLECT
2. List at least three sources that you have read about this problem/challenge/area of
improvement
_______________________________________________________________

Resource or Reference about the Topic Key points/findings in what I read

On what theories/principles can this problem be anchored?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
3. What do I hope to achieve to address the challenge/area of improvement? What
change do I want to achieve?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
PLAN
4. What strategies/solutions/means can I employ to improve the situation/solve the
problems?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
ACT
5. If you will conduct action research, what will be the title (Base this on your answers
in nos. 1-3):
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

Check for Mastery

Direction: Read the questions then choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. The Dale Cone of Experience can help a teacher to be mindful of the choice of
resources or instructional materials in terms of ___.
A. level of thinking
B. extent of being flexible or fixed
C. extent of being concrete or abstract
D. extent of adaptation and modification

2. Miss Violo told the story of the Giving Tree in her toddler class. She used the book
itself to show the illustration to the two-year-olds and showed all thirty pages of the
book. Miss Violo struggles just to finish the book because the toddlers were not
focusing. Some lay on the floor stretching; others ran around the room. Which
criterion did she fail to consider in choosing a material?
A. Collaborative among learners
B. Inclusive and free of cultural bias
C. Student interest and engagement
D. Development appropriateness

3. For a theme on Careers, Mr. Menggay let his students watch interview clips of
successful people in business who were all males. The clips seemed to send a
message that only men succeed in the business field. Mr. Menggay did have any
follow-up discussion on the clips. Which criterion in selecting resources/materials
should the teacher have considered?
A. Student interest and engagement
B. Inclusive and free of cultural bias
C. Developmental appropriateness
D. Time and cost-efficient

4. Which of the following gives the learners the most concrete experience?
A. Watching a Theater play on The Death March
B. Listening to the teacher discuss about the first chapter of Noli Me Tangere
C. Viewing a photo exhibit of the EDSA revolution
D. Independently reading the Biography of Andres Bonifacio

5. A teacher should consider all these criteria for choosing a resource or material,
EXCEPT:
A. Aligns to the learning objectives/outcomes of the lesson
B. Is the most expensive therefore the most durable
C. Is inclusive and free from cultural bias
D. Is developmentally appropriate
Work on my Artifacts
Attach pieces of evidence of what you accomplished in this episode.