SOLUTION MANUAL for

“Elementary Differential Equations - 7th Edition”

By Earl D. Rainville & Philip E. Bedient

Step by step Solution by ROENTGEN RIO

AEE-2102, 2023

Indexed Items…

• Exercise. Page 118-119

✓ Item No. 18
✓ Item No. 19
• Miscellaneous Exercises. Page 119-120
✓ Item No. 30
✓ Item No. 34
✓ Item No. 37
• Exercises. Page 123-124
✓ Item No. 22
✓ Item No. 23
✓ Item No. 24
✓ Item No. 27
• Exercises. Page 130-132
✓ Item No. 24
✓ Item No. 25
✓ Item No. 26
✓ Item No. 45
✓ Item No. 46
✓ Item No. 53
Exercise. Page 118-119

Item No. 18

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: (2𝐷3 − 𝐷2 + 36𝐷 − 18)𝑦 = 0

𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
2𝑚 3 − 𝑚 2 + 36𝑚 − 18 = 0
1
𝑚 3 − 𝑚 2 + 18𝑚 − 9 = 0
2
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡. 𝐺𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟
𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚.

𝑚 3 − 0.5𝑚 2 + 18𝑚 − 9
= 𝑚 2 + 18
𝑚 − 0.5
1
(𝑚 − ) (𝑚 2 + 18) = 0
2
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑚=
2𝑎
−0 ± √02 − 4(1)(18)
𝑚=
2(1)

𝑚 = ±3√2𝑖

(𝑚 − 0.5)(𝑚 + 3√2𝑖)(𝑚 − 3√2𝑖) = 0

1
𝑚1 = , 𝑚2 = 3√2𝑖 , 𝑚3 = −3√2𝑖
2
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥/2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3√2𝑖𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −3√2𝑖𝑥

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠: 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃

𝐶2 𝑒 3√2𝑖𝑥 = 𝐶2 cos(3√2𝑥) + 𝑖𝐶2 sin(3√2𝑥)

𝐶3 𝑒 −3√2𝑖𝑥 = 𝐶3 cos(−3√2𝑥) + 𝑖𝐶3 sin(−3√2𝑥) = 𝐶3 cos(3√2𝑥) − 𝑖𝐶3 sin(3√2𝑥)

𝐶2 𝑒 3√2𝑖𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −3√2𝑖𝑥 = [𝐶2 cos(3√2𝑥) + 𝑖𝐶2 sin(3√2𝑥)] + [𝐶3 cos(3√2𝑥) − 𝑖𝐶3 sin(3√2𝑥)]

𝐶2 𝑒 3√2𝑖𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −3√2𝑖𝑥 = (C2 + C3 )cos(3√2𝑥) + (𝑖𝐶2 − 𝑖𝐶3 ) sin(3√2𝑥)

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝐶2 𝑒 3√2𝑖𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −3√2𝑖𝑥 = 𝐶2 cos(3√2𝑥) + 𝐶3 sin(3√2𝑥)

𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 𝐶2 cos(3√2𝑥) + 𝐶3 sin(3√2𝑥)
𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2 + 𝑐2 cos(3√2𝑥) + 𝑐3 sin(3√2𝑥)

1|By ROENTGEN RIO

 Item No. 19
𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 2
+ 𝑘 2 𝑥 = 0; 𝑘 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, = 𝑣0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
(𝐷2 + 𝑘 2 )𝑥 = 0

𝑚2 + 𝑘 2 = 0
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

−0 ± √02 − 4(1)𝑘 2
𝑚=
2(1)
𝑚1 = 𝑘𝑖, 𝑚2 = −𝑘𝑖

𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑘𝑖𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑘𝑖𝑡 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑘𝑡

𝑖𝑓 𝑡 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 0
0 = 𝐶1 (1) + 𝐶2 (0)
𝑥 = 𝐶2 sin 𝑘𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣0 = 𝑘𝐶2 cos 𝑘𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ′ = 𝑣0
0 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑘(0) + 𝐶2 sin 𝑘(0)
0 = 𝐶1
𝑥 ′ = −𝑘𝐶1 sin 𝑘(0) + 𝑘𝐶2 cos 𝑘(0)
𝑥 ′ = 𝑘𝐶2
𝑣0
= 𝐶2
𝑘
𝑣0
𝑥 = 𝐶2 sin 𝑘𝑡 = sin 𝑘𝑡
𝑘
𝑣0
𝑥 = ( ) sin 𝑘𝑡
𝑘
𝑣0
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑥 = ( ) sin 𝑘𝑡
𝑘

2|By ROENTGEN RIO

Miscellaneous Exercises. Page 119-120

Item No. 30

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: (𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 0

𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝐷3 − 2𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 2 = 0

𝑚 3 − 2𝑚 2 + 𝑚 − 2 = 0
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡. 𝐺𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟

𝑚 3 − 2𝑚 2 + 𝑚 − 2
= 𝑚2 + 1
(𝑚 − 2)
(𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 2 + 1)
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠.

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −0 ± √(0)2 − 4(1)(1)

𝑚= = = ±𝑖
2𝑎 2(1)
(𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 − 𝑖)(𝑚 + 𝑖) = 0

𝑚1 = 2 , 𝑚2 = 𝑖 , 𝑚3 = −𝑖

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −𝑖𝑥

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶3 sin 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐3 sin 𝑥

3|By ROENTGEN RIO

 Item No. 34

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: (𝐷4 − 5𝐷3 + 5𝐷2 + 5𝐷 − 6)𝑦 = 0

𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝐷4 − 5𝐷3 + 5𝐷2 + 5𝐷 − 6 = 0

𝑚 4 − 5𝑚 3 + 5𝑚 2 + 5𝑚 − 6 = 0
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑓(𝑚) = 𝑚 4 − 5𝑚 3 + 5𝑚 2 + 5𝑚 − 6
𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑓(−3) (−3)4 − 5(−3)3 + 5(−3)2 + 5(−3) − 6
240
𝑓(−2) (−2) − 5(−2) + 5(−2)2 + 5(−2) − 6
4 3

60
𝑓(−1) (−1)4 − 5(−1)3 + 5(−1)2 + 5(−1) − 6
0
𝑓(0) (0)4 − 5(0)3 + 5(0)2 + 5(0) − 6
−6
𝑓(1) (1) − 5(1) + 5(1)2 + 5(1) − 6
4 3

0
𝑓(2) (2)4 − 5(2)3 + 5(2)2 + 5(2) − 6
0
𝑓(3) (3)4 − 5(3)3 + 5(3)2 + 5(3) − 6
0
𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 − 3) = 0

𝑚1 = −1 , 𝑚2 = 1 , 𝑚3 = 2, 𝑚4 = 3

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑒 3𝑥
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵
𝐶1 = , 𝐶2 =
2 2
𝐴 − 𝐵 −𝑥 𝐴+𝐵 𝑥
𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 = ( )𝑒 +( )𝑒
2 2
𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 −𝐵𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥
𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 = +
2 2
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐴 ( )+𝐵( )
2 2

𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐴 cosh 𝑥 + 𝐵 sinh 𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = 𝐶1 , 𝐵 = 𝐶2
𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐶1 cosh 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sinh 𝑥
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑦 = 𝐶1 cosh 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sinh 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑒 3𝑥

𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑦 = 𝑐1 cosh 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sinh 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐4 𝑒 3𝑥

4|By ROENTGEN RIO

 Item No. 37

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: (𝐷4 − 𝐷3 − 3𝐷2 + 𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 0

𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝐷4 − 𝐷3 − 3𝐷2 + 𝐷 + 2 = 0

𝑚 4 − 𝑚 3 − 3𝑚 2 + 𝑚 + 2 = 0
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑓(𝑚) = 𝑚 4 − 𝑚 3 − 3𝑚 2 + 𝑚 + 2
𝐼𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑓(−3) (−3)4 − (−3)3 − 3(−3)2 + (−3) + 2
80
𝑓(−2) (−2) − (−2) − 3(−2)2 + (−2) + 2
4 3

12
𝑓(−1) (−1)4 − (−1)3 − 3(−1)2 + (−1) + 2
0
𝑓(0) (0)4 − (0)3 − 3(0)2 + (0) + 2
2
𝑓(1) (1) − (1) − 3(1)2 + (1) + 2
4 3

0
𝑓(2) (2)4 − (2)3 − 3(2)2 + (2) + 2
0
𝑓(3) (3)4 − (3)3 − 3(3)2 + (3) + 2
32
𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 2)𝑛 = 0

𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑚) ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 +2
(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 2) → 1 ∗ (−1) ∗ (−2) = +2

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 (𝑚 + 1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑛 ′ 𝑡 𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
(𝑚 + 1)2 (𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 2) → 12 ∗ (−1) ∗ (−2) = +2
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠
(𝑚 + 1)2 (𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 2) = 0
𝑚1 = −1 , 𝑚2 = −1 , 𝑚3 = 1 , 𝑚4 = 2

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥) + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶4 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝐶3 + 𝐶4 𝑥)
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑐3 + 𝑐4 𝑥)

5|By ROENTGEN RIO

Exercises. Page 123-124

Item No. 22
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑒 𝑥
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 𝑚2 𝑥
𝑚1 = 1 , 𝑚2 = 1
(𝑚 − 1)2 = 0
(𝐷 − 1)2 𝑦 = 0
(𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 0

𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
𝑚 = 1,1
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑚 = 1,1.

6|By ROENTGEN RIO

 Item No. 23

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑦 = 4 cos 2𝑥
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 2𝑥)
𝑎 = 0, 𝐶1 = 4, 𝐶2 = 0

𝐶𝐴 𝑒 (𝑎+𝑖𝑏)𝑥 + 𝐶𝐵 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑖𝑏)𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑏𝑥)

𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 2
𝑚 = (0 ± 2𝑖)
𝑚2 + 4 = 0
(𝐷2 + 4)𝑦 = 0

𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑚 = ±2𝑖
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑚 = ±2𝑖.

7|By ROENTGEN RIO

 Item No. 24

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑦 = 4 cos 2𝑥 − 3 sin 2𝑥

𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 2𝑥)
𝑎 = 0 , 𝐶1 = 4, 𝐶2 = −3

𝐶𝐴 𝑒 (𝑎+𝑖𝑏)𝑥 + 𝐶𝐵 𝑒 (𝑎−𝑖𝑏)𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑏𝑥)

𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 2
𝑚 = ±2𝑖
(𝑚 2 + 4) = 0

(𝐷2 + 4)𝑦 = 0

𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 = 0
𝑚 = ±2𝑖
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑚 = ±2𝑖.

8|By ROENTGEN RIO

 Item No. 27

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 3 sin 2𝑥

𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 2𝑥) + 𝑥𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶3 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶4 sin 2𝑥)
𝑎 = 0,
𝑦 = (𝐶1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 2𝑥) + 𝑥(𝐶3 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶4 sin 2𝑥)
𝐶1 = 0 , 𝐶2 = −3, 𝐶3 = 1, 𝐶4 = 0

𝑦 = ((0) cos 2𝑥 + (−3) sin 2𝑥) + 𝑥((1) cos 2𝑥 + (0) sin 2𝑥)

𝑦 = −3 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 3 sin 2𝑥

𝐶𝐴 𝑒 (𝑎±𝑏𝑖)𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 (𝑎±𝑏𝑖)𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑥𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶3 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶4 sin 𝑏𝑥)
𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 2
𝑚1 = 2𝑖 , 𝑚2 = −2𝑖 , 𝑚3 = 2𝑖 , 𝑚4 = −2𝑖
(𝑚 − 2𝑖)(𝑚 + 2𝑖)(𝑚 − 2𝑖)(𝑚 + 2𝑖) = 0

(𝑚 2 + 4)2 = 0
(𝐷2 + 4)2 𝑦 = 0
𝑦 ′′′′ + 8𝑦 ′′ + 16𝑦 = 0
𝑚 = 2𝑖, 2𝑖, −2𝑖, −2𝑖
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑚 = 2𝑖, 2𝑖, −2𝑖, −2𝑖

9|By ROENTGEN RIO

Exercises. Page 130-132

Part 1

Item No. 24

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: (𝐷2 − 1)𝑦 = 10 sin2 𝑥

𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑐

𝑚2 − 1 = 0
𝑚1 = 1 , 𝑚2 = −1
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑝
1
10 sin2 𝑥 = 10 ( ) (1 − cos 2𝑥) = 5 − 5 cos 2𝑥
2
5 − 5 cos 2𝑥 ↔ 𝐴 + [𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 ] = 𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶 sin 2𝑥

𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶 sin 2𝑥

𝑦𝑝′ = −2𝐵 sin 2𝑥 + 2𝐶 cos 2𝑥

𝑦𝑝′′ = −4𝐵 cos 2𝑥 − 4𝐶 sin 2𝑥

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐷𝐸

𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 10 sin2 𝑥 = 5 − 5 cos 2𝑥
(−4𝐵 cos 2𝑥 − 4𝐶 sin 2𝑥) − 𝐴 − 𝐵 cos 2𝑥 − 𝐶 sin 2𝑥 = 5 − 5 cos 2𝑥
−𝐴 − 5𝐵 cos 2𝑥 − 5𝐶 sin 2𝑥 = 5 − 5 cos 2𝑥
−𝐴 − 5𝐵 cos 2𝑥 + 5 cos 2𝑥 − 5𝐶 sin 2𝑥 = 5
−𝐴 − cos 2𝑥 (5𝐵 − 5) − 5𝐶 sin 2𝑥 = 5
𝐴 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝐴 = −5
𝐵=1
𝐶=0

𝑦𝑝 = (−5) + (1) cos 2𝑥 + (0) sin 2𝑥

𝑦𝑝 = −5 + cos 2𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 5 + cos 2𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 5 + cos 2𝑥

10 | B y R O E N T G E N R I O
 Item No. 25

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: (𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = 12 cos2 𝑥

𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑐

𝑚2 + 1 = 0
𝑚1 = 𝑖 , 𝑚2 = −𝑖

𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑖𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑝
1
12 cos2 𝑥 = 12 ( ) (1 + cos 2𝑥) = 6 + 6 cos 2𝑥
2
6 + 6 cos 2𝑥 ↔ 𝐴 + [𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 ] = 𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶 sin 2𝑥

𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶 sin 2𝑥

𝑦𝑝′ = −2𝐵 sin 2𝑥 + 2𝐶 cos 2𝑥

𝑦𝑝′′ = −4𝐵 cos 2𝑥 − 4𝐶 sin 2𝑥

𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 6 + 6 cos 2𝑥
(−4𝐵 cos 2𝑥 − 4𝐶 sin 2𝑥) + 𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶 sin 2𝑥 = 6 + 6 cos 2𝑥

𝐴 − 3𝐵 cos 2𝑥 − 3𝐶 sin 2𝑥 = 6 + 6 cos 2𝑥

𝐴 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝐴=6
𝐵 = −2
𝐶=0
𝑦𝑝 = (6) + (−2) cos 2𝑥 − (0) sin 2𝑥

𝑦𝑝 = 6 − 2 cos 2𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

𝑦 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥 + 6 − 2 cos 2𝑥

𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑥 + 6 − 2 cos 2𝑥

11 | B y R O E N T G E N R I O
 Item No. 26

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: (𝐷2 + 4)𝑦 = 4 sin2 𝑥

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑐

𝑚2 + 4 = 0
𝑚1 = 2𝑖 , 𝑚2 = −2𝑖

𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 = 𝐶1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 2𝑥

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑝
1
4 sin2 𝑥 = 4 ( ) (1 − cos 2𝑥) = 2 − 2 cos 2𝑥
2
2 − 2 cos 2𝑥 ↔ 𝐴 + [𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 ] = 𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶 sin 2𝑥

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 " cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 " 𝑎𝑙𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑐 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐴 + [𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 ] → 𝐴 + [𝑥𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑖𝑥 ] = 𝐴 + 𝑥𝐵 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑥𝐶 sin 2𝑥

𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴 + 𝑥𝐵 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑥𝐶 sin 2𝑥

𝑦𝑝′ = (𝑥(−2𝐵 sin 2𝑥) + 𝐵 cos 2𝑥) + (𝑥(2𝐶 cos 2𝑥) + 𝐶 sin 2𝑥)

𝑦𝑝′′ = [(𝑥(−4𝐵 cos 2𝑥) − 2𝐵 sin 2𝑥) − 2𝐵 sin 2𝑥] + [(𝑥(−4𝐶 sin 2𝑥) + 2𝐶 cos 2𝑥) + 2𝐶 cos 2𝑥]

𝑦𝑝′′ = [−4𝑥𝐵 cos 2𝑥 − 4𝐵 sin 2𝑥] + [−4𝑥𝐶 sin 2𝑥 + 4𝐶 cos 2𝑥]

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐷𝐸

𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 = 2 − 2 cos 2𝑥
([−4𝑥𝐵 cos 2𝑥 − 4𝐵 sin 2𝑥] + [−4𝑥𝐶 sin 2𝑥 + 4𝐶 cos 2𝑥]) + 4(𝐴 + 𝑥𝐵 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑥𝐶 sin 2𝑥)
= 2 − 2 cos 2𝑥
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦
−4𝑥𝐵 cos 2𝑥 − 4𝐵 sin 2𝑥 − 4𝑥𝐶 sin 2𝑥 + 4𝐶 cos 2𝑥 + 4𝐴 + 4𝑥𝐵 cos 2𝑥 + 4𝑥𝐶 sin 2𝑥 = 2 − 2 cos 2𝑥
−4𝐵 sin 2𝑥 + 4𝐶 cos 2𝑥 + 4𝐴 = 2 − 2 cos 2𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒
1 1
𝐴= , 𝐵 =0, 𝐶=−
2 2
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴 + 𝑥𝐵 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑥𝐶 sin 2𝑥
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = ( ) + 𝑥(0) cos 2𝑥 + 𝑥 (− ) sin 2𝑥
2 2
1 𝑥 1
𝑦𝑝 = − sin 2𝑥 = (1 − 𝑥 sin 2𝑥)
2 2 2
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 2𝑥 + (1 − 𝑥 sin 2𝑥)
2
1
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥 + (1 − 𝑥 sin 2𝑥)
2

12 | B y R O E N T G E N R I O
 Part 2

Item No. 45

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥; 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒

𝑦 = −3, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1,
𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
𝑦 = −1, 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ ? 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ′ ?
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
𝑦 = −𝑒 −(2) + (2)𝑒 −(2) + (2) − 2
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑐
𝑦 = −𝑒 −2 + 2𝑒 −2 + 2 − 2 → 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2
𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 → 𝑚 2 + 2𝑚 + 1 = 0
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 −2 − (2)𝑒 −2 + 𝑒 −2 + 1 → 𝑦 ′ = 1
(𝑚 + 1)2 = 0
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2 , 𝑦 ′ = 1
𝑚1 = −1 , 𝑚2 = −1
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2 , 𝑦 ′ = 1

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑝

𝑥 ↔ 𝐴𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 → 𝑦𝑝′ = 𝐴 → 𝑦𝑝′′ = 0

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐷𝐸

𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥
(0) + 2(𝐴) + (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) = 𝑥

2𝐴 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 = 𝑥
𝐴(2 + 𝑥) + 𝐵 = 𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒

𝐴 = 1 , 𝐵 = −2
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 = (1)𝑥 + (−2)

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 − 2

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
𝑦 ′ = −𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 (−𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 1
𝑦 ′ = −𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −3 & 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1.
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐶1 & 𝐶2
{𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −3 }

−3 = 𝐶1 𝑒 0 + 𝐶2 (0)𝑒 −0 + 0 − 2
−3 = 𝐶1 − 2 → 𝐶1 = −1
{𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −1 , 𝐶1 = −1}

−1 = (−1)𝑒−1 + 𝐶2 (1)𝑒 −1 + 1 − 2
−1 = −𝑒 −1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −1 + 1 → 𝐶2 = 1

13 | B y R O E N T G E N R I O
 Item No. 46

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥; 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 = −2, 𝑦 ′ = 2, 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ ? 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 2 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 𝑦 ′ = −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑐 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑦, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ′ ?

𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥 → 𝑚 2 + 2𝑚 + 1 = 0 𝑦 = (2)𝑒 −2 + (2) − 2
(𝑚 + 1)2 = 0 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −2
𝑚1 = −1 , 𝑚2 = −1 𝑦 ′ = −(2)𝑒 −2 + 𝑒 −2 + 1
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦 ′ = −𝑒 −2 + 1 → 𝑦 ′ = 1 − 𝑒 −2
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑝 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ′ = 1 − 𝑒 −2
𝑥 ↔ 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −2 , 𝑦 ′ = 1 − 𝑒 −2

𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 → 𝑦𝑝′ = 𝐴 → 𝑦𝑝′′ = 0

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐷𝐸

𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 𝑥
(0) + 2(𝐴) + (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) = 𝑥
2𝐴 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 = 𝑥
𝐴(2 + 𝑥) + 𝐵 = 𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒

𝐴 = 1 , 𝐵 = −2

𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 = (1)𝑥 + (−2)

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 − 2

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
𝑦 ′ = −𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 (−𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 1
𝑦 ′ = −𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2 & 𝑦′ = 2.
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐶1 & 𝐶2
{𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2}

𝑦 → −2 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −0 + 𝐶2 (0)𝑒 −0 + 0 − 2
−2 = 𝐶1 − 2 → 𝐶1 = 0
{𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −2, 𝑦 ′ = 2}

𝑦 ′ → 2 = −(0)𝑒 0 − 𝐶2 (0)𝑒 0 + 𝐶2 𝑒 0 + 1
2 = 𝐶2 + 1 → 𝐶2 = 1

14 | B y R O E N T G E N R I O
 Item No. 53

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚: 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠: 𝐴 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

(𝐷2 − 𝐷)𝑦 = 2 − 2𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 1𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 ′ = 0
, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠
𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑)𝑜𝑛 𝑦 ′ = 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 {𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛}
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 0 = 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 {𝐴 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒}
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒. 𝑦 ′′ = 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 2 {𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 }
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠: 0 = 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 2 {𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡}
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜

𝑚 2 − 𝑚 = 0 → 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) = 0 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙.

𝑚1 = 0 , 𝑚2 = 1

𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 0𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 2
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑝 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑥=1{ }
𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
2 − 2𝑥 ↔ 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐶2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐶1 ↮ 𝐵 , 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑥 𝑡𝑜 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
0 = 𝐶2 𝑒1 + 2 → 𝐶2 = −2𝑒 −1
2
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑦𝑝′ = 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑦𝑝′′ = 2𝐴
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐷𝐸
(2𝐴) − (2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) = 2 − 2𝑥
0 = 𝐶1 + (−2𝑒 −1 )𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 {𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 0}
2𝐴 − 2𝐴𝑥 − 𝐵 = 2 − 2𝑥
0 = 𝐶1 − 2𝑒1−1 + (1)2
2𝐴(1 − 𝑥) − 𝐵 = 2 − 2𝑥
0 = 𝐶1 − 2 + 1 − 4 → 𝐶1 = 1
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑦 = 1 − 2𝑒 𝑥−1 + 𝑥 2
𝐴=1
𝐵=0
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠:
𝑦𝑝 = (1)𝑥 2 + (0)𝑥 = 𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑒 (𝑥−1)
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑥2
ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡: {(1,0)}
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟: 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 (1, 0); 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦
𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑒 (𝑥−1)
𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠: 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡
𝑡ℎ𝑒 2𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 ′′ = 0

15 | B y R O E N T G E N R I O