B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management
B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME
(Courses effective from Academic Year 2015-16)
Disclaimer: The CBCS syllabus is uploaded as given by the Faculty concerned to the Academic
Council. The same has been approved as it is by the Academic Council on 13.7.2015 and
Executive Council on 14.7.2015. Any query may kindly be addressed to the concerned Faculty.
The University Grants Commission (UGC) has initiated several measures to bring equity,
efficiency and excellence in the Higher Education System of country. The important
measures taken to enhance academic standards and quality in higher education include
innovation and improvements in curriculum, teaching-learning process, examination and
evaluation systems, besides governance and other matters.
The UGC has formulated various regulations and guidelines from time to time to improve
the higher education system and maintain minimum standards and quality across the
Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) in India. The academic reforms recommended by
the UGC in the recent past have led to overall improvement in the higher education system.
However, due to lot of diversity in the system of higher education, there are multiple
approaches followed by universities towards examination, evaluation and grading system.
While the HEIs must have the flexibility and freedom in designing the examination and
evaluation methods that best fits the curriculum, syllabi and teaching–learning methods,
there is a need to devise a sensible system for awarding the grades based on the
performance of students. Presently the performance of the students is reported using the
conventional system of marks secured in the examinations or grades or both. The
conversion from marks to letter grades and the letter grades used vary widely across the
HEIs in the country. This creates difficulty for the academia and the employers to
understand and infer the performance of the students graduating from different
universities and colleges based on grades.
The grading system is considered to be better than the conventional marks system and
hence it has been followed in the top institutions in India and abroad. So it is desirable to
introduce uniform grading system. This will facilitate student mobility across institutions
within and across countries and also enable potential employers to assess the performance
of students. To bring in the desired uniformity, in grading system and method for
computing the cumulative grade point average (CGPA) based on the performance of
students in the examinations, the UGC has formulated these guidelines.
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS):
The CBCS provides an opportunity for the students to choose courses from the prescribed courses
comprising core, elective/minor or skill based courses. The courses can be evaluated following the
grading system, which is considered to be better than the conventional marks system. Therefore, it is
necessary to introduce uniform grading system in the entire higher education in India. This will benefit
the students to move across institutions within India to begin with and across countries. The uniform
grading system will also enable potential employers in assessing the performance of the candidates. In
order to bring uniformity in evaluation system and computation of the Cumulative Grade Point
Average (CGPA) based on student’s performance in examinations, the UGC has formulated the
guidelines to be followed.
Outline of Choice Based Credit System:
1. Core Course: A course, which should compulsorily be studied by a candidate as a core requirement
is termed as a Core course.
2. Elective Course: Generally a course which can be chosen from a pool of courses and which may
be very specific or specialized or advanced or supportive to the discipline/ subject of study or which
provides an extended scope or which enables an exposure to some other discipline/subject/domain
or nurtures the candidate’s proficiency/skill is called an Elective Course.
2.1 Discipline Specific Elective (DSE) Course: Elective courses may be offered by the main
discipline/subject of study is referred to as Discipline Specific Elective. The University/Institute
may also offer discipline related Elective courses of interdisciplinary nature (to be offered by
main discipline/subject of study).
2.2 Dissertation/Project: An elective course designed to acquire special/advanced knowledge,
such as supplement study/support study to a project work, and a candidate studies such a course
on his own with an advisory support by a teacher/faculty member is called dissertation/project.
2.3 Generic Elective (GE) Course: An elective course chosen generally from an unrelated
discipline/subject, with an intention to seek exposure is called a Generic Elective.
P.S.: A core course offered in a discipline/subject may be treated as an elective by other
discipline/subject and vice versa and such electives may also be referred to as Generic Elective.
3. Ability Enhancement Courses (AEC)/Competency Improvement Courses/Skill Development
Courses/Foundation Course: The Ability Enhancement (AE) Courses may be of two kinds: AE
Compulsory Course (AECC) and AE Elective Course (AEEC). “AECC” courses are the courses
based upon the content that leads to Knowledge enhancement. They ((i) Environmental Science, (ii)
English/MIL Communication) are mandatory for all disciplines. AEEC courses are value-based
and/or skill-based and are aimed at providing hands-on-training, competencies, skills, etc.
3.1 AE Compulsory Course (AECC): Environmental Science, English Communication/MIL
Communication.
3.2 AE Elective Course (AEEC): These courses may be chosen from a pool of courses designed to
provide value-based and/or skill-based instruction.
Course *Credits
==================================================================
Paper+ Practical Paper + Tutorial
I. Core Course 12X4= 48 12X5=60
(12 Papers)
Two papers – English
Two papers – MIL
Four papers – Discipline 1.
Four papers – Discipline 2.
Core Course Practical / Tutorial* 12X2=24 12X1=12
(12 Practicals)
CBCS Programme
Course Structure
Semester – I
Semester – II
Semester – III
3.4 Computer Concepts and Software Packages Skill Enhancement Course (SEC)
Semester – IV
Semester – V
5.1 Inventory System and Control Techniques Elective Core – Discipline Based
Corporate Laws
Semester – VI
6.1 Material Logistics and Distribution Management Elective Core – Discipline Based
Objectives
Unit 1 15
Unit II 15
Unit III 15
Unit IV 15
Unit V 15
Suggested Readings
• Dutta A.K., Materials Management: Procedures, Text and cases, Prentice Hall
of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Unit- I 15
Introduction: Scarcity, choice, opportunity cost and production possibility frontier;
Demand and supply: law of demand, determinants of demand, shifts of demand curve
versus movements along a demand curve, market demand; law of supply, determinants of
supply, shifts of supply versus movements along a supply curve, market supply, market
equilibrium.
Unit- II 15
Demand and Supply: Applications of demand and supply: price rationing, price floors,
consumer surplus, producer surplus.
Unit- III 15
Unit- IV 15
Costs: costs in the short run, costs in the long run, revenue and profit maximizations,
economies and diseconomies of scale,
B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management, CBCS
Unit- V 15
Market Structures
Perfect Competition: theory of a firm under perfect competition, equilibrium of the firm in
the short run and long run
Imperfect Competition: Monopoly: short run and long run equilibrium; comparison of
perfect competition and monopoly, price discrimination;
Suggested Readings:
• Lipsey, R. and Alec Chrystal: Economics, Oxford University Press, Twelfth Edition,
2011
• Case, Karl E. & Ray C. Fair: Principles of Economics, Pearson Education, Inc., 8th
• edition, 2007.
B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management, CBCS
Objectives:To apprise the students about the store-keeping function and the
accounting procedure involved in it.
Unit I 15
Unit II 15
Unit III 15
Issue of Materials : Issue procedure and documents used, store records like
bincard and store ledger, →pricing of material issues – different methods like FIFO,
LIFO, Simple average, weighted average, standard price, Replacement / market
price etc.
Unit IV 15
Unit V 15
Suggested Readings
• Menon K.S. (1995) Purchasing and Inventory Control, 3rd Ed. Wheeler
Publishing, Allahabad.
• Saxena V.K. &Vashisht C.D.: Cot Accounting, Sultan Chand and Sons, New
Delhi.
• Arora M.N. Cost Accounting, Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management, CBCS
Unit-I 15
Unit-II 15
Unit-III 15
Unit-IV 15
IS-LM Analysis: Derivations of the IS and LM functions; effects of fiscal and monetary
policies on equilibrium income
Unit-V 15
Balance of Payments and Exchange Rate: Meaning, Factors, current account and capital
account, determination of exchange rate.
Suggested Readings:
1. Case, Karl E. & Ray C. Fair, Principles of Economics, Pearson Education, Inc.,8th edition,
2007.
2. Lipsey, R. and Alec Chrystal: Economics, Oxford University Press, Twelfth Edition, 2011
B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management, CBCS
Objectives
The Course equips the students about purchasing and its systems and
procedure. It also gives an understanding of price forecasting, special purchase
systems, pubic buying and online purchasing.
Unit I 15
Unit II 15
Unit III 15
Price Forecasting: Price and Pricing impact, price negotiations and fixing.
Purchasing under fluctuating prices, purchasing under uncertainty, Negotiations
regarding quality, terms of contract, delivery, payment schedule, cash discount,
quality considerations, etc.
Unit IV 15
Public Buying : DGS&D Rate contract, Buying from Kendriya Bhandars NICSI etc.
Unit V 15
Suggested Readings
• Dutta A.K., Materials Management: Procedures, Text and cases, Prentice Hall
of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
• Saxena V.K. &Vashisht C.D.: Cost Accounting, Sultan Chand and Sons, New
Delhi.
B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management, CBCS
Objectives: This paper provides an overview of the development of the different sectors
and their interrelations of the Indian economy. The study of the three broad sectors namely
agriculture, industry and services would help the students understand the developments in
different policy environment.
Unit-I 15
Agriculture: Trends in production and productivity, land reforms, land tenure system, land
distribution. Agricultural labour, wages and employment and issue of under-employment.
Capital investment, credit, Irrigation and supply of other inputs.
Unit-II 15
Unit – III 15
Industry: Growth and Structure of industry. Industrial and licensing policies, large, small
and cottage industries.
Unit-IV 15
Unit –V 15
Service Sector: Growth and Structure of service sector – major components, linkages with
other sectors, and importance in the national economy, informal sector.
Suggested Readings
• Uma Kapila Indian Economy: Performance and Policy: Performance and Policy
• Dutt&Sundaram - Indian Economy
B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management, CBCS
Unit I 5
Unit II 5
Unit III 15
Operating System: Need and functions of an Operating System, Graphic user interface
and character user interface. Windows environment: application and document, Windows
interface such as icons, lists, menus, dialog box, etc. Desktop, control panel, system tools,
utilities such as calculator, calendar, etc. Explorer: file types, attributes, names, folders,
drives, devices. File functions: create, open, close, delete, rename, move, cut, copy, paste,
etc.
Unit IV 10
Introduction to Networks and Internet: Meaning and types of networks - LAN, MAN
and WAN, Internet, difference between internet and intranet. Basics: functions, growth,
anatomy, Uses, Wireless and wifi, Internet services: ISP, types of accounts, World Wide
Web: websites file transfer, browsing, searching.
Unit V 15
MS-Word – formatting text, writing basic document using Word, Header and Footer, Page
formatting, paragraph formatting, saving a document, printing a document. Meaning and
applications of spreadsheets.
The Theory paper will be based on Units 1-4 only and the practical component will
be based on Unit 5 only.
Suggested Readings
3. Hard Copy of evaluation sheet and question paper will be given to examinees
And they will produce soft copy as answer sheet for evaluation.
B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management, CBCS
To acquaint the student to ethical, legal, quality and other issues involved in purchase
management. Also to give him an understanding of procedure for international purchasing
and import substitution.
Unit I 15
Unit II 15
Legal issues in Purchasing: Law of Contract, Contract of Sale of Goods, Conditions and
Warranties, Rules Regarding Transfer of Property. Negotiable Instrument Act, IT Act 2000
Unit III 15
Unit IV 15
International Purchasing: Need for International Purchase, Direct and Indirect Buying.
Procedure, Documentation and Legal-Framework of International Purchasing.
Unit V 15
Suggested Readings
• Dutta A.K., Materials Management: Procedures, Text and cases, Prentice Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
• Varma, M.M., Essentials of Storekeeping and Purchasing, Sultan Chand and Sons,
New Delhi.
• Sharma S.C., Material Management and Materials Handling, Khanna Publishers, New
Delhi.
• Pooler Victor H. Purchasing and Supply Management, Creating the Vision, New York,
Chapman & Hall, 19997.
• Zenz, G.J. (1981). Purchasing and the Management of Materials, John Wiley, New
York.
Objectives: The course is intended to equip the students with conceptual, legal, and
empirical issues pertaining to labour in India. The focus of the course would be on the
changing profile and position of labour in modern India. The role of the state, nation and
International labourorganisations will be emphasized.
Unit-I 15
Patterns of development and changing forms of labour in india, Labour, employment and
work – Meanings and changing forms .
Unit-II 15
Unit-III 15
Labour protest and Trade Union Movement: Evolution of Trade Union Movement, Trade
Union Movement in India. Labour protest and Industrial action
Unit-IV 15
State and Labour: Labour administration- union Govt. and State Govt., Mechanism of wage
settlement, National commission on labour
Unit-V 15
International labourOrganisation in India: Role and structure of ILO, India and ILO
Suggested Readings:
Unit I 5
Unit II 10
Unit III 5
Unit IV 15
Business Etiquettes, Business manners. Body language gestures, Etiquette of the written
word, Etiquette of the telephone, Handling business meetings, Role play on selected topics
with case analysis and real life experiences. Aids to correct Business writing, Practical
Grammar (basic Fundamentals), Sentence errors-Punctuation, Vocabulary building.
Unit V 25
skills and abilities. Introduction to group discussion techniques with debate and extempore,
increase your professionalism. Audio Video recording and dialogue sessions on current
topics, economy, education system, environment, politics.
Suggested Readings:
1. Lesikar, R.V. &Flatley, M.E.; Basic Business Communication Skills for Empowering the
Internet Generation, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi.
7. E. H. McGraw, S. J.; Basic Managerial Skills for All. Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Unit I 15
Unit II 15
Unit III 25
Unit IV 20
Suggested Readings
• Sehgal, Ashok and Sehgal Deepak, Financial Accounting, Taxmann’s New Delhi.
• Saxena V.K. &Vashisht C.D.: Cost Accounting, Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi.
B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management, CBCS
• Maheshwari and Mittal, Cost Accounting : Principles and Practice, Shree Mahavir
Book Depot, Delhi-6.
• Arora M.N. Cost Accounting, Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management, CBCS
Note:
Each student of Vocational Courses shall undergo Practical Internship of four weeks
during the vacations after fourth semester in an approved Business/Industrial/Govt./Service
organization. The objective of this training is to make the student acquainted with the
industrial / business working environment. After completion of the training they will have to
submit a training report. The internship/project reports will carry 100 marks. It will be
evaluated by two examiners (one internal and one external). The training report is part of
the fifth semester. It is to be submitted by the date fixed by the College.
The students will also have to submit a performance certificate from the company where
he/she undertook the training. This report will also be considered while evaluating the
training report by examiners.
Objectives:
To make the student familiar with generally accepted accounting principles of financial
accounting and their applications in business organizations excluding corporate entitles.
Unit- I 15
Unit- II 15
(i) Consignments: Features, Accounts treatment in the books of the consignor and
consignee.
(ii) Joint Ventures: Accounting procedures: Joint Bank Account, Records Maintained by co-
venturer of (a) all transactions (b) only his own transactions. (Memorandum joint venture
account).
Unit- III 15
Unit- IV 15
B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management, CBCS
Unit- V 15
Analysis of financial statements, Common size balance sheet, Ratio analysis, Cash Flow
statement.
List of Reading
1. J.R. Monga, Basic Financial Accounting, Mayur Paper backs, Darya Gang, New Delhi
2. S.N. Maheshwari, Financial Accounting, Vikas Publication, New Delhi
3. P.C. Tulsian, Financial Accounting, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
4. Ashok Sehgal and Deepak Sehgal, Fundamentals of Financial Accounting, Taxmann,
New Delhi
5. R. NarayanaSwamy, “Financial Accounting” PHI Pvt., New Delhi
6. S.P. Jain and K.L. Narang, Advanced Accounting, Kalyani Publishers New Delhi
7. Ashok Sehgal and Deepak Sehgal, Fundamentals of Financial Accounting, Taxmann,
New Delhi
8. Naseem Ahmed, Nawab Ali Khan, M.L. Gupta, Financial Accounting, Ane Books Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi
Objectives
The objective of the course is to impart basic knowledge of the provisions of the
Companies Laws and the Depository Laws along with relevant case law.
Unit I 15
Unit II 15
Share Capital – issue, allotment and forfeiture of share, demat of share, transmission
of shares, buyback, share certificate and share warrant, Members and shareholder – their
rights and duties. shareholders meetings, kinds, convening and conduct of meetings, AGM,
EGM, Class meetings.
Unit III 15
Unit IV 15
Winding up – concept and modes of winding up, Emerging issues in company law: One
Person Company (OPC), Small Company, Postal Ballot, Small Shareholders on Board,
Director Identity Number (DIN), Corporate Identity Number (CIN), MCA-21, Online Filing
of Documents, Online Registration of Company,National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT),
Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), Insider Trading,Rating Agencies, Producer Company –
concept and formation.
B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management, CBCS
Unit V : 15
Suggested Readings:
Objectives:
To familiarize students with the different concepts of productivity management and to apply
them in business.
Unit I 12
Value Analysis and Value Engineering: Concept – Procedure – Application and role in
Productivity.
Unit II 12
Unit III 12
Work Study: Importance of work study – Method Study and Work Measurement – Pioneers
of Performance Measurement.
Method Study: Method and Method Study – Need for Method Study – Procedure of Method
Study – Principles of Motion Economy.
Unit IV 12
Unit V 12
Business Process Reengineering: Concept of BPR, process of BPR, prerequisites for effective
BPR implementation, application of BPR in productivity improvement.
Suggested Readings:
1. Productivity engineering and management - Sumanth, D.J. - Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi
1990.
3. Productivity Plus: How Today's Best Run Companies Are Gaining the Competitive Edge -
John G., Jr. Belcher - Butterworth-Heinemann
The course acquaints the student to the concept and importance of material logistics and
distribution task like transportation and warehousing.
Unit I 15
Material Logistics : Concept and Importance of Material Logistics. Logistic Tasks: Follow-
up of Order, Transportation, Warehousing, Inventory Control, Information Monitoring.
Logistic Planning: Major Aspects and Factors.
Unit II 15
Road Transport: Road System, Role of Road Transport in Movement of Materials, Role of
National Highway Authority of India, Limitations of Road Transport System, Consignment
Note.
Rail transport: India Railway Network and Role in Transportation of Materials and Cargo,
Consignment Note.
Unit III 15
Unit IV 15
Unit V 15
Suggested Readings
• Dutta A.K., Materials Management: Procedures, Text and cases, Prentice Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
• Gopalakrishnan, P. and Sundareson, M., Materials Management: An Integrated
Approach, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
• Varma, M.M., Essentials of Storekeeping and Purchasing, Sultan Chand and Sons,
New Delhi.
• Shah N.M. An Integrated concept of Materials Management, Indian Institute of
Materials Management, Baroda Branch, Baroda.
• Sharma S.C., Material Management and Materials Handling, Khanna Publishers, New
Delhi.
• Arnold, Champman and Ramakrishnan, Introduction to Materials Management 5th
ed., 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Pooler Victor H. Purchasing and Supply Management, Creating the Vision, New York,
Chapman & Hall, 19997.
• Dutta A.K., Material Management, Inventory Control and Logistics, Jaicoi Publishing
House, Mumbai.
• Roy Chaudhary, E.K. : Logistics Management
• Sharma SC: Warehousing and Distribution.
• Gopalakrishna, P. and Shandilya M.S. : Stores Management and Logistics.
• Martin Christopher : Logistics – The Strategic Issues.
B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management, CBCS
Objectives: The Paper is designed to familiarise the students with the concept of
globalisation and integration of developing countries with the world economy. The aim of
the paper is to provide a critique of globalisation and stress on local/national policies than
follow the one-size-fits-all approach.Globalisation
Unit I 15
Meaning and contents of globalization- First and second phases of modern economic
globalization.
Benefits of globalization, expansion of markets, freer movement of goods, services and
factors (labour and capital).
Unit II 15
Unit III 15
Globalisation and the world economy - production, global value chains - a case of
simultaneous integration and segmented production.
Unit IV 15
Unit V 15
Global governance - IMF, World Bank and the WTO.Role of the WTO in governing the world
trading systems.
The way forward - stress on local/regional/national (context-specific) than global economy`
Suggested Readings
To acquaint the student about the production process pertaining to an Industrial unit and
also to develop skills in the areas of Supply Chain Management.
Unit I 20
Unit II 15
Unit III 15
Unit – IV 25
Suggested Readings
• Anderson, Sweeney & Williams, Quantative Methods for Business, South Western
Cengage
• Render Barry, Stair, Hanna &Badri, Quantative Analysis for Management, 10th
Edition, Prentice Hall
B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management, CBCS
• Chopra S, Meinde P &Kalra D.V. SCM-Strategy Planning & Operation, 3rd Edition,
Pearson Education
• Bowersox D, Class J. David & Cooker, Supply Chain Logistics Management, McGraw
Hill
• Chitale A.K, Gupta RC, Material Management-Text & Cases, Eastern Economy Edition
Objectives: The objective of the course is to impart basic knowledge of the important
business laws along with relevant case law.
Contract – meaning, characteristics and kinds, Essentials of valid contract - Offer and
acceptance, consideration, contractual capacity, free consent, legality of objects, Void
agreements, Discharge of contract – modes of discharge including breach and its remedies,
Contingent contracts, Quasi contracts
Contract of sale, meaning and difference between sale and agreement to sell, Conditions
and warranties, Transfer of ownership in goods including sale by non-owners, Performance
of contract of sale, Unpaid seller – meaning and rights of an unpaid seller against the goods
and the buyer.
The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008: Salient Features of LLP, Difference between
LLP and Partnership, LLP and Company, LLP Agreement, Partners and Designated Partners,
Incorporation Document, Incorporation by Registration, Partners and their Relations,
winding up
B.A. (Vocational Studies) Materials Management, CBCS
Suggested Readings
1. Kuchhal, M.C. and VivekKuchhal, Business Law, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
4. Sharma JP, KannojiaSunayana, An easy approach to business Law, Ane books pvt.Ltd.
6. GoyalBhushan Kumar and Jain Kinneri, Business Laws, International Book House
Unit I 15
Unit II 15
Standard Costing : Meaning of standard cost, Standard Costing System, Material Cost
Variance Analysis.
Unit III 15
Elements of Marginal costing and Decision making : Marginal Cost, Fixed and Variable
Costs (Period and Product Costs), Marginal Costing System, Marginal Cost Equation, Profit –
Volume Ratio, Break Even Point, Break Even Chart, Margin of Safety, Cost-Volume Profit
Analysis and its Uses, Concept of Relevant Costs in Decision Making. Simple Decision
Making Problems including Make or Buy Decision, Domestic versus International Purchase.
Unit IV 15
Unit V 15
Suggested Readings
• Saxena, V.K. and Vashist CD, Cost and Management Accounting, Sultan Chand and
Sons, New Delhi.
• Pandey I.M. Management Accounting, Vikas Publishing House (Pvt.) Ltd., New Delhi.
• Dutta A.K., Materials Management: Procedures, Text and cases, Prentice Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Unit I 12
Unit II 12
Quality & Competitive Advantage.Perspectives on Leadership for Quality - The Balridge View
of Leadership.The Deming Management Philosophy – Profound Knowledge – The Impact of
Profound Knowledge – Deming's 14 Points for Management. The Juran Philosophy – The
Juran Quality Trilogy. The Crosby Philosophy.
Unit III 12
Unit IV 12
Quality Function Deployment – The Quality Function Deployment Process - Building the
House of Quality – Implementing Quality Function Deployment. Designing Quality into
Services - Service Needs Identification – Service System Design. Customer Satisfaction
Measurement Techniques - Customer Relationship Management Techniques.
Unit V 12
Quality Control and Quality Assurance, Managing and organization for quality: Quality
Policy – Quality Objectives, – Leadership for Quality, Quality Management Standards:
(Introductory aspects only):
Suggested readings