DIGITAL SIGNAL

PROCESSING

UNIT-I
Z-TRANSFORMS
 CONTENTS
▪ Review of Discrete time Signals
▪ The Direct Z-Transform
▪ Inversion of Z-Transform
• Power series expansion method
• Partial fraction expansion method
• Contour integration (Residue) method
cntd….
▪ Properties of Z-Transform
• Linearity
• Time shifting
• Scaling in Z-domain
• Time reversal
• Differentiation in Z-domain
• Convolution and Correlation of two sequences
• Multiplication of two sequences
• Parseval’s relation
• Initial Value Theorem
▪ The One-sided Z-Transform
• Definition
• Shifting property (time delay and time advance)
• Final value theorem
▪ Analysis of Linear shift invariant (LSI systems)
• Solution of difference equations using Z-Transform
• Causality and stability.
REVIEW OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS
Representation of Discrete – Time Signals
1. Graphical Representation

2. Functional Representation

3. Tabular Representation

4. Sequence Representation
Basic (Elementary) Discrete-Time Signals
1. Unit Impulse (Unit Sample) Sequence

2. Unit Step Sequence

3. Unit Ramp Sequence

4. Exponential Sequence
5. Sinusoidal Sequence

6. Complex Exponential Sequence

Classification of Discrete – Time Systems
1. Deterministic and Random Signals

2. Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

3. Energy and Power Signals

4. Even and Odd Signals

5. Causal, Anti- Causal and Non-Causal Signals
Classification of Discrete- Time Systems
1. Static and Dynamic Systems

2. Time Invariant and Time Variant Systems

3. Linear and Non-Linear Systems

4. Causal and Non-Causal Systems

Mathematical Operations on Discrete- Time Signals
1. Product of Two Sequences

2. Sum of Two Sequences

3. Shifting in Time

4. Folding (or) Time-Reversal

4. Amplitude Scaling (or) Scalar Multiplication

5. Time Scaling
# PROBLEM 1
Given the sequence 𝑥 𝑛 = 1, 2. −1, 3, 5, 4, 0, −2, 3 . 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖 𝑥 −𝑛 + 3 𝑖𝑖 𝑥(−2𝑛 − 2)
THE DIRECT Z-TRANSFORM
Advantages of Z-Transform (over Fourier Transform)

• Covers a broader class of signals

• Notation is convenient

• Brings power of Complex variable theory

• Provides a means of characterizing an LTI system

The Direct Z-Transform

The Z-Transform of a discrete-time signal 𝑥(𝑛) is defined as the power series (or
infinite sum)
∞

𝑿 𝒁 = ෍ 𝒙 𝒏 𝒁−𝒏
𝒏=−∞
Where, Z is a complex variable
Z-Transform and ROC for Finite Duration Sequences
• Right- Hand Sequence
ROC is entire Z-plane except Z=0
• Left Hand Sequence
ROC is entire Z-Plane except Z = ∞
• Two Sided Sequence
ROC is entire Z-Plane except Z = 0 and Z = ∞
Z-Transform & ROC of Infinite Duration Sequence
PROBLEM #2
Determine the Z-Transform of the following signals
(i) 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 , (ii) 𝑥 𝑛 = −𝑎𝑛 𝑢 −𝑛 − 1 (iii) 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 + 𝑏 𝑛 𝑢(−𝑛 − 1)
Properties of ROC of the Z-Transform

➢ Property 1: The ROC is a ring or disk in the Z-plane centred at origin.

➢ Property 2: Fourier Transform of a sequence 𝑥 𝑛 exists iff ROC includes Unit

circle.

➢ Property 3: The ROC cannot contain any poles.

➢ Property 4: If 𝑥 𝑛 is of finite duration then ROC is entire Z-Plane except

possibly Z= 0 or/and Z= ∞.

Cntd…..
➢ Property 5: If 𝑥 𝑛 is right sided then the ROC extends outward from the
outermost finite pole in X(Z) to (possibly including) Z=∞.

➢ Property 6: If 𝑥 𝑛 is left sided then the ROC extends inward from the
innermost finite non-zero pole in X(Z) to (possibly including) Z=0.

➢ Property 7: If 𝑥 𝑛 is two sided then the ROC will consist of a ring in the
Z-plane bounded on the interior and exterior by a pole.

➢ Property 8: The ROC must be a connected region.

PROPERTIES OF Z-TRANSFORM
1. Linearity :-
𝑍
If 𝑥1 𝑛 ՞ 𝑋1 𝑍 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥1
𝑍
and 𝑥2 𝑛 ՞ 𝑋2 𝑍 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥2
𝑍
then 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑥2 𝑛 ՞ 𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑎𝑋1 𝑍 + 𝑏𝑋2 𝑍 ,
𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥1 ∩ 𝑅𝑥1
Proof:
PROBLEM #3
Determine the Z-Transform and the ROC of the signal
𝑥 𝑛 = 3 2 𝑛 − 4 3 𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
PROBLEM #4
Determine the Z-Transform of the following signals
(a) 𝑥 𝑛 = cos ω0 𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 (b) 𝑥 𝑛 = sin ω0 𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
2. Time-Shifting Property :-
𝑍
If 𝑥 𝑛 ՞𝑋 𝑍 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥
𝑍
then 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑘 ՞ 𝑍 −𝑘 𝑋 𝑍 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥 (𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓
𝑍 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑍 = ∞)
Proof:
PROBLEM #5
Determine the Z-Transform of the signals
(a) 𝑥1 𝑛 = 1, 2, 𝟓, 7, 0, 1 (b) 𝑥2 𝑛 = 𝟎, 0, 1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1
(c) 𝑥3 𝑛 = 1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 𝟏
PROBLEM #6
Determine the Z-Transform of the following signals,
1, 0 ≤ n ≤ N-1
(a) 𝑥 𝑛 =
0, 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
1 𝑛
(b) 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛 − 1)
3
3. Scaling In Z-Domain :-
𝑍
If 𝑥 𝑛 ՞𝑋 𝑍 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑟1 < 𝑍 < 𝑟2
𝑍
then 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 ՞ 𝑋 𝑎−1 𝑍 𝑅𝑂𝐶: |𝑎|𝑟1 < 𝑍 < |𝑎|𝑟2
for any constant ‘𝑎’, real or complex
Proof:
PROBLEM #7
Determine the Z-Transform of the following signals
(a) 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 cos ω0 𝑛 𝑢 𝑛
(b) 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω0 𝑛 𝑢 𝑛
4. Time Reversal :-
𝑍
If 𝑥 𝑛 ՞𝑋 𝑍 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑟1 < 𝑍 < 𝑟2
𝑍 1 1
then 𝑥 −𝑛 ՞ 𝑋 𝑍 −1 𝑅𝑂𝐶: < 𝑍 <
𝑟1 𝑟2
Proof:
PROBLEM #8
Determine the Z-Transform of the following signals
(a) 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢 −𝑛
(b) 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎−𝑛 𝑢(−𝑛)
5. Differentiation in the Z-Domain :-
𝑍
If 𝑥 𝑛 ՞𝑋 𝑍 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥
𝑍 𝑑𝑋 𝑍
then 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 ՞ −𝑍 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥 (𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑍
𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓
𝑍 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑍 = ∞)
Proof:
PROBLEM #9
Determine the Z-Transform of the following signals
(a) 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) (b) 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
PROBLEM #10
Using properties of Z-Transform find the signal 𝑥 𝑛 whose Z-Transform is given by,
𝑋 𝑍 = log 1 + 𝑎𝑍 −1 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 > |𝑎|
6. Convolution of two Sequences :-
𝑍
If 𝑥1 𝑛 ՞ 𝑋1 𝑍 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥1
𝑍
and 𝑥2 𝑛 ՞ 𝑋2 𝑍 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥2
𝑍
then 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 ∗ 𝑥2 𝑛 ՞ 𝑋 𝑍 = 𝑋1 𝑍 𝑋2 𝑍 ,
𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥1 ∩ 𝑅𝑥2
Proof:
PROBLEM #11
Compute the convolution 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 ∗ 𝑥2 𝑛 where 𝑥1 𝑛 = 1, −2, 1 ,
1, 0≤𝑛≤5
𝑥2 𝑛 = ቊ
0, 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
7. Correlation of two sequences :-
𝑍
If 𝑥1 𝑛 ՞ 𝑋1 𝑍 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥1
𝑍
and 𝑥2 𝑛 ՞ 𝑋2 𝑍 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥2
𝑍
then 𝑟𝑥1 𝑥2 = σ∞ − 𝑙) ՞ 𝑅𝑥1 𝑥2 (𝑍) = 𝑋1 𝑍 𝑋2 𝑍 −1 ,
𝑛=−∞ 𝑥1 (𝑛)𝑥2 (𝑛
𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑂𝐶 ′ 𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑋1 𝑍 & 𝑋2 (𝑍 −1 )
Proof:
PROBLEM #12
Determine the autocorrelation of the signal 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 , −1 < 𝑎 < 1
8. Conjugation of a Complex Sequence :-
𝑍
If 𝑥 𝑛 ՞𝑋 𝑍 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑅𝑥
𝑍
then 𝑥 𝑛 ՞ 𝑋∗ 𝑍∗
∗
𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑅𝑥
Proof:
9. Multiplication of two sequences :- (Complex Convolution Theorem)
𝑍
If 𝑥1 𝑛 ՞ 𝑋1 𝑍 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥1
𝑍
and 𝑥2 𝑛 ՞ 𝑋2 𝑍 , 𝑅𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥2
𝑍 𝑍
then 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 𝑥2 𝑛 ՞ 𝑋 𝑍 = ‫𝑋 𝑐ׯ‬1 ν 𝑋2 ν−1 𝑑ν ,
ν
Proof:
10. Parseval’s Relation :-
If 𝑥1 𝑛 and 𝑥2 𝑛 are complex-valued sequences, then,
∗ 1 ∗ 1
σ∞
𝑛=−∞ 1𝑥 𝑛 𝑥2 𝑛 = ‫ׯ‬ 𝑋1 (ν)𝑋2 ∗ ν −1
𝑑ν
2π𝑗 ν
Proof:
11. Initial Value Theorem :-
If 𝑥 𝑛 is zero for n<0, then,
𝑥 0 = lim 𝑋(𝑍)
𝑍−→ ∞
Proof:
INVERSION OF Z-TRANSFORM
The Inverse Z-Transform:-
The time domain sequence 𝑥(𝑛) can be obtained from its Z-Transform 𝑋(𝑍)
using the contour integral,
𝟏
𝒙 𝒏 = ර 𝑿 𝒁 𝒁𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒁
𝟐𝝅𝒋
METHODS FOR FINDING INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM :-

1. Power Series Expansion Method (or) Long-Division Method

2. Partial Fraction Expansion Method

3. Contour Integration (Residue) Method

4. Convolution Method
1. Long Division Method

PROBLEM #13
𝑍
Find the inverse Z-Transform of using power series expansion method if
𝑍−𝑎
(a) 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 > 𝑎, (b) ROC: 𝑍 < 𝑎
PROBLEM #14
Determine the inverse Z-Transform of
(a) 𝑋 𝑧 = log 𝑒 1 + 𝑎𝑍 −1 ; 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 > 𝑎
1
(b) 𝑋 𝑍 = log 𝑒 −1 ; 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 < 𝑎
1−𝑎 𝑍
PROBLEM #15
Using long division method, determine the inverse Z-Transform of
1
(a) 𝑋 𝑍 = −1 −2 ; 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 > 1
1−1.5𝑍 +0.5𝑍
1
(b) 𝑋𝐼 𝑍 = ; 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 < 0.5
1−1.5𝑍 −1 +0.5𝑍 −2
2. Partial Fraction Expansion Method

PROBLEM #16
𝑍 −1
Find the Inverse Z-Transform of 𝑋 𝑍 = ; 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 > 1 using Partial
3−4𝑍 −1 +𝑍 −2
Fraction Expansion method.
PROBLEM #17
𝑍
Find the inverse Z-Transform of 𝑋 𝑍 = , 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 < 1 using Partial
𝑍+1 2 𝑍+2
Fraction expansion method.
PROBLEM #18
1−𝑍 −1 +𝑍 −2
Find all possible inverse Z-transforms of 𝑋 𝑍 = 1 using
1−2𝑍 −1 1−2𝑍 −1 1−𝑍 −1
partial fraction expansion method.
PROBLEM #19
Determine the Causal Signal 𝑥 𝑛 whose Z-Transform is given by
1+𝑍 −1
𝑋 𝑍 =
1−𝑍 −1 +0.5𝑍 −2
3. Residue Method

The Inverse Z-Transform of X(Z) can be obtained using the equation,

𝟏
𝒙 𝒏 = ර 𝑿 𝒁 𝒁𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒁
𝟐𝝅𝒋
The above equation can be evaluated by finding the sum of all residues of the poles.
Therefore,
𝑥 𝑛 = ෍ 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑋 𝑍 𝑍 𝑛−1 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

= ෍ 𝑍 − 𝑍𝑖 𝑋 𝑍 𝑍 𝑛−1 |𝑍=𝑍𝑖
𝑖
PROBLEM 20:
1+2𝑍 −1
𝑋 𝑍 = ; 𝑅𝑂𝐶: 𝑍 > 3. Find 𝑥(𝑛) using Contour Integration method.
1+4𝑍 −1 +3𝑍 −2
THE ONE-SIDED Z-TRANSFORM &
PROPERTIES
Definition:
The One-Sided (or) Unilateral Z-Transform of a signal 𝑥(𝑛) is defined by,
∞

𝑿+ 𝒁 = ෍ 𝒙(𝒏) 𝒁−𝒏
𝒏=𝟎

PROBLEM #23
Determine the one-sided Z-Transform of the signals, (a) 𝑥1 𝑛 = {1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}
(b) 𝑥2 𝑛 = {1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}, (c) 𝑥3 𝑛 = {2, 4, 5, 7, 0, 1}
PROPERTIES :-
1. Shifting Property:
Case1: Time Delay
𝑍+
If 𝑥 𝑛 𝑋+ 𝑍
𝑍+
then 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑘 𝑍 −𝑘 𝑋 + 𝑍 + σ𝑘𝑛=1 𝑥 −𝑛 𝑍 𝑛 , 𝑘 > 0
In case 𝑥 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑙, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑍+
𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘) 𝑍 −𝑘 𝑋 + (𝑍)
Proof:
Case2: Time Delay
𝑍+
If 𝑥 𝑛 𝑋+ 𝑍
𝑍+
then 𝑥 𝑛+𝑘 𝑍 𝑘 𝑋 + 𝑍 − σ𝑘−1
𝑛=0 𝑥 𝑛 𝑍
−𝑛 , 𝑘 > 0

Proof:
PROBLEM #24
Determine the One-Sided Z-Transform of (a) 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 , (b) 𝑥1 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 2 ,
(c) 𝑥2 𝑛 = 𝑥(𝑛 + 2)
2. Final Value Theorem:
𝑍+
If 𝑥 𝑛 𝑋+ 𝑍
then lim 𝑥 𝑛 = lim (𝑍 − 1)𝑋 + (𝑍)
𝑛→∞ 𝑍→1
The limit in above equation exists if the ROC of 𝑍 − 1 𝑋 + 𝑍 includes the unit circle.
Proof:
ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SHIFT INVARIANT
SYSTEM
Solution of Difference Equation Using Z-Transform :-
PROBLEM #25
Determine the Step response of the system 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑦(𝑛 − 1) + 𝑥 𝑛 , −1 < 𝑎 < 1
When the initial condition is y(-1)=1.
PROBLEM #26
(a)Determine the free response of the system described by the following difference
equation with initial conditions 𝑦 −1 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 −2 = 0.
5 1
𝑦 𝑛 − 𝑦 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑦 𝑛 − 2 = 𝑥(𝑛)
6 6
1 𝑛
(b) Determine the forced response for an input 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢(𝑛)
4
PROBLEM #27
Find the impulse response and frequency response of the system described by the
following difference equation.
3 1
𝑦 𝑛 − 𝑦 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑦 𝑛 − 2 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥(𝑛 − 1)
16 2
Causality & Stability :-