Hindawi

Advances in Civil Engineering

Volume 2020, Article ID 8848879, 11 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8848879

Research Article
Analytical Bending Solutions of Orthotropic Rectangular Thin
Plates with Two Adjacent Edges Free and the Others Clamped or
Simply Supported Using Finite Integral Transform Method

Qian Xu,1 Zhong Yang,1 Salamat Ullah,1 Zhang Jinghui ,1 and Yuanyuan Gao2
1
Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
2
Key Laboratory of Green Construction and Intelligent Maintenance for Civil Engineering of Hebei Province, Yanshan University,
Qinhuangdao 066004, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Zhang Jinghui; zhangjinghui653@mail.dlut.edu.cn

Received 6 March 2020; Revised 25 March 2020; Accepted 11 April 2020; Published 11 May 2020

Academic Editor: Yinshan Tang

Copyright © 2020 Qian Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
For the first time, the finite integral transform method is introduced to explore the accurate bending analysis of orthotropic rectangular
thin plates with two adjacent edges free and the others clamped or simply supported. Previous solutions mostly focused on plates with
simply supported and clamped edges, but the existence of free corner makes the solution procedure much complex to solve by
conventional inverse/semi-inverse methods. Compared with the conventional methods, the employed method eliminates the need to
preselect the deflection function, which makes it more reasonable and theoretical for calculating the mechanical responses of the plates.
Moreover, the approach used can also analyze static problems of moderately thick plates and thick plates with the same boundary
conditions investigated in this article. Finally, comprehensive analytical results obtained in this paper illuminate the validity of the
proposed approach by comparing with the previous literature and finite element method by using (ABAQUS) software.

1. Introduction numerical methods satisfy the engineering requirements

with acceptable error, but approximate solution is obtained,
Due to the better structural performance such as superior which is the main disadvantage of the numerical methods.
strength-to-weight ratios and stiffness-to-weight ratios, Compared with numerical methods, analytical solution
composite materials are widely applied in engineering fields is relatively sparse, which is due to the mathematical
such as mechanical engineering, civil and structural engi- complexity in choosing proper trial function to satisfy the
neering, naval, and aerospace. Orthotropic rectangular plate governing equation and the boundary conditions simulta-
is considered as the fundamental structural application of neously. It is known that the classic traditional semi-inverse
composite materials. Thus, the research on the mechanical methods [14–17] such as Navier solution and Levy solution
behavior of orthotropic plate aroused the interest of sci- can only deal with the static problem of plate with two
entists and engineers for more than a century. opposite simply supported edges. Superposition method [18]
Literature surveys reveal that numerical methods such as can be applied for static problems of plates with various
finite difference method [1], spline element method [2], boundary conditions. However, the method involves com-
boundary element method [3], meshless method [4], finite plex solving procedure.
element method (FEM) [5], boundary particle method [6], Among the combinations of boundary conditions of
isogeometric collocation method [7], discrete singular rectangular plate, it is very difficult to obtain analytical
convolution method [8–11], and differential quadrature solution for plate with at least two adjacent edges free. Most
method [12, 13] are competent to analyze the bending of previous research studies dealt with the plate with simply or
plates with different edge conditions, loading patterns, and clamped boundary conditions; however, the existence of two
material properties. However, the aforementioned adjacent free edges creates a free corner, which eventually
2 Advances in Civil Engineering

makes the solution procedure much complex. The classical denotes simply supported edge, and C denotes clamped
superposition method cannot deal with the title problem edge, and the boundary conditions are taken in clockwise
because of requiring the plate deflections to vanish at the free direction.
corner. The existing solutions are very few, and the solution
procedure is much more difficult which needs a thorough
knowledge of mathematics and mechanics. Recently, a
2. Application of Finite Integral
Green’s function approach is utilized to solve the free vi- Transformation for Bending Analysis of
bration problems of circular thin plates [19–21]. This ap- Orthotropic Rectangular Thin Plates
proach allows obtaining the analytical frequency equations
as power series fast convergent to exact eigenvalues for Figure 1 shows the orthotropic thin plate with dimensions of
different number of nodal diameters. The symplectic su- a × b × h. The bending governing equation of classical
perposition method is developed which is the combination Kirchhoff plate theory is expressed as follows [37]:
of superposition method as stated above and symplectic
elasticity approach [22–25], and applied systematically to the z4 W(x, y) z4 W(x, y) z4 W(x, y)
Dx 4
+ 2H 2 2
+ Dy � q(x, y),
bending [26, 27], buckling [28, 29], and free vibration zx zx zy zy4
[30, 31] problems of plate. This method has attracted wide (1)
attention, including plate; it is also applicable to solve shell
problems [32]. However, the method involves complex where W(x, y) and q(x, y) are the deflection of plate
mathematical manipulations, which require skilled per- midplane and the distributed transverse load, respectively;
sonnel in the fields of mathematics and mechanics. There- Dx and Dy are the flexural rigidities in the x and y directions,
fore, researchers are still exploring new analytical methods respectively; H � D1 + 2Dxy is defined as the effective tor-
to analyze the title problem with a more effective way and to sional rigidity, where Dxy is the torsional rigidity, D1 �
develop accurate analytical solutions for validating other μy Dx � μx Dy is defined with Poisson’s ratios μx and μy ; the
numerical/approximate solutions. internal forces of orthotropic plates can be expressed in
Recently, the finite integral transform method [33], an terms of W(x, y) as follows:
effective mathematical method, is developed which is suc-
cessfully implemented to solve the bending [34–37] and free z2 W z2 W
Mx � − D x 􏼠 2
+ μy 2 􏼡,
vibration [38–40] plate problems with different boundary zx zy
conditions. Unfortunately, there is no report available which
presents the solution of the title problem using finite integral z2 W z2 W
My � − D y 􏼠 + μ x 􏼡,
transform. For the reason, this study adopts a simpler and zy2 zx2
more general, finite integral transformation to investigate
the title problem. In the solution process, after finite integral z2 W
transformation, using some inherent properties of the in- Mxy � − 2Dxy , (2)
zx zy
tegral kernel, the bending governing equation is transformed
into a fully regular infinite system of simultaneous linear z z2 W z2 w
algebraic equations with the unknowns determined by Qx � − 􏼠Dx 2 + H 2 􏼡,
zx zx zy
satisfying associated boundary conditions. Then, through
some mathematical manipulation, the analytical solution is
z z2 W z2 W
elegantly achieved in a straightforward procedure. “Com- Qy � − 􏼠Dy 2 + H 2 􏼡,
pared with the traditional semi-inverse methods (e.g., the zy zy zx
Navier method, Levy method, and superposition method),
the present one is simpler and more rational. A semi-inverse z z2 W z2 W
Vx � − 􏼢Dx 2 + 􏼐H + 2Dxy 􏼑 2 􏼣,
method normally fails to yield a unified solution procedure zx zx zy
since it requires case-by-case trial functions to satisfy both (3)
z z2 W z2 W
the governing equation and boundary conditions. By using Vy � − 􏼢Dy 2 + 􏼐H + 2Dxy 􏼑 2 􏼣.
finite integral transformation, the high-order partial dif- zy zy zx
ferential equation is transformed into a system of linear The CCFF rectangular plate is clamped at two adjacent
algebraic equations, and the solution of these equations is edges x � 0 and y � 0, and the other edges are free; the
achieved in a straightforward way. The present results are boundary conditions of the plate are as follows:
believed to present a benchmark for validation of other
numerical and analytical methods and can be useful for 􏼌
zW2 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌
engineers and scientists for academic and practical appli- W|x�0 � W|y�0 � 0, 2Dxy 􏼌 � 0, (4a)
cations. The succinct but effective technique presented in zx zy􏼌􏼌x�a,y�b
􏼌
this study may provide an easy-to-implement theoretical zW􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
tool to seek more analytic solutions of buckling and free 􏼌􏼌 � 0, Mx 􏼌􏼌x�a � Vx 􏼌􏼌x�a � 0,
zx 􏼌􏼌x�0
vibration problems of thin plates.” (4b)
zW􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
The three complex boundary value problems, i.e., CCFF, 􏼌 � 0, My 􏼌􏼌􏼌y�b � Vy 􏼌􏼌􏼌y�b � 0.
CSFF, and SSFF, are studied, where F denotes free edge, S zy 􏼌􏼌y�0
Advances in Civil Engineering 3

a b αm x β y
x
Wmn � 􏽚 􏽚 W(x, y)sin sin n dxdy
0 0 2 2 (5)
a
(m � 1, 3, 5, . . . , n � 1, 3, 5, . . .).
o q
The inversion is expressed as
4 ∞ ∞ α x βy
W(x, y) � 􏽘 􏽘 W sin m sin n , (6)
z b ab m�1,3 n�1,3 mn 2 2

where αm � mπ/a and βn � nπ/b.

y The high-order partial derivatives of W(x, y) in equation
(1) are derived as follows:
Figure 1: Schematic illustration of thin plate.

If W(x, y) is a function of the two independent variables

x and y, defined in a rectangle 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b, the double
finite sine integral transform is described as follows:

a b z4 W α x β y
􏽚 􏽚 4
sin m sin n dxdy
0 0 zx 2 2
􏼌 􏼌
1/2) z3 W 􏼌􏼌􏼌 z2 W 􏼌􏼌􏼌
(− 1)(m− zx3 􏼌 x�a + α2m zx2 􏼌 x�0 (7)
⎢
b⎡
⎢ ⎤⎥⎥⎥
α 4 ⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ βn y
� 􏼒 m 􏼓 Wmn + 􏽚 ⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢ 􏼌 􏼌􏼌 ⎥⎥⎥⎦ sin 2 dy.
2 0⎢
⎣ 􏼌
1/2) αm 2 zW 􏼌􏼌 3 􏼌
− (− 1)(m− 􏼐 2 􏼑 zx 􏼌􏼌 x�a − 􏼐α2m 􏼑 W 􏼌􏼌􏼌 x�0

a b z4 W α x βy
􏽚 􏽚 4
sin m sin n dxdy
0 0 zy 2 2
􏼌 􏼌
W 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌
1/2) z
3
βn z2 W 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌
⎢
⎡
⎢ (− 1)(n− 􏼌 + 􏼌 ⎤⎥⎥⎥
βn
4 ⎢
a⎢
⎢
⎢ zy3 􏼌􏼌 y�b 2 zy2 􏼌􏼌 y�0 ⎥⎥⎥
αm x
(8)
⎢ ⎥⎥⎥
� 􏼠 􏼡 Wmn + 􏽚 ⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢ 􏼌 􏼌􏼌 ⎥⎥⎥ sin dx.
0⎢
2 ⎢ βn zW 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 ⎥⎥⎥ 2
2 3 􏼌􏼌
⎢
⎢
⎣ βn ⎦
− (− 1) (n− 1/2)
􏼠 􏼡 􏼌􏼌 y�b − 􏼠 􏼡 W 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 y�0
2 zy 􏼌 2 􏼌

The second term of equation (1) can be divided into two a b z4 W α x β y

parts. In the first part, we consider the partial derivative of x 􏽚 􏽚 2 zy2
sin m sin n dxdy
0 0 zx 2 2
first:
􏼌
z3 W 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌
2
a z4 W
b α x β y α 2 β a
1/2)
􏽚 􏽚 sin m sin n dxdy � 􏼒 m 􏼓 􏼠 n 􏼡 Wmn + 􏽚 􏼢(− 1)(n− 􏼌
0 0 zx 2 zy2 2 2 2 2 0 zx2 zy 􏼌􏼌 y�b
􏼌 􏼌
z3 W 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 βn z2 W 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌
2 b
α 2 β 1/2) α x
� 􏼒 m 􏼓 􏼠 n 􏼡 Wmn + 􏽚 􏼢(− 1)(m− 􏼌 + 􏼌 􏼣 sin m dx
2 2 0 zx zy2 􏼌􏼌 x�a 2 zx2 􏼌􏼌 y�0 2
􏼌
αm z2 W 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 βy
+ 􏼌 􏼣 sin n dy
2 zy2 􏼌􏼌 x�0 2 􏼌
β
2 b
zW 􏼌􏼌􏼌 α 􏼌􏼌 βy
􏼌􏼌
􏼌 􏼌􏼌 − 􏼠 n 􏼡 􏽚 􏼢(− 1)(m− 1/2) 􏼌􏼌 x�a + m W 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 x�0􏼣 sin n dy.
αm 2 a 1/2) zW 􏼌􏼌 β 􏼌 α x 2 zx 􏼌 2 2
− 􏼒 􏼓 􏽚 􏼢(− 1)(n− 􏼌􏼌 y�b + n W 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 y�0􏼣 sin m dx. 0
2 0 zy 􏼌 2 2 (10)
(9)
By applying one-dimensional finite sine integral trans-
In the second part, we first consider the partial derivative form on the effective shearing forces Vx of edge x � a, we will
of y: obtain
4 Advances in Civil Engineering

􏼌
bz3 W􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 βy Some parts of equation (14) are definite integral, which
Dx 􏽚 3
􏼌􏼌 sin n dy are constants. Let
0 zx x�a 􏼌 2 􏼌 􏼌
a zW 􏼌􏼌 αm x a z2 W 􏼌􏼌 α x
􏼌 ⎪
⎧
⎪ 􏼌
􏼌 􏼌􏼌
I � 􏽚 􏼌 sin dx, J � 􏽚 􏼌􏼌 y�0 sin m dx,
z3 W 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌
b βy ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
m
0 zy
􏼌
􏼌 y�b
2 m
0 zy
2 􏼌 2
� − 􏼐H + 2Dxy 􏼑 􏽚 2
􏼌􏼌 sin n dy (11) ⎨
0 zx zy 􏼌x�a 2 ⎪
⎪ 􏼌
⎪
⎪
⎪ b zW 􏼌􏼌􏼌 βn y b z2 W 􏼌􏼌 β y
􏼌 ⎪ 􏼌􏼌 􏼌􏼌
β
2 b
zW􏼌􏼌􏼌 βy ⎩ Kn � 􏽚 􏼌 x�a sin dy, L n � 􏽚 􏼌
2 􏼌 x�0
sin n dy.
� 􏼐H + 2Dxy 􏼑􏼠 n 􏼡 􏽚 􏼌􏼌 sin n dy. 0 zx 􏼌 2 0 zx 􏼌 2
2 0 zx 􏼌x�a 2
(15)
Similarly, after employing one-dimensional finite sine The unidentified constants Jm and Ln have evident
integral transform on the effective shearing forces Vy of edge physical meaning. When the plate is clamped, or simply
y � b, we will obtain supported at edges x � 0, y � 0, we can easily obtain the
a z3 W􏼌􏼌
􏼌
􏼌􏼌 α x following equation:
Dy 􏽚 3 􏼌􏼌
􏼌 sin m dx 􏼌 􏼌
0 zy y�b 2 z2 W􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 z2 W􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌
􏼌 � 0, 􏼌 � 0. (16)
􏼌 zy2 􏼌􏼌x�0 zx2 􏼌􏼌y�0
a z3 W 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 α x
� − 􏼐H + 2Dxy 􏼑 􏽚 2
􏼌􏼌 sin m dx (12) Substitution of equation (16) into Jm and Ln leads to
0 zx zy􏼌y�b 2
􏼌
􏼌
a z2 W z2 W 􏼌􏼌􏼌 α x
αm 2 b zW􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 α x Jm � 􏽚 􏼠 2 + μx 2 􏼡􏼌􏼌􏼌 sin m dx ,
� 􏼐H + 2Dxy 􏼑􏼒 􏼓 􏽚 􏼌􏼌 sin m dx. 0 zy zx 􏼌y�0 2
2 0 zy 􏼌y�b 2 (17)
􏼌
b z2 W z2 W 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 βn y
qmn is defined as the transform of the load function Ln � 􏽚 􏼠 2 + μy 2 􏼡􏼌􏼌 sin dy.
q(x, y): 0 zx zy 􏼌x�0 2
a b αm x βy Obviously, the integrands of − Dy Jm and − Dx Ln are
qmn � 􏽚 􏽚 q(x, y) sin sin n dxdy. (13)
0 0 2 2 Fourier coefficients of the bending moments of edges y � 0
and x � 0, respectively. Similarly, Im and Kn are Fourier
By substituting equations (7)–(13) and boundary con- coefficients of the slopes of free edges y � b and x � a,
dition of equation (4a) into equation (1), we can obtain the respectively. As to the simply supported edges, the corre-
following equation: sponding unknowns will be zero. Accordingly, equation (14)
􏼌 􏼌
αm b z2 W􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 βn y βn a z2 W􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 α x is expressed by an unidentified constants Im , Jm , Kn , and Ln
Dx 􏽚 􏼌 sin dy + Dy 􏽚 􏼌 sin m dx
2 0 zx2 􏼌􏼌x�0 2 2 0 zy2 􏼌􏼌y�0 2 as follows:
1/2) β
2 2 􏼌􏼌 b Wmn � Cmn 􏼢qmn +(− 1)(n− Dy Rmn Im − Dy n Jm
m− 1
⎣􏼒αm 􏼓 + μ 􏼠βn 􏼡 ⎤⎦ 􏽚 zW􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 sin βn y dy
− (− 1) 2 Dx ⎡
2
(18)
y
2 2 0 zx 􏼌x�a 2
(m− 1/2) α
􏼌􏼌 +(− 1) Dx Pmn Kn − m Dx Ln 􏼕,
2 2 a 􏼌 2
⎣μx 􏼒αm 􏼓 + 􏼠βn 􏼡 ⎤⎦ 􏽚 zW􏼌􏼌􏼌 sin αm x dx
n− 1
− (− 1) Dy ⎡
2
2 2 􏼌
0 zy 􏼌y�b 2 where Cmn � (1/(Dx (α4m /16) + H(α2m β2n /8) + Dy (β4n /16))),
Rmn � μx (α2m /4) + (β2n /4), and Pmn � (α2m /4) + μy (β2n /4).
α4m α2 β 2 β4 By substituting equation (18) into equation (6), the
+ 􏼢Dx + H m n + Dy n 􏼣Wmn � qmn . expression for W(x, y) is obtained as follows for
16 8 16
m � 1, 3, 5, . . . ∞ and n � 1, 3, 5, . . . ∞:
(14)

β
⎢
⎡
⎢ qmn +(− 1)(n− 1/2) Dy Rmn Im − Dy n Jm ⎤⎥⎥
4 ∞ ⎢
⎢
⎢ ∞ 2 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
W(x, y) � 􏽘 􏽘 Cmn ⎢
⎢
⎢
⎢ ⎥⎥⎥sin αm x sin βn y. (19)
ab m�1,3 n�1,3 ⎢
⎢
⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ 2 2
⎢
⎣ αm ⎥⎦
(m− 1/2)
+(− 1) Dx Pmn Kn − Dx Ln
2

Case 1. For the CCFF rectangular plate, equation (19) has zW/zx|x�0 � zW/zy|y�0 � 0 and Mx |x�a � My |y�b � 0, and
satisfied the boundary conditions W|x�0 � W|y�0 � 0, taking the differentiation technique of trigonometric series
Vx |x�a � Vy |y�b � 0, and zW2 /zx zy|x�a,y�b � 0. By [41], we can obtain
substituting W(x, y) into the other boundary conditions
Advances in Civil Engineering 5

∞ ∞ ∞
1/2) β 1/2)
􏽘 (− 1)(n− Dy Cmn Rmn αm Im − 􏽘 Dy Cmn αm n Jm + 􏽘 (− 1)(m− Dx Cmn Pmn αm Kn
m�1,3 m�1,3 2 m�1,3
(20)
∞ ∞
α
− 􏽘 Dx Cmn αm m Ln � − 􏽘 Cmn αm qmn n � 1, 3, 5 . . . ,
m�1,3 2 m�1,3

∞ ∞
1/2) 1/2) 1/2) β
􏽘 (− 1)(m− (− 1)(n− 􏽨μy − Dy Cmn Rmn Pmn 􏽩Im + 􏽘 (− 1)
(m−
Dy Cmn Pmn n Jm
m�1,3 m�1,3 2
∞
+ 􏽘 (− 1)m− 1 􏽨1 − Dx Cmn P2mn 􏽩Kn (21)
m�1,3
∞ ∞
1/2) αm 1/2)
+ 􏽘 (− 1)(m− Dx Cmn Pmn Ln � 􏽘 (− 1)(m− Cmn Pmn qmn n � 1, 3, 5 . . . ,
m�1,3 2 m�1,3

∞ ∞ ∞
1/2) β 1/2)
􏽘 (− 1)(n− Dy Cmn Rmn βn Im − 􏽘 Dy Cmn βn n Jm + 􏽘 (− 1)(m− Dx Cmn Pmn βn Kn
n�1,3 n�1,3 2 n�1,3
∞ ∞
(22)
α
− 􏽘 Dx Cmn βn m Ln � − 􏽘 Cmn βn qmn m � 1, 3, 5 . . . ,
n�1,3 2 n�1,3

∞ ∞
β
􏽘 (− 1)n− 1 􏽨1 − Dy Cmn R2mn 􏽩Im + 􏽘 (− 1)(n− 1/2)
Dy Cmn Rmn n Jm
n�1,3 n�1,3 2
∞
1/2) 1/2)
+ 􏽘 (− 1)(n− (− 1)(m− 􏼂μx − Dx Cmn Rmn Pmn 􏼃Kn (23)
n�1,3
∞ ∞
1/2) αm 1/2)
+ 􏽘 (− 1)(n− Dx Cmn Rmn Ln � 􏽘 (− 1)(n− Cmn Rmn qmn m � 1, 3, 5 . . . ,
n�1,3 2 n�1,3

The constants Im , Jm , Kn , and Ln (m, n � 1, 3, 5, . . .) can their upper limit taken as M � (2t − 1)/2 and
be obtained by solving the infinite linear simultaneous N � (2t − 1)/2. By substituting the above constant solutions
equations described by equations (20)–(23). In calculation, a into equation (19), we finally get the analytical bending
finite number of terms are taken in each set of equations and solutions for plate with two adjacent edges free and the other
solved for a finite number of constants, i.e., m � 1, 3, 5, . . ., two edges clamped.
M, and n � 1, 3, 5, . . ., N, where M and N are any positive The bending moment along the clamped edge can be
integers. Here, the same term t is chosen for m and n, with easily found by the following equation:

􏼌 􏼌
z2 W z2 w 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 z2 W􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 2 ∞ βy
Mx � − Dx 􏼠 2 + μy 2 􏼡􏼌􏼌 � − Dx 2 􏼌􏼌 � − Dx 􏽘 Ln sin n ,
zx zy 􏼌x�0 zx 􏼌x�0 b n�1,3 2
􏼌 􏼌 (24)
z2 W z2 W 􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 z2 W􏼌􏼌􏼌􏼌 2 ∞ α x
My � − Dy 􏼠 2 + μx 2 􏼡􏼌􏼌 � − Dy 2 􏼌􏼌 � − Dy 􏽘 Jm sin m .
zy zx 􏼌y�0 zy 􏼌y�0 a n�1,3 2

Case 2. For the rectangular plate clamped at edge x � 0, y � b, the undetermined unknowns Jm will be zero, and the
simply supported at edge y � 0, and free at edges x � a and deflection of the plate reduces to

1/2)
qmn +(− 1)(n− Dy Rmn Im
4
⎢
⎡
⎢
⎢∞ ∞ ⎤⎥⎥⎥ αm x βy
⎢ ⎥⎥⎥
W(x, y) � 􏽘 􏽘 Cmn ⎢ ⎢
⎢
⎢ ⎥⎥sin sin n . (25)
ab m�1,3 n�1,3 ⎢
⎣ α ⎥⎦ 2 2
(m− 1/2)
+(− 1) Dx Pmn Kn − m Dx Ln
2
6 Advances in Civil Engineering

By substituting W(x, y) into the other boundary con- the differentiation technique of trigonometric series [41], we
ditions zW/zx|x�0 � 0 and Mx |x�a � My |y�b � 0, and taking achieved

∞ ∞ ∞
1/2) 1/2) αm
􏽘 (− 1)(n− Dy Cmn Rmn αm Im + 􏽘 (− 1)(m− Dx Cmn Pmn αm Kn − 􏽘 Dx Cmn αm L
m�1,3 m�1,3 m�1,3 2 n
(26)
∞
� − 􏽘 Cmn αm qmn n � 1, 3, 5 . . . ,
m�1,3

∞ ∞
1/2) 1/2) m− 1 2
􏽘 (− 1)(m− (− 1)(n− 􏽨μy − Dy Cmn Rmn Pmn 􏽩Im + 􏽘 (− 1) 􏽨1 − Dx Cmn Pmn 􏽩Kn
m�1,3 m�1,3
∞ ∞
(27)
(m− 1/2) α 1/2)
+ 􏽘 (− 1) Dx Cmn Pmn m Ln � 􏽘 (− 1)(m− Cmn Pmn qmn n � 1, 3, 5 . . . ,
m�1,3 2 m�1,3

∞ ∞
􏽘 (− 1)n− 1 􏽨1 − Dy Cmn R2mn 􏽩Im + 􏽘 (− 1)(n− 1/2)
(− 1)(m− 1/2)
􏼂μx − Dx Cmn Rmn Pmn 􏼃Kn
n�1,3 n�1,3
∞ ∞
(28)
(n− 1/2) α 1/2)
+ 􏽘 (− 1) Dx Cmn Rmn m Ln � 􏽘 (− 1)(n− Cmn Rmn qmn m � 1, 3, 5 . . . .
n�1,3 2 n�1,3

The constants Im , Kn , and Ln (m, n � 1, 3, 5, . . .) can be Case 3. For the rectangular plate simply supported at edges
obtained by solving the infinite linear simultaneous equa- x � 0 and y � 0 and free at edges x � a and y � b, the
tions described by equations (26)–(28) in a similar way to undetermined unknowns Jm and Ln will be zero, and the
that in the Case 1. deflection of the plate reduces to

4 ∞ ∞ 1/2) 1/2) αm x βy
W(x, y) � 􏽘 􏽘 C 􏼢q +(− 1)(n− Dy Rmn Im +(− 1)(m− Dx Pmn Kn 􏼣sin sin n . (29)
ab m�1,3 n�1,3 mn mn 2 2

Equation (29) has to satisfy the remaining boundary

conditions Mx |x�a � My |y�b � 0, and by taking the differ-
entiation technique of trigonometric series [41], we can get

∞ ∞
1/2) 1/2) m− 1 2
􏽘 (− 1)(m− (− 1)(n− 􏽨μy − Dy Cmn Rmn Pmn 􏽩Im + 􏽘 (− 1) 􏽨1 − Dx Cmn Pmn 􏽩Kn
m�1,3 m�1,3
∞
(30)
(m− 1/2)
� 􏽘 (− 1) Cmn Pmn qmn n � 1, 3, 5 . . . ,
m�1,3

∞ ∞
􏽘 (− 1)n− 1 􏽨1 − Dy Cmn R2mn 􏽩Im + 􏽘 (− 1)(n− 1/2)
(− 1)(m− 1/2)
􏼂μx − Dx Cmn Rmn Pmn 􏼃Kn
n�1,3 n�1,3
∞
(31)
(n− 1/2)
� 􏽘 (− 1) Cmn Rmn qmn m � 1, 3, 5 . . . .
n�1,3

The unknown constants Im and Kn (m, n � 1, 3, 5, . . .) 3. Numerical Results and Discussion

can be obtained by solving equations (30)–(31) in a similar
way to that in the Case 1 section. Comprehensive examinations on the isotropic/orthotropic
rectangular plates under three different support conditions are
Advances in Civil Engineering 7

Table 1: Deflections and bending moments of CCFF isotropic square plate subjected to uniform loading with various Poisson’s ratios.

Poisson’s ratio Number of W(q0 a4 /D), y � b My (q0 a2 ), y � 0

Method
μ terms x�a x � 0.75a x � 0.50a x � 0.25a x � 0.75a x � 0.50a x � 0.25a
t � 10 0.034972 0.027382 0.017034 0.0060965 − 0.20029 − 0.12256 − 0.041199
t � 30 0.035778 0.027647 0.017274 0.0062238 − 0.19607 − 0.12255 − 0.042982
t � 50 0.035943 0.027730 0.017321 0.0062381 − 0.19730 − 0.12254 − 0.042474
Present t � 100 0.036067 0.027780 0.017356 0.0062543 − 0.19689 − 0.12254 − 0.042645
t � 200 0.036129 0.027807 0.017374 0.0062618 − 0.19689 − 0.12254 − 0.042644
0 t � 300 0.036150 0.027816 0.017380 0.0062643 − 0.19689 − 0.12254 − 0.042644
t � 500 0.036166 0.027823 0.017384 0.0062660 − 0.19689 − 0.12254 − 0.042644
Liu and Li [42] 0.036237 — — — − 0.19284 — − 0.042656
Huang and
0.03619 — — — — — —
Conway [43]
FEM 0.036196 0.027836 0.017392 0.0062687 − 0.19499 − 0.12166 − 0.042779
x�a x � 0.75a x � 0.50a x � 0.25a — — —
t � 10 0.041986 0.032229 0.019507 0.0066292 − 0.23929 − 0.16565 − 0.095009
t � 30 0.043062 0.032583 0.019801 0.0067455 − 0.23910 − 0.16552 − 0.094859
t � 50 0.043278 0.032691 0.019858 0.0067528 − 0.23898 − 0.16549 − 0.094845
Present t � 100 0.043441 0.032756 0.019901 0.0067648 − 0.23892 − 0.16548 − 0.094837
t � 200 0.043523 0.032791 0.019922 0.0067700 − 0.23889 − 0.16547 − 0.094835
0.3
t � 300 0.043550 0.032803 0.019930 0.0067717 − 0.23889 − 0.16547 − 0.094834
t � 500 0.043572 0.032812 0.019935 0.0067728 − 0.23889 − 0.16547 − 0.094834
Liu and Li [42] 0.043601 0.032828 0.019945 0.006774 − 0.242318 — − 0.096808
Fo-van [44] 0.043678 0.032872 0.019993 0.006771 − 0.23400 — − 0.09102
FEM 0.043611 0.032829 0.019945 0.0067745 − 0.23650 − 0.16426 − 0.094810
x�a x � 0.75a x � 0.50a x � 0.25a — — —
t � 10 0.043044 0.032965 0.019878 0.0067015 − 0.21694 − 0.13156 − 0.045939
t � 30 0.044156 0.033329 0.020178 0.0068145 − 0.22696 − 0.13164 − 0.041677
t � 50 0.044379 0.033441 0.020236 0.0068203 − 0.21987 − 0.13165 − 0.044603
Present t � 100 0.044548 0.033508 0.020280 0.0068314 − 0.22272 − 0.13167 − 0.043406
t � 200 0.044632 0.033544 0.020302 0.0068362 − 0.22274 − 0.13166 − 0.043410
1/3 t � 300 0.044660 0.033556 0.020309 0.0068378 − 0.22274 − 0.13166 − 0.043409
t � 500 0.044668 0.033566 0.020315 0.0068391 − 0.22274 − 0.13166 − 0.043409
Liu and Li [42] 0.044665 0.033579 0.020316 0.006787 − 0.225449 — − 0.042035
Leissa and
0.04055 — 0.018969 — − 0.20753 — − 0.04332
Niedenfuhr [45]
FEM 0.044709 0.033573 0.020319 0.0068382 − 0.22071 − 0.13103 − 0.042797

conducted to validate the present approach and examine the (5) An isotropic rectangular SSFF plate with Poison ratio
accuracy of the obtained results. The selected aspect ratio b/a μ � 1/3, subjected to a uniform load (q(x, y) � q0 ).
for rectangular plates ranges from 0.5 to 4. Parametric analysis (6) An orthotropic rectangular SSFF plate under sinu-
(effects of aspect ratios, Poisson’s ratio, and boundary restraint) soidal load (q(x, y) � q0 sin(πx/a)), where
on bending characteristics of CCFF, CSFF, and SSFF isotropic/ Dy � 4Dx , Dxy � 0.85Dx , μx � 0.075, and μy � 0.3.
orthotropic rectangular plates is also conducted. It is note-
worthy that, for an isotropic plate, H � Dx � Dy � D, As shown in Table 1, the obtained nondimensional
Dxy � (1 − μ)D/2, and μx � μy � μ where μ and D are bending solutions (deflections and bending moments at
Poisson’s ratio and flexural stiffness of plate, respectively. specific points) of CCFF square isotropic rectangular plates
increased with the increase of Poisson’s ratio. It is clear that
(1) An isotropic square CCFF plate with various Poison the obtained bending solutions of SSFF plate are always larger
ratios, under uniform load (q(x, y) � q0 ) than those of CSFF and CCFF plates for each aspect ratio; the
(2) An orthotropic rectangular CCFF plate under line- bending solutions of CSFF plate is always larger than those of
arly varying load (q(x, y) � q0 · x/a), where CCFF plate, which indicates plates with clamped edges
Dy � 4Dx , Dxy � 0.85Dx , μx � 0.075, and μy � 0.3. possess lower deform capability than plates with simply
supported edges. Finally, it is also observed that the bending
(3) An isotropic rectangular CSFF plate with Poison solutions of isotropic/orthotropic plates under three different
ratio μ � 1/3, under uniform load (q(x, y) � q0 ). support conditions decreased with the decreasing aspect ratio.
(4) An orthotropic rectangular CSFF plate under central The above parametric studies reveal that aspect ratios,
concentrate load (q(x, y) � P), where Dy � 4Dx , Poisson’s ratio, and boundary restraint have a significant
Dxy � 0.85Dx , μx � 0.075, and μy � 0.3. influence on the bending characteristics of plates.
8 Advances in Civil Engineering

Table 2: Deflections and bending moments of CCFF orthotropic rectangular plate under linear loading (Dy � 4Dx , Dxy � 0.85Dx ,
μx � 0.075, μy � 0.3).
W(q0 a4 /Dx ), y � b Mx (q0 a2 ), x � 0
Method b/a
x�a x � 0.75a x � 0.50a x � 0.25a y � 0.75b y � 0.50b y � 0.25b
Present 0.0014045 0.0011974 0.00081803 0.00033817 −0.012265 − 0.0052803 − 0.00077096
0.5
FEM 0.0014051 0.0011978 0.00081832 0.00033825 −0.012287 − 0.0052763 − 0.00079197
Present 0.012793 0.010023 0.0062899 0.0022584 −0.065799 − 0.032091 − 0.0064661
1.0
FEM 0.012804 0.010028 0.0062931 0.0022593 −0.065586 − 0.031816 − 0.0064944
Present 0.051082 0.035948 0.020085 0.0062465 −0.019256 − 0.12485 − 0.039702
2.0
FEM 0.051098 0.035953 0.020082 0.0062464 − 0.19107 − 0.12423 − 0.039649
Present 0.075008 0.050613 0.026856 0.0078044 − 0.27312 − 0.21195 − 0.089978
3.0
FEM 0.075010 0.050615 0.026855 0.0078025 − 0.27087 − 0.21034 − 0.090173
Present 0.084869 0.056324 0.029256 0.0082630 − 0.30949 − 0.26530 − 0.13949
4.0
FEM 0.084838 0.056321 0.029253 0.0082595 − 0.30702 − 0.26318 − 0.13898

Table 3: Deflections and bending moments of CSFF isotropic square plate under uniform loading with Poisson’s ratio μ � 1/3.
W(q0 a4 /Dx ), y � b Mx (q0 a2 ), x � 0
Method b/a
x�a x � 0.75a x � 0.50a x � 0.25a y � 0.75b y � 0.50b y � 0.25b
Present 0.029137 0.023545 0.015447 0.0057435 − 0.21714 − 0.14227 − 0.074437
0.5
FEM 0.029145 0.023548 0.015448 0.0057428 − 0.21621 − 0.14211 − 0.074837
Present 0.073524 0.052971 0.030484 0.0096223 − 0.34599 − 0.25601 − 0.14954
1.0
FEM 0.073563 0.052976 0.030485 0.0096193 − 0.34440 − 0.25567 − 0.14891
Present 0.11539 0.077393 0.040624 0.011296 − 0.47278 − 0.41166 − 0.27960
2.0
FEM 0.11540 0.077372 0.040600 0.011286 − 0.46779 − 0.40738 − 0.27711
Present 0.12262 0.081040 0.041686 0.011250 − 0.50257 − 0.46955 − 0.35885
3.0
FEM 0.12261 0.081010 0.041663 0.011234 − 0.49749 − 0.46475 − 0.35525
Present 0.12347 0.081403 0.041722 0.011201 − 0.50624 − 0.48994 − 0.41077
4.0
FEM 0.12347 0.081369 0.041695 0.011182 − 0.50116 − 0.48499 − 0.40652

Table 4: Deflections and bending moments of CSFF orthotropic square plate subjected to central concentrated load
(Dy � 4Dx , Dxy � 0.85Dx , μx � 0.075, μy � 0.3).
W(Pa2 /Dx ), y � b Mx (P), x � 0
Method b/a
x�a x � 0.75a x � 0.50a x � 0.25a y � 0.75b y � 0.50b y � 0.25b
Present 0.025644 0.024551 0.019873 0.0084041 − 0.33149 − 0.21000 − 0.10442
0.5
FEM 0.025655 0.024562 0.019880 0.0084065 − 0.33043 − 0.21026 − 0.10339
Present 0.035436 0.029660 0.020200 0.0073935 − 0.28753 − 0.22909 − 0.12999
1.0
FEM 0.035458 0.029670 0.020204 0.0073936 − 0.28347 − 0.22620 − 0.12963
Present 0.033743 0.023512 0.012874 0.0037013 − 0.20785 − 0.25596 − 0.14027
2.0
FEM 0.033746 0.023510 0.012864 0.0036989 − 0.20600 − 0.25154 − 0.13967
Present 0.023279 0.014747 0.0070937 0.0016934 − 0.14649 − 0.26115 − 0.11393
3.0
FEM 0.023271 0.014741 0.0070888 0.0016910 − 0.14595 − 0.25654 − 0.11378
Present 0.014617 0.0087457 0.0038585 0.00079266 − 0.10166 − 0.25972 − 0.084991
4.0
FEM 0.014602 0.0087393 0.0038539 0.00079059 − 0.10103 − 0.25506 − 0.085080

Through Tables 1–6, it can be seen that the obtained results when t ⟶ ∞, while in the present paper the ob-
results of deflections and bending moments agree very well tained analytical results suffice for the title problem by
with those from the literature and, especially, those by FEM taking the series terms (t � 500). It is beyond the expec-
results. The validity of the employed method and the ac- tation that convergence rates of the bending moments are
curacy of the obtained results are illuminated through the faster than ones of the transverse deflection. This is at-
above examples, which means that the present approach is tributing to the fact that the present deflection results are at
competent for analyzing the bending problems of ortho- free edges. The slower convergent results are due to the final
tropic rectangular thin plates with the title boundary solution expressed by double sine Fourier series. However,
condition. the linear simultaneous equations can be easily calculated
Table 1 shows the convergence study and results for via Mathematica software, and above all, the value of the
deflection and bending moment obtained with the accuracy employed method lies in its merits of rational solution
of five significant figures. It is theoretically exact for the procedure and simple mathematical manipulation that
Advances in Civil Engineering 9

Table 5: Deflections and bending moments of SSFF isotropic square plate with Poisson’s ratio subjected to uniform loading.
W(q0 a4 /D), y � b W(q0 a4 /D)
Method b/a
x�a x � 0.75a x � 0.50a x � 0.25a (0.75a, 0.75b) (0.50a, 0.50b) (0.25a, 0.25b)
Present 0.046862 0.040536 0.030864 0.017032 0.030728 0.015757 0.0044281
0.5
FEM 0.046879 0.040547 0.030872 0.017038 0.030740 0.015758 0.0044300
Present 0.18750 0.150924 0.107884 0.056845 0.119112 0.059318 0.016342
Liu, 2010 0.18750 0.150894 0.107868 0.056839 0.119112 0.059318 0.016342
1.0
Leissa, 1963 0.19276 — 0.110819 — 0.122306 0.060857 0.016746
FEM 0.18749 0.150885 0.107861 0.056836 0.119103 0.059318 0.016340
Present 0.74979 0.57559 0.39293 0.20013 0.49165 0.25212 0.070849
2.0
FEM 0.74984 0.57559 0.39294 0.20013 0.49159 0.25206 0.070841
Present 1.6871 1.2791 0.86226 0.43487 1.1372 0.59568 0.16980
3.0
FEM 1.6871 1.2790 0.86222 0.43486 1.1370 0.59560 0.16978
Present 2.9993 2.2635 1.5186 0.76303 2.0525 1.0850 0.31153
FEM 2.9992 2.2633 1.5184 0.76298 2.0522 1.0848 0.31150

Table 6: Deflections of SSFF orthotropic square plate subjected to sinusoidal load (Dy � 4Dx , Dxy � 0.85Dx , μx � 0.075, μy � 0.3).
W(q0 a4 /Dx ), y � b W(q0 a4 /Dx )
Method b/a
x�a x � 0.75a x � 0.50a x � 0.25a (0.75a, 0.75b) (0.50a, 0.50b) (0.25a, 0.25b)
Present 0.011700 0.010881 0.0088150 0.0050191 0.0082315 0.0045234 0.0013139
0.5
FEM 0.011708 0.010888 0.0088204 0.0050225 0.0082376 0.0045251 0.0013150
Present 0.046785 0.040375 0.030744 0.016855 0.031381 0.016617 0.0047686
1.0
FEM 0.046825 0.040401 0.030764 0.016866 0.031389 0.016621 0.0047697
Present 0.18719 0.14885 0.10524 0.054918 0.12382 0.064574 0.018470
2.0
FEM 0.18729 0.14890 0.10528 0.054937 0.12384 0.064584 0.018474
Present 0.42118 0.32521 0.22339 0.11420 0.28311 0.14924 0.043046
3.0
FEM 0.42139 0.32531 0.22346 0.11424 0.28317 0.14927 0.043054
Present 0.74878 0.57114 0.38747 0.19629 0.51004 0.27077 0.078462
4.0
FEM 0.74912 0.57130 0.38758 0.19635 0.51014 0.27083 0.078478

enable the method to serve as an easy-to-implement the- Conflicts of Interest

oretical tool in exploring analytical bending solutions of a
plate. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

4. Conclusion Acknowledgments
This paper investigates the analytical bending solution of The work reported in this paper was supported by the Youth
orthotropic rectangular thin plates with two adjacent edges Fund of Colleges and Universities in Hebei Province Science
free and the others clamped or simply supported. The and Technology Research Project (Grant no. QN2019024).
significant merits of the adopted method differing from
typical semi-inverse ones are as follows: (1) it provides a References
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