Scribd
Upload
23 views16 pages

Akash 1910004

The document discusses the working principles of PNP and NPN transistors as well as operational amplifiers. It describes the construction and operation of PNP transistors where holes are the majority carriers. It then explains NPN transistors where electrons are the majority carriers. It also provides details on operational amplifiers including their high voltage gain and inverting and non-inverting amplifier configurations.

Uploaded by

ak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views16 pages

Akash 1910004

The document discusses the working principles of PNP and NPN transistors as well as operational amplifiers. It describes the construction and operation of PNP transistors where holes are the majority carriers. It then explains NPN transistors where electrons are the majority carriers. It also provides details on operational amplifiers including their high voltage gain and inverting and non-inverting amplifier configurations.

Uploaded by

ak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

NAME – AKASH KUMAR

IMSC PHYSICS
ROLL- 1910004

TOPIC- WORKING & PRINCIPAL OF PNP


AND NPN TRANSISITOR
TRANSISTOR
• A transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor
device, which has three terminals, namely,
emitter (E), Base (B) and Collector (C).
Semiconductors are the material that is key
for the manufacturing of diodes and
transistors
PNP TRANSISTOR
Construction Of PNP Transistor

• In PNP transistors, in this type of transistor, majority


charge carriers are holes, and minority charge
carriers are electrons. The emitter emits holes and is
collected at the collector.
• In a PNP transistor, the base current which enters
into the collector is amplified. The flow of current is
typically controlled by the base. Current flows in the
opposite direction in the base. In a PNP transistor,
the emitter emits “holes”, and these holes are
collected by the collector.
Working of PNP Transistor
WORKING
• Emitter current is created when the emitter-base
junction is forward biased, the emitter pushes the
holes towards the base region. When electrons
move into the N-type semiconductor or base,
they combine with the holes. The base is lightly
doped and is comparatively thin. Hence only a
few holes are combined with the electrons and
the remaining are moved towards the collector
space charge layer. This phenomenon generates
the base current. The current is carried by holes
in p-n-p transistor
NPN TRANSISTOR
DAIGRAM
CONSTRUCTION
• When a p-type semiconductor material is fused
between two n-type semiconductor materials, an
NPN transistor is formed.
• The emitter and collector layers are wider compared
to the base. The emitter is heavily doped. Therefore,
it can inject a large number of charge carriers to the
base.
• The base is lightly doped and very thin compared to
the other two regions. It passes most of all charge
carriers to the collector which is emitted by the
emitter.
NPN Transistor Circuit
WORKING PRINCIPAL
• The depletion region of the emitter-base region is thin
compared to the depletion region of the collector-base
junction
• In N-type emitter, the majority charge carrier is electrons.
Therefore, electrons start flowing from N-type emitter to a
P-type base. And because of electrons, the current will start
flowing the emitter-base junction. This current is known as
emitter current IE.
• These electrons move further to the base. The base is a P-
type semiconductor. Therefore, it has holes. But the base
region is very thin and lightly doped. So, it has a few holes
to recombine with the electrons. Hence, most of the
electrons will pass the base region and few of them will
recombine with the holes.
Operational Amplifier
Operational amplifier
• An operational amplifier or op amp is a DC
coupled voltage amplifier with a very high voltage
gain.
• IT is basically a three-terminal device which
consists of two high impedance inputs. One of
the inputs is called the Inverting Input, marked
with a negative or “minus” sign, ( – ). The other
input is called the Non-inverting Input, marked
with a positive or “plus” sign ( + ).
Operational amplifier
• A third terminal represents the operational
amplifiers output port which can both sink
and source either a voltage or a current. In a
linear operational amplifier, the output signal
is the amplification factor, known as the
amplifiers gain ( A ) multiplied by the value of
the input signal and depending on the nature
of these input and output signals,
Inverting amplifier

• It is an inverting amplifier with the Non inverting input connected


to the ground. Two resistors R1 and R2 are connected in the circuit
in such a fashion that R1 feeds the input signal while R2 returns the
output to the Inverting input. Here when the input signal is positive
the output will be negative and vice versa. The voltage change at
the output relative to the input depends on the ratio of the
resistors R1 and R2.
Non-inverting Amplifier

• Here the Non inverting input receives the signal while the
Inverting input is connected between R2 and R1. When the
input signal moves either positive or negative, the output will
be in phase and keeps the voltage at the inverting input same
as that of Non inverting input.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy