DESIGN OF UAV AND MAV END-

TERM PRESENTATION
[SURVEILLANCE UAV]

Presented by
Tenzin Thuley Bhutia [AE21S043]
Gopesh Krishna Yadav[AE22S012]
 Review
Airfoil Selection and Wing Design
Fuselage Design
Tail Design
Landing Gear
CONTENT CG Calculation
Stability and Controllability
Performance analysis (V-N diagram)
Final Aircraft Parameters
References
 REVIEW
• Military UAV's Market is growing very fast. We have proposed to design fixed Wing surveillance UAV which is needed to
counter cross border problems.
• Mission of our UAV is to provide video feed of intruder's activities in objective area to the ground station.
• We are using some major components in our UAV like LIPO Battery pack, ESC, Motors, propellers, Raspberry PI IR
Night Vision Surveillance Camera Module 500W Webcam, Pixhawk flight controller and etc.
• We have taken historical data of Several similar UAVs giving view of several parameters like Total weight, empty weight,
payload weight, wingspan, length, cruise speed, range, endurance and ceiling altitude.
• By using historical data and applying Ordinary Linear Regression on empirical formula and considering empty weight fraction
and Power system weight fraction and using iterations, We calculate our first weight estimate as 7.244 kg.
• To fly our UAV longer and farther on the same amount of fuel, High Wing aspect ratio of 8 is used as larger surface area
relative to wingspan allows for more lift generation at lower speeds and lower induced drag and thus high L/D ratio of 11 is
used during cruise. With the help of L/D ratio and first weight estimate cruise thrust is calculated and thus required Power
and Energy is calculated based on it. Based on Energy requirement, propeller, motor and ESCs are selected and these weight
is used in empirical formula to calculate second weight estimate as 7.95 Kg.
• Using Stall Speed , Maximum speed, Take-off run, Rate of Climb and Ceiling requirements which are defined by
constraint diagram of Power loading(W/P) vs Wing loading(W/S), we get our design point as (W/P)d = 0.372 and (W/S)d =
87. From design point, we get Wing area(S) = 0.896 m2 and Engine Power(P) = 209.648 W.
 REVIEW(Contd.)

Fig. 1: Historical data collected from similar UAV

MISSION REQUIREMENT
Total UAV weight: 7.95 kg
Maximum Range : 20km
Service ceiling : 5.2 km
Operational Altitude: 600 m
Top cruise speed : 17m/s
Rate of Climb : 0.9 - 1 m/s
Endurance : 3hrs
Payload : 1kg approx.
Fig. 2: Constraint diagram to find Design point
 AIRFOIL SELECTION AND WING
DESIGN
• Important features of a wing - • Aspect ratio(AR) = 8 • Taper Ratio = 1 • Wingspan =2.670 m • Root
chord = 0.335 m • Tip chord = 0.335 m • Surface area = 0.896 m 2
• Since cruise Mach no. is less than 0.5, Unswept wing has been chosen, also geometric twist is not given
for ease of fabrication.
• NACA 4412 Airfoil is selected for wing as it has high L/D ratio and high Aspect ratio which is
requirement of Surveillance UAV .
• For low-speed application and the typical rectangular lift profile, zero taper ratio is selected for
UAV. Also, low wing configuration is chosen as the landing gear is fixed in the wing.
• Wing Incidence angle (iw) = 4.2 degree
• Ww = C * Sa * ARb * (t/c)c * (1 + λ)d * cos(τ )e . Using empirical values of constants, a, b, c
corresponding to our aircraft from the Raymer, D. (2012) , we obtain Wing Weight = 0.869 kg.
•Aileron Chord (Ca) = 0.0576 m; •Aileron Span (ba) = 0.083 m; •Flap Chord (Cf) = 0.117 m; •Flap
Span (bf) = 0.631 m
Fig. 3 : Wing Design
 FUSELAGE DESIGN
•In designing a surveillance UAV, the rectangular cross-section of the fuselage was chosen for ease of fabrication.
•A square cross-section with a side of 150mm was selected to provide sufficient space for the necessary surveillance equipment.
•Table 6.3 in Reference 1 provides statistical equations for fuselage length developed from data provided based on takeoff gross
weight. Estimated Fuselage Length lf = 866mm.
•From Cht =lhtSht/ CwSw = 0.5; Cvt = lvtSvt/bwSw = 0.04, We obtain lht = 0.5196 m; lvt = 0.5196 m. So NACA 0012 aero foil
is chosen for horizontal and Vertical tail based on data collection.

Fig. 4 (a): Top View Fig. 4 (b): Side View Fig. 4 (c): Front View
 TAIL DESIGN
Horizontal tail :-
• ARht =5 (Refrence 2); Sht = 0.16746 m2; bht = 0.91506 m; Cht = 0.1573 m
• Celevator = 0.3 x 0.1573 = 0.04719 m (Celevator is generally 0.25- 0.5 times Cht . We take factor of 0.3 here as for surveillance
UAV we want small elevator because we want more Stability than Maneuverability.)
• The span Belevator is usually 0.9 times the span of the horizontal tail. Belevator = 0.9 x 0.91506 = 0.708 m.
Vertical tail :-
• ARvt =2 (Reference 2); Svt = 0.1842 m2; bvt = 0.607 m; Cvt = 0.303 m
• Crudder = 0.25 x 0.303 = 0.07575 m (Crudder is generally 0.2- 0.5 times Cvt . We take factor of 0.25 here as for surveillance
UAV we want small rudder as we want small rudder because we want more Stability than Maneuverability.)
• The span Brudder is usually 0.9 times the span of the horizontal tail. Brudder = 0.9 x 0.91506 = 0.708 m.
 LANDING GEAR
• Configuraration- Tricycle (Nose wheel type) [provides stability and easy ground handling]
• Wto = 7.95 Kg
• W = 90% of Wto = 0.9 x 7.95 = 7.155 Kg = 15.77 lbs
• Main wheel diameter = AWb = 1.51 x (W)0.349 = 1.51 x (15.77)0.349 = 3.9538 inches
• Nose Wheel Diameter (In inches) = 30% of main wheel diameter = 1.186 inches
• Width (in inches) = 0.447
• Bm = 511.11 mm; Bn = 51.11 mm
• Main landing gear should be placed 354.89 mm from tail of fuselage.
• Wheel Track = 325 mm (Distance between two wheels)
TRICYCLE LANDING GEAR
CONFIGURATION

Fig. 5: Tricycle configuration(Nose wheel)

 CG CALCULATION
Xle = 0.2741 m; Xcg = 0.394 m

Fig. 6: Weight and CG location of the Fig. 7: Location of Components

components of the aircraft
 STABILITY AND
CONTROLLABILITY
Aircraft initial tendency to return to it’s equilibrium state after being perturbed called stability while the degree to which
the pilot or control system can influence the balance is known as controllability.
Static longitudinal stability and control
For an aircraft to have static longitudinal stability,
Specification
• The horizontal tail must be large enough to ensure that the static longitudinal stability criterion
ⅆ𝐶𝑚𝑐𝑔
is negative for all anticipated center of gravity positions.
ⅆ𝐶𝐿
• An elevator should be provided so that the pilot is able to trim the airplane (maintain Cm = 0) at all anticipated values
of CL.
• The horizontal tail should be large enough and the elevator powerful enough to enable the pilot to rotate the airplane
during the take-off run, to the required angle of attack. This condition is termed as the nose wheel lift-off condition.

Revised estimate of the area of horizontal tail

The horizontal tail’s contribution should provide the necessary static margin, which yields the desired tail volume ratio Vh
. Once Vh is determined, the area of the horizontal tail can be calculated accordingly.
 Contribution to Static Stability 3. Horizontal tail contribution

1. Fuselage Contribution is given by:

2. Power Contribution

Since thrust line coincides with the cg

line for the front propeller setup the
contribution is neglected.
 Contribution to Static Stability
3. Horizontal tail contribution(Continued)

Assuming Cb/Cf = 0.2

Fig 9: Elevator Effectiveness

Tail Contribution = -0.326VH

Since We need high maneuverability the value of -
0.4/rad is chosen Cmα.

Fig. 8: Hinge Effectiveness

Elevator Effectiveness Parameter can be estimated as

0.5 for Se/St = 0.295
Fig.10 :Cmα vs Mach Number
 Contribution to Static Stability Contribution to Directional & Lateral Stability and Control
3. Horizontal tail contribution(Continued) Specification :
From figure, Cmα = -0.4/rad 1. >0
2. The yawing moment control (rudder) must be powerful
enough to counteract the yawing moment encountered.
a. Adverse Yaw
b. Cross Wind
c. One engine inoperative condition
VH that gives corresponding Cmα as
1. Fuselage Contribution
-0.083 = 0.0643 –0.326VH
VH = 0.4518.
Hence, Sh= 0.090m2

4. Neutral Point Calculation & Cg Cross Check 2. Vertical Tail Contribution

X’NP = 0.625 which is greater than that of Xcg = 0.394

By knowing all the parameter we can also calculate
elevator trim angle which is found to be 18.14 degree.
 2. Vertical tail contribution(Continued) Contribution to Lateral Stability and Control

The Fuselage Contribution is 0.0006/deg.

1. Vertical tail Contribution

Similarly radar area is computed as,

Where,
Z = distance from fuselage center line and ac of vertical tail = 0.25 m
Hence the vertical tail contribution is = -1.054 ∗ 10-3

By Substituting this,

Sa = 0.0232m2
 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
• Estimation of drag polar
The drag polar is the relationship between the lift on an aircraft and its drag, expressed in terms of the dependence of the drag
coefficient on the lift coefficient. It may be described by an equation or displayed in a diagram called a polar plot.

Fig. 11: C​l vs Cd

 Level flight performance

• For Level flight, L = W , T = D

• Stall speed can be calculated as,

Fig. 12: Altitude vs Vstall

 Vmax&Vmin

• power available vs power required plots, and the

intersection of both these plots will give us max and min velocity at different
altitude.

• A motor of 300 W has been initially chosen as power available .

• Vmax for different altitude range from 40 – 41(approx).

• If we don’t find a intersection for min velocity or min velocity is greater than
stall
velocity, then stall velocity can be taken as min velocity.

Fig. 13: Power available vs power

required
 Steady climb

• For Climbing Flight,

Fig. 14: Rate of Climb Vs Velocity Fig. 15: Rate of Climb(Max) Vs Altitude
 Range & Endurance Take off Distance & Landing
Traub and Lance expresses the range
endurance calculation in ” Range and
Distance
Endurance Estimates for Battery-Powered Take off and Landing distance is estimated from PD Reymer
Aircraft March 2011Journal of Aircraft “Airplane Design – Chapter5”
48(2):703-707 DOI: 10.2514/1.C031027” Take off distance is estimated as STO=15.24m
Landing Distance is estimated as Sl = 45m
Endurance: Endurance is defined as the total
time that an airplane stays in the air on a full
battery. E = 32min
Turning Performance
The performance of the airplane in a steady, coordinated, level turn.
Minimum Turn Radius

Range: Range is defined as the total distance

(measured with respect to ground)
traversed by the airplane on a full battery.
Maximum Turn Rate
R = 4.4km
 Operating envelope (v-n diagram)

• The V-n diagram calculations involve the use of limit values

and equations from the European
Aviation Safety Agency Certification Specification for Very
Light Aero planes CS-VLA.
• The load factor is a ratio between lift force and weight.
• n = L/W
• According to Certification Specifications, CS-VLA, the
following load limits are determined.
• nmaxp = 3.8; nmaxn = -0.5*nmaxp = -1.9
• Using empirical relation,

Fig. 16: V-N Diagram

 v-n diagram(contd.)

• OA and OE are curves that depict the aerodynamic limitation, i.e., CLmax.
• AB is from the structural constraint nmaxp = 3.8, which gives the positive load
limit.
Maneuvering point
• The point A is called Maneuver Point, and the velocity at this point represents
the minimum speed at which maximum load factor can be attained and is Aerodynamics Limitation

called Corner Speed/point called Maneuvering point. Structural limitation

• The maximum velocity is seen at the dive, and is taken as 1.4 times the cruise
velocity.
• The restriction imposed by maximum velocity is seen in the diagram as curve
BC.
• The maximum negative load factor of nminn = - 1.9, gives rise to curve ED.
• The aviation authorities dictate that the maximum negative load factor is
constant only up to cruise velocity, after which its magnitude decreases
linearly with speed, till it attains zero value at dive speed. This gives the curve
CD.
• Hence, the safe flight regime of the UAV is in the region enclosed by
OABCDEO, as can be seen in the above figure. Safe flight envelope A
BCDE0.
Fig. 17: V-N Diagram​ with label
 FINAL AIRCRAFT PARAMETERS
S no. Parameters of Aircraft Value in SI units S no. Parameters of Aircraft Value in SI units
1. Wpayload 1 Kg 13. Power 300 W
2. Wo 7.24 Kg 14. Wheel track 0.325 m
3. Wo/Wpayload 7.24 15. Horizontal tail span 0.91506 m
4. Wing loading(W/S) 87 N/m2 16. Horizontal tail chord 0.1573 m
5. Wingspan 2.67 17. Vertical tail span 0.607 m
6. AR 8 18. Vertical tail chord 0.303 m
7. Taper ratio 1 19. Aileron area 0.00478 m2
8. Overall length 0.866 m 20. Elevator area 0.03341 m2
9. Fuselage area 0.02436 m2 21. Rudder area 0.0536 m2
10. Wing area 0.896 m2 22. Flap area 0.07383 m2
11. Vertical tail area 0.1842 m2
12. Horizontal tail area 0.16746 m2
 REFRENCES

1. Raymer, D. (2012) Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach. 15th Edition.

2. M. Sadraey, Unmanned Aircraft Design: A Review of Fundamentals. San Rafael UNITED STATES:
Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2017
3. https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/101/104/101104083/
4. https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/drone-services-market-80726041.html
5. Hann, Richard; Wallisch, Joachim, 2020,
"UAV Database", https://doi.org/10.18710/L41IGQ, DataverseNO,
V1, UNF:6:r7YXQcmxDqYG14LWVGZA+w== [fileUNF]