Chemistry Project XII
Chemistry Project XII
" Introduction
" History
" Pesticides and its Classification
" Alternatives of Pest Control
"Chemistry Experiment for testing the
Presence of Pesticides in fruits and
vegetables
Conclusion
" Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
In the past decade,there has been a tremendous increase in the yields
of various crops to meet the demand of overgrowing world population.
Thisgreat feat has been achieved by adopting new methods of farming
and by extensive use of fertilizers, insecticide and pesticides.
Insecticides are substances used to kill insects. Pesticides are
substances used to kill, repel, or control certain forms of plant or
animal life that are considered to be pests. For example:- glyphosate,
Acephate, Deet, Propoxur, Metaldehyde, Boric Acid, Diazinon, Dursban,
DDT, Malathion, etc. .
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Rodenticide (0.1 %)
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Herbicides -
Herbicides also commonly known as weedkillers, are substances
used to control undesired plants, also known asweeds.Selective
herbicides controlspecific weed species, while leaving the desired
crop relatively unharmed, while non-selective herbicides (sometimes
called total weedkillers in commercial products)can be used to clear
waste ground, industrialand
embankments constructionsites, railways and railway
as they kill all plant
into material with which they come
contact.Modern
plant herbicides are often synthetic mimics of
hormones which interfere with growth of the
The term organic
natural
herbicide has come to
target plants.
for organic mean herbicides intended
farming. Some plants also produce their own natural
herbicides, such as the genus Juglans
heaven; such action of natural (walnuts), or the tree of
chemical interactions,is called herbicides, and other related
resistance - a majorconcern in allelopathy. Due to herbicide
agriculture -a number of products
combine herbicides with different
means of action.
Topä
Calar
" Fungicides -
Fungicides are biocidal chemical compounds or biological organisms
used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores. Afungistatiç inhibits their
growth.Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture, resulting in
critical losses of yield, quality, and profit. Fungicides are used both in
agriculture and to fight fungal infections in animals.
"Rodenticides -
Rodent icides are
rodents. While chemicals made and sold for
commonly referred to as "rat the purpose of killing
poison",rodenticides
Zinc
Ratoff
PhosphatRODENTIeCKE
are also used to kill
mice,
squirrels,woodchucks, chipmunks,
porcupines, nutria, beavers, and voles.
after one exposure while Some rodenticides are lethal
others require more than one. Rodents are
disinclined to gorge on an unknown food (perhaps
adaptation to their inability to vomit),preferring to reflecting an
observe whether it makes them or other rats sample, wait and
of poisonshyness is the rationale for sick.This phenomenon
poisons that killonly after
multiple doses.
ALTERNATIVES IN PEST CONTROL
Although pesticide use has become very common worldwide, many
new pest control methods are being developed. These alternative
pest control methods are designed to help control the pest
population while protecting the environment and human health.
Natural
Natural chemical Chemical Control -
control is
management that another alternative method of pest
utilizes
environment to manage chemical compounds found in the
chemicals are pheromonespests.The most
and hormones,commonly used natural
pest species being which are specific to the
species.
targeted and have limited influence on other
NATURAL PESTICIDI
"Genetic Control -
dgricultural technology has advanced, scientists have developed of
that focus onthe genetics
alternative
the
mmethods of pest management
Genetic control is the method of
pest management
organism. altered so that they are resistantto
where the crops are genetically Crops can be genetically altered in
pests and diseases caused by pests.
harm from
Ways that produce chemical or physical barriers to prevent
pests.
PESTICIDES
Chemistry Experiment Procedure
Take different types of fruits and vegetables and cut
them
into small pieces separately.
Transfer the cut pieces of various fruits and vegetables in
mortar separately and crush thenm.
" Take different beaker of each kind of fruits and
vegetables
and place the crushed fruits and vegetables in these
beakers and add 10 mlof alcohol to each. Stir well and
filter it. Collect the filtrate in separate China dishes.
Evaporate the alcohol by heating Chinadishes one by one
over water bath and let the residue dry in an oven.
Heat a small piece of drysodium in a fusion tube, till it
melts. Then add one of the above residues from China dish
tothe fusion tube and heat till red hot. Drop the hot fusion
tube in China dish containing about 110 ml of distilled
water. Break the tube and boi! the contents of the China
dish for about 5 min to cool and filter the solution . Collect
the filtrate.
To the filtrate add 1 mlfreshly prepared ferrous sulphate
solution and warm the contents. Then add 2-3 drops of
ferric chloride solution and acidity with the dil.
Hydrochloric acid if a blue or green precipitate or
colouration is obtained, it indicated the presence of
nitrogen containing insecticides.
other fruits and vegetables and record the observation.
OBSERVATION
SI. No. Name of Test for the Presence of
fruits and presence of insecticides
vegetables nitrogen or pesticides
(positive/negative) residues
1. Apple Negative No
2. Tomato Positive Yes
3. Potato Positive Yes
4. Pumpkin Positive Yes
5. Banana Negative No
6. Grapes Positive Yes
7. Carrot Negative No
8. Brinjal Negative No
9. Cucumber Positive Yes
10. Pineapple Negative No
CONCLUSION
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Practical Manual in Chemistry for class XI