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Chemistry Project XII

The document appears to be a student's science project investigating the presence of insecticides and pesticides in fruits and vegetables. It includes an introduction outlining the increased use of pesticides in farming and potential health issues. It also provides a brief history of pesticide use and classifications. The aim is stated as studying the presence of nitrogen-containing insecticides and pesticides in various fruits and vegetables through chemistry experiments.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
328 views21 pages

Chemistry Project XII

The document appears to be a student's science project investigating the presence of insecticides and pesticides in fruits and vegetables. It includes an introduction outlining the increased use of pesticides in farming and potential health issues. It also provides a brief history of pesticide use and classifications. The aim is stated as studying the presence of nitrogen-containing insecticides and pesticides in various fruits and vegetables through chemistry experiments.

Uploaded by

subhajitbose634
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 21

-2023 2022Session-

1270O766 -No, Roll.


Section-A
Science) XI(l Class-
Mandal Ishita Name
vegetables. and fruits in
cides Insecticides
and Study
of :-ON
ROJECT
INVESTIGATORY CHEMISTRY
2022-2023
ATION INVESTIGATORY AISSCE
1B86 ESTD
cOMMIT
MAGINO
MIDNAPORE
OOL, PUBLIC DAV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Iwould like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
chemistry teacher Mr. Anirban Chakraborty as well as our
Principal Mr. Banamali Biswal who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this project on the topic "Study of presence
of insecticides and pesticides in fruits and vegetables" and also
for their guidance and encouragement in carrying out this
project work. This project also helped me in gaining a lot of
knowledge as I did research and Icame to know about many
things. Iam really thankful to them. Secondly, I would also like
to thank my parentsand friends who helped me a lot I'm
finalizing this project within limited time.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that, the project titled, Investigatory Project on
"Study of Insecticides and Pesticides onfruits and vegetables"
is a record of the work done by Ishita Mandal, Class XIl has
been successfully carried out by the guidance of Mr. Anirban
Dey, our respected chemistryteacher and our honourable
Principal Mr. Banamali Biswal in accordance to the requirement
of class XIIChemistry Practical Examination.

Sign of Sign of Chemistry Sign. Of External


Principal Teacher Examiner
AIM OF THE STUDY

To study the presence of insecticides and pesticides (nitrogen


containing) in various fruits and vegetables.
CONTENTS

" Introduction
" History
" Pesticides and its Classification
" Alternatives of Pest Control
"Chemistry Experiment for testing the
Presence of Pesticides in fruits and
vegetables
Conclusion
" Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
In the past decade,there has been a tremendous increase in the yields
of various crops to meet the demand of overgrowing world population.
Thisgreat feat has been achieved by adopting new methods of farming
and by extensive use of fertilizers, insecticide and pesticides.
Insecticides are substances used to kill insects. Pesticides are
substances used to kill, repel, or control certain forms of plant or
animal life that are considered to be pests. For example:- glyphosate,
Acephate, Deet, Propoxur, Metaldehyde, Boric Acid, Diazinon, Dursban,
DDT, Malathion, etc. .
Rt

All pesticides and insecticides are poisonous chemicals, they should


be used insmall quantities under great care. They either kill the insects
or prevent their growth in the crops. Theyhave proved to be very
effective against a variety of insects, weeds, fungi. Generally, pesticides
and insecticides are Non-biodegradable andtherefore remain
penetrated inthe soilafter using it inthe crops. Those chemicals
transfer to animals,birds, human being when those plant foods are
eaten. The chemicals get accumulated in the body and causes serious
health problems. For these reason, nowadays some biodegradable
pesticides are given preference (e.g- malathion, vapum). But these are
also not totally harmfree. Sample of raw foods such as fruits,
vegetables, wheat, rice contains pesticides residues. Such findings have
aroused the concernof scientists, agricultural administrators and health
officials to put a check over the use of insecticides and to search for
non-insecticidal means of pest control.
HISTORY
Since before 2000BC, humans have utilized pesticides to protect
their crops. The first known pesticide was elemental sulphur dusting
used in ancient Sumer about 4,500 years ago in ancient
Mesopotamia.
By the 15" century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury, and lead
were being applied to cropsto kill pests. In the 17h century, nicotine
sultate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide. The
19" century saw the introduction of two more natural
pesticides,
pyrethrum,which is derivedfrom chrysanthemums, and rotenone,
which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables.Until the 1950s,
arsenic-based pesticides were dominant.Paul Müller discovered that
DDT was a very effective insecticide. Chlorinates such as DDT were
dominant, but they were replaced in the U.S. by organophosphates and
carbamates by 1975. Since then, pyrethrin compounds have become
the dominant insecticide.Herbicides became commonin the 1960s, led
by "triazine and other nitrogen-based compounds, carboxylic acids such
as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate".
During the1940s, manufacturers produced large amounts of
synthetic pesticides and their use became widespread.Some sources
consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the "pesticide
era.Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was
established in 1970and amendments to the pesticide law in
1972,pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million
tonnes (2.5 million short tons) of industrialpesticides are now used
each year.
In the 1960s, it was discovered that
DDT was preventing many fish
eating birds from reproducing, which was aserious
threat to
biodiversity. Rachel Carson wrote the best-selling book Silent Spring
about biological magnification. The agricultural use of DDT is
banned under the Stockholm Convention on now
Persistent
Pollutants, but it is still used in some developing nationsOrganic
to prevent
malaria and other tropical diseases by spraying on interior walls to kill
or repel mosquitoes.
Pesticides
Pesticides are substances that are meant to
herbicide, insecticide, nematicide, control pests.This includes
molluscicide, piscicide, avicide,
rodenticide, bactericide, insect repellent,
fungicide, and lampricide.The most common animal repellent, microbicide,
of these are
which account for
approximately 80% of all herbicides
pesticides are intended to serve as plant pesticide use.Most
known as crop protection products), whichprotection products (als0
in general, protect plants
from weeds, furngi, or insects. As an
solani is used tocombat the example, the fungus Alternaria
aquatic weed Salvinia.
99 ke.vr
0.3 kg.vr!
MHerbicide (77 %)
kg.103yr
109 kg Vr Banana foliar fungicide (10 %)

156 ky u Banana post-harvest fungcide (7 %)


u Banana insecticide (6%)

1238 eyr
Rodenticide (0.1 %)

Insecticide (vegetabie) (<0.05 %)

In general, a pesticide is a chemical (such as carbamate) or biological


agent (such as avirus, bacterium, or fungus) that deters, incapacitates,
kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests carn include insects,
plant pathogens,weeds, molluscs, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes
(roundworms), and microbes that destroy property,cause nuisance, or
spread disease, or are disease vectors. Along with these benefits.
pesticides also have drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to
and other species. The Food and humans
Agriculture Organization (FAO) has
defined pesticide as:- Any substance or mixture of
for preventing, destroying, or controlling any pest, substances intended
humanor animal disease, unwanted species of plants including vectors of
causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the or animals,
production,
processing, storage, transport, or marketing of food, agricultural
Commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs, or
substances that may be administered to animals for the control of
insects, arachnids, or other pests in or on their bodies. The term
includes substances intended for use as a plant growth
regulator,
defoliant, desiccant, or agent for thinning fruit or preventing the
premature fall of fruit. Also used as substances applied to crops either
before or after harvest to protect the commodity from
deterioration
during storage and transport.
Classification:
Pesticides can be classified according to the pests they control. The four
main types of pesticides are:
" Insecticides
Herbicides
" Fungicides
" Rodenticides
.Insecticides
Insecticides are substances used to kill
and larvicides used insects.They include ovicides
against insect eggs and
Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine,larvae, respectively.
consumers. Insecticides are industry and by
claimed to be a major factor behind the
increase in the 20th-century's
insecticides have the agricultural productivity.Nearly all
potential to significantly alter ecosystems; many
are toxic to humans and/or
animals: some become concentrated as
they spread along the food chain.

insect spray
estays manycemnOn insectx

OTATDE
PEAS coW.
oRNANMNALS

Herbicides -
Herbicides also commonly known as weedkillers, are substances
used to control undesired plants, also known asweeds.Selective
herbicides controlspecific weed species, while leaving the desired
crop relatively unharmed, while non-selective herbicides (sometimes
called total weedkillers in commercial products)can be used to clear
waste ground, industrialand
embankments constructionsites, railways and railway
as they kill all plant
into material with which they come
contact.Modern
plant herbicides are often synthetic mimics of
hormones which interfere with growth of the
The term organic
natural
herbicide has come to
target plants.
for organic mean herbicides intended
farming. Some plants also produce their own natural
herbicides, such as the genus Juglans
heaven; such action of natural (walnuts), or the tree of
chemical interactions,is called herbicides, and other related
resistance - a majorconcern in allelopathy. Due to herbicide
agriculture -a number of products
combine herbicides with different
means of action.

Topä
Calar

" Fungicides -
Fungicides are biocidal chemical compounds or biological organisms
used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores. Afungistatiç inhibits their
growth.Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture, resulting in
critical losses of yield, quality, and profit. Fungicides are used both in
agriculture and to fight fungal infections in animals.
"Rodenticides -
Rodent icides are
rodents. While chemicals made and sold for
commonly referred to as "rat the purpose of killing
poison",rodenticides
Zinc
Ratoff
PhosphatRODENTIeCKE
are also used to kill
mice,
squirrels,woodchucks, chipmunks,
porcupines, nutria, beavers, and voles.
after one exposure while Some rodenticides are lethal
others require more than one. Rodents are
disinclined to gorge on an unknown food (perhaps
adaptation to their inability to vomit),preferring to reflecting an
observe whether it makes them or other rats sample, wait and
of poisonshyness is the rationale for sick.This phenomenon
poisons that killonly after
multiple doses.
ALTERNATIVES IN PEST CONTROL
Although pesticide use has become very common worldwide, many
new pest control methods are being developed. These alternative
pest control methods are designed to help control the pest
population while protecting the environment and human health.

The most common alternative pest control methods include


biological control, natural chemical control and genetic control. In
addition to these specific pest control methods, acomplex
management system, known as integrated pest management, has
also been developed.

" Biological Control


controlling pests
One common alternative method used for
pest
biological control, which is when natural predators of the
using this
introduced to prey on or parasitize the pest. When
pest and release them
method, farmers get natural predators of the
can manage the pest
into their fields so that the predators beneficial, they
population.Although biological controls can be very
environment. Sometimes biological
can also cause problems for the and can cause
organisms begin totake over an environment
Control
harm to non-pest organisms.
Biologicol Pest Control
No Damage To
The
ony Targeted Envirunment
insecth Are
Espenses Are Very Lo Elmiated
Sustalnable Outcomes

Natural
Natural chemical Chemical Control -
control is
management that another alternative method of pest
utilizes
environment to manage chemical compounds found in the
chemicals are pheromonespests.The most
and hormones,commonly used natural
pest species being which are specific to the
species.
targeted and have limited influence on other

NATURAL PESTICIDI

"Genetic Control -
dgricultural technology has advanced, scientists have developed of
that focus onthe genetics
alternative
the
mmethods of pest management
Genetic control is the method of
pest management
organism. altered so that they are resistantto
where the crops are genetically Crops can be genetically altered in
pests and diseases caused by pests.
harm from
Ways that produce chemical or physical barriers to prevent
pests.

PESTICIDES: HITTING YOUALL OVER


Pesticides Toxic impact
Chlorpyriphos Nerve damage
disorders, neurotoxicity
Endosulfan-T DNA Mmutation. hormone
Heptac hlor Nervous system andiver damage
damage
Quinalphos Developmental, reproductive, neurological
Aldrin Cancer, infertility
neurological damage
Chlorfenvinfos Devcelopmental. reproductive. eyes
kidneys,
Chlordane Affects nervous system. lungs. iver,
DDT Cancer, hormone disorders, infertility

PESTICIDES
Chemistry Experiment Procedure
Take different types of fruits and vegetables and cut
them
into small pieces separately.
Transfer the cut pieces of various fruits and vegetables in
mortar separately and crush thenm.
" Take different beaker of each kind of fruits and
vegetables
and place the crushed fruits and vegetables in these
beakers and add 10 mlof alcohol to each. Stir well and
filter it. Collect the filtrate in separate China dishes.
Evaporate the alcohol by heating Chinadishes one by one
over water bath and let the residue dry in an oven.
Heat a small piece of drysodium in a fusion tube, till it
melts. Then add one of the above residues from China dish
tothe fusion tube and heat till red hot. Drop the hot fusion
tube in China dish containing about 110 ml of distilled
water. Break the tube and boi! the contents of the China
dish for about 5 min to cool and filter the solution . Collect
the filtrate.
To the filtrate add 1 mlfreshly prepared ferrous sulphate
solution and warm the contents. Then add 2-3 drops of
ferric chloride solution and acidity with the dil.
Hydrochloric acid if a blue or green precipitate or
colouration is obtained, it indicated the presence of
nitrogen containing insecticides.
other fruits and vegetables and record the observation.

OBSERVATION
SI. No. Name of Test for the Presence of
fruits and presence of insecticides
vegetables nitrogen or pesticides
(positive/negative) residues
1. Apple Negative No
2. Tomato Positive Yes
3. Potato Positive Yes
4. Pumpkin Positive Yes
5. Banana Negative No
6. Grapes Positive Yes
7. Carrot Negative No
8. Brinjal Negative No
9. Cucumber Positive Yes
10. Pineapple Negative No
CONCLUSION

Thusfrom the above experiments that the fruits and vegetables


we consume especially tomato, potato, cucumber, grapes,
pumpkin contain nitrogen containing insecticides and
pesticides.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.wikipedia.com
www.encyclopedia.com
Britannica encyclopaedia
Practical Manual in Chemistry for class XI

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