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Solid Mechanics
Unit- I
1) Explain with neat sketch about stress-strain behavior of mild steel under tension.
Ans: -

The stress strain curve for mild steel consists of strain along the x-axis and stress along the y-axis.
Stress strain curve for mild steel consists of various stages such as

 Proportional Limit.
 Elastic Limit.
 Upper Yield.
 Lower Yield.
 Ultimate Stress.
 Breaking Point.
a) If the stress is applied gradually to a mild steel rod, the strain also gradually increased that
is represented in point ‘A’ In this stage when stress is removed from the rod the strain
returns to ‘0’. Thus the ‘0’ to ‘A’ points is called as proportional limit.
b) In this limit the stress is directly proportional to strain {σ ∝ e}, that means the steel rod
obeys ‘Hooke’s law’. In this stage the proportionality is expressed as ‘E’, thus
c)

d)
Here, E = Young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity.
e) Thus Young’s modulus is defined as the ratio of stress to a strain of the mild steel rod. The
unit of young’s modulus is N/mm².
f) The increase of stress to the point ‘B’, the strain also increased proportionally it is called
as elastic limit. In this stage, if the applied stress is removed the strain returns to an original
position that is rod gains to original shape. The stress increased beyond the elastic limit,
the material undergoes deformation. Which means the permanent extension occurs and the
mild steel rod does not regain its original shape even after the stress is removed. This is
expressed as ‘C’ to ‘D’ point in the graph which is called as yield point.
g) In Point ‘C’ at which maximum stress is required for a rod to undergo deformation is called
as upper yield point. In point ‘D’ of which minimum stress is required for a rod to undergo
deformation is called as lower yield point. The increase of stress beyond this limit

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increases strain gradually to a point. This point is ‘E’ which is called as ultimate stress or
ultimate strength point. Ultimate stress is the maximum stress the rod can withstand, thus
this portion is called a strain hardening.
h) Further increase of stress beyond the ultimate stress, the localized reduction occurs in the
cross sectional area of the rod which is the weakest point of the. This is called as necking
stage that means a breaking point stage. At this stage the mild steel rod breaks, thus the
curve drops to the point ‘F’. Resultant curve obtained is the stress strain curve for mild
steel rod.
i) Under the action of load the point ‘A’ to ‘B’ is elastic region and point ‘B’ to ‘F’ is the
plastic region of mild steel rod. Similarly if you plot the stress strain curve for any material
you can determine the yield strength, ultimate strength and the breaking point of the
material.

2) Define Poisson’s ratio and state the relation between three elastic constant E, G and K

Ans: -
Poisson's ratio is a material property that describes the relationship between the lateral strain and
the longitudinal strain in a material that is being stretched or compressed.
It is denoted by the Greek letter mu (μ) and is defined as the ratio of transverse contraction strain
to longitudinal extension strain in the direction of the stretching force.
Poisson's ratio is a dimensionless quantity that can range from -1.0 to 0.5
Derivation of Relation between Elastic Constants
We can derive the elastic constant’s relation by combining the mathematical expressions relating
terms individually.

• Young modulus can be expressed using Bulk modulus and Poisson’s ratio as –

• Similarly, Young’s modulus can also be expressed using rigidity modulus and Poisson’s
ratio as-

• Combining the above two-equation and solving them to eliminate we can get a relation
between Young’s modulus and bulk modulus k and modulus of rigidity as –

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3) Derive the relation between E; G & .

Ans: -
Consider a cubical element subjected to volumetric stress σ which acts simultaneously along the
mutually perpendicular x, y and z-direction. The resultant strains along the three directions can be
worked out by taking the effect of individual stresses.
Strain in the x-direction,
ex = Strain in x-direction due to σx – Strain in x-direction due to σy – Strain in x-direction due to
σz

Amit Sir [M-Tech (STRUCTURE), BE, Diploma in Civil],

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Unit- II
1) Derive the relationship between load, shear force and bending moment.
Ans: -
The vertical shear at C in the figure shown in previous section is taken as

Thus, the rate of change of the bending moment with respect to x is equal to the shearing force, or
the slope of the moment diagram at the given point is the shear at that point.
Differentiate V with respect to x gives

Thus, the rate of change of the shearing force with respect to x is equal to the load or the slope of
the shear diagram at a given point equals the load at that point.

Amit Sir [M-Tech (STRUCTURE), BE, Diploma in Civil],

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2) Write properties of bending moment diagram.

Ans: -
i. The bending moment variation is linear between two sections where no load acts. Moment
is a function of force and perpendicular distance. So, if there is no force acting, the bending
moment is a function of only the distance and hence the variation of the bending moment
here is linear. This variation is represented as a straight line on the B.M.D.
ii. Is a Uniformly Distributed Load acts between two sections; the variation of the B.M.D. of
the beam is parabolic. This is represented as a parabolic curve on the B.M.D.
iii. If a Uniformly Varying Load acts between two sections; the variation of the B.M.D. of the
beam is cubic. This is represented as a cubic curve on the B.M.D.
iv. If a couple is present at a section, the bending moment value changes from one value to
another suddenly. This change is equal to the value of the couple. This is represented by a
straight line on the B.M.D.
v. The point on the bending moment diagram where the bending moment changes its sign and
acquires a zero value is known as the ‘Point of Contra flexure’.
vi. The ‘Point of Contra flexure’ is also known as the ‘Point of Inflexion’. This point signifies
the point of change of the bending patter in the beam.

3) Write properties of shear force diagram.

Ans: -

The shear force diagram (SFD) is a graph that shows the variation of the shear force along the
length of a beam.
The properties of the SFD are as follows:
i. The ordinate of the SFD at any section gives the value of the shear force at that section,
due to the fixed load positions on the beam.
ii. The SFD consists of a rectangle if the beam is loaded with point loads.
iii. The SFD consists of an inclined line for the portion on which uniformly distributed load is
acting.
iv. The SFD consists of a parabolic curve for the portion over which triangular or trapezoidal
load distribution is acting.
v. The slope of the SFD at a given point equals the load at that point.

Amit Sir [M-Tech (STRUCTURE), BE, Diploma in Civil],

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Unit- III
1) Draw a typical shear stress distribution over following beam section subjected to a shear
force.
i) I-beam.
ii) T-beam.
Ans: -

2) Prove that in circular section the maximum shear stress intensity is equal to (4/3) of
average shear stress.
Ans: -

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3) Derive the bending formula and give the three assumption in theory of simple bending.
Ans: -

Amit Sir [M-Tech (STRUCTURE), BE, Diploma in Civil],

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Consider an unstressed beam, which is subjected to a constant bending moment such that the beam
bends up to radius R. The top fibers are subjected to tension whereas the bottom fibers are
subjected to compression. The locus of points with zero stress is known as the neutral axis.

With the help of the above figure, the following are the steps involved in the derivation of the
bending equation:

Strain in fibre AB is the ratio of change in length to original length.

Strain in fibre

CD and C’D’ are on the neutral axis and stress is assumed to be zero, therefore strain is also zero
on the neutral axis.

Amit Sir [M-Tech (STRUCTURE), BE, Diploma in Civil],

7020059691/7385990691
 Amit Sir’s
CIVIL ENGINEERING CLASSES

Amit Sir [M-Tech (STRUCTURE), BE, Diploma in Civil],

7020059691/7385990691