Kaplan Referencing

Version: 4.0
Harvard Style Guide Published: February 2023

As a student it is important that you identify words, information, or ideas that you have borrowed from others
and used in your work. Referencing is the most common way of acknowledging sources such as: books, journal
articles, magazines, websites, reports, and personal communication – ensuring that you
correctly acknowledge other people's ideas (and avoid plagiarism); enable your reader to quickly locate the
material you have used; and clearly indicates to the reader the scope and depth of your research.

The Harvard style of referencing is a widely used referencing system to help you achieve these objectives;
however, be aware that there is no single authority to the Harvard system, resulting in many variations being
used among publishers and other educational institutions. If you are using referencing tools, it is important to
always check that the formatting matches the Kaplan Harvard Referencing Style Guide (4th edition).

How does the Harvard style work?

The Harvard style involves two (2) tasks:

• referring to other author in the body of your text (in-text citations).

• compiling a list of sources at the end of your text (reference list / bibliography).

The following guides can be used to quickly and easily cite the most common types of sources used when
writing an assignment.

Document Classification: Public

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:

AN INTRODUCTION TO REFERENCING: ........................................................................................................2

IN-TEXT CITATION: ..........................................................................................................................................3
REFERENCE LIST / BIBLIOGRAPHY: ................................................................................................................6
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED WHEN REFERENCING ...................................................................10
HOW TO REFERENCE – THE BASICS: ...........................................................................................................12
HOW TO REFERENCE – PUBLICATIONS: ......................................................................................................18
Print and eBooks ...............................................................................................................................18
Chapters from a compiled book ...................................................................................................19
Journal articles..................................................................................................................................20
Newspapers and magazine articles ..............................................................................................21
Company, industry and government reports ...............................................................................22
Professional and industry standards ...............................................................................................23
Conference papers and proceedings ..........................................................................................24
Kaplan course material ...................................................................................................................25
HOW TO REFERENCE – ONLINE CONTENT: ................................................................................................26
Websites and webpages ................................................................................................................26
Social media, emails and blogs .....................................................................................................27
Online video streaming ...................................................................................................................28
Online audio and podcasts ............................................................................................................29
Online images, tables, and charts .................................................................................................30
HOW TO REFERENCE – LEGAL SOURCES: ..................................................................................................31
Bills, legislation and regulations ......................................................................................................31
Case law and trials ..........................................................................................................................32
Conventions and treaties ................................................................................................................33
HOW TO REFERENCE – OTHER SOURCES: ..................................................................................................34
Images, tables, and charts .............................................................................................................34
Data sources .....................................................................................................................................35
Software, game or application ......................................................................................................36
Brochures, posters and pamphlets ................................................................................................37
Broadcasts: Television and radio ....................................................................................................37
Film, DVD or videos ..........................................................................................................................38

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AN INTRODUCTION TO REFERENCING:
Referencing can be a confusing task, especially if you are new to the concept. However, it is important to
acknowledge a source which you have used to support a line of argument in your work.

The Harvard referencing style consists of two (2) elements:

• Providing an in-text citations wherever you refer to a source in your work to distinguish your own ideas
from those of others; and
• Producing a reference list or bibliography at the end of your work – containing enough identifying
detail to allow your reader to locate the source.

Referencing Example:

In-text template: Smith 2022, p. 15.

Reference list / bibliography entry: Smith, J 2020, Statistical analysis, 2nd edn, Penguin, London.

Do not assume that all Harvard referencing styles are the same. Harvard has several variations which are used
by different academic publishers, higher educational institutions and universities. This can be confusing, so
make sure you always refer to the Kaplan Harvard Referencing Style Guide (4th edition).

Why you should reference sources

When preparing a piece of written work you will inevitably come across other peoples’ ideas, theories or data
that you want to draw reference to in your own work. Understanding why you need to reference will go a long
way in helping you to naturally integrate the process into your research and writing routine.

Good referencing is important because it:

It demonstrates the depth and the breadth of your reading in the context of your research.

Provides evidence to support and strengthen your position.

Enables the reader to locate the sources referred to in your work, allowing others to evaluate your
interpretations of those ideas.

Provides evidence of your research.

It is an easy way to avoid losing marks – but most importantly.

Accurately citing materials is one strategy to help you avoid plagiarizing.

Likewise, by correctly referencing, you allow the marker or reader to follow up your references to check the
validity of your arguments for themselves. This is an important part of the academic process as it leads to
student accountability.

Failure to correctly reference may make the reader think that you are claiming someone else’s work as your
own. In the academic environment, we call this plagiarism, and it is considered a breach of academic integrity.
Please remember that plagiarism is not just when you directly copy words from another’s work; plagiarism also
occurs when you re-word someone else’s ideas in your own words and do not give credit to the original source.

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Knowing when to cite or referencing a source?

When expressing ideas or concepts in your work consider the following questions to guide you through
referencing the original sources appropriately.

Someone else’s words:

Provide an in-text citation and add full details of the work to your
Q1) Are the words yours or reference list.
someone else’s?
Your own words:

Go to Question 2.

Common knowledge:

Q2) Is the idea common You do not need to reference it.

knowledge? Uncommon knowledge:

Go to Question 3.

My own thought:
Q3) Did you think of this You do not need to reference it.
yourself or are you re-stating
(paraphrasing) someone Someone else’s idea:
else’s idea?
Provide an in-text citation and add full details of the work to your
reference list.

IN-TEXT CITATION:
In-text citations are the perfect way to seamlessly integrate sources into your work, allowing you to strengthen
the connection between your own ideas, and the source material you have found, with ease. An in-text
citation can go at the beginning, the middle or the end of the sentence; and appears as author, year of
publication, page number (if a direct quote). When incorporating in-text citations into your work, you can
either:

Name the author directly within the text:

When you name the author in the sentence itself, the year (and if relevant) the page number is typically given
in brackets straight after the name.

For example:

• Jones et al. (2016, p. 155) argues that the results of this method are ‘frequently
unreliable’.
• In the overview of these developmental theories, Lutz and Huitt (2004) suggest that…

Naming the author directly in your sentence is the best approach when you want to critique or comment on
the source.

Include the author using brackets:

When you have not mentioned the author's name in the sentence, include it inside the brackets. The citation
is generally placed after the relevant quote or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence before the full stop.

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For example:

• The results of this method have been descried as ‘frequently unreliable’ (Jones et al.
2016, p. 155).
• There are many assumptions when it comes to the information processing approach
to cognition… (Lutz and Hutt 2004).

Multiple citations can be included in one place, listed in order of publication year and separated by semi-
colons. This type of in-text citations are useful when you want to support a claim or summarise the overall
findings of the source.

For example:

• Several other researchers have collaborated this claim (Smith 2015; Wong, 2015; Patel
2016).

All in-text citations must be included in full in the reference list / bibliography.

Types of in-text citations

There are four (4) basic ways to cite your sources in-text.

Direct quotes:
A direct quote is the exact reproduction of someone else's words and it can be either in a short quote by using
' single quotation marks' to indicate that it's not your own writing; or in a block quote when exceeding more
than 30 words.

Short quotes (under 30 words)

If you directly quote fewer than 30 words, enclose the quotation within single quotation marks in the text. The
year of publication of the work along with the page number(s) should be provided, as illustrated below.

Note: ‘p.’ is used for a single page, ‘pp.’ for multiple pages.

• Smith states that ‘the data is ambiguous on this point’ (2013, p. 151).

• According to Anand, Ashforth and Joshi (2004, pp. 39–53), there are ‘six categories of
rationalisation that are commonly used in businesses’.

Block quotes (exceeding 30 words)

As a rule, block quotes should be used sparingly in your work. If the quotation is greater than 30 words, it
should be displayed by:

• Introducing the quote with a colon ( : )

• omitting the quotation marks
• start the quote as a new paragraph on a new line
• indent the whole quote 1cm from the left-hand margin of the page
• using a font size one size smaller than the main body of the work.
• Importantly, it should be introduced using your own words – as illustrated below.

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Worley-Warner (2001) suggests that students should focus on how journal articles in their subject
are written and structured. She describes a benefit of this process:

You will also gain a sense of the complexity of being an apprentice writer in an academic culture, or rather cultures, where expectations may

vary from discipline to discipline, even subject to subject and where you can build a repertoire of critical thinking and writing skills that enable

you to enter the academic debates, even to challenge. (Morley-Warner 2001, p. 6)

Reading is central to study at university. It is through reading that…

Paraphrasing:
Paraphrasing is the most common form of referencing.

A successful paraphrase is your own explanation or interpretation of another person's ideas. Paraphrasing in
academic writing is an effective way to restate, condense, or clarify another author's ideas while also providing
credibility to your own argument or analysis. While successful paraphrasing is essential for strong academic
writing, unsuccessful paraphrasing can result in unintentional plagiarism. Look through the paraphrasing
strategies below to better understand what counts as an effective paraphrase.

If you are having trouble paraphrasing a text effectively, try following these steps:

1. Reread the original passage you wish to paraphrase, looking up any words you do not recognize,
until you think you understand the full meaning of and intention behind the author's words.

2. Next, cover or hide the passage. Once the passage is hidden from view, write out the author's idea,
in your own words, as if you were explaining it to your instructor or classmates.

3. After you have finished writing, check your account of the author's idea against the original. While
comparing the two, ask yourself the following questions:

• Have I accurately addressed the author's ideas in a new way that is unique to my writing style
and scholarly voice?
• Have I tried to replicate the author's idea, or have I simply changed words around the original
sentence(s)
4. Last, include a citation, which should contain the author's name, the year, and the page or
paragraph number (if available), directly following your paraphrase.

Original source from author Thompson (2009):

Differentiation as an instructional approach promotes a balance between a student’s style and

a student’s ability. Differentiated instruction provides the student with options for processing and
internalizing the content, and for constructing new learning in order to progress academically.

Example of how to best paraphrasing Thompson’s work:

Teachers use differentiated instruction to help students learn, allowing the teachers to cater
lessons to the way each student learns and each students’ skill (Thompson 2009).

In the example above, we have condensed the original source (Thompson 2009) by taking the essential ideas
/ information and rephrasing it by using our own unique words and sentence structures.

Synthesis:
Synthesis demonstrates scholarship in your writing by combining multiple sources of information and ideas on
a given topic. It demonstrates an understanding of literature (information), as well as your ability to connect
ideas and develop an argument.

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Synthesis is achieved by comparing and contrasting paraphrased information. Writers should begin by using
comparison language (indicated in bold and highlighted text in the examples below) to combine ideas on a
given topic. Refer to the Kaplan Library to learn more techniques.

Keller (2012) found that X occurred. Likewise, Daal (2013) found that X occurred by also
noted the effects of X differed from those suggested by Keller (2012).

Schwester (2013) reported results consistent with findings of Hill’s (2011) and Yao’s (2012) studies.

Although Mehmad (2012) suggested X, O’Donnell (2013) recommended a different approach.

Common mistakes when using in-text citations

In-text citations in brackets should not appear as the subject of your sentences. Anything that’s essential to
the meaning of a sentence should be written outside the brackets:

INCORRECT: (Smith, 2019) argues that…

CORRECT: Smith (2019) argues that…

Similarly, don’t repeat the author’s name in the bracketed citation and in the sentence itself:

INCORRECT: As Caulfield (Caulfield, 2020) writes…

CORRECT: As Caulfield (2020) writes…

REFERENCE LIST / BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Utilizing and building on a wide range of relevant sources is one way of impressing your reader, and a
comprehensive list of the source material you have used is the perfect platform to exhibit your research efforts.

Each time you find a useful source, keep a record of its bibliographic details. Refer to Kaplan Library to identify
where to locate specific bibliographic details of different sources commonly used in academic writing. All of
these details will help someone locate and read the same information source you used. These bibliographic
details, arranged in the correct order, are called an entry. Entries are arranged alphabetically by first-listed
author surname into a single list at the end of your work.

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There are two types of lists. Always consult your unit outline (or faculty) to determine if a Reference List or
Bibliography is required as part of your assessment requirements.

Reference List
A reference list is always required when you cite other people’s ideas or material within your work. The purpose
of the reference list is to enable readers to locate the sources you have noted throughout your document –
therefore, all sources referred to using in-text citations must be listed in detail at the end of your work.

Closely follow the formatting rules on font type, font size, text-alignment and line spacing to ensure that your
work is easily legible.

• Start your Reference List on a new page at the end of your document - use ‘Reference List’ as the
heading.
• Left justified with single spacing between references.
• Using the same font as the rest of your work.
• Arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s surname or authoring organisation.
• Where there is no author, use the title of work. List alphabetically disregarding ‘A’, ‘An’,
or ‘The’ at the beginning of the title.
• Where there are several works from the same author, they should be listed together but
in date order – with the youngest work listed first.
• Capitalisation is very specific and is kept to a minimum. Only capitalise the first letter of the first word
of the title of an article or book, but not the first letter of the first word after a colon.
• Legislation (including Acts, Bills and Regulations) should be listed separately in alphabetical order
under the heading ‘Legislation’.
• Legal cases should be listed separately in alphabetical order under the heading ‘Case law’.

Reference List
Crauder, B, Evans, B, Johnson, J & Noell, A 2018, Quantitative literacy: thinking between the lines, W.H.
Freeman, viewed 31 January 2022 <https//ww.amazon.com/Quantitative-Literacy-Thinking-Between-
Lines/dp/1319050727>.
Department of Health and Aging [DHA] 2018, National women’s health policy 2018, REP 6151, Australian
Government, viewed 15 March 2020 <https//ww.health.gov.au/reports_REP6151>.
Fazel, M 2015, ‘A moment of change: facilitating children’s mental health’, International Journal of
Educational Development, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 255-261.
Fredericks, B 2021, ‘Lecture 3 notes: Evaluation and selection’, MAN1005: Regulations and operations,
Kaplan Business School, 16 March.
International Accounting Standards Board [IASB] 2012, Impairment of assets, IAS 1596, IABS, viewed 18
August 2021 <https//ww.iasb.org/content105s36.pdf>.
Rayner, G 2020, ‘Boris Johnson sets out three-step plan to end lockdown on long road to freedom’, The
Telegraph, 10 May, viewed 17 August 2021 <https//ww.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/05/10/go-back-work-
boris-johnson>.
Robbins, SP 2016, Management: the essentials, 3rd edn, Pearson Australia, Melbourne.
Legislation
Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Cth)
Case law
Polias v Ryall [2015] NSWSC

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Bibliography
The terms ‘bibliography’ and ‘references list’ are often used interchangeably; however a reference list only
includes items you have referenced in your assignment whereas a bibliography also contains any relevant
background reading which you have consulted to familiarise yourself with the topic (even those sources that
are never mentioned in the narrative). Therefore, a bibliography is often significantly larger than a reference
list, as it has many more entries.

Check with your lecturer or tutor which one they require.

• Start your Reference List on a new page at the end of your document - use ‘Bibliography’ as the
heading.
• Left justified with single spacing between references.
• Using the same font as the rest of your work.
• Arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s surname or authoring organisation.
• Where there is no author, use the title of work. List alphabetically disregarding ‘A’, ‘An’,
or ‘The’ at the beginning of the title.
• Where there are several works from the same author, they should be listed together but
in date order – with the youngest work listed first.
• Capitalisation is very specific and is kept to a minimum. Only capitalise the first letter of the first word
of the title of an article or book, but not the first letter of the first word after a colon.
• Legislation (including Acts, Bills and Regulations) should be listed separately in alphabetical order
under the heading ‘Legislation’.
• Legal cases should be listed separately in alphabetical order under the heading ‘Case law’.

Bibliography
Crauder, B, Evans, B, Johnson, J & Noell, A 2018, Quantitative literacy: thinking between the lines, W.H.
Freeman, viewed 31 January 2022 <https//ww.amazon.com/Quantitative-Literacy-Thinking-Between-
Lines/dp/1319050727>.
Department of Health and Aging [DHA] 2018, National women’s health policy 2018, REP 6151, Australian
Government, viewed 15 March 2020 <https//ww.health.gov.au/reports_REP6151>.
Fazel, M 2015, ‘A moment of change: facilitating children’s mental health’, International Journal of
Educational Development, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 255-261.
Fredericks, B 2021, ‘Lecture 3 notes: Evaluation and selection’, MAN1005: Regulations and operations,
Kaplan Business School, 16 March.
International Accounting Standards Board [IASB] 2012, Impairment of assets, IAS 1596, IABS, viewed 18
August 2021 <https//ww.iasb.org/content105s36.pdf>.
Rayner, G 2020, ‘Boris Johnson sets out three-step plan to end lockdown on long road to freedom’, The
Telegraph, 10 May, viewed 17 August 2021 <https//ww.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/05/10/go-back-work-
boris-johnson>.
Robbins, SP 2016, Management: the essentials, 3rd edn, Pearson Australia, Melbourne.
Legislation
Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Cth)
Case law
Polias v Ryall [2015] NSWSC

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WRITING WITH INTEGRITY:

The goal of academic writing is to provide a scholarly discussion of other published people's ideas, providing
the original author with credit, and to summarize, synthesize, or expand on the point in an original work.

Ensuring integrity in writing can be a challenge. This is not the writing expectation in all styles and cultures, so
we understand that students sometimes have questions about this. Writing with integrity means the author is
writing using his or her own words and being sure to not inadvertently mislead the reader about whether an
idea was the writer’s own. Writing with integrity is about rephrasing ideas in the author’s own words and
understanding, while also providing credit to the original source.

The example below can be used to understand how to incorporate evidence from previous researchers and
authors, providing proper credit to the source. Again, the goal is to write and cite, creating original material
and ensuring integrity (avoiding any potential plagiarism concerns).

Examples of uncredited sources:

Consider this partial paragraph:

Organization A is going through a variety of changes in leadership, but this is the norm for
organizations in general. Organizations go through change all the time. However, the nature,
scope, and intensity of organizational change vary considerably.

Here is the paragraph again, with the second and third sentences bolded:

Organization A is going through a variety of changes in leadership, but this is the norm for
organizations in general. Organizations go through change all the time. However, the nature,
scope, and intensity of organizational change vary considerably.

The words in bold match from Turn-It-In because those sentences are word-for-word from the original source.
Turn-It-In has matched this text.

Here is a screenshot of a Google Books search where this text can be found online:

In the screenshot, the words highlighted in yellow are the search phrases, and the red box indicates the
sentences that appear in the example paragraph. This text was taken directly out of a book on organizational
change. This is problematic because it appears in the example paragraph above to be the writer’s own idea
when it is not—it came from this book. This misrepresentation, intentional or not, is an academic integrity issue.

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Revising a source with academic integrity

What if the writer adds a citation?

Note the added citation, (Nadler & Tushman 1994), at the end of the third sentence.

Organization A is going through a variety of changes in leadership, but these types of changes
are the norm for organizations in general. Organizations go through change all the time. However,
the nature, scope, and intensity of organizational change vary considerably (Nadler &
Tushman 1994).

This change is incorrect because it is still using the original authors’ words. Though a source is provided, the text
should be paraphrased, not word-for-word. This citation does not make the reader aware that the words in the
preceding two sentences are the original authors.

So, what if the best course of action?

In this revision, the writer has added quotation marks around the words borrowed directly from the original
author. Yes, this would be correct Harvard formatting to use quotations, if a passage is word-for-word, and
provide a citation including the page number.

Organization A is going through a variety of changes in leadership, but these types of changes
are the norm for organizations in general. 'Organizations go through change all the time.
However, the nature, scope, and intensity of organizational change vary considerably' (Nadler &
Tushman 1994, p. 279).

This example includes a paraphrase of the passage that was marked as unoriginal. In the paraphrase, the
same idea is provided, and the authors are given credit, but this is done using original writing, not what ends
up being plagiarism, and not a quotation (as that does not demonstrate understanding and application).

Organizations go through change all the time. However, the nature, scope, and intensity of
organizational change vary considerably.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED WHEN REFERENCING

Abbreviations and symbols can be used when referencing. It is important that you understand and use these
commonly accepted abbreviations and symbols when referencing sources in your work.

Abbreviation Meaning and purpose

'and' or '&'
& For in-text references, use 'and' between names in the text and '&' between names in brackets.
Only use '&' between authors' names in the reference list.

'chapter'
ch.
Chapter is used when referencing an edited source.

ed. = 'editor' or eds. = 'editors'

ed. or eds Some sources have both an editor and an author. In these cases, use the author's name for the
main reference, with the editors name included after the title.

'edition'
edn. This is used only for a second or later edition of a source, not for a first edition. Editions contain
major revisions, but reprints do not, so do not include a reprint number.

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'and others'
This is used in in-text citations (including the first in-text citation) when there are four or more
et al.
authors. However, all authors are listed in full in the reference list. For example: Czinkota et al.
(2008) address theoretical issues in the Asia Pacific market.

'minute'
min. Used for audio-visual sources that have been used within a written document to indicate the
start of the information.

'no date'
n.d.
Where a source has no publication date or copyright date, insert 'n.d.' in its place.

'issue number'
no. Including an issue number in your reference of periodicals (journals, newspapers and
magazines etc) helps readers locate the work that you used.

p = 'page' and pp. = 'more than one page'

The following examples illustrate the use of page numbers when referencing:
• One page (Smith 2009, p.4)
p. or pp.
• pages in sequence (Smith 2009, pp. 25-26)
• pages not in sequence (Smith 2009, pp. 1, 4 & 6)
• pages from a website (Smith 2009)

'Uniform Resource Locator'

URL
A URL is nothing more than the address of a given unique resource from the internet.

'volume'
vol. The volume number of a periodical (journal, newspaper and magazines etc) refers to the
number of years the text has been in publication.

Australian jurisdiction abbreviations

Jurisdiction Abbreviation

Commonwealth (Federal government) Cth

Australian Capital Territory ACT

New South Wales NSW

Northern
NT
Territory

Queensland Qld

South Australia SA

Tasmania Tas

Victoria Vic

Western Australia WA

Pinpoint abbreviations
A pinpoint is used to refer to a specific point in the source. It is similar to using page numbers to refer to sections
of a book. Use the following pinpoint abbreviations (depending on the designations given in the source) when
creating your citation:

Designation Abbreviation Designation Abbreviation

Appendix app. Article art.

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Chapter ch. Clause cl.

Division div. Paragraph para.

Part pt. Regulation reg.

Rule r. Schedule sch.

Section s. Sub-clause sub-cl.

Sub-division sub-div. Sub-paragraph sub-para.

Sub-section sub-s.

Unique court identifiers

See below for examples of unique court identifiers. Find more examples via the AustLii (Australasian Legal
Information Institute) database.

Court Unique court identifier

Administrative Appeals Tribunal 1976 - AATA

Australian Human Rights Commission AusHRC

Fair Work Commission 2013 - FWC

Family Court of Australia 1976 - FamCA

Federal Court of Australia 1977 - FCA

High Court of Australia 1903 - HCA

National Native Title Tribunal 1994 - NNTTA

Victorian Law Reports 1874 - 1956 VLR

Victorian Reports 1953 - 1996 VR

Supreme Court of Victoria 1994 - VSC

Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal 1998 - VSCA

HOW TO REFERENCE – THE BASICS:

Single author

In-text citations:

When citing a single author in-text: state the author(s) surname, year of publication and if quoting - include
the page number or timestamp.

Direct Quotes:

• Buchanan argues that 'the point is that the right approach to non-profit performance assessment
varies widely' (2019, p. 142), ....
• Various factors play a role in ‘independent learning’ (Buchanan 2019, pp. 47-55).

General summary and paraphrasing:

• Charities trying to quantify their impact cannot do so with a one-size-fits-all method (Buchanan 2019).
• In her prose, Peter Buchanan talks about enclosing a lake in lips (2019).

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Reference list / bibliography entry:

Books, periodicals and speciality works all have their own variations to the citation in the reference list. However,
the general order of bibliographic details is as follows:

Books:

Library source:
Surname, Initials Year, Book title: subtitle, edition, Publisher, City.
Online source:
Surname, Initials Year, eBook title: subtitle, edition, Publisher, viewed < URL >.

Journal articles:

Library source:
Surname, Initials Year, ‘Article title: subtitle’, Journal Title, volume, issue, page range.
Online source:
Surname, Initials Year, ‘Article title: subtitle’, Journal Title, volume, issue, page range, date viewed < URL>.

Two or three authors:

In-text citations:

If a source has two (2) or three (3) authors, state the author(s) surname in the order they appear on the
source, year of publication and if quoting - include the page number or timestamp. The word 'and' is used
when the surnames are a part of a sentence, but the symbol '&' is used when the names are in parentheses.

Direct Quotes:

• ‘Profit is the basic reason a TNC is in business and expands overseas' (Ingram & Derdak 2019, p. 165).
• According to Ingram and Derdak (2019, p. 261) the case was increasing compared to previous
years.

General summary and paraphrasing:

• .... transnational corporation will conduct when it expands into a new country; making a profit is
(Ingram & Derdak 2019).

Reference list / bibliography entry:

Books, periodicals and speciality works all have their own variations to the citation in the reference list. However,
the general order of bibliographic details is as follows:

Books:

Library source:
Surname, Initials & Surname, Initials Year, Book title: subtitle, edition, Publisher, City.
Online source:
Surname, Initials, Surname, Initials & Surname, Initials Year, eBook title: subtitle, edition, Publisher, viewed
<URL>.

Journal articles:

Library source:
Surname, Initials & Surname, Initials Year, ‘Article title: subtitle’, Journal Title, volume, issue, page range.
Online source:
Surname, Initials, Surname, Initials & Surname, Initials Year, ‘Article title: subtitle’, Journal Title, volume, issue,
page range, date viewed <URL>.

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More than three authors:

In-text citations:

If a work has more than three (3) authors, use only the surname of the first-listed author, followed by the
expression et al. (meaning 'and others') when citing in-text. Include the year of publication; and if quoting
ensure to include the page number or timestamp.

Direct Quotes:

• Haslam et al. (2013, p. 78) states that 'wealth accumulation matters'.

• .....'mathematical tools are important' (Haslam et al. 2013)

General summary and paraphrasing:

• It is argued that strategies will need to be implemented to change how the areas of hazard
reductions are managed (Haslam et al. 2013).
• Haslam et al. (2013) have found...

Reference list / bibliography entry:

Books, periodicals and speciality works all have their own variations to the citation in the reference list. However,
the general order of bibliographic details is as follows:

Books:

Library source:
Surname, Initials, Surname, Initials, Surname, Initials & Surname, Initials Year, Book title: subtitle, edition,
Publisher, City.
Online source:
Surname, Initials, Surname, Initials, Surname, Initials & Surname, Initials Year, eBook title: subtitle, edition,
Publisher, viewed < URL >.

Journal articles:

Library source:
Surname, Initials, Surname, Initials, Surname, Initials & Surname, Initials Year, ‘Article title: subtitle’, Journal Title,
volume, issue, page range.
Online source:
Surname, Initials, Surname, Initials, Surname, Initials & Surname, Initials Year, ‘Article title: subtitle’, Journal Title,
volume, issue, page range, date viewed <URL>.

Organisation or government body as author:

In-text citations:

Sometimes the author is an organisation, government agency, association, or corporate body. In this instance,
use the organisations name, year and if using a direct quote, include the page number.

Where the organisation name is long, or is often referred to by its acronym, and is cited frequently in-text, cite
the full-name and include the acronym using [square brackets] in the first instance and only use the acronym
in subsequent citations.

Direct Quotes:

• The Australian Securities and Investment Commission [ASIC] recommends.....

• Low wealth individuals have 'not experienced any real improvement in net worth in more than a
decade' (ASIC 2019, p. 28).

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General summary and paraphrasing:

• According to the Australian Securities and Investment Commission [ASIC] 2019, there is an
anticipated growth .......
• ..... equals a few technical terms (ASIC 2019).

Reference list / bibliography entry:

Books, periodicals and speciality works all have their own variations to the citation in the reference list. However,
the general order of bibliographic details is as follows:

Books:

Library source:
Organisation name [acronym] Year, Book title: subtitle, edition, Publisher, City.
Online source:
Organisation name [acronym] Year, eBook title: subtitle, edition, Publisher, viewed < URL >.

Journal articles:

Library source:
Organisation name [acronym] Year, ‘Article title: subtitle’, Journal Title, volume, issue, page range.
Online source:
Organisation name [acronym] Year, ‘Article title: subtitle’, Journal Title, volume, issue, page range, date
viewed < URL >.

No author:

In-text citations:

Where there is no author use the title of the source (in italics) in place of the author. Include the year of
publication and if using a direct quote, include the page number or timestamp.

Direct Quotes:

• Language style is basic; for example, the use of parallel construction in the repeated modal verb
'modern crocodilians can live as scavengers and can survive for months without food'
(Cretaceous 2011, para. 30)

General summary and paraphrasing:

• Information is framed for a general audience (Cretaceous 2011).

Reference list / bibliography entry:

Books, periodicals and speciality works all have their own variations to the citation in the reference list. However,
the general order of bibliographic details is as follows:

Books:

Library source:
Title of book/eBook: subtitle Year, edition, Publisher, City.
Online source:
Title of book / eBook: subtitle Year, edition, Publisher, date viewed < URL >.

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Journal articles:

Library source:
‘Article title: subtitle’ Year, Journal Title, volume, issue, page range.
Online source:
‘Article title: subtitle’ Year, Journal Title, volume, issue, page range, date viewed < URL >.

Secondary sources:

In-text citations:

Sometimes the author you are quoting from will quote another source to support their argument. When you
want to use the same quote you must acknowledge both sources within your in-text citations; however, only
the secondary source will be used in the reference list.

When citing an author who has cited another author, you will need to provide both author(s) surnames. Use
the phrase 'cited in' before the secondary source.

Direct Quotes:

• The process was shown to be more complex (Donato cited in Cotterall & Cohen 2003)…

General summary and paraphrasing:

• Donato (cited in Cotterall & Cohen 2003, p. 158) explains the concept of scaffolding, which supports
learners as they extend their competence and skills.

Reference list / bibliography entry:

In the reference list / bibliography, provide details of the source you have read (the secondary source), not
the primary source that they are citing.

No publication year:

In-text citations:

When a source does not have a clear publication date – for example, a constantly updated reference source
like Wikipedia or an obscure historical document which can’t be accurately dated – you can replace it
with n.d. (meaning 'no date').

Direct Quotes:

• Jones (n.d., p. 18) suggests that .......

General summary and paraphrasing:

• extends their competence and skills (Jones n.d.).

Reference list / bibliography entry:

Books, periodicals and speciality works all have their own variations to the citation in the reference list. However,
the general order of bibliographic details is as follows:

Books:

Library source:
Surname, Initials n.d., Book title: subtitle, edition, Publisher, City.

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Online source:
Surname, Initials n.d., eBook title: subtitle, edition, Publisher, viewed < URL >.

Sources with no page numbers:

In-text citations:

Some sources, such as websites, often do not have page numbers. If the source is a short text, you can simply
leave out the page number. With longer sources, you can use an alternate locator such as a paragraph
number (para.), chapter number (ch.) or section (s.) if you need to specify where to find the quote.

Direct Quotes:

• 'That would be like saying that the news has unintended social effects because it reports bad news'
(Cluley 2017, ch. 10: The Distorted Mirror: Advertising and Ethics, s. Sticking up for advertising).

General summary and paraphrasing:

• Advertising should not be so quickly demonized when there are other media sources that can be just
as influencing on the public (Cluley 2017, ch. 10: The Distorted Mirror: Advertising and Ethics, s.
Sticking up for advertising).

Citing multiple sources at the same point:

In-text citations:

When you need multiple citations to appear at the same point in your text – for example, when you refer to
several sources with one phrase – you can present them in the same set of brackets, separated by semicolons.
List the sources alphabetically by author.

General summary and paraphrasing:

• Several in-depth studies have investigated this phenomenon during the last decade (Davidson 2015 ;
Harding 2018 ; Singh 2011).

Reference list / bibliography entry:

List each of the entries in the reference list in alphabetical order, following the general bibliographic format
specified for the entry.

Citing multiple sources with the same author and / or date:

In-text citations:

If you cite multiple sources by the same author that have been published in the same year, it is important to
distinguish between them in your citations. To do this, use the lower-case letters a, b, c and so forth after the
date to distinguish between them. Letters are assigned according to the alphabetical order of the publication
title.

Direct Quotes:

• … as it confronts us the ‘the ongoing decoding of how the brain operations’ (Brandford & Coutts,
2015 p. 16)

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General summary and paraphrasing:

• The illustrations in Brandford and Coutts (2015a, 2015b) highlight how line drawings add to the textual
message…..

Reference list / bibliography entry:

When a single author has multiple entries in the reference list, the author’s name is listed only in the first instance.
Subsequent entries begin with a long dash followed by the year and then lower-case letters as appropriate.
For example,

Brandford, A & Coutts, L 2015a, The precious ring, Walker Books Australia, Newtown, NSW.

Brandford, A & Coutts, L 2015b, The wishing seed, Walker Books Australia, viewed 20 May 2021
<https://www.amazon.com/Wishing-Seed-Alissa-J-Zavalianos/dp/1736137131>.

HOW TO REFERENCE – PUBLICATIONS:

To reference publications using the Kaplan Harvard system, you need an in-text citation and a corresponding
entry in your reference list or bibliography. The format of the citation varies with the number of authors involved
in the work, so it is important that you check the formatting of your citation.

Print and eBooks

When the entire book has been written by the same author (or set of authors), and the chapters have not been
contributed by different authors, then you regard the entire book as a single source and reference the whole
book. If you use three different chapters from the same book, it still only counts as one source – only one book.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to the source. Use the author(s) surname and
do not include initials (unless you are using two or more sources that have an author with the same surname).
Include the year of publication along with the page number (unless you are providing a general summary).
For more information about formatting the author(s), click here.

In-text template: (Author surname / Organisation Year, and if relevant, page number)

.... there is a growing case for employer brand now more than ever, and what the
employers portray through their brands (Robbins 2016, p. 56).

Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the front cover and/or the preliminary
pages before the index. The order in which you give your reference details is very important - even the
punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you will need to recall the following
information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s): When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate the last two
authors.
o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated
form, quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.

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2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If
there is no publication date, use 'n.d.' (meaning 'no date').
3. Book title: subtitle (in italics): Cite the exact title as it appears on the source. Only the first letter of
the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Edition: Only applicable if the book is NOT a first edition. Add the number and the abbreviation
'edn' after the title of the book.
5. Publisher: The company who made the book.
6. City: The city in which the book was published.
7. Viewed: This is the date you accessed the source and should be presented in ‘day, month, year’
format.
8. URL: Cut and paste the URL, enclosing it within <angled brackets>.
Author surname, Initials / Organisation Year, Book title: subtitle, edition, Publisher,
Library template:
City.

Robbins, SP 2016, Management: the essentials, 3rd edn, Pearson Australia,

Melbourne.

Author surname, Initials / Organisation Year, eBook title: subtitle, edition, Publisher,
Online template:
viewed < URL >.

Crauder, B, Evans, B, Johnson, J & Noell, A 2018, Quantitative literacy: thinking

between the lines, W.H. Freeman, viewed 31 January 2022
<https//.amazon.com/Quantitative-Literacy-Thinking-Between-Lines/dp/1319050727>.

Chapters from a compiled book

In a compiled book, each chapter or article is written by a different author or group of authors. In this scenario,
each chapter must be cited separately – likewise, if you use three different chapters from the same compiled
book, each chapter counts as a separate source.

If the book is entirely written by the same author(s), always reference the whole book as a single source, even
if you only discuss one chapter.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to a source. Acknowledge the author of the
chapter / section used when citing in-text. Use the author(s) surname and do not include initials (unless you are
using two or more sources that have an author with the same surname). Include the year of publication along
with the page number (unless you are providing a general summary). For more information about formatting
the author(s), click here.

In-text template: (Author surname / Organisation Year, and if relevant, page number)

Gregory (2008, p. 213) refers to 'fragmentary evidence' that some portable housing was
made in Sydney...

Reference list / bibliography entry:

When referencing a source from a compiled book, always record the author(s) of the chapter and not the
editor(s) of the book. All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the front cover and/or
the preliminary pages before the index. The order in which you give your reference details is very important -
even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you will need to recall the following
information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

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1. Author(s): List the author(s) or organisation of the chapter as they appear under the chapter title.
o Individual(s): When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate the last two
authors.
o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of the names as they appear on the source. Where
there is an abbreviated form, quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use 'n.d.' (meaning 'no date').
3. Title of chapter / section (within ‘single quotation marks’): Cite the exact title as it appears of the
chapter. Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Editor(s): After the chapter title, insert the word ‘in’ before the name of the editor(s).
o Use ‘ed’ for a single editor and ‘eds’ for two or more editors.
o Note the exception to the order of initials for editor(s) – the editors initials are placed before the
family name in this instance.
5. Book title: subtitle (in italics): Cite the exact title as it appears on the cover page of the source. Only
the first letter of the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
6. Edition: Only applicable if the book is NOT a first edition. Add the number and the abbreviation 'edn'
after the title of the book.
7. Publisher: The company who made the book.
8. City: The city in which the book was published.
9. Page range: The page number(s) in which the chapter / section is printed across.
10. Viewed: This is the date you accessed the source and should be presented in ‘day, month, year’
format.
11. URL: Cut and paste the URL, enclosing it within <angled brackets>.

Author surname, Initials / Organisation Year, ‘Title of chapter / section’, in editors

Library template:
Initials + Surname (ed./eds) Book title: subtitle, edition, Publisher. City, page range.

Gregory, J 2008, 'Journeying across colonial landscapes: portable housing in

nineteenth century Australia', in A Mayne (ed.), Beyond the Black Stump: histories of
outback Australia’, Wakefield Press, Kent Town, pp.211-237.

Author surname, Initials / Organisation Year, ‘Title of chapter / section’, in editors

Online template: Initials + Surname (ed./eds) eBook title: subtitle, edition, Publisher, page range, viewed
<URL>.

Abbott, S 2010, 'High concept thrills and chills: the horror blockbuster', in I Conrich
(ed.), Horror zone: the cultural experience of contemporary horror cinema, Tilde
University Press, pp. 74-87, viewed 16 March 2022
<https//ww.amazon.com/horrorzone>.

Journal articles
A journal article, which is often scholarly and peer-reviewed, is a written work that focuses on research.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to the source. Use the author(s) surname and
do not include initials (unless you are using two or more sources that have an author with the same surname).
Include the year of publication along with the page number (unless you are providing a general summary).
For more information about formatting the author(s), click here.

In-text template: (Author surname / Organisation Year, and if relevant, page number)

Fazel (2015, p. 260) found that 'the key adjustment for students lies in their recognition by
peers'.

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Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found at the top of the first page. The order in which
you give your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When
referencing you will need to recall the following information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it
out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s): When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate the last two
authors.
o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated form,
quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Article title: subtitle (within ‘single quotation marks’): Cite the exact title as it appears on the source.
Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Journal Title (in italics): Cite the exact title as it appears on the source. Only the first letter of the first
word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
5. Volume: Use the abbreviation ‘vol’ and input the relevant volume number.
6. Issue: If applicable, use the abbreviation ‘no’ and input the relevant issue number.
7. Page range: The page number(s) that the article is printed across.
8. Viewed: This is the date you accessed the source and should be presented in ‘day, month, year’
format.
9. URL: Cut and paste the URL, enclosing it within <angled brackets>.

Library template: Author, Initials Year, ‘Article title: subtitle’, Journal Title, volume, issue, page range.

Fazel, M 2015, ‘A moment of change: facilitating children’s mental health’, International

Journal of Educational Development, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 255-261.

Author, Initials Year, ‘Article title: subtitle’, Journal Title, volume, issue, page number,
Online template:
date viewed <URL>.

Kennedy, G, Judd, T, Churchward, A, Gray, K & Krause, K 2008, 'First year students'
experiences with technology: are they really digital natives?', Australasian Journal of
Educational Technology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 108-122, viewed 29 September 2021
<http//ww.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet24/kennedy>.

Newspapers and magazine articles

Newspaper and magazine articles discuss current and recent news of either general interest of industry
relevance either daily, weekly or monthly.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to a source. Use the author(s) surname and do
not include initials (unless you are using two or more sources that have an author with the same surname).
Include the year of publication along with the page number (unless you are providing a general summary). For
more information about formatting the author(s), click here.

In-text template: (Author surname Year, and if relevant, page number)

Smith & Chiglinsky (2020 p. 24) stated ‘that the audience was….’.

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Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the article. The order in which you give
your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you
will need to recall the following information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s): When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate the last two
authors.
o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated form,
quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Article title: subtitle (within ‘single quotation marks’): Cite the exact title as it appears on the source.
Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Newspaper / Magazine Title (in italics): The first letter of the first word and the first letter of each major
word should be capitalised.
5. Day Month: Input the day and month in which the article was published.
6. Page range: Input the page number(s) that the article.
7. Viewed: This is the date you accessed the source and should be presented in ‘day, month, year’
format.
8. URL: Cut and paste the URL, enclosing it within <angled brackets>.

Author, Initials Year, ‘Article title: subtitle’, Newspaper / Magazine Title, day Month, page
Library template:
range.

Smith, G & Chiglinsky, K 2020, 'What use does Wall Street have for
newspapers?', Bloomberg Business Week, 02 October, pp. 24-26.

Author, Initials Year, ‘Article title: subtitle’, Newspaper / Magazine Title, day Month, page
Online template:
range, date viewed <URL>.

Rayner, G 2020, ‘Boris Johnson sets out three-step plan to end lockdown on long road
to freedom’, The Telegraph, 10 May, viewed 17 August 2021
<https//ww.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/05/10/go-back-work-boris-johnson>.

Company, industry and government reports

Generally, a report is a type of document that outlines data, provides recommendations, or communicates
industry information that has been published by a company, industry or government department. Reports
include (but are not limited to) documents available online as a PDF document or via the Kaplan Library.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to a source. This can be an individual;
however, in most instances the author is an organisation, association, government department or
company. Where the organisation name is long, or is often referred to by its acronym, and is cited frequently
in-text, cite the full-name and include the acronym using [square brackets] in the first instance and only use
the acronym in subsequent citations. Include the year of publication along with the page number (unless you
are providing a general summary). For more information about formatting the author(s), click here.

In-text template: (Author surname / Organisation Year, and if relevant, page number)

‘The industry has also faced….’ (Department of Health and Aged Care [DHAC] 2021,
p. 16).

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Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the front page of the report and/or the
preliminary pages before the index. The order in which you give your reference details is very important - even
the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you will need to recall the following
information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s): When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate the last
two authors.
o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated form,
quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Report title: subtitle (in italics): Cite the exact title as it appears of the source. Only the first letter of the
first word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Report number: If provided, include the report number as it is presented on the source.
5. Publisher: The organisation responsible for publishing the source. Where the author and publisher are
identical, and the author can be referred to by an acronym, use the acronym as the place of
publisher.
6. Viewed: This is the date you accessed the source and should be presented in ‘day, month, year’
format.
7. URL: Cut and paste the URL, enclosing it within <angled brackets>.

Author surname, Initials / Organisation [acronym] Year, Report title: subtitle, Report
Library template:
number, Publisher.

Allday, A 2021, Gold ore mining in Australia, B0804, IBISWorld.

Author surname, Initials / Organisation [acronym] Year, Report title: subtitle, Report
Online template:
number, viewed <URL>.

Department of Health and Aged Care [DHAC] 2018, National women’s health policy
2018, REP 6151, Australian Government, viewed 15 March 2020
<https//health.gov.au/reports_REP6151>.

Professional and industry standards

Professional and industry standards are a set of practices, ethics, and behaviours that members of a particular
professional group must adhere to; and enforced by a governing body that represents the interests of the
group.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to a source. This can be an individual; however,
in most instances the author is an organisation, association, government department or company. Where the
organisation name is long, or is often referred to by its acronym, and is cited frequently in-text, cite the full-
name and include the acronym using [square brackets] in the first instance and only use the acronym in
subsequent citations. Include the year of publication along with the page number (unless you are providing a
general summary). For more information about formatting the author(s), click here.

In-text template: (Author surname / Organisation Year, and if relevant, page number)

‘… to combine techniques is approved’ (International Accounting Standards Board

[IASB] 2020, p. 41).

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Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the source. The order in which you give
your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you
will need to recall the following information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s): When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate the
last two authors.
o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated
form, quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Title of standard: subtitle (in italics): Input the title exactly as it appears on the source. Only the first
letter of the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Standards number: If provided, include the standard number (document number) as it is presented
on the source.
5. Publisher: The organisation responsible for publishing the source. Where the author and publisher are
identical, and the author can be referred to by an acronym, use the acronym as the place of
publisher.
6. Viewed: This is the date you accessed the standard and should be presented in ‘day month year’
format.
7. URL: Cut and paste the URL, enclosing it within <angled brackets>.

Author surname, Initials / Organisation [acronym] Year, Title of Standard:

Online template:
subtitle, Standards number, Publisher, viewed <URL>.

International Accounting Standards Board [IASB] 2020, Impairment of assets, IAS 1596,
IABS, viewed 18 August 2021 <https//ww.iasb.org/content105s36.pdf>.

Conference papers and proceedings

Conference proceedings are the collection of papers resulting from conference; whereas a conference paper
refers to a document presented at a conference.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to a source. Use the author(s) surname and do
not include initials (unless you are using two or more sources that have an author with the same surname).
Include the year of publication along with the page number (unless you are providing a general summary). For
more information about formatting the author(s), click here.

In-text template: (Author surname Year, and if relevant, page number)

The conference highlights …. (Segrave 2019).

Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the source. The order in which you give
your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you
will need to recall the following information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s): When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate the last two
authors.

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o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated form,
quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Title of paper presented (in ‘single quotation marks’): Cite the title exactly as it appears on the source.
Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Name of Conference (in italics): The first letter of the first word and the first letter of each major word
should be capitalised.
Organiser / Publisher: The organisation responsible for publishing the source. Where the author and
publisher are identical, and the author can be referred to by an acronym, use the acronym as the
place of publisher.
5. Location of Conference: Where available, include the place where the conference was held.
6. Day Month: Input the day and month associated with conference.
7. Page range: The page number(s) associated with the source.
8. Viewed: This is the date you accessed the source and should be presented in ‘day, month, year’
format.
9. URL: Cut and paste the URL, enclosing it within <angled brackets>.

Conference paper Author surname, Initials Year, ‘Title of paper presented’, Name of Conference,
template: Organiser / Publisher, Location of conference, page range, viewed <URL>.

Fenton, A 2019, ‘Using a strengths approach in collaborative education’, 2019

Australian Collaborative Education Network (ACEN) National Conference,
ACEN, Geelong, pp. 71-76, viewed 18 January 2022
<ww.acen.edu.au/conference/usingstrengthsappraoch.pdf>.

Conference proceeding Author surname, Initials Year, Name of Conference, Organiser / Publisher,
template: Location of conference, day Month, viewed <URL>.

Segrave, M 2019, Australia and New Zealand Critical Criminology Conference

2009: conference proceedings, Criminology, School of Political & Social Inquiry,
Faculty of Arts - Monash University, 20-24 June, viewed 3 February 2022
<ww.monash.edu.au/c3-conference-proceedings>.

Kaplan course material

Course material includes content that has been published by your faculty and made exclusively available to
you via your Learning Management System (LMS). Items can include PowerPoint slides, lecture notes, and
other documents published by your faculty. Some units advise that it is not acceptable to cite from lectures or
accompanying notes. Cite only if you have been given permission to do so.

If you are citing from reading items such as book chapters, journal and magazine articles, or websites that have
been presented to you in a Reading List, cite the original source type – and not as course material.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to a source. This can be an individual; however,
in most instances the author will be Kaplan. Include the year of publication along with the page number (unless
you are providing a general summary).

o Individuals: Use the author(s) surname and do not include initials (unless you are using two or more
sources that have an author with the same surname).

o Kaplan: Cite the full name (using correct capitalisation of the relevant school you are attending)
in the first instance and give the acronym [within square brackets]. Use the acronym for
all subsequent references thereafter.

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In-text template: (Author surname / Organisation Year, and if relevant, page number)

…. as the behavioural approach becomes more difficult to measure (KBS 2019).

Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the document or the Learning
Management System. The order in which you give your reference details is very important - even the
punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you will need to recall the following
information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s): When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate the last two
authors.
o Kaplan: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated form, quote
the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Title of course notes/material (use ‘single quotations marks’): Cite the exact title as it appears on the
source. Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Course code and name (in italics): Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns should be
capitalised.
5. Publisher: The Kaplan school responsible for publishing the document. Where the author and publisher
are identical, and the author can be referred to by an acronym, use the acronym as the place of
publisher.
6. Day Month: This is the date you accessed the course material and should be presented in ‘day month’
format.

Author surname, Initials / Organisation [acronym] Year, 'Title of material', Course

Reference template:
Code and Name, Publisher, Day Month.

Kaplan Professional [KP] 2021, ‘Course notes: McCall’s quality checklist’, CSE3308:
Analysis and design, KP, 17 March.

Kaplan Business School [KBS] 2020, 'Course notes: Media and culture', MARK1279:
Marketing in the modern world, KBS, 6 May.

HOW TO REFERENCE – ONLINE CONTENT:

To reference online content using the Kaplan Harvard system, you need an in-text citation and a
corresponding entry in your reference list or bibliography. The format of the citation varies with the number of
authors involved in the work, so it is important that you check the formatting of your citation.

Websites and webpages

This citation format is only applicable for citing websites, webpages and other online resources (such as media
releases, factsheets and brochures). Where possible, it is best to cite the specific page (or section) opposed
to the entire site, as this provides a more accurate indication of the source you are referring to. PDF documents
and other downloadable content accessible online should follow the citation guidelines of either online reports,
online journal articles, legal content or other applicable online content.

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In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to a source. When a website does not list a
specific individual as author, you can use the organisation responsible for the source. Include the year of
publication or copyright date (however, if there is no date, use 'n.d.'). For more information about formatting
the author(s), click here.

In-text template: (Author surname / Organisation Year)

… as believed by the Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Australia (Hockey, 2020).

Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the website (either in the footer or under
the 'copyright notice'). The order in which you give your reference details is very important - even the
punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you will need to recall the following
information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s): When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate the
last two authors.
o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated
form, quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Website Name/ Webpage Title (in italics): Cite the title exactly as it appears on the source. Only the
first letter of the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Publisher: The name of the person / organisation hosting the website. Where the author and publisher
are identical, and the author can be referred to by an acronym, use the acronym as the place of
publisher.
5. Viewed: This is the date you accessed the source and should be presented in ‘day, month, year’
format.
6. URL: Cut and paste the URL, enclosing it within <angled brackets>.

Author surname, Initials / Organisation [acronym] Year, Website Name / Webpage

Online template:
Title, Publisher, viewed <URL>.

Hockey, J 2020, Australia steps towards the next financial market, Australian
Government, viewed 5 January 2021 <https//ww.jbh.ministers.treasury.gov.56321466>.

Social media, emails and blogs

Social networking accounts can either be open to the public or restricted to nominated readers or participants.
Posts that are public should be cited in-text and within the reference list / bibliography.

Posts from a private Facebook pages, blog, or emails should be treated as personal communication and are
cited in-text, but not in the reference list. Remember: you should always get the permission of the person
concerned before citing personal communication in an assignment.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to a source. This can be an individual,
username or an organisation, association, government. Include the year of publication or copyright date
(however, if there is no date, use 'n.d.'). For more information about formatting the author(s), click here.

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In-text template: (Author surname / username Year)

Dent (2020) stated ‘we are all challenged’.

Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the source. The order in which you give
your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you
will need to recall the following information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s) / username: When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate
the last two authors.
o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated form,
quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Title of post (in italics): Cite the title exactly as it appears on the source. Only the first letter of the first
word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Publisher/Host: The name of the person / organisation hosting the website. Where the author and
publisher are identical, and the author can be referred to by an acronym, use the acronym as the
place of publisher.
5. Day Month: the day and month in which the social media post was created.
6. Viewed: This is the date you accessed the source and should be presented in ‘day, month, year’
format.
7. URL: Cut and paste the URL, enclosing it within <angled brackets>.

Author surname, Initials / Organisation Year, Title of post, Publisher/Host, day Month,
Online template:
viewed <URL>.

Dent, G 2013, Grace Dent, Twitter, 13 January, viewed 23 November 2021

<https//ww.twitter.com/gracedent/status/290434401811173376>.

Online video streaming

Online video streaming services, such as YouTube, Vimeo, TedTalks and Dailymotion, are cited similarly
to websites and other online resources. Where a video is uploaded under the name of an individual or
organisation, write the name in the usual format. Otherwise, write the username/screen name of the uploader
as it appears on the site.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to a source. Include the authors surname (or
username) and year of publication. If you want to locate a specific point in a video, you can do so using a
timestamp (hours : minutes : seconds). Alternatively, if the entire video is relevant, then you don’t need to
include a timestamp. For more information about formatting the author(s), click here.

In-text template: (Author surname / username Year, and if relevant, timestamp)

… ’the people knew how to adapt accordingly’ (Freier 2017, 00:36:09).

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Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the website that hosts the video. The order
in which you give your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When
referencing you will need to recall the following information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it
out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s)/username: When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate
the last two authors.
o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated form,
quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Title of video (in italics): Cite the title exactly as it appears on the source. Only the first letter of the first
word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Medium (in [square brackets]): Include the source type, such as online video.
5. Publisher/Host: The name of the person / organisation hosting the website. Where the author and
publisher are identical, and the author can be referred to by an acronym, use the acronym as the
place of publisher.
6. Viewed: This is the date you accessed the source and should be presented in ‘day, month, year’
format.
7. URL: Cut and paste the URL, enclosing it within <angled brackets>.

Author surname, Initials (or username) Year, Title of Video [medium], Publisher/Host,
Online template:
viewed <URL>.

Freirer, S 2017, The power of play [online video], YouTube, viewed 16 April 2021
<https//ww.youtube.com/watch.video12121djf>

Online audio and podcasts

Online audio and podcast streaming services are cited similarly websites. Where an audio / podcast is
uploaded under the name of an individual or organisation, write the name in the usual format. Otherwise, write
the username/screen name of the uploader as it appears on the site.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to a source. Include the authors surname (or
username) and year of publication. If you want to reference a specific point in a audio clip, you can do so
using a timestamp (hours : minutes : seconds). Alternatively, if the entire audio clip is relevant, then you don’t
need to include a timestamp. For more information about formatting the author(s), click here.

In-text template: (Author surname / username Year, and if relevant, timestamp)

… ’the people knew how to adapt accordingly’ (Clay 2020, 00:36:09).

Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the website that hosts the audio/podcast.
The order in which you give your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis
matter. When referencing you will need to recall the following information; however, if the detail is not given,
simply leave it out.

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1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s) / username: When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate
the last two authors.
o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated form,
quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Title of audio / podcast (in italics): Cite the title exactly as it appears on the source. Only the first letter
of the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Medium (in [square brackets]): Include the source type, such audio clip, podcast.
5. Publisher/Host: The name of the person / organisation hosting the website. Where the author and
publisher are identical, and the author can be referred to by an acronym, use the acronym as the
place of publisher.
6. Viewed: This is the date you accessed the source and should be presented in ‘day, month, year’
format.
7. URL: Cut and paste the URL, enclosing it within <angled brackets>.

Author surname, Initials (or username) Year, Title of

Online template:
audio/podcast [medium], Publisher/Host, viewed <URL>.

Clay, T 2020, Saving money for future planning [podcast], Australian Broadcasting
Corporation, viewed 16 March 2021 <https//ww.abc.net.au/radionnational>.

Online images, tables, and charts

All images, tables and charts are protected by Copyright and for students, the use of images is strictly
controlled under the Copyright exception for research and study as stipulated in the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth).
When searching for online images, we strongly encourage the use websites that provide images under
Creative Commons and/or under public domain.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point in which you are referring to a source. There are two ways in which an
image, table or chart may be included within your work.

1. Describing an image, table or chart in-text, or

2. Copying / reproducing the image within your work (otherwise referred to as ‘captioning’). When
including an image, table or chart within the body of your text, you will need to include a caption
underneath with the word ‘Figure’.

For more information about formatting the author(s), click here.

Description of image Captioning: copying the image

In-text template: (Authors surname / Organisation Year, Figure #: Name of image (Authors surname /
page number) Organisation Year, page number)

The two zones on the map immediately

below (Map of Murray Darling
Basin 2019, p. 43) shows deoxygenated
water… Figure 1: Map of Murray Darling
Basin (Geoscience Australia 2019, p. 43).

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Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the source. The order in which you give
your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you
will need to recall the following information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s) / username: When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate
the last two authors.
o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated form,
quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Title of image, table or chart (in italics): Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns should
be capitalised.
4. Medium (in [square brackets]): Include the source type, such as image, chart, table, figure, logo, map
etc.
5. Publisher: The name of the organisation that has published the source.
6. Viewed: This is the date you accessed the source and should be presented in ‘day, month, year’
format.
7. URL: Cut and paste the URL, enclosing it within <angled brackets>.

Online template: Author, Initials Year, Title of image [medium], Publisher, viewed <URL>.

Geoscience Australia 2018, Map of Murray Darling Basin [image], National Farmers'
Federation, viewed 13 May 2021
<https//ww.mk0australianfa1qtvu.kinstacdn.com/wp-
content/uploads/2019/01/murray-darling-basin-map.jpg>.

HOW TO REFERENCE – LEGAL SOURCES:

To reference specialised legal content using the Kaplan Harvard system, you need an in-text citation and a
corresponding entry in your reference list or bibliography. The format of the citation varies with the number of
authors involved in the work, so it is important that you check the formatting of your citation.

Bills, legislation and regulations

Bills are laws that are in the process of going through parliament but are not made into yet approved to be
law. Legislation (or Acts) are laws that have passed parliament; and regulations refer to laws or other ‘rules’
approved by the government with instructions on how they are to be applied in practice.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to the source. Include the title of the source (in
italics), year and jurisdiction within (round brackets). Where relevant, add the pinpoint (i.e. specific point in the
source such as section, article etc.).

In-text template: (Source name Year (jurisdiction), and if relevant, pinpoint)

‘The Minister may fix the eligible number of TSRA by notice’ (Bankruptcy Act 1996 (Cth)
sch. 2)

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Where sources can be shortened, you must provide the full name in the first instance and subsequent citations
may be shortened. For example: Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) sch. 2 (‘Australian Consumer
Law’).

In the first instance:

The principal consumer protection law in Australia is found in schedule 2 of the Completion and
Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) (‘Australian Consumer Law’).

Subsequent citations:

In relation to goods and services, the ‘Australian Consumer Law’ …

Reference list / bibliography entry:

Create a separate heading within the reference list / bibliography entitled ‘Legislations’.

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the source. The order in which you give
your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you
will need to recall the following information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Title of Legislation (in italics): Cite the exact title from the source. Each word in the title should be
capitalised.
2. Year: The year in which the document was presented or passed by parliament.
3. Jurisdiction abbreviation (in round brackets): Use the relevant Australian jurisdiction
abbreviation.

Reference template: Title of source Year (jurisdiction abbreviation)

Bankruptcy Act 1966 (Cth)

Case law and trials

Case law is developed by judges in courts. Case law research involves reading legal judgements –
understanding the reason behind a judgement and how the law has been interpreted by the judge. Case law
interprets and enforces the laws created by Parliament. Kaplan students are expected to locate their legal
cases from the AustLII database.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to the source. Include the title of the source (in
italics), year [within square brackets] and the court identifier. Where relevant, add the pinpoint (i.e., specific
point in the source such as section, article etc.).

In-text template: (Name of Case [Year] Court Identifier, and if relevant, pinpoint)

The judge in R v Ramage [2004] VSC 508 stated 'the court cannot allow.....'

Reference list / bibliography entry:

Create a separate heading within the reference list / bibliography entitled ‘Case Law’.

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the source. The order in which you give
your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you
will need to recall the following information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

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1. Name of Case (in italics): Case name should be copied as it is presented on the source.
2. Year (enclosed in [square brackets]): The year in which the case was trailed.
3. Unique court identifier: Use the relevant court identifier abbreviation.

Reference template: Name of Case [Year] Unique court identifier

Polias v Ryall [2015] NSWSC

Conventions and treaties

A treaty is an agreement made under international law, between nations or international organisation. They
are similar to contracts, in that parties make an agreement and if they do not live up to that agreement, they
can be held liable. A treaty can also be known as a conventions, covenants, declarations, protocols and
statutes.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to the source. Include the title of the source (in
italics), year [within square brackets] and the court identifier. Where relevant, add the pinpoint (i.e., specific
point in the source such as section, article etc.).

In-text template: (Treaty Title Year, and if relevant pinpoint)

The United Nations Convention on Contracts (UNCC) 1990 implies….

If you have only one in-text citation to a source in your work, you must use the full treaty name (no
abbreviations). However, where a treaty is used multiple times throughout your work, use the full treaty name
in the first instance and thereafter you may rely on the abbreviation.

In the first instance:

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)1948 argues….
Subsequent citations:
…as asserted by mutual agreement (UDHR 1948 art. 3).

Reference list / bibliography entry:

Create a separate heading within the reference list / bibliography entitled ‘Legislation’.

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the source. The order in which you give
your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you
will need to recall the following information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Treaty Title and abbreviation (in italics): Cite the exact title as used on the source. Each word in
the title of the treaty should be capitalised.

2. Year: The year the treaty was signed.

Reference template: Treaty Title (abbreviation of title if applicable) Year

Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC) 1990

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HOW TO REFERENCE – OTHER SOURCES:

To reference other sources using the Kaplan Harvard system, you need an in-text citation and a corresponding
entry in your reference list or bibliography. The format of the citation varies with the number of authors involved
in the work, so it is important that you check the formatting of your citation.

Images, tables, and charts

All images, tables and charts are protected by Copyright and for students, the use of images is strictly
controlled under the Copyright exception for research and study as stipulated in the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth).
When searching for online images, we strongly encourage the use websites that provide images under
Creative Commons and/or under public domain.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point in which you are referring to a source. There are two ways in which an
image, table or chart may be included within your work.

o Describing an image, table or chart in-text, or

o Copying / reproducing the image within your work (otherwise referred to as ‘captioning’). When
including an image, table or chart within the body of your text, you will need to include a caption
underneath with the word ‘Figure’.

For more information about formatting the author(s), click here.

Description of image Captioning: copying the image

In-text template: (Authors surname / Organisation Figure #: Name of image (Authors surname /
Year, page number) Organisation Year, page number)

The two zones on the map

immediately below (Map of Murray
Darling Basin 2019, p. 43) shows
deoxygenated water… Figure 1: Map of Murray Darling
Basin (Geoscience Australia 2019, p. 43).

Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the source. The order in which you give
your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you
will need to recall the following information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s) / username: When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate
the last two authors.

o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated form,
quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.

2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Title of image, table or chart (within ‘single quotation marks’): Only the first letter of the first word and
proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Medium (in [square brackets]): Include the source type, such as image, chart, table, figure, logo, map
etc.
5. Book title: subtitle (in italics): Cite the exact title as it appears on the source. Only the first letter of
the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised.

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6. Publisher: The name of the organisation that has published the source.
7. City: The city in which the source was published.

Library template: Author, Initials Year, Title of image [medium], Publisher, City.

Geoscience Australia 2018, 'Map of Murray Darling Basin' [image], Australia's

waterways, National Farmers' Federation, Sydney.

Data sources
Data can be published via a repository, website, or as supplementary material along with a publication (such
as a journal article). It may be raw or analysed and can come in many forms: questionnaires, test results,
laboratory, or log notes, and other primary or secondary data and material.

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to a source. When a source does not list a
specific individual as author, you can use the organisation responsible for the source. Include the year of
publication. For more information about formatting the author(s), click here.

In-text template: (Author surname / Organisation Year)

‘As the data reflects, the community demonstrates a positive outcome by 69 per cent’
(Fluker 2017).

Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the source. The order in which you give
your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you
will need to recall the following information; however, it the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s): When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate the last two
authors.
o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated form, quote
the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Title of data (in italics): Cite the exact title as it appears on the source. Only the first letter of the first
word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Medium (in [square brackets]): Include the source type, such as data report, data set, or research
output.
5. Publisher/Host: The organisation responsible for publishing the source. Where the author and publisher
are identical, and the author can be referred to by an acronym, use the acronym as the place of
publisher.
6. Viewed: This is the date you accessed the source and should be presented in ‘day, month, year’
format.
7. URL: Cut and paste the URL, enclosing it within <angled brackets>.

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Author surname, Initials / Organisation [acronym] Year, Title of data [format], Publisher,
Online template:
viewed <URL>.

Fluker, M 2017, Fluker: community based environmental monitoring [electronic

dataset], Fluker Post Research Project, viewed 12 June 2020
<http//ww/flukerpost.com>.

Software, game or application

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to a source. When a source does not list a
specific individual as author, you can use the organisation responsible for the source. Include the year of
publication, and if there are multiple versions, include the relevant version you are citing. For more information
about formatting the author(s), click here.

In-text template: (Name of software Year, and if relevant, the version number)

Account management software’s, such as Xero (2019, version 18.01) has become
common place.

Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the source. The order in which you give
your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you
will need to recall the following information; however, it the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s): When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate the
last two authors.
o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated
form, quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable).
If there is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Name of the software, game or application (in italics): Cite the exact title as it appears of the
source. Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Medium (in [square brackets]): Include the source type, such as data report, data set, or
research output.
5. Version number: Software and applications are regularly updated. The version number is
generally located in the footer of the program.
6. Publisher/Host: The organisation responsible for publishing the source. Where the author and
publisher are identical, and the author can be referred to by an acronym, use the acronym as
the place of publisher.
7. Viewed: This is the date you accessed the source and should be presented in ‘day, month,
year’ format.
8. URL: Cut and paste the URL, enclosing it within <angled brackets>.

Author surname, Initials / Organisation [acronym] Year, Title of data [format], Publisher,
Online template:
viewed <URL>.

Xero 2019, Xero practice manager [software], version 18.01, Xero, viewed 18 August
2021 <https//wwxero.com/au>.

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Brochures, posters and pamphlets

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point in which you are referring to a source. Include the name of the
company that produced the brochure, poster or pamphlet, along with the year of publication and page
number if relevant. For more information about formatting the author(s), click here.

In-text template: (Organisation Year, and if relevant, page number)

Engaging in regular exercise has many benefits (Australian Heart Foundation 1999).

Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the source. The order in which you give
your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you
will need to recall the following information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s): When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate the last two
authors.
o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated form,
quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Title of brochure, poster or pamphlet (in italics): Cite the title exactly as it appears on the source. Only
the first letter of the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Medium (in [square brackets]): Include the source type, such as brochure, poster, pamphlet,
advertisement, flyer etc.
5. Publisher: The name of the person / organisation who published the source. Where the author and
publisher are identical, and the author can be referred to by an acronym, use the acronym as the
place of publisher.
6. City: If known, include the place of publication.

Author surname, Initials / Organisation [acronym] Year, Title of brochure, poster or

Print template:
pamphlet [medium], Publisher, City.

The Australian Greens 2020, We’re standing up for what matters [flyer], The Australian
Greens, Melbourne.

Broadcasts: Television and radio

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to a source. Include the title of the broadcast
(in italics) and the year of publication. To reference a specific point in the broadcast, use a timestamp
(hours : minutes : seconds). Alternatively, if the entire broadcast is relevant, then you don’t need to include a
timestamp.

In-text template: (Broadcast title Year, and if relevant, timestamp)

Tony Abbott (Four corners 2010) said he found life as a seminarian difficult.

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Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the source. The order in which you give
your reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you
will need to recall the following information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Author(s): List the individual(s) or organisation as they appear on the source.

o Individual(s) / presenters: When citing two or more authors, use an ampersand ‘&’ to separate
the last two authors.
o Organisation: Use the correct capitalisation of names. Where there is an abbreviated form,
quote the acronym [within square brackets] after the full name.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there
is no publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Title of broadcast (in italics): Cite the title exactly as it appears on the source. Only the first letter of
the first word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
4. Medium (in [square brackets]): Include the source type, such as television broadcast or radio
broadcast.
5. Broadcaster: The name of the organisation that is the broadcaster.
6. City: Input the location in which the broadcast was aired.
7. Day Month: Include the day and month that the broadcast was aired.

Presenters surname, Initials / Organisation Year, Title of broadcast [medium],

Reference template:
Broadcaster, City, day month.

Larsen, S 2010, Four corners [television broadcast], ABC, Sydney, 12 March.

Film, DVD or videos

In-text citations:

In-text citations are placed at the point where you are referring to a source. Include the title of the film, DVD or video
(in italics) and the year of publication. To reference a specific point in the film, DVD or video, use a timestamp
(hours : minutes : seconds). Alternatively, if the entire film is relevant, then you don’t need to include a timestamp.

In-text template: (Film/DVD title Year, and if relevant, timestamp)

Sunday too far away (1975) was the first ever Australian film….

Reference list / bibliography entry:

All the information required to fulfil your reference can be found on the source. The order in which you give your
reference details is very important - even the punctuation and emphasis matter. When referencing you will need to
recall the following information; however, if the detail is not given, simply leave it out.

1. Title of film / DVD (in italics): Cite the title exactly as it appears on the source. Only the first letter of the first
word and proper nouns should be capitalised.
2. Year: This is the year the source was published or the copyright date (whichever is applicable). If there is no
publication date, use ‘n.d.’ (meaning no date).
3. Medium (in [square brackets]): Include the source type, such as film, DVD or video.
4. Producer: The name of the organisation that released the source.
5. City: The place in which the source was published.
Reference template: Title Year [medium], Producer, City.

Sunday too far away 1975 [film], South Australian Film Corporation, Adelaide.

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END OF DOCUMENT

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