Dr.

Mohamed Reda Salem

Lecturer at Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra
Benha University, Egypt

mohamed.abdelhamid@feng.bu.edu.eg
me_mohamedreda@yahoo.com
https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Mohamed.Reda.Salem
 Heat Transfer and
Industrial Furnaces
Code : MEP293
2014/2015
GRADING POLICY
Total Degrees : 125
Assignments/Class Work : 20%
Oral Exam : 20%
Final Exam : 60%
 REFERENCES
 Course Notes:
 Course notes prepared by instructor.

 Essential Books (Text Books)

 Theodore L. Bergman, Adrienne S. Lavine, Frank P.
Incropera, and David P. Dewitt, “Fundamentals of Heat and
Mass Transfer”, 7th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011.
 J.P. Holman “Heat Transfer”, 10th Edition, 2010.
 Yunus A. Cengel, “Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach”, 2nd
Edition, July 2002.
 Chapter (1)
Fundamentals of Heat
Transfer
Lecture (1)
 Topics to be Covered in Lecture (1)
 Heat Transfer Concept
 Modes of Heat Transfer
 Conduction Heat Transfer
 Convection Heat Transfer
 Radiation Heat Transfer
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Introduction

Heat Transfer Concept

The heat energy is the form of energy called thermal energy, which can
be transferred from one system to another as a result of temperature
difference.
The science, which deals with the determination of the rates of heat
energy, is called Heat Transfer.

Examples are everywhere

 Heat flows in the body
 Home heating/cooling systems
 Refrigerators, air conditioning, ovens, furnaces, other appliances
 Automobiles, power plants, the sun, etc.
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Introduction

During heat transfer, the thermal energy always moves in the same
direction:
HOT COLD

Heat energy only flows when there is a temperature difference from a

warmer area to a cooler area.

Modes (Mechanisms) of Heat Transfer

There are three fundamental modes in which heat is transferred:
 Conduction heat transfer,
 Convection heat transfer,
 Radiation heat transfer.
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Introduction
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Introduction
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Introduction
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Conduction Heat Transfer

Conduction Heat Transfer is the transfer of heat energy through

stagnant (stationary) medium as solids and non-movable fluids from
the more heated particles of the substance to the adjacent, less heated
ones as a result of contact of atoms.

The Physical Mechanism of Conduction Heat Transfer

 In Solids: Conduction heat transfer is due to the combination of the
vibrations of the molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by
free electrons.
 In Fluids (gases and liquids): Conduction heat transfer is due to the
collisions of the molecules during their random motion.
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Conduction Heat Transfer

How are the particles arranged in a solid, a liquid and a gas?

Solid Liquid Gas

Metal Non-Metal
as as
Cu, Al, Fe Graphite
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Conduction Heat Transfer

How do non-metals conduct heat?

Taking the graphite as example of non-metals that is a good conductor
of heat.
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Conduction Heat Transfer

As the graphite rod is heated, the carbon atoms near the heat source
begin to vibrate. These vibrations make the adjacent atoms vibrate, and
so on along the rode. This is how heat energy travels along a non-metal.
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Conduction Heat Transfer

How do metals conduct heat?

Metals are good conductors of heat. The outer electrons of metal atoms
are not attached to any particular atom. They are free to move between
the atoms. So, heat transfer is due to the combination of the vibrations
of the molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by free electrons.

When a metal is heated, the free electrons

gain kinetic energy.

This means that the free electrons move faster

and transfer the energy through the metal.

This makes heat transfer in metals very

efficient.

Insulators do not have free electrons and so

they do not conduct heat as well as metals.
Heat
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Conduction Heat Transfer

The parameters that affect the rate of

heat conduction: H
 Surface area of wall normal to heat A
flow (Q  A) Q
 Temperature difference across the wall
(Q  T) T1
 Wall thickness (Q  1/L)
T2
 Wall material (Q  k) w

Q cond  A
T1  T2  L x
L
Conduction Heat Transfer is expressed by Fourier’s Law of conduction as

k A
 T1  T2   T2  T1  dT
Q cond k A  k A For Plane Wall
L L dx
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Conduction Heat Transfer

k A
 T1  T2 
 k A
dT
Q cond For Plane Wall
L dx
Where:
Qcond is the conduction heat transfer rate (W)
k is the thermal conductivity (W/m.C or W/m.K)
A is the heat transfer area normal to the heat transfer (m2)
dT/dx is the temperature gradient across the wall (C/m or K/m)
T1 , T2 are surfaces temperatures (C or K)
−e sign refers to that the heat moves in the direction of temperature
decreasing

The thermal conductivity is a physical property of the wall material. The

significance of the thermal conductivity of a material comes from that; it
is a measure of how fast heat will be conducted in that material.
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Convection Heat Transfer

Convection heat transfer is the transfer of heat energy between a

surface and the adjacent moving fluid. It involves the combined effect
of conduction and fluid motion.

Modes (Mechanisms) of Convection Heat Transfer

According to the source of fluid motion, there are two modes of
convection heat transfer;
(a) Natural (Free) convection heat transfer and
(b) Forced convection heat transfer.
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Convection Heat Transfer

Natural (Free) Convection Forced Convection:

The fluid motion is due to buoyancy The fluid motion is due to inertia force
force caused due to density difference caused by external means of motion
due to temperature difference . as a fan, pump, or the wind.....

Forced
flow Fluid

T T

Ts Ts
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Convection Heat Transfer

Convection heat transfer is expressed by Newton’s Law of Cooling as:

Q conv  h A s Ts  T 

Where:
Qconv is the convection heat transfer rate (W)
h is the convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.C or W/m2.K)
As is the surface area (m2)
Ts is the surface temperature (C or K)
T is the fluid temperature (C or K)
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Convection Heat Transfer

Example for free convection: When the kettle is turned on, the heating element worms
up and heats the water around it. The heated water becomes less dense than the cold
water above. This means that the heated water rises up the kettle. As the heated water
rises, it displaces the cold water. The colder, denser water falls to the bottom, where it is
then warmed by the heating element. This creates circular movements of water.
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Convection Heat Transfer

Why is the freezer compartment at the top of a fridge?

The freezer cools the air at the top and

this cold air cools the food on the way
down.

At the bottom of the fridge, it is

warmer. This warmer air rises and so a
convection current is set up inside the
fridge, which helps to keep the fridge
cool.
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Convection Heat Transfer

Report:
Why is it windy at seaside??
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation heat transfer is the transfer of heat energy in the form of

electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the changes in the
electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules.
 Any body have temperature larger than absolute zero (0 K = −273C),
emit heat by radiation.
 Radiation heat transfer needs no medium to transmit.

Stefan-Boltzmann Law
“The emissive radiation of a body over all wave lengths is proportional
to fourth power of temperature”.
Q rad  Ts4
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Radiation Heat Transfer

Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Radiation Heat Transfer

Radiation heat transfer is expressed by Stefan-Boltzmann Law as:

Q rad   A s  Ts4  Tsur

4


Where:
Qrad is the radiation heat transfer rate (W)
 is the surface emissivity, 0 ≤  ≤ 1
As is the surface area (m2)
−8
 is Stefan-Boltzmann constant;  = 5.67*10 (W/m2.K4)
Ts is the surface temperature (K)
Tsur is the surrounding temperature (K)
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Notes

q is the amount of heat energy (J)

Q is the heat transfer rate (W), Q = q/t
q is the heat transfer rate per unit length (W/m), q = Q/w
q is the heat transfer rate per unit area (Heat Flux) (W/m2), q = Q/A
q is the heat transfer rate per unit volume (Heat Generation) (W/m3),
q = Q/V

Awall = w*H Vwall = w*H*L

As, cylinder = DL = 2Rl Vcylinder = D2L/4 = r2L

Ac, cylinder = D2/4 = r2
Asphere = D2 = 4r2 Vsphere = D3/6 = 4r3/3
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Summary

The heat energy

Heat Transfer
Modes (Mechanisms) of Heat Transfer
Conduction Heat Transfer
Convection Heat Transfer
Radiation Heat Transfer

Q cond
T  T2 
k A 1 Q conv  h A s Ts  T  Qrad   A s Ts4  Tsur
4

L
Thank You
QUESTIONS?
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Convection Heat Transfer

Example for free convection: During the day, the land is warmer than the sea. The heat
of the land warms the air above the land. This warm air rises because it is less dense
than the surrounding cooler air. The cold air then moves from the sea to take the place of
the warm air that has risen above the land. This movement of air sets up a convection
current and creates the seaside breeze.
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Convection Heat Transfer

Example for free convection: During the day, the land is warmer than the sea. The heat
of the land warms the air above the land. This warm air rises because it is less dense
than the surrounding cooler air. The cold air then moves from the sea to take the place of
the warm air that has risen above the land. This movement of air sets up a convection
current and creates the seaside breeze.
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Convection Heat Transfer

Example for free convection: at night, the land becomes cooler than the see. The warm
air above the sea rises and is replaced by cold air from the land. This means that
convection now occurs in the opposite direction.
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Convection Heat Transfer

Example for free convection: at night, the land becomes cooler than the see. The warm
air above the sea rises and is replaced by cold air from the land. This means that
convection now occurs in the opposite direction.
Chapter (1): Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (Lect. 1)

Conduction Heat Transfer

sT1 4 q12 sT24
HEAT TRANSFER
q1 q2
1  1 1 1 2
A11 A1F12 A2 2

CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION