PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND MEASUREMENT LE CHOICE QUESTIONS ‘The branch of science which deals with the study of properties of matter, energy and their mutual relationship is called: a) Astronomy b) Physics ©) Geology 4) Chemistry 2, "The study of properties of matter at very high temperature is called: a) Plasma Physics —_b) Astrophysics ¢) Sound 4) Electromagnetism 3. The study of internal structure of earth and its activities is called: a) Solid state physics b) Heat ©) Mechanics d) Geophysics 4. ‘The study of the isolated nuclei of an atom is called: a) Plasma Physics —_b) Astrophysics ©) Nuclear Physics d) Biophysics 5. Much of the universe is made up of a) Solid b) Liquid ©) Plasma 4d) All of above 6. The international system of units is abbreviated as: a) IS’ b) SI c) Botha &b none 7.» The term used internationally for multiples and submiultiples is known as: a) Standard b) Scientific notation ¢) Prefixes 4) All of above 8 Meter rule can measure the length.accurately up to: a) 1mm b) Lom im d) 1km 2 -- can accurately measure up to one tenth of a millimeter. a) Meter rule b) Vernier calipers c) Screw Gauge —d) All 10. The SI unit of intensity of light is: a) Néwton b) Kelvin ©) Kilogram 4) Candela IL | Onemeter is equal to: a) 10°'mm b) 10°km c) 10? cm dA 12, Volume measuring scale has a vertical scale in: : a) Milliliter b)cm* ¢) Botha &b 13. One Femto is equal to: a) 10° b) 10 c) 10° @) 1077 14. The least count of vernier calipers is: a) 0.lom b) 0.1mm ¢) 0.01em 4) Both b & & 15. Total length of the yernier scale a) Imm b)9 mm ¢) 10mm d) lcm 16. _ Number of divisions on the vernier scale are: a)l b)9 oy 10 @) 100 17. Length of the smallest division on main scale of the vernier calipers is: a) lem b) 1mm ¢) 0.9mm a All18. 19, 20. 2s 22, 23. 24. m.. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. ah. 32. 33. 34, Separation between division on the vernier scale of the vernier calipers is: a)icm b) i mm ©) 0.9 mm a) All If zero of the vernier scale is on the right side of the zero of the main scale then it is know as ~- zero error: a) Positive b) Negative ¢) No error 4) none of these If zero of the vernier scale is on the left side of the zero of the main scale then it is Known as ~ zero error: 2) Positive b) Negative c)None ofthese) No exror If zero of the vernier scale is on the right side of the zero of the main scale then zero error is to be: a) Added b) Subtracted ©) Multiplied d) Divided If zero of the vernier scale is on the left side of the zero of the main scale then zero error is to be: a) Added ») Subiracted ©) Multiplied 4d) Divided The least count of Screw Gauge is: a) 0.1 mm b) 0.01 mm )0.1em 4) 0.01 em, ‘Total number of divisions on the circular scale of Screw Gauge are: a) 10 b) 20 c) 100 dy200 Pitch of the screw gauge is: ‘ a) im b) Imm c) lem 4) O:etm If the zero of the circular scale is above the horizontal line then the zero error. will be: a) Positive b) Negative ¢) None ofthese —-d) No error If the zero ef the circular scaleis below the horizontal line then the zere error will be: a) Positive b) Negative c) None of these d) No error If the zero of the circular Seale is‘above the horizental line then the zero error is to be: a) Added b) Subtracted ©) Multiplied d) Divided ‘If the zero Of the circular scale is below the horizontal line then the zero error is to be: a) Added ») Subiracted c) Multiplied d) Divided For scientific notation internationally accepted practice is that there should be ———~ igit(s) before the decimal point. a) One b) Two c) Three d) No In screw gauge, the distance moved forward or backward in one complete rotation of the circular scale is known as: a) Least count ») Pitch ©) Constant 4d) None of above A physical balance is used to measure: a) Weight b) Volume c) Length 4) mass Least count of mechanical stop watch is: a) | second b) I minute ©) 0.1 second 4) 0.01 second Least count of digital stop wateh is: a) 1 second b) 1 minute ©) 0.1 second 4) 0.01 second35. 36. 37. 38. aa. 40. ae 42. 43. 44, In any measurement, the accurately known digits and first doubtful digit are known as: a) Prefixes b) Significant figures c) Real numbers d) All The radius of wire is 0.022 cm. The number of significant figures in the measurements are: a) b)2 3 a4 ‘The number of significant figures in 1.406 are: a)4 b)3 o)2 a1 ‘The aumber of significant figures in 1.40 x 10° are: at b)2 e)3 a4 Vernier constant is also known as — of vernier calipers: a) Piteh b) Proportionatity constant ¢) Vernier value d) Least count The zeros in between the digits are considered: 2) Significant b) Insignificant ¢) Constant ) None of above 10° Stands for: a) Micro b) Pico ©) Nino d) Mega tys is equal ta: a) 10° b) 10%.s <) 10%s, d 10? s To measure correctly the volume of the liquid, the eye must be kept @iithe==-——~ surface of meniscus: a) Lower b) Upper ©) Middle 4) Allofabove The number of derived units in SI system are: a) 3 b)5 7 d) Multiple ANSWER KEYKIPS SHORT QUESTIONS: Ql What is Science? Ans: The knowledge gained through observations and experimentations is called science. The word science is derived from the Latin work scientia which mean knowledge. Q.2 What Physics? ‘Ans: Physics is that branch of science in which we study matter, energy and their interaction. ‘The laws and principles of physics help us to understand nature, Q.3 What are the physical quantities? . All measurable quantities are called physical quantities. These are characteristics of every object which are used to be-measured to specify them. These characteristics of the object are known as physical quantities. Example Length, time, mass, force, speed, volume, density etc. Q.4 What are the basic characteristics of physical quantities? A physical quantity possesses at least two characteristics in common. (Numerical magnitude (ii) Unit in which it is measured. Q.5 What are the base quantities? ‘Ans: The physical quantities which form the foundation for otlier physical quantities are called base quantities. Base quantities are the quantities on the basis of which other quantities are expressed. Example . These are length, time, mass, electric current, intensity of light, quantity of matter, and tcmperatures"These are seven quantities in total. Q.6 What are thederiye quantities? ° Ans; All th quantities, which can be described in terms of base quantities, are known as ‘detived quantities. The quantities that are expressed in term of base quantities are called derived quantities. Example Force, atea, volume, density etc. ; Why a standard unit is needed toe measure a quantity correctly? To measure a quantity, we need to compare it with some standard quantity. While measuring the physical quantity, we have to see that how many times this quantity is bigger or smaller than the standard quantity. Therefore stand unit is needed to measure a quantity correctly. ' a. ‘What do you know about International System of Units (SD? With the development in the field of science and technology, the need for commonly acceptable system of units was seriously felt all over the world particularly to exchange scientific and tectmical information. The, eleventh General Conference on weight and Measures held in Paris in 1960 adopted a world wide system of measurements called International system of units, The International system of units referred as SL.Q.9 What are the base units? Write their names and symbols, Ans The units that describe the base quantities are called base units. Each base quantity has its ST Name Symbol Name Length Z Meter Mass m Kilogram Time t Second s Electric current I ‘Ampere A Tntensity of light L Candela ed Temperature T Kelvin is ‘Amount of a substance n Mole mol Q.10 What are derived units? Ans: The units used to measure derived quantities, which are derived from base units, are called derived units. Example © Unit of speed is meter per second (ms). © Unit of force is Newton (N). © Unitof volume is meter cube (m°) © Unit of charge is coulomb (C) Q.11 Why multiples and submultiples are used? Describe some standard prefixes, which are internationally used. Ans: “The terms used internationally for the multiples atid submultiplés for various units are known as prefixes”. These prefixes aré\used when we have to measure vet Ato Femto. Pico Nano Micro Milli Centi Desi Deca Hector Kilo Mega Giga Tera Peta Exa elolais|sfolals e & ylsjolz|al> mQ.2 What do you know about prefixes? Ans: Multiples and sub-multiples of units can be expressed in terms of prefixes. Prefixes are the words or letters added before SI units. Examples © Kilo(k)=10° © Mega (M) = 10° © Giga (G)= 10° © Milli(m)= 107 © Nano (n) = 10° Examples of usage of Prefixes 200 000 ms = 200x 10° ms* = 200 kms” 4800 000 W =4800x 10° W =4:800k W =48x10°W =48MHz 3300000000Hz =3300x 10° Hz =3300M Hz = 3.3 x 1002) =3°3GHz Q.13 How numbers are expressed in Scientific Notation? Ans: Very small or very large numbers are expressed conveniently by isifig the scientific method based as some power of ten multiplied bya number between 1 and 10. OR A simple but Scientific way t0iyrite lage or small numbers is to express in some power of ten. Example © Distance.of moon from the Earth is 384000000 meters which is written if scientific notation as 3.84 x 10'm * 0.0045 is written in scientific notation as 4.5 x 107 Q.14 What do you know about Meter Rule? Ans: It is an instrament which is used in laboratories to measure the length of an object or distance between two points. Scale It is one meter long which is equal to 100 centimeters. Each centimeter is divided into 10 small divisions called millimeter (mm), Least count The least count of meter rule is Imm. This is the minimum length that can be accurately measured by the meter rule.Precautions Q.16 Quay Range While measuring the length, or distance with the help of meter rule, we should kept the eye vertically above the reading point. The reading becomes doubtful if the eye is positioned either left or right to the reading point. Explain the statement, “A micrometer screw gauge measures more accurately than a vernier calipers”. A micrometer screw gauge can measure more accurately than a vernier calliper because a micrometer screw gauge can accurately measure up to one hundredth part of a millimeter whereas vernier calipers can only measure accurately up to one tenth part of a millimeter. ‘What do you know about Lever balance? A lever balance consists of a system of levers. When lever is lifted placing an object in one pan and standard masses on the other pan, the pointer of the lever system move. The pointer is brought to zero by varying standard masses. What is electronic balance? What is its range? And how mass is measured by using electronic balance? : It is an instrument used to measure the mass of the body electronically. Electronic balance comes in various rajges:|milligram ranges, gram ranges and kilogram ranges. Procedure to measure mass Qs Ans: Before measuring the mass of the body, it is switched on, and its reading is set to zero. Next place the object to be Weighted ‘The reading on the balance gives you the mass of the body placed over it. ‘Whatdo you know about Measuring Tape? Measuring tapes are used to measure length in meters and centimeters. Measuring tapes are used by blacksmith and carpenters. Formation ‘A measuring tape consists of a thin long strip of cotton, metal or plastic. It can measure generally 10 m, 20 m, 50 m, 100 m. Measuring tapes are marked in centimeters as well as in inches..No.1 Define the branches of Physics, ‘ Ans: There are different branches of physics that are given as under: i 1) Mechanics é It is the study of motion of objects, its causes and effects.” 2) Heat It is the branch of physics that deals with the nature of heat, modes of transfer and effects of heat, 3) Sound It is the branch of physics that deals with the physical aspects of audible sound waves, their production, properties and applications. 4) Light It is the branch of physics that deals with the physical aspects of light, its properties, working and use of optical instruments. 5) Electricity and Magnetism It is the study of the charges at rest and in motion, their effects and their relationship with magnetism. 6) Atomic Physics. It is study of the structure and properties of atoms: 7) Nuclear Physics It deals with the properties and behavior of nvclei and the particles within the nuclei. 8) ~Plasma Physics I is the study of production, propeities of the ionic state of matter — the fourth state of matter. 9) Geophysics This the study of the infernal structure of Earth. Q.No.2 Explain the importance of Physics in daily life. . Ans: Physics plays an important role in our daily. Importance of physics in some fields of life is given as under. Rapid Progress in Science . The rapid progress in science during the recent years has become possible due to the discoveries and inventions in the field of Physies. The technologies are the applications of scientific principles. Most of the technologits of our, modern society throughout the world are related to Physics. Example . * A car is made on the principles of'mechanics * Refrigerator is based on the principle of thermodynamicsLife Usage . Tn our daily life, we hardly find a device where physics in not involved. ‘© Consider pulley that make it easy to lift heavy loads. «Electricity is used not only to get light but also mechanical energy drives fans and electric motors ete. © The cars, aeroplane and other means of transport have shortened the distances and now men do not live in isolation . © Domestic appliances such as air ~ conditioned, refrigerators, vacuum — clean rs, washing machines and microwave ovens are used in houses. Communication ‘The means of communication such as radio, T.V., telephone and computer are the result of applications of physics. ‘These devices are made our lives niuch easier, faster and more comfortable than the past. Mobile phone It ailows us to contact people anywhere in the world and to get latest worldwide information, We can take and save pictures, send and receive messages of our friends, We can also receive radio transmission and can use it as calculator as well, Destruction in the World The scientific inventions have also caused harms and deStruetion of serious nature. One of which is environmental pollution and the other is.thé deadly, weapons. Conclusion Physics has also registered ‘its.gloty on Commeée and industry, ‘Trade, Agriculture, Education, and in nutshellf’on all. the pages of human life and because of research tn Physics, standard of human living is improving day by day. Q.No:d Write a nofé on Vernier Calipers.” ‘Ans: «Vernier Calipers are an instrument used to measure the very small lengths accurately up to one tenth of a millimeter: Construction Vernier Calipers consist of two jaws and two scales connected with these jaws. {i) Main Scale ~ (ii) Vernier Scale Main Sevie “Vise longer line on the main scale represents centimeters and smaller lines, millimeters. Pitch Lhe separation between two smaller lines on the main scale vornier calipers. It is one milli meter(1mm). called the pitch of the1.3: Pick out the base units in the following: Joule, Newton, kilogram, hertz. mole, ampere, meter, Kelvin, coulomb and watt. Base units * Kilogram (unit of mass) © Mole (unit of quantity of substance) © Ampere (unit of electric current) © Meter (unit of length) «Kelvin (unit of temperature) 1.4: Find the base quantities involved in each of the following derived quantities: (a) Speed (b) Volume (©) Force (d) Work Volume As Volume = Length x Breadth x Height Unit of Volume = unit of Length x unit of Breadth x unit of height Unit of Volume =m xm xm=m? Speed As Speed Distance/Time Unit of Speed = Unit of Distance/Unit of Time Unit of Speed = m/s = ms" Force As Force=ma Unit of force = unit of mass x unit of acceleration Unit of force = kg x ms” = kg ms” As Work=FS Unit of work = unit of force x unit of distance &. Unit of work = kg ms x m Unit of work = kg m’ s? Also. kgms*=N So ~ unit of work =N s 1.5: Estimate your age in seconds. Ans: My age is 15 years Age in days = 15 x 365.25 = 5478.75 days Age in hours = 5478.75 x 24 = 131490 hours ‘Age in minutes = 131490 x 60 = 7889400 minutes ‘Age in seconds = 7889400 x 60 = 473364000 seconds = 4.73 x 10° seconds 1.6: What role SI units have played in the development of science? Ans: With the developments in the field of science and technology, the need for a commonly acceptable system of units was seriously felt all over the world particularly to exchange scientific and technical information.Q.No.4 Write a note on the Screw Gauge. Ans: A screw gauge is the instrument used to measure smail lengths accurately up to one- hundredth part of a millimeter. It is also called micrometer screw gauge. It accuracy is greater than a vernier calipers. Construction It consists of a U-shaped metal stud at one end. A hollow cylinder (or sleeve) has a millimeter scale over it along a line called index line parallel to its axis. The hollow circular scale acts as a nut. A thimble has a threaded spindle inside it, Circular Seate The thimble has 100 divisions around one end. It is circular scale of the screw gauge. As thimble compietes one rotation, 100 divisions pass the index line and the thimble moves 1 mm along the: main scale, Thus each division of circular scale crossing the index line moves the thimble through 1/100 mm or 0.01 mm on the main scale, Thus each division of circular scale crossing the index fine moves the thimble through 1/100 mm or 0.01 min. Stud Spindle. Lock Main seale 7 Circular sete Rutehet Hollow —“Lhimbic eye ot slgeng Index Tine Meaat feane ——— Figure 1.9: A micrometer serew gauge Piteh Ashe thimleeSmpletes one rotation, the spindie moves 1 mm atong the index Tine. It is becausé'the distance between consecutive threads on the spindle on the spindle is 1 mm; thé distance is called the pitch of screw gauge on the spindle. Least count Least count of'a screw gauge can also be found as given below: pitch of screw gauge no. of divisions on circular scale _ imm 100 = 0.01 mm = 0,001 cm ‘The ‘Gast count of the screw gauge is 0.01'mm or 0.001 em. ‘Zero Error of Screw Gauge ty we close the gap between the spindle and the stud of the screw gauge rotating the chet in clockwise direction. If zero of circular scale coincides with the index line, then zero error will be zero and zero of circular scale does not coincides with index line, then there zero error in the screw gauge. steount =There are two types of Zero errors: jive Zoro Error (ii) Negative Zero Error Positive Zero Error Ifvero of the circular scale is behind (below) the index line then it will measure slightly more than the actual thickness and called positive zero etror. Zero correction z Tn this case, muitiply the number of divisions of the circular scale that has not crossed the index line with least count of screw gauge to find zero error. It will be subtracted from the observed measursment, Negative Zero Error Ifthe zero of the circular scale has crossed (above) the index line, then it will show slightly less than the actual thickness and called negative zero error. Zero correction Tn this case, multiply the number of divisions of the circular seale that has crossed the index line with least count of screw gauge to find zero error. Jt will be added from the observed measurement. Mass Measuring Instruments Q.No.5 What is Pkysical Balance? And how it is used? ‘Ans: A common physical balance is a laboratory instrument thaflis used to measure the mass Of various objects by comparison. Construction Tt consists of a beam resting at the cefter on’ fuleram as shown in the figure. The beam carries scale pan over the hooks on either side. Unknown mass is place on the left pan. Find some suitable standard masses that cduse the pointer to remain at zero on raising the beam Stirrup Beam Balancing Screw Pointer is at zero. Beam is balanced Pointer SealeExample: Find the mass of a small stone by a physical balance Solution (i) Follow the steps to measure the mass ofa given object. Gi) Adjusting leveling screws with the help of plumb line to Jeve! the platform of physical balan (ii) Raise the beam gently by turning the arresting knob clockwise. Using balancing screws at the ends of its beam, being the pointer at 270 position. (iv) Tum the arresting knob to bring the beam back on its support. Place the given object the right pane. Raise the beam. Lower the beam if its point is not zero, (9) Repeat adding or removing suitable standard masses in the right pane till the rests at zero on raising the beam, Q.No.6Which one of the following is the most accurate? Beam balance, Physical balance, and Electronic balance Ans: The mass of one rupee coin is done using different balances as given below: (a) Beam Balance Mass of coin = 3.2 ‘A sensitive balance may be able to measure mass accurately as small as 0.1 g or 100 mg, (b) Physical balance Mass of the coin = 3.24 g Least count of physical balance is 0.01 g or 10 mg. therefore, measurement. taken by physical balance would be more precise than a sensitive beanybalance. (c) Electronic balance Mass of coin = 3.247 g Least count of electronic balance electronic balance is 0.001 g or 1 mg, Therefore. measurement would be more pfecise than a sensitive physical balance. The electronic balance is most sensitivélbalance than al! the balances given above. Q.No.7Write a note on the Stop Watch. ‘Ans: “An instruiignt used to’measure the time interval or specific period of an event is known asstop wateh’’y ‘Types of stopwatch There are two types of stop watch. (i) Mechanical stop watch Gi) Electronic stop watch (digital stop wateh) @® Mechanical Stop Wateh ‘A mechanical stop watch can measure a time interval up to a minimum 0.1 second, How to use A mechanical stop watch has a knob that is used to w the spring that powers the watch. It can also be used as start — stop and reset button, The watch starts when the knob is pressed once. When pressed a second time, it stops the watch while the third time press brings the needle back to zero position.@ _Electronie/Digital Stop Watch Digital stop watch is commonly used in laboratories can measure a time interval accurately up to 1/100 second or 0.01 second. How to use ‘The digital stop watch starts to indicate the time lapsed as start/stop button is pressed. As soon as start/stop button is pressed again, it stops and indicates the time interval recorded by it between start and stop of an event. A reset button restores its initial zero settings. Named as stop watch This watch is named stopwatch because it can be started or stopped at will as required when the duration of the time is to be measured. Measuring Cylinder Q.No.8 What do you know about Measuring Cylinder? How volume of liquids is measured by using this cylinder? Ans: A measuring cylinder is a cylindrical tube that is used to measure the volume of the liquid ‘or powdered substance. It is also used find the volume of an irregular shaped solid insoluble in a liquid by displacement method. . Consiruction It is made of transparent plastic or glass, which has a vertical scale in milliliter(ml) or cubic centimeter (cm’). Measuring cylinders have different capacities fram 100 mL to 2500 mL. Measurement of Volume When a liguid is putt in it, the volume is noted oft the’seale in frontof the meniscus of the \iquid. The meniscus of most of the liquids curve downwards whiles the meniscus of mercury upwards Precautions ‘To measure correctly the vol:rag of the liquid foilowing precautions are kept in mind: (i) The cylinder mustibe placed on horizontal surface. (i) Theveye should be kept on a level with the bottom of the meniscus (curved surface). When»the eye.is above the liquid level, the meniscus appears higher on the scale. Similarly when the eye is below the liquid level, the meniscus appears lower than actual height of the liquid. Ee © RES (a) Incorrect position 2) (a) Correct position Ce) re 1.19 (a) Wror rect position of eye to note the liquid level ke way to note the liquid level keeping cye above liquid level eping eye at liquid level.Q.No.Y How volume of irregular shapes is measuvedd Sy neha von. wae? Volume of irregular shaped solids is found by displacaircat mstine Displacement metiod The sotid is lowered inio measuring cylinder containing, vsrani. id Phe level of water/liquid rises. The increase in the volume of wates/fauid i wie volume solid object Method Let us find the volume of a smalll stone, Take the vohwas Vio) wes iv the eylinder. Ji the solid With a thread, Lower the solid into the ey li 2 ily immersed in water Note the volume Vf of water and the solid. Vols J the given jer En eT Q.No.10 Define and explain Signiticant figures. What mind while dete: mining the significant figures Ans: In any measurement, the aveutately known expression are called significant figures It rele physical quantity Accuracy of measurement The value of a physical quantity is expressed by a ruber followed by some suitable unit, Every measurement is an attempt to find the true value, The accuracy in measuringnd physical quantity depends upon various factors + The quality of the measuring instrument * The skill of the observer * The number of observations made Example A student measures the leneth of a Book as18 cm_using’a measuring tape, The numbers Of signifies: t Hoe «ts tush qioagurad jc cTte aie too. The left digit is the accurately ave ait, While the cigiy®'tg Me do:.oiful igi Sur which thé smuent may cut be sure Another student measure the same book using a ruler and claims its length to be 13.4 em in this cas@ all the three figures are Significant. The two left digits | and 8 are accurately knowardigits. Next digit 4 is the doubtful digit for which the student many not be sure, AM third student records the length of the book as 18.425 cm. Interestingly, the measurement is made using the same ruler, The number of significant figure is again three; consisting of iwo accurately known digits Land 8 and the first doubtful digit is 4 The digits 2 and 5 are not significant, It is because the reading of these last digits cannot be justified using & rior Measurement up to third or even second decimal place is beyond the liniit of tie measuring instrument An improvement in the quality of measurement by using better instrument increases the significant figwes in tie measured result. The significant figures are all the digits that are known accurately and the one estimated digit, More significant figures mean greater precision Rules for determining Significant Figures The following rules ace helpful in identifying significant figures (i) Non-zero digits are always significant. (i) Zeros in betweeh (wo significant figures are also significant. For example in 1-106, the number of significant figutes is 4 “the main points to be kept in senrement? fhe fist doubt digit in an e of'a measured value of aIn any observation, the zeros on the left sides of the decimal point for the purpose of spacing the decimal point are not significant. For example in 0.0036, the number of significant figures is 2. (iv) Final or ending zeros on the right side of the decimal fractions are considered significant. For example the number of significant figures in 2.450 is four. : (¥) In whole numbers that end in one or more zeros without a decimal point, These zeros may or may not be significant. In such cases, it is not clear which zeros serves to locate the position value and which ae actually parts of the measurement, In such a case, express the quantity using scientific notation. (vi) I numbers are recorded in scientific notation then all the digits before the power of 10 are significant. For example in 1.40 x 10°, the number of significant figure is three. Q.No.11 Write down the rules to round off the numbers? The following rules are used to round off the numbers: () If the last digit is less than 5 then it is simply dropped. This decreases the number of significant digits in the figure. mple 1,943 is rounder to 1,94 (3 significant figures) (ii) If the last digit is greater than S, then the digit on its left is increased by one. This also, decreases the number of significant digits in the figure. Example 1.47 is rounded to two significant digits 1.5 (iii) I the last digit is 5, then it is rounded to get nearest even number. Example 1.35 is rounded to 1.4 1.45 is rounded to 1.4 E EXERCISE (1) Why-do we study-physics? ‘Ans “She rapid"progress in science during the recent years has become possible due to the discoveries and inventions in the’field of Physics. The technologies are the applications of scientific principles. Most of the technoiogies of our modem society throughout the world are rélated to Physics, * Q) Name any five branches of Physics. ‘Ans. (i) Mechanics (ii) Heat (ili) Sound_—_ div) Light (Optics) __(v) Atomic Physics, How can you differentiate between base and derived quantities? Ler aeedreiLce ical quantities which form the | foundation for other physical quantities pase quantities, eek All the quantities, which can be described in terms of base quantities, are known as derived quantities. ExampleGB) @ © © Mm Ans. (8) Ans. (9) ‘Ans. (10) Ans. an (12) (13) (14) Mass, time, length, temperatu Density, force, speed, volume Name five prefixes most commonly used. @ Kilo(k)=10° 1: Gi)Giga (iv)MiNi (m) = 103 (y) Nano (n) = 10” ‘The Sun is one hundred and fifty million kilometers away from the Earth. Write this (a) As an ordinary whole number. 1$0, 000, 000 km = 150, 000, 000, 000 m (b) In scientific notation 15x 10!'m Write the numbers given below in scientific notation (a) 3000000000 ms™ 3.0 x 10° ms™ (b) 6400000 m 64x 10°m (c) 0.0000000016 g 1.6x 10° ¢ (a) 0.000548 s 5.48 x 10° ‘What is the least count of the:Vernier Callipers? Least count of Verneir Callipers is 0.1 min or 0.01 cm. How maniy divisions are there on its Vernier scale? There are }0 A bicyele or car moving along a circular track Faith moving around the sun in solar system, (iii), Random motion “The disorder or inegular motion of an object is called random motion. Examples The flight ofa insect and birds © Brownian motion of gas or liquid molecules © Motion of dust or smoke particles in air * a TORE aS SS) Q.No.2 Explain Distance — time Graph. ‘Ans: The term distance and displacement are used interchangeably when the motion is in straight line. Similarly, if the motion is in a straight Jjne then speed and velocity are also used interchangeably.In distance ~ time graph, time is taken along horizontal axis while the vertical axis shows the distance covered by the object. Object at Rest In the graph shown in figure, if the distance moved by the object with time is zero then the object is at rest. Thus a horizontal line parallel to time axis on a distance — time graph shows the speed of the object is zero. Object moving with Constant Speed ‘The speed of an object is said to be constant if it covers equal distance in equal intervals of time. The distance ~ time graph as shown in figure is a straight line. Its slop gives the speed of the object, Object moving with variable speed When an object does not cover equal distances in equal intervals of time then its speed is not constant. In this case the distance — time graph is not a straight line as'shown in, figure. The slope of the curve at any point can be found from the slope of the tangent at that point, Q.No.3 Explain Speed Time Graph. Ans: Ina speed=time graph, time is taken along x ~ axis and speed is taken along y-axis. Object moving with constant speed ‘When speed of an object is constant with time, then the speed — time graph will be horizontal tine parallel to time — axis along x —axis as shown in figure. In other words, a straight line parallel to time axis represents constant speed of the object. Object movirig with uniformly changing speed (uniform acceleration) When the speed of an object is constant with time, then the speed — time graph will be g horizontal line parallel to time ~ axis along x ~ axis as shown in figure. In other words, a straight line parallel to time axis represents constant speed of the object. atm) Er 20 0 “a a Figure 2.18: Distanco-ume ‘graph when the object is at rest aun Figure 2.19: Dietancestime ‘apn showng. constr Speco am) % Figure 228 Dtencesina Sa chown arab apd.Distance traveled by a moving object ‘The area under a speed ~ time graph represents the distance traveled by the object. If the motion is uniform then the area can be" calculated using appropriate formula for geometrical shapes represented by the graph. EQ INS OF MOTION] Q.No.4 Derive the equations of motion for unifermly accelerated rectilinear motion Ans: Equations of Motion ‘There are three basic equations of motion for bodies moving with uniform acceleration. ‘These equations relate initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, time and distance covered by a moving body. “ Important points in derivation of equations * We assume that the motion is along a straight line. * We consider only the magnitude of displacements, velocities, and acceleration, * Acceleration is taken as unilorm. Case study Consider a body moving with initial velocity vj in a straight line with uniform acceleration a. Its velocity becomes ve after time {. The motion of the body is described by speed ~ time graph as shown in figure by line AB, The slope of the line AB is acceleration a. the total distance covered by the body is shown by the shaded area under the line AB. Equations of gute 228 Serectne zien Ave motion can be obtained easily trom this graph. oa See SL First equation of motion . Speed — time graph for the motion of a bedy is shown in figure. Slope of line AB gives the acceleration of the body, Slopofling AB +2 = 2C AC AsAC™= OD and BC = BD-CD So, BD-CD OD As CD=\y ‘and OD=t Hence 7 a : or ve-wi=at Therefore, weaver at Second’ equation of motion In speed — time graph as shown in figure, the total distance $ traveled by the body is equal to the total area OABD under the graph. 1.6. Total distance area (rectangle OACD + triangle ABC)Area of the rectangle OACD = OA x OD =yxt Area of the triangle ABC. = 4 (AC x BC) =Ytxat Since Total area OABD = area of rectangle + area of triangle ABC Putting the values in the above equation, we get 1 S= vit > txat 2 s=ve+s at? 2 Third equation of motion In speed - time graph shown in figure, the total distance S traveled by the body is given by the total arca OABD under the graph. Total area OABD = oe xOD Or 28 =(OA+BD)x0D % BC Multiply both sides by ——, t ultiply both sides by 7, we ge BC asx SC. “op (OA+BD) x 0D x BE OD (OA +BD) x BC 28x55" (OA + BD) x (BD ~CD) (as BC = BD - CD) As OA=CD=Vi BC ‘ =a, oD and BD=v, Putting the values in the in the above equation, we have 2S xa=(ve+ wi) x (ve wi) As a’—b’=(at+b)(a—b) 2aS= ve - viaS ad) ‘When a body is said to be at rest? Ans: When a body does itot change its position with respect its surroundings. Then it is said to be in the state of rest, @) Give an example of a body that is at rest and is in motion at the same time. Ans: Ifa person is sitting in a car, he will be in the state of rest with respect to the other person sitting in the car and he will bexin the state of motion with respect to the person standing on the road side at the same time. (3) Mention the type of motio: each of the following. (i) A ball moving vertically upward, Ans: Linear motion (Translatory motion) (i) A child moving down a slide. Ans: Linear motion (Translatory motion) (ii) Movement of a player in a football ground. Ans: Random motion (Translatory motion) ‘ (iv) ‘The flight of a butterfly. Random motion (Translatory motion) An athlete running in a circular track. Circular motion (Tanslatory motion) ‘The motion of a wheel. Rotatory motion (vii) The motion of a cradle. Ans: Vibratory motionit, vie viii. ix. xi. TEXTBOOK EXERCISE Encircle the correct answer from the given choices. A body has translatory motion if it maves along a) Straight line b) circle c) Straight line without rotation d) all of these The motion of a body around an axis is called motion. a) Circular ~b) Rotatory ¢) Vibratory d) Random Which of the following is a vector quantity? a) Speed b) distance c)displacement —_d) power If an object is moving with constant speed then its straight line. nee-time graph will be a a) Along time-axis b) Along distanc ©) Parallel to time-axis 4) Inclined to time-a A straight line parallel to time-axis on a distance-time graph telis that the object is: a) Moving with constant speed b) AL c) Moving with variable speed a) In motion The speed-time graph of a car is shown in the figure, which of the following statement is true? a) Car has an acceleration of 1.5 ms* b) Car has constant speed of 7.5.8 d) Average speed of the canis 15 m: Ks} w y Which of the following graphs is representing uniform acceleration? d d a) [o. b) t ; a. A WK, By dividing displacement of a moving body with time, we obtain: a) Speed b) Acceleration ¢) Velocity @) Deceleration A ball is thrown vertically upward. It velocity at the highest point is: a) -10 ms” b) Zero c) 10 ms” G) None of these A change in position is called: a) Speed b) Velocity ©) Displacement d) Distance A train is moving at a speed of 36 kmh’. Its speed expressed in ms’! is a) 10 ms! b) 20 ms" ©) 25 ms" d) 30 ms"xii, A car starts from rest. It acquires a speed of 25 ms" after 20 s. the distance moved by the car during this time is: a) 31. 25m b) 250 m c) $00 m d) 5000 m 2.2 Explain travstatory motion and give examples of various types of translatory motion. See Q.1 Long Question Differentiate between the following: @) Rest and motion Gi) Circular motion and rotatory motion Gii) Distance and displacement (iv) Speed and velocity (9) Scalars and vectors Dif between Speed d Velocity If a bod not change If a body continuously changes its respect to surroundings then it is said to be in a | position with respect to surroundings then state of rest itis said to be in a state of motion. Gi) _ Circular motion and rotatory motion, The motion of an object in a circular path is | The spinning motion of a body about its known as circular motion. axis is called rotatory motion. Examples: | Examples: The motion of earth around the sun. # The motion of wheel about its axis. The motion of electron wrqind nucleus. © Motion of ceiling fan. Difference between Distance and Displacement. © Actuai.(total) length between two points is} © ‘The shortest distance between two Ktowa as distnce. points is known as displacement. © Ithas no direction. © Itis directed from initial to final point, |e Itisa scalar quantity, | It isa vector quantity, e_Itis represented by "S”. Loe (iv) __ Difference between Speed and Velocity g oe é represented by“ ® The distance covered in unit time is| ® The rate of displacement of a body known as speed. with respect to time is called velocity. Speed = distance/time Velotity = displacemenvitime _s _d | \ 7a =< # _Itisa vector quantity.Difference between scalar and vector. Physical quantities which are completely described by their magnitude and direction as well are known as vector. Physical quantities which are completely described by their magnitude and only are known as scalar. Example - Example Speed, distance, time etc. Force, displacement, velocity cte. | 2.4 Define the terms speed, velocity, and acceleration. Ans: Speed The distance covered by an object in unit time is called its speed. Mathematical Formula Speed = Distance covered Total time 5 t Distance ~ speed x time Or S=vxt Velocity ‘The rate of displacement of a body with respect to time is called velocity. v= OR Speed of a body along with the direction in which the body is moving, Mathematical form displacement time taken, Average velocity yo t Or d=vxt Here d is the displacement of the body moving with velocity v in time t. Here y is the average velocity of the body during time t. Acceleration ‘The rate of change of velocity of a body is known as acceleration Velocity of the body changes due change either in magnitude or direction or both. Mathematical form Ifa body is moving with initial velocity °*v;' and after some time ‘t’ its velocity becomes “ve then change in velocity will occur for time 1, In this case, rate of change of velocity that is acceleration will be the average acceleration in time t. _ changein velocity _ eh: Acceleration total time final velocity total time view Acceleration So. ay =2.5 Ans: 2.6 Ans: 27 Ans: 2.8 Ans: 2.9 Ans: 2.10 Ans: 2d Ans: Can a body moving at a constant speed have acceleration? A body is moving with constant speed may or may not have acceleration © Ifa body is moving with constant speed in straight line does not have acceleration. * Ifa budy is moving with constant speed and is not moving in straight line have acceleration. How do riders in a Ferris wheel possess translatory motion but not cireular motion? The riders do not move in circle of constant radius therefore their motion is not circular Sketch a distance — time graph for a body starting from rest. How will you determine the speed of a body from this graph? ‘The distance-time graph is shown below The slop of the, graph gives speed with the help of the formula Speed (v) of the object = slope of line AB distance E time CD 20m “0s” =2 ms? ‘The speed found from the graph is 2 ms speed, What would be the shape of speed ~ timé graph of'a body moving with variable speed? ‘The shape of the velocity-time graph is zigzag when the body has variable speed Which of the following can be obtained from speed — time graph of a body? (Initial speed Gi) Final speed (iii). Distance covered in time t (iv) Acceleration of motion From velocity-time graph we can calculate initial speed, final speed, distance cov-ted in time t and acceleration of motion. 's be represented graphically? A vector can be represented graphically by drawing a straight line with an arrow head at one end. The Length of the line tells the magnitude and arrow head shows the direction of the vector How can vector quant Why vector quantities cannot be added and subtracted like scalar quantities? In addition of vectors, both magnitude and direction are involved. Therefore, vectors cannot be added by simple method of scalar addition,2.12 How are vector quantities important to us in our daily life? ‘Ans: It would be meaningless to describe vectors without direction. For example, distance of a place from reference point is insufficient to locate that place. This direction of that place from reference point is also necessary to locate it. 2.13 Derive equations of motion for uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion. Ans: See Q.no.4 Long Question 2.14 Sketch” a velocity — time graph for the motion of the body. From the graph explaining each step, calculate total distance covered by the body. Ans: Total distance traveled = area under the graph (trapezium OABC) = ; {sum of parallel sides) x height = $ cass +20 s) x (16 ms“) = 384m Figure 2.25: Speed:time graph ff'a car during 30 seconds. 2.1 A train moves with a uniform velocity of 36 kmh’ for 10s, Find the distance traveled by it. . Given Data 36 x1000 =10ms" 3600 ms Velocity of irain = Vas = 36 kmh- Time taken = t= 10s Required . # Distance traveled by train = . Solution ‘As.we know that S=Vayxt By putting the values, we have S=10x 10 S= 100m Result Distance traveled by train = S = 100 m 2.2 A iwain starts from rest. It moves through 1 km in 100s with uniform acceleration. ‘What will be its speed at the end of 100s. Given Data Initial velocity of train Oms" Distance covered by train = § = | km = 100m ‘Time taken by train 00s ’Required Speed of train after 100 s = Solution First we have to find the acceleration, as we know that Ssvitt wat? By putting the values, we have 1000=0x 100+ %xax (100)? 1000 = % x a x 10000 1000=a x 5000 1000 5000 So, a=0.2ms” ‘Now from first equation of motion, we have ve= Vy tat by putting the values, we have vr=0+0.2 x 100 ve= 20 ms” Result Speed of train after 100 s = v= 20 ms™ 23 A car has a velocity of 10 ms”. It accelerates at 0.2 ms” for half minute. distance traveled during this and the find velocity of the car. Given Data Velocity of the ear = vi Acceleration of the car ‘Time taken by car = t= 0.5 min. = 0.5 x 60= 30s Required Distance traveled by car = Solution As we know that S=vitt “at? By putting the values, we have 10x 30+ 4x 0.2 x (30) ind the 300 + 0.1 x 900 S$=300+90 S=390m Result Distance traveled by car = S= 390 m2.4 A tennis ball is hit vertically upward with a velocity of 30 ms". It takes 3 s to reach the highest point. Calculate the maximum height reached by the ball. How long it will take to return to ground? Given Data Initial velocity of the tennis ball Time to reach the maximum height Gravitational acceleration = g =-10 m: Final velocity of the ball = vp= Oms? Required Maximum height reached by the ball = Solution - From second equation of motion in vertical motion, we have h=vit+%gt. ® by putting the values, we have h=30%3+%x (-10) (3)? As the ball moves with uniform acceleration in vertical motion, so time taken by the ball in both directions will be same. Total time taken to return the ground = Time taken upwards + Time taken downwards ‘Total time taken to return the ground = 3 s + 3s, ‘Total time taken to return the ground = 6 5 Result Maximum height reached by the ball = h = 45 in ‘Total time taken to return the ground = 6 § 25° A car moves with uniform velocity 40 ms” for 5 s. it comes to rest in the next 10 » with uniform declaration, Find }) declaration ii) total distance traveled by the ear i) When body moves with uniform velocity Givest Data Velocity of the car = ‘Time taken by the car Required Distance traveled by the car = S; =? Solution As we know thal = Vat” By putting the values, we have Si: =40x5 S, = 200m ii) When speed of the car decreases and it comes to rest. Given Data Ininal velocity of the carRequired Retardation produced in ca: Distance traveled by the cat Solution From first equation of motion, we have ve= vi tat By putting the values, we have 40xax 10 -40=ax 10 ~40 10 . 4ms? ‘Now from second equation of motion, we have S=vitt at” By putting the values, we have %10+% (-4) x (10Y & S2=200m So Total distance moved by car = $ = S; + $; = 200 m + 200m =400 m Resuit Total distance moved by car = S = 400 m 2.6 A train from rest with an acceleration of 0.5.ms*. Find its speed in kmh”, when it has moved through 100 m, Given Data Acceleration of the train Initial velocity of the train = v; Distance moved by train Required Final speed in kmh” = ve Solution From third equation of motion, we have 2a8 = vi — vi? by putting the values, we have 2x 0.5 x 100 = ve -(@)? 100 = ve by taking square root on both sides, we have Vi00 =v? So’ vr=10ms" In kmh-1 1003600 = 1000 vp=36 kmh" ¢ 0.5 ms? Result Final speed in kmh” = p= 36 kmh’!2.7 A train starting from rest accelerates uniformly and attains a velocity 48 kmh’ in 2 minutes. It travels at speed for 5 minutes. Finally, it moves with uniform retardation and is stopped after 3 minutes. Find the total distance traveled by the train. Solution Total Distance traveled _ = area under the graph (trapezium OABC) i = zim of parallel sides) height 1 = 5 (600 + 300) x 13.33 wns) i = 7 (000) x 13.33 = 450 x 13.33 5998.5 £ s =5990m = «6000 20240 360 420 600 Result 28 A cricket ball is hit vertically upwards and returns to ground 6 s later. Calculate () Maximum height, reached by the ball. (i) Initial velocity of the ball. Given Data Final velocity of the ball = vr=0 ms - Gravitational acceleration = g = 10 ms” Time in which ball return to ground = Required Maximum height reached by ball = Initial velocity of the ball = Solution As the ball moves with uniform acceleration in vertical motion, so time taken by the ball in both directions will be same. Total time taken to return the ground = Time taken upwards + Time taken downwards 6s = Time taken upwards + Time taken downwards As Time taken upwards = Time taken downwards Total time taken to return the ground ~ 2 x Time taken upwards So Time taken upwards = 65/2 =3 s . From first equation of motion, we have vr= vi + gt By putting the values, we have O=vit(-10)x3 O=vi-30So yj=30mst Now from second equation of motion, we have S=vit+% gt? By putting the values, we have S=30x3+% x (-10) x)? S=90-5x9 S=45m Revit Maximum height reached by ball = Initial velocity of the ball = v; = 30 ms“ 2.9 When brakes are applied, the speed of a train decreases from 96 kmh" to 48 kmh” in 800 m. How much further will the train move before coming to rest? (Assuming the retardation to be constant) Given Data Initial velocity of train=v,=96kmh’ = = 26.67 ms”! Final velocity of train = vp= 48 kmh” = 13,33 ms! Distance covered by train = 800 m d Retardation of the train = a=? Selation From third equation of motion, we have 2a8 = ve= vy BY putting the values, we have 2.x aX 800 = (13.33)? ~ (26.67) 1600 x a= 177.7 711.29 1600 x a =~ 533.6 a=-0,33 ms? Sm Req Given Data Initial velocity of train = v; = 48 kmh"! Final velocity of train retardation of train Required Distance: covered by train = Solutioa Prom third equation of motion, we haveBy putting the values, we have 2x (0.33) x S=(0) = (13.337 -0,66x S=- 177.7 s 177.7 0.66 =269m Result The train will move by 269m before coming to rest 2.10 In the above problem, find the time taken by the train to stop after the application of the brakes. Given Data Initial velocity of trait = 96 kmh" Final velocity of train ! retardation of train = 0.33 ms? Required Time taken by the train = Solution From first ¢guation of motion, we have ¥ VE bas vj tat By putting the values, we have o = ~26.67 =) -033 xt 26.67 ov 0.33 t 80s Result ‘Time taken by the train = t= 80s 26.67 +(=0,33) xt 26.67 ms!DYNAMICS KIPS MULTIPLE CHO! CU ea Laws of motion was presented by: a) Einstein b) Newton ©) Galileo 4d) Archimedes Isaac Newton described the laws of motion in his famous book: ) Qanoon-ul-Masoodi b) Principia Mathematica c) Kitab-ul-Astralab 4) Al-Manazir The laws of motion established the relationship between motion and ———-—: a) Force b) Torque ¢) Acceleration d) Momentum First law of motion is also know as law of --- mee a) Torque b) Acceleration _—_c) Inertia 4) None of these of a body is the direct measure of inertia: a) Mass, b) Energy c)Momentum —, d) All of above The characteristic of a body due to which it tends to retain its state of rest or of uniform motion is known as: a) Weight b) Force c) Inertia 4) Momentum ~ is the agency which changes or tends to. change the state of rest or of uniform motion of a body: a) Weight b) Force o) Inertia 4) Momentum Law of inertia is actually the law of motion: a) First b) Second ¢) Third @) Fourth ‘When a force is applied on the body, ------------- is produced in the body: a) Weight b) Acceleration _—_c) Energy 4) None of the above ‘The acceleration produced in a moving body is always in the direction of applied ——- 2) Velocity b) Force o) Speed 4) Momentum If mass of the body Is doubled while keeping the force constant, then acceleration will ber a) One half b) doubled ¢) One fourth 4) Four times If force applied on the body is doubled while keeping the mass constant, then acceleration will be: a) One half ) doubled c) One fourth 4) Four times SI unit of force Is: * a) Kilogram b) Dynes o) Newton 4) Pound When 5 force of 8 Newton is applied on a body of mass 2 Kg, then the acceleration produced will be: a) 16 ms? b) 4 ms” c) 0.4 ms? d) 160 ms?15. 16. 19. Bun 2. 2. 24, B. b) Kems™ c) Kgm’s™ d) Kg’ms* Action and reaction are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction is known as -—~ --- law of motion: a) First b) Second ©) Third 4) Fourth ‘Walking on road is an example of ————-—-———— law of motion: a) First b) Second ©) Third 4) Fourth When a block is lying on a smooth surface, its weight is balanced by: a) Mass b) Momentum ©) Inertia 4) Normal Reaction The weight of a body of mass 10 Kg on earth will be -—---——-———-—t a)10N BIN c) 100N d) 1000 N The -————---- of a body always acting towards the center of the earth: a) Mass, ) Force ¢) Velocity d) Weight Quantity of matter in a body: a) Mass b) Force ©) Velocity 4) Weight The Force with which earth attracts a body towards its center Is known as: a) Mass ) Force ©) Weight 4d) Inertia The characteristic of a body which determines the magnitude of acceleration produced when a certain force acts upon it: a) Mass b) Force ©) Inertia 4) Weight Mass of the body is measured by: a) Free Fall Apparatus ) Physical balance ©) Spring balance 4) All of above Welght of the body is measured by: a) Free Fall Apparatus b) Physical balance ©) Spring balance 4d) All of above Unit of weight is: ‘ a)Kg b) ms? c)Nm aN s-eeeeonwee~ of a body remains same every where: a) Weight b) Acceleration —_—_c) Velocity ) Mass -=sseeeeacnes of a body does not remain same every where: a) Weight b) Inertia ©) Mass d) All of above The value of weight of a body of constant mass depends on: a) Inertia b) Momentum ©) Force ‘gt Mas is a ———-------- quantity: a) Scalar b) Vector e) Derive d) Negative Weight is a ------------» quantity: a) Scalar b) Vector ©) Derive 4d) Negative When a block is hanging with the help of a rope then weight of the body Is balanced by: a) Acceleration +b) Inertia ©) Displacement d) Tension