Input Output Media

Prepared by
Risala Tasin Khan
Associate Professor
IIT, JU
Working principles of keyboard
 Computer Keyboard Functions: How does a
Keyboard Work
• A computer keyboard is a hardware device that functions in
accordance to the instructions made by the user.
• It comprises circuits, switches and processors that help in
transferring keystroke messages to the computer.
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➢ Functioning of a Computer Keyboard
In general, there are 80-110 keys in a computer keyboard. The
keys may vary depending upon the brand and the type of
operating system. Nevertheless, the shape, size and spacing of
keys are almost same for all keyboards. Also the layout or
arrangement of keys that represent letters, signs and symbols is
same, which is referred to as QWERTY.
The working of a computer keyboard can be compared to a
miniature computer.
– Inside the keyboard, there are metallic plate, circuit board (key matrix) and
processor, which are responsible for transferring information from the
keyboard to the computer.
– Depending upon the working principle, there are two main types of keys,
namely, capacitive and hard-contact.
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▪Capacitive Key
On the underside of a capacitive key, a metal plunger is fixed, which
helps in activating the circuit flow. When a capacitive key is pressed, the
metal plunger applies a gentle pressure to the circuit board. The
pressure is identified by the computer and the circuit flow is initiated,
resulting in the transfer of information from the circuit to the currently
installed software.

▪Hard Contact Key

A hard contact key is attached with a metallic plate that helps in
connecting the circuit board. When the hard contact key is pressed, it
pushes a metallic plate, which in turn touches the metallic portion of
the circuit plate. This overall process of completing a circuit results in a
circuit flow, allowing the transfer of the message to the central
processing unit (CPU), which is further transmitted to the software.
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• keyboard is a series of switches connected to a small keyboard
microprocessor that monitors the state of each switch and initiates a
specific response to a change in state.
• When the user presses a key, it causes a change in the amount of current
flowing through the circuit associated specifically with that key.

• The keyboard microprocessor detects this change in circuit flow.

• By doing so, a microprocessor can tell when a key has been presses and
when it is being released.
• Depending upon which key’s circuit carries a signal to the microprocessor,
the processor generates the associative code, also known as “scan code”
and send it to the operating system.
• A copy of the code is also stored in the keyboard’s memory.
• When the operating system reads the scan code, it informs the same to
the keyboard and the scan code stored in keyboard’s memory is then
erased.
Working principles of mouse
 What is a mouse?
• The mouse is a pointing device which helps us to operate the
computer. Unlike the complicated hardwares such as Mother
board, RAM, Hard disk, Processor of the computer, the mouse is
designed with a simple circuit to process. Now a days, we get
varieties of mouse with different technologies in the market.

• The developing applications in the computer field has not

completely excluded the mouse yet. Although, we have switched
to Touchpads in Laptops, "the function of mouse is easy and user-
friendly when compared with touch pads for a new user", says
the users. Mostly all the applications are operated with mouse for
easy working. In recent days, the optical mouse had overcome the
old ball mouse, because of its 'easy to use' function.
 Disadvantages of Ball mouse
• With the previous ball-rolled mouses, the movement of the
pointer in the computer is decided by the ball inside the mouse.
So, if the ball gets damaged, or if dust gets clustered, the
operation of the mouse becomes problem. When dust gathers, it
takes some time to clear it too. With these disadvantages, the ball
mouse was slowly moved away form the computer technology
leaving the optical mouse to fill its space.
 Working of Optical mouse

• Now, almost everyone tries to switch from ball/roller mouse

to Optical mouse. As the cost of the mouse is also being
decreasing, the replacement is quiet quicker. To connect this
optical mouse, the necessity is PS/2 or USB plug, and
windows, Macintosh or LINUX operating system installed in
the computer.

• The main components of the optical mouse are:

➢ Inbuilt optical sensor
➢ High speed camera which can take 1000 pictures at a time
➢ LED
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• These optical mouses do have an inbuilt optical sensor.
– The optical sensor reads the movements of the optical mouse (moved by
the user) with the help of the light rays which comes out from the bottom.
( The area in which a light glows).
• When the user moves the optical mouse, the LED (Light Emitting
Diode) present inside the mouse emits the light according the
minute movements.
• These movements are send to the camera as light rays.
• The camera captures the difference in light rays as images.
• When the camera captures the images, each and every pictures are
compared to one another with the digital technology.
• With the comparison, the speed of the mouse and the direction of
the movement of the mouse are rapidly calculated.
• According to the calculation, the pointer moves on the screen.
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Optical mouse
 Comparison between a roller/ball mouse and
optical mouse

• The optical mouse does not have any movable parts as of the
ball mouse. So, the life of the optical mouse is long compared
to the ordinary mouse.

• Since the mouse works with the sensor recognition, the

movements are clearly captured and so the moves gives out a
same function in all moves.

• Since the ball is absent in the optical mouse, the weight of the
optical mouse is less than that of the ball mouse.

• The dust clustering problem is abolished in the optical mouse

as its parts are all static.
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• The optical mouse can also function good without a mouse

pad, which is impossible with ordinary mouses. Any way,
optical mouses cannot be used above reflecting glasses or any
glass materials.
Working principles of scanner
 Introduction & overview of scanner
• Scanners have become an important part of the home office over the
last few years. Scanner technology is everywhere and used in many
ways:
➢ Flatbed scanners, also called
desktop scanners, are the most
versatile and commonly used scanners.
In fact, this article will focus on the
technology as it relates to flatbed
scanners.

➢ Sheet-fed scanners are similar to

The basic principle of a
flatbed scanners except the document scanner is to analyze an
is moved and the scan head is immobile. image and process it.
A sheet-fed scanner looks a lot like a small
portable printer.
Continue…

➢ Handheld scanners use the same basic technology as a

flatbed scanner, but rely on the user to move them instead
of a motorized belt. This type of scanner typically does not
provide good image quality. However, it can be useful for
quickly capturing text.
 Basic principle of scanner
• The basic principle of a scanner is to analyze an image and
process it in some way.

• Image and text capture (optical character recognition or OCR)

allow you to save information to a file on your computer.

• You can then alter or enhance the image, print it out or use it
on your Web page.
 Flat-Bed Scanner
• Flat-bed scanner look similar to a photocopier machine.
• It consists of a box containing a glass plate on its top and lid that covers
the glass plate.
• This glass plate is used for placing the document to be scanned.
• To scan a document, it is placed on the glass plate and the cover is closed.
• A lamp is used to illuminate the document.
• The scan head is moved slowly across the document by a belt that is
attached to a stepper motor.
• The image of the document is reflected by an angled mirror to another
mirror.
• Each mirror is slightly curved to focus the image it reflects onto a smaller
surface.
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• The last mirror reflects the image onto a lens.
• The lens focuses the image through a filter on the CCD array. It is a collection of
tiny light-sensitive diodes which convert light into electrical charge.
• The lens split the image into three smaller versions of the original image. Each
smaller version passes through a color filter onto a discrete section of the CCD
array. The scanner combines the data from the three parts of the CCD array into a
single full-color image, which is then sent to the computer.
 Printer
its types, working and usefulness

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 Printers

Impact Printers Non-Impact Printers

Daisy Dot- Inkjet Thermal Laser

wheel Matrix

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 What is a printer?
• An external hardware device responsible for
taking computer data and generating a hard
copy of that data. Printers are one of the most
commonly used peripherals and they print
text and still images on the paper.

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 “Factors affecting print quality”
• (1) DPI:
• It is a measurement of printer’s resolution indicating how many ink dots
can be placed by the printer in one square inch. The higher the DPI, the
sharper is image.
• (2) Type of printer:
• Each type of printer has its own capabilities of printing. Some types of
printers produce high quality print while other produce low quality print.
• (3) Print Mode:
• The printing mode may also affect the quality. For example the draft
mode increases the print rate but quality is reduced.
• (4) Toner:
• The quality and amount of toner also affects print quality.

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 “Impact Printer”
• These printers have a
mechanism that touches
the paper to create an
image. These printers
work by banging a print
head containing a
number of metal pins
which strike an inked An impact printer showing details
ribbon placed between of print head.sss
the print head and the
paper.
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 “Non-Impact Printers”
• These printers create
an image on the print
medium without the use
of force. They don’t
touch the paper while
creating an image. Non-
impact printers are
much quieter than
impact printers as they A non-impact printer
don’t strike the paper.

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 “Dot Matrix Printer”
• The term dot matrix refers to
the process of placing dots to
form an image.
• Its speed is usually 30 to 550
characters per second (cps).
• This is the cheapest and the
most noisy printer and has a
low print quality. Dot Matrix
were 1st introduced by
Centronics in 1970.

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 How Dot-Matrix works?
• The dot matrix forms images one character at a time
as the print head moves across the paper.
• Uses tiny pins to hit an ink ribbon and the paper
much as a typewriter does.
• This printer arranges dots to form characters and all
kinds of images.
• 9 to 24 vertical column pins are contained in a
rectangular print head. When print head moves
across the paper, pins are activated to form a dotted
character image. These printers can produce carbon
copies along with the originals.
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“A typical dot matrix output”

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 “Advantages/Dis-advatages of Dot-
Matrix”
• Advantages:
• (1) Inexpensive.
• (2) Low per page cost.
• (3) Energy efficient.
• Dis-advantages:
• (1) Noisy
• (2) Low resolution
• (3) Limited fonts flexibility
• (4) Poor quality graphics output.

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 “Ink-Jet Printer”
• It is a non-impact printer
producing a high quality
print. A standard Inkjet
printer has a resolution of
300dpi. Newer models
have further improved dpi.
Inkjet printers were
introduced in the later half
of 1980s and are very
popular owing to their
extra-ordinary
performance.
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 How Inkjet Printer works?
• (1) Print head having four ink
cartridges moves .
• (2) Software instructs where to apply
dots of ink, which color and what
quantity to use.
• (3) Electrical pulses are sent to the
resistors behind each nozzle.
• (4) Vapor bubbles of ink are formed
by resistors and the ink is forced to
the paper through nozzles.
• (5) A matrix of dots forms characters .
Color cartridge showing inkjet nozzles

and pictures.

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 Inside an Inkjet Printer?
• (1) Print head Assembly:
• Contains a series of nozzles
• (2) Ink Cartridge:
• Depending on the model &
manufacturing of printers, ink
cartridge come in various
combinations.
• (3) Print head stepper motor:
• A stepper motor moves the
print head assembly back and
forth across the paper. 34
 Inside an Inkjet printer?
• (4) Stabilizer bar:
• The movement of print head
is controlled and made
precise by a stabilizer bar.
• (5) Belt:
• A belt is used to attach print
head assembly to the
stepper motor. Here you can see stabilizer bar and belt

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 Inside the Inkjet Printer?
• (6) Paper tray/feeder:
• It enables the user to load the paper
into the printer.
• (7) Rollers:
• Control the movement of the paper.
• (8) Control circuitry:
• control all the mechanical aspects of the
operation as well as decode the
information sent to the printer from the
computer.

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 Advantages/ Dis-advantages
• Advantages:
• (1) High resolution output.
• (2) Energy efficient.
• (3) Many options to select.
• Dis-advantages:
• (1) Expensive.
• (2) Special paper required for higher resolution
output.
• (3) Time consuming in case of graphics printing.
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Laser Printers
 Path of paper through laser printer
• The primary principle at work
in a laser printer is static
electricity.
• Static electricity is simply an
electrical charge built up on an
insulated object.
• Since oppositely charged atoms
are attracted to each other,
objects with opposite static
electricity fields cling together.
• The core component of this
system is the photoreceptor,
typically a revolving drum or
cylinder. This drum assembly is
made out of highly
photoconductive material that is
discharged by light photons.
• Initially, the drum is given a total positive charge by the charge corona wire, a
wire with an electrical current running through it.
• As the drum revolves, the printer shines a tiny laser beam across the surface to
discharge certain points.
• In this way, the laser "draws" the letters and images to be printed as a pattern of
electrical charges -- an electrostatic image.
• After the pattern is set, the printer coats the drum with positively charged toner
-- a fine, black powder.
– Since it has a positive charge, the toner clings to the negative discharged areas of the drum, but
not to the positively charged "background."
With the powder pattern affixed,
the drum rolls over a sheet of
paper, which is moving along a
belt below. Before the paper rolls
under the drum, it is given a
negative charge by the transfer
corona wire (charged roller).
This charge is stronger than the
negative charge of the
electrostatic image, so the paper
can pull the toner powder away.
Since it is moving at the same
speed as the drum, the paper
picks up the image pattern
exactly.
To keep the paper from clinging
to the drum, it is discharged by
the detac corona wire
immediately after picking up the
toner.
• Finally, the printer passes the paper
through the fuser, a pair of heated
rollers.
• As the paper passes through these
rollers, the loose toner powder melts,
fusing with the fibers in the paper.
• The fuser rolls the paper to the output
tray, and you have your finished page.
• The fuser also heats up the paper
itself, of course, which is why pages
are always hot when they come out of
a laser printer.

After depositing toner on the paper,

the drum surface passes the
discharge lamp. This bright light
exposes the entire photoreceptor
surface, erasing the electrical image.
The drum surface then passes the
charge corona wire, which reapplies
the positive charge.