Introduction to

CPM
 Project Management
 Managers have been planning, scheduling, monitoring,
and controlling large scale projects for hundred years, but
it has only been in the last 50 years that management
science techniques have been applied to major projects.

 They are two types:

1. Critical Path Method(CPM)

2. Project Evaluation and Review Technique(PERT)
 Introduction- CPM
 Defination:-
Critical path is a sequence of activity between a project’s start and
finish that takes the longest time to complete.

 Critical path method is based on mathematical calculations and it is

used for scheduling project activities.

 In 1950, Critical path method(CPM) was developed by Kelly and

Walker to assist in building and maintains of chemical plants.

 The initial critical path method was used for managing plant
maintenance projects.
 Critical path is the sequential activities from start to
the end of a project. Although many projects have only
one critical path, some projects may have more than
one critical paths depending on the flow logic used in
the project

 The essential technique for using CPM is to construct a

model of the project that includes the following:

 A list of all activities required to complete the

project (typically categorized within a work
breakdown structure
 The time (duration) that each activity will take to
completion,
 The dependencies between the activities
.
Terminologies used in CPM
In order to explain the purpose, structure and operation of CPM, it is helpful to
define the following terms:

Activity:An activity carries the arrow symbol.This represent a task or

subproject that uses time or resources

Event:- A node (an event), denoted by a circle , marks the start and
completion of an activity, which contain a number that helps to identify its
location. For example activity A can be drawn as:

A
1 2
Dummy Activity: An activity, which is used to maintain the pre-defined
precedence relationship only during the construction of the project network, is
called a dummy activity. Dummy activity is represented by a dotted arrow and
does not consume any time and resource
 Parallel activity: There are two activity which being at same
event and end at same event.this activities are called parallel
activity.

1 2
Not allowed…..

 Path: A path is a series of adjacent activities leading from one

event to another.

 Critical path: A critical path is the sequence of critical activities

that forms a continuous path between the start of a project and
its completion.
 Situations in network diagram
B
A
A must finish before either B or C
can start, it called burst event.
C
A
C both A and B must finish before C
can start, it called merge event.
B

A C
Dangling events is not allow.

A
B
A must finish before B can start
Dummy both A and C must finish before D
can start, it’s called dummy
activity.
C
D
Forward pass:
 The Early Start and Early Finish Time
Calculated by moving Forward Through the
Network.
 Consider Maximum.
Backward pass:
 The Latest Start and Latest Finish Time
Calculated by moving Backward Through the
Network.
 Consider Minimum
Float activity:
 Float activity For an Activity is The Difference
between its Earliest and Latest Start Time or
Earliest and Latest Finish Time .
 Steps in Critical Path Method
 Step 1: Make a forward pass through the network as
follows: For each activity i beginning at the Start node,
compute:
Earliest Start Time (ES) = the maximum of the earliest finish times
of all activities immediately preceding activity i. (This is 0 for an
activity with no predecessors.). This is the earliest time an activity
can begin without violation of immediate predecessor requirements.
Earliest Finish Time (Ef) = (Earliest Start Time) + (Time to complete
activity i. This represent the earliest time at which an activity can
end.

The project completion time is the maximum of the

Earliest Finish Times at the Finish node.
 Continue..........
 Step 2: Make a backwards pass through the network as follows:
Move sequentially backwards from the Finish node to the Start
node. At a given node, j, consider all activities ending at node j.
For each of these activities, (i,j), compute:
Latest Finish Time (LF) = the minimum of the latest start
times beginning at node j. (For node N, this is the project
completion time.). This is the latest time an activity can end
without delaying the entire project.
Latest Start Time (LS) = (Latest Finish Time) - (Time to
complete activity (i,j)). This is the latest time an activity can
begin without delaying the entire project.
 Continue..........
 Step 3: Calculate the float time for each activity
by:
float = (Latest Start) - (Earliest Start),
or
= (Latest Finish)-(EarliesFinish).

A critical path is a path of activities, from the

Start node to the Finish node, with 0 float times.
Example
1. Construct the CPM Network using the details below and
determine the critical path

Activity Immediate Completion

predecessors Time (week)
A - 2
B A 3
C A 3
D C 4
E D 8
F B,E 6
G F 2
Total …… 28
 2
2 17 23
0
0 A(2) 2 B(3) 17 23 25
F(6) G(2)
1 5 6 7 25
C(3)
E(8
)
5 D(4) 9
3 4
5 9
Activity Tme Earliest Earliest Latest Latest Slack Critical
Start Finish Start finish (LS-ES) path
(ES) (EF) (LS) (LF)

A 2 0 2 0 2 0 Yes
B 3 2 5 14 17 12 No
C 3 2 5 2 5 0 Yes
D 4 5 9 5 9 0 Yes
E 8 9 17 9 17 0 Yes
F 6 17 23 17 23 0 Yes
G 2 23 25 23 25 0 Yes
 2
2 17 23
0
0 A(2) 2 B(3) 17 23 25
F(6) G(2)
1 5 6 7 25
C(3)
E(8
)
D(4) 9
5 3 4
5 9
Critical Path:-

Cp = 1 - 2 – 3 - 4 – 5 – 6 – 7
= A – C -D - E - F - G
=2+3+4+8+6+2
= 25
 Benefits of CPM
 Useful at many stages of project management
 Mathematically simple
 Give critical path and float time
 Provide project documentation
 Useful in monitoring costs
 Visual representation
Limitations to CPM

 Specified precedence relationship

 Activity time estimates are subjective and
depend on judgment
 Can be more difficult understand ten grant
charts
 The time needed for tasks is not as clear as with
grant charts