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Contents

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1 Statistics 1

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1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

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1.1.1 Variable and Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

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1.1.2 Frequency Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

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1.2 Measures of Central Tendency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.1 Arithmetic Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

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1.2.2 Median . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

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1.2.3 Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

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1.3 Measures of Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.3.1 Quartile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mb
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.3.2 Percentile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
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1.3.3 Decile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.4 Measures of Dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
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i
Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS ON THE USE OF THE BOOK

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Symbol Description Symbol Description

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C Complex numbers = is equal to

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I Imaginary numbers ⌘ is equivalent to
N Natural numbers ⇡ is approximately equal to
R Real numbers is greater than

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>

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R+ Positive real numbers excluding zero < is less than

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Q Rational numbers is greater than or equal to

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W Whole numbers  is less than or equal to
Z Integers : such that
Z+ Positive integers excluding zero 2 is an element of

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9 There exist

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Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules ii

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Chapter 1

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Statistics

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Objectives

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After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

• Demonstrate knowledge of statistical terms.

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• Differentiate between the two branches of statistics.

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• Identify types of data.

• Identify the measures of central tendency and dispersion

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• Apply the statistical knowledge to solve simple real life problems

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1.1 Introduction
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Definition 1.1. Statistics is the scientific method of collecting, organizing, summarizing

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and analyzing data in order to draw conclusions.

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Broadly speaking, applied statistics can be divided into two areas: descriptive statistics and
inferential statistics.
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Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics consists of methods for organizing, displaying, and
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describing data by using tables, graphs, and summary measures.

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Inferential Statistics Inferential statistics consists of methods that use sample results to help
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make decisions or predictions about a population.

1.1.1 Variable and Data
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To gain knowledge about seemingly haphazard situations, statisticians collect information for
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variables, which describe the situation.

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Definition 1.2. A variable is a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values.
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There are two types of variables, qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative variables are vari-
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ables that can be placed into distinct categories, according to some characteristic or attribute.
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For example, if subjects are classified according to gender (male or female), then the variable
gender is qualitative. Quantitative variables are numerical and can be ordered or ranked. For
example, the variable age is numerical, and people can be ranked in order according to the
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value of their ages. Quantitative variables can be further classified into two groups; discrete
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and continuous variables.

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1
Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

Definition 1.3. Data are the values or measurements or observations that the variables

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can assume.

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A collection of data values forms a data set. Each value in the data set is called a data value or
a datum. Data may be discrete or continuous.

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Definition 1.4. Discrete data assume values that can be counted and they form a discrete

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variable.

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Examples of discrete data are the number of children in a family, the number of students in
a classroom, the number of cars in a workshop and so on. In fact it is impractical to represent

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number of people with fractions or decimals, the same applied to number of cars, fraction of a

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car is practically not a car but spare parts of a car.

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Definition 1.5. Continuous data assumes an infinite number of values between any two
specific values. They form a continuous variable.

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They are obtained by measuring. They often include fractions and decimals. Temperature,

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for example, is a continuous variable, since the variable can assume an infinite number of values
between any two given temperatures. Other examples of continuous data are heights, weights,
and masses.
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1.1.2 Frequency Distribution

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Variable information may be represented either in raw or grouped data. Raw data are collected
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data which have not been organized. If raw data are arranged in either ascending or descending
order, then it is called an array.. There two types of frequency distributions; Un-grouped or
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single data frequency distribution and Grouped data frequency distribution.

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Un-grouped Data Frequency Distribution

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If the range of data is small, say less than 10 the data may be grouped under single score with
its’ respective frequency.
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From frequency distribution table, we can generate the cumulative frequency distribution.
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The table which contains scores and cumulative frequencies is know as cumulative frequency
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distribution. The sum of frequency of the class and all classes below it is called cumulative
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frequency. Hereunder is the procedure on how to obtain the cumulative frequency and generate
the distribution table of it.
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Table 1.1.1: Procedure to get cumulative frequency

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Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 2

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

From the procedure above, we can now establish the cumulative frequency distribution table

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below.

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Score(x) Cumulative Frequency (F )

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6 3
13 5
15 13

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20 17

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22 29

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28 34

By using the procedure in Table 1.1.1, we deduce the formal definition of cumulative frequency

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below.

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Definition 1.6. Cumulative frequency of a class is the sum of all frequencies of classes preceding

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that class.

Example 1.1. The numbers below is the distribution of weight in kilogram of rice bags packed

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for sales in one local area located in Mbeya region.

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21 23 23 22 21 23 20 22
25 14 20 23 22 Mb
20 20 24
25 21 22 20 24 22 22 20
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22 23 21 25 25 24 23 22
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Construct un-grouped frequency distribution table of the data.

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Solution: By cancelling each number and tallying to its location as below, we obtain the fre-
quency distribution as below.
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⇢⇢
21 ⇢⇢
23 ⇢⇢
23 ⇢
22
⇢ ⇢
21
⇢ ⇢
23
⇢ ⇢ ⇢
20
⇢ ⇢
22
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⇢⇢
25 ⇢⇢
14 ⇢⇢
20 ⇢
23
⇢ ⇢
22
⇢ ⇢
20
⇢ ⇢ ⇢
20
⇢ ⇢
24
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⇢⇢
25 ⇢⇢
21 ⇢⇢
22 ⇢
20
⇢ ⇢
24
⇢ ⇢
22
⇢ ⇢ ⇢
22
⇢ ⇢
20
⇢⇢
22 ⇢⇢
23 ⇢⇢
21 ⇢
25
⇢ ⇢
25
⇢ ⇢
24
⇢ ⇢
23 ⇢
⇢ ⇢
22
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Weight(Kg) Tally Frequency

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14 / 1
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20 ///// 6
21 //// 4
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22 //// /// 8
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23 //// / 6
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24 //// 3
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25 //// 4

Grouped Data Frequency Distribution

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For the data with large range, the scores within a certain interval may be grouped into classes
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with their respective frequencies. Class intervals may either be inclusive or exclusive.
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(a) Inclusive Class Intervals

When the lower and the upper class limits are included, then it is an inclusive class interval.
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The upper class limit of preceding class interval and lower class limit of succeeding class
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interval are different. Inclusive type of class intervals are used in the case of discrete data.
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For example, the raw data set x below has a wide range, we need to organize them in
inclusive classes.

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 3

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

48 47 42 67 73 50 76 47 44 44

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57 58 54 45 58 56 66 67 45 43

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71 48 64 52 42 54 62 32 49 34

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35 46 89 37 47 54 45 60 64 44

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Looking at the raw data, little information can be obtained, hence you need to organize
the data into grouped data in the so called frequency distribution table as shown in Table

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1.1.2. Here under is the procedure to obtain the frequency distribution table of raw data:

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⇢⇢
48 ⇢⇢
47 ⇢⇢ ⇢
42 ⇢
67 ⇢
73
⇢ ⇢ ⇢
50
⇢ ⇢
76 ⇢
47
⇢ ⇢
44
⇢ ⇢
44
⇢
⇢⇢
57 ⇢⇢
58 ⇢⇢ ⇢
54 ⇢
45 ⇢
58
⇢ ⇢ ⇢
56
⇢ ⇢
66 ⇢
67
⇢ ⇢
45
⇢ ⇢
43
⇢
⇢
71 ⇢
48 ⇢
64 ⇢⇢
52 ⇢
42 ⇢
54 ⇢⇢
62 ⇢
32 ⇢
49 ⇢
34

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⇢ ⇢ ⇢ ⇢ ⇢ ⇢ ⇢ ⇢

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⇢⇢
35 ⇢⇢
46 ⇢⇢
89 ⇢⇢
37 ⇢
47
⇢ ⇢ ⇢
54
⇢ ⇢
45 ⇢
60
⇢ ⇢
64
⇢ ⇢
44
⇢

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Class(x) Tally Frequency
32 39 //// 4

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40 47 //// //// /// 13

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48 55 //// /// 8

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56 63 //// // 7
64 71 //// Mb 5
72 79 // 2
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80 87 0
/ 1
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88 95
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The information above can expressed in more compact form as shown in the table below.
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Table 1.1.2: Frequency distribution table

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Class(x) 32 39 40 47 48 55 56 63 64 71 72 79 80 87 88 95
Frequency(f ) 4 13 8 7 5 2 0 1
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The frequency distribution table above can be written in the form of inequalities as shown
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below.
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Class(x) Frequency(f )
32  x  39 4
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40  x  47 13
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48  x  55 8
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56  x  63
64  x  71 5
72  x  79 2
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80  x  87 0
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88  x  95 1
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Frequency distribution of grouped data

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Definition 1.7. Frequency distribution is the form of raw data summarized by distributing
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them into a number of classes alongside with their frequencies.

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The table which shows data classes and their corresponding frequencies is known as fre-
quency distribution table, for example Table 1.1.2 above. The class or class interval is

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 4

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

bounded by two values lower and upper limits respectively, these limits sometimes are

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known as apparent limits. For example, if we take a class interval 40-47 in Table 1.1.2,

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the number 40 is called lower limit and the number 47 is called the upper limit of the

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lass interval.. In general, we can consider the frequency distribution in Table 1.1.3 below

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where Li and Ui are lower and upper limits respectively, where i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , n.

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Table 1.1.3

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Class L1 U1 L2 U2 L3 U3 ··· Ln Un

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Frequency f1 f2 f3 ··· fn

To be more specific, let us consider a class interval Li Ui as shown in Figure 1.1.1 below.

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The class mark or mid point of a class is the average of its upper and lower class limits.

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That is,

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xi = 12 (Li + Ui ), (1.1.1)
where xi is the class mark, Li and Ui are lower and upper class limits respectively.

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Figure 1.1.1
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Lower class boundary or real lower limit of a class interval is the number L defined by
L = 12 (Ui 1 + Li ), (1.1.2)
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and the upper class boundary or real upper limit of a class interval is the number U given
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by
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U = 12 (Ui + Li+1 ). (1.1.3)

Example 1.2. Consider the data from Table 1.1.2, by taking the class interval 56 63, then
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find:
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(a) The lower and upper limits of the class

(b) The class mark of the class interval
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(c) The lower and upper class boundaries of the class interval
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(d) The class size of the class interval

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Solution:
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(a) The lower and upper limits of the class are 56 and 63 respectively.
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(b) The class mark or mid point x of the class interval is given by
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xi = 12 (Li + Ui ) ) x = 12 (56 + 63) = 12 (119) = 59.5.

(c) To obtain the lower and upper class boundaries of the class interval 56 63, consider
part of the data as shown below.
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Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 5

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

The lower class boundary of the class interval is given by

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L = 12 (Ui 1 + Li ) ) L = 12 (55 + 56) = 12 (111) = 55.5,

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and the upper class boundary of the class interval is given by

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U = 12 (Ui + Li+1 ) ) U = 12 (63 + 62) = 12 (127) = 63.5.

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(d) The class size of the class interval is given by
c = U L ) c = 63.5 55.5 = 8.

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Example 1.3. Consider the frequency distribution table of data given below.

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Class

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10.0 19.5 20.0 29.5 30.0 39.5 40.0 49.5
Frequency 12 8 10 14

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Find the lower and upper class boundaries of the class interval 30.0 39.5, hence determine

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the class size of the class interval.

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Solution:To obtain the lower and upper class boundaries of the class interval 30.0 39.5,
consider part of the data as shown in the diagram below.

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The lower class boundary of the class interval 30.0 39.5 is given by
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1 1 1
L = (Ui 1 + Li ) ) L = (29.5 + 30) = (59.5) = 29.75,
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and the upper class boundary of the class interval 30.0 39.5 is given by
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1 1 1
U = (Ui + Li+1 ) ) U = (39.5 + 40) = (79.5) = 39.75.
2 2 2
The class size of the class interval is given by
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c = U L ) c = 39.75 29.75 = 10.

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(b) Exclusive Class Intervals

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Exclusive class intervals contain values less than the upper class limit, that’s the upper
class limit is excluded, or that contain values greater than the lower class limit, that’s the
lower class limit is excluded. The exclusive type of class intervals are used in the case of
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continuous data. For the matter of generalization, from Figure 1.1.1, the upper class limit
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of preceding class interval and lower class limit of succeeding class interval are the same,
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so Li = Ui 1 and Ui = Li+1 . Hence the lower class boundary of the class interval Li Ui is
given by L = Li or L = Ui 1 , and the upper class boundary of the class interval is given by
U = Ui or U = Li+1 . For example, the classes 30 40, 40 50, 50 60, · · · are exclusive class
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intervals which refers to continuous data, where the lower and upper class boundaries of
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the class 40 50 are 40 and 50 respectively. The class size or class interval size is the
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value c, defined as the difference between upper and lower class boundaries, hence it is
given by
c = U L. (1.1.4)
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More details of exclusive frequency distributions are given in Tables 1.1.4 and 1.1.5 below.
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Table 1.1.4: Less than classes

Class(x) Description Inequality Form Similar Inequality Form
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0 10 Less than 10 < 10 0  x < 10

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10 20 Less than 20 < 20 10  x < 20

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Less than 30 20  x < 30

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20 30 < 30
30 40 Less than 40 < 40 30  x < 40
40 50 Less than 50 < 50 40  x < 50

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The less than classes above may be written in the form 0 , 10 , 20 , 30 and 40 . The

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score x = 20 will be in the interval 20 30 and not in 10 20, and the score x = 30 will be

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placed in the class 30 40 and not in 20 30.

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Table 1.1.5: Greater than classes
Class(x) Description Inequality Form Similar Inequality Form

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0 10 Greater than 10 >0 0 < x  10

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10 20 Greater than 20 > 10 10 < x  10

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20 30 Greater than 30 > 20 20 < x  20
30 40 Greater than 40 > 30 30 < x  30
40 50 Greater than 50 > 40 40 < x  50

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From the table above, the score x = 20 will be placed in the interval 10 20 and not in

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20 30, also the score x = 30 will be in the interval 20 30 and not in 30 40. Note: the
class mark of less or greater than classes is just an average of lower and upper limits.

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Exercise 1.1.2 (Answers on page 7.)

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1. List the upper limits of the class intervals given in the Table below

Class interval Frequency

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Less than 50 15
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Less than 60
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6
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Less than 70 8
Less than 80 21
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2. List the lower limits of the class intervals given in the Table below
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Class interval Frequency

Greater than or equal to 20 6
Greater than or equal to 30 7
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Greater than or equal to 40

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12
Greater than or equal to 50 3
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Greater than or equal to 60

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3. Identify to which class intervals do the numbers 40 and 60 belongs?

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Class interval Frequency

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Less than 10
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10
Less than 20 12
Less than 30 18
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Less than 40 9
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Less than 50 15
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Less than 60
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16
Less than 70 18
Less than 80 20
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Answers to Exercise 1.1.2 (On page 7.)

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1.

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1.2 Measures of Central Tendency

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1.2.1 Arithmetic Mean

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The mean (arithmetic mean or average) of a set of data is found by adding up all the items and

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then dividing by the sum of the number of items. The mean of a sample is denoted by x and the
mean of a complete population is denoted by µ. At this level, large sample will be considered

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as a good representation of a population, therefore, x will be considered as the mean of a

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population. To the scope of this book, mean for raw data, un-grouped and grouped data with

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frequency distributions will be computed in three different methods; direct method, deviation

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method and coding method. However the coding method applies only for grouped data.
(a) Raw data

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(i) Direct method

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The mean of N data items x1 , x2 , x3 , · · · , xN is given by the formula
N
x1 + x2 + x3 + · · · + xN 1 X
or x = (1.2.1)

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x= xi .

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N N i=1

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Example 1.4. Find the mean score of students in one of the subject where they
scored; 38, 40, 70, 48, 44, 46, 55, 54, 42, 63. Mb
Solution: From the given scores, N = 10, the mean (x) by direct method is given by
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N
1 X
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x= xi
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N i=1
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x1 + x2 + x3 + · · · + x10
=
10
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38 + 40 + 70 + 48 + 44 + 46 + 55 + 54 + 42 + 63
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=
10
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500
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=
10
) x = 50.
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(ii) Deviation method

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When the numerical values of xi are large, finding the xi becomes tedious and
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i=1
time consuming. So, for such situations, let us think of a method of reducing these
calculations. We change each, xi to a smaller number so that our calculations become
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easy, by subtracting a fixed number, A, known as assumed mean from each of these
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xi ’s. Also, to further reduce our calculation work, we may take A at or near the centre
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of xi = x1 , x2 , x3 , · · · , xN . The next step is to find the deviation, di = xi A, between

A and each of the xi ’s as shown in the table below.
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xi di = xi A
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x1 d1 = x1 A
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x2 d2 = x2 A
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x3 d3 = x3 A
.. ..
. .
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xN d N = xN A
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N
X N
X
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To compute di , is mathematically easy compared to xi . Hence, the mean by

i=1 i=1
deviation or assumed mean approach is given by

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 8

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N
1 X

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x=A+ di . (1.2.2)

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N i=1

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Example 1.5. Ten students were asked to write a one or two digit number according
to their likes. The following raw numbers were wrote by students; 4, 5,6,8, 10, 15,

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16, 18, 20, and 24. By using direct and deviation methods, find the mean number.

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Solution: Since there 10 students, then N = 10, hence by direct method, the mean

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is given by
N
1 X
x = xi

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N i=1

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x1 + x2 + x3 + · · · + xN

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=

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N
4 + 5 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 15 + 16 + 18 + 20 + 24
=
10

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126
=

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10
= 12.6. Mb
By deviation method, we need to construct a table of xi and deviations, di as shown below
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a
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xi d i = xi A
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4 6
5 5
6 4
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8 2
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A ! 10 0
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15 5
16 6
18 8
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20 10
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24 14
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X10
di = 26
i=1
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From the table above, the mean by deviation or assumed mean method is given by
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10
1 X
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x=A+ di
N i=1
1
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= 10 + (26)
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10
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) x = 12.6.
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n
X n
1X
Example 1.6. Prove that (xi x) = 0, where x = xi .
n i=1
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n n
1X X
Solution: From x = xi ) nx = xi . Now

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n i=1

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i=1
n
X

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(xi x) = (x1 x) + (x2 x) + · · · + (xn x)

Mb
i=1
= (x1 + x2 + · · · + xn ) (x + x + · · · )

.S
Xn

aA
= xi nx

itil
i=1

Mb
= nx nx
= 0 proved.

.S
aA
Example 1.7. The mean of nth terms is x, if the first term is increased by 1 and the second

itil
by 2 and so on. What will be the new mean?

Mb
n
X 1
Solution: Recall that r = n(n + 1) and proceed as follows:

.S
2

aA
r=1

itil
1st term +
Mb
1
2nd term + 2
3rd term + 3
A.S

.. .. ..
. . .
a
itil

nth terms + r
Mb

Let X be the new mean we are looking for, then

X = mean of nth terms + mean of r terms
.S
aA

n
1X
itil

=x+ r
Mb

n r=1
1
=x+ n
⇥ 12 n(n + 1)
)X =x+
.S

1
(n + 1).
aA

2
itil

Example 1.8. Given that x1 = a1 + a2 + · · · + an1 and x2 = b1 + b2 + · · · + bn2 are two

Mb

different observations, if x1 and x2 are the means of n1 and n2 observations respectively.

Show that the mean of the combined observation is given by
n1 x1 + n2 x2
.S

x= .
aA

n1 + n2
itil

Solution: Let n = n1 + n2 be the total number of observations, from the means of separate
Mb

observations;
a1 + a2 + · · · + an 1
x1 = ) n1 x1 = a1 + a2 + · · · + an1 and
.S

n1
aA

b1 + b2 + · · · + bn 2
itil

x2 = ) n 2 x 2 = b1 + b2 + · · · + bn 2
n2
Mb

x1 + x2
x= (mean of combined observations)
n1 + n2
.S

(a1 + a2 + · · · + an1 ) + (b1 + b2 + · · · + bn2 )

aA

=
n1 + n2
itil

n1 x1 + n2 x2
Mb

)x= , hence shown.

n1 + n2

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 10

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

Example 1.9. The mean of two samples of size 100 and 150 were found to be 25 and 10

.S
respectively. Find mean of the combined samples of the distribution.

aA
itil
Solution:Given that n1 = 100, n2 = 150 and x1 = 25 x2 = 10, if x is the combined mean,

Mb
then
n1 x1 + n2 x2
x=

.S
n1 + n2

aA
100 ⇥ 25 + 150 ⇥ 10
=

itil
100 + 150

Mb
2500 + 1500
=
250
4000

.S
=

aA
250

itil
) x = 16.

Mb
(b) Un-grouped frequency distribution
Each value xi may be recorded with its respective frequency, fi to form the frequency

.S
n
X

aA
distribution as shown in Table 1.2.1 below. The sum of frequencies, fi , or total number

itil
i=1

Mb
of data we have will always be denoted by N under this chapter.

Table 1.2.1
A.S
a

xi fi di = xi A f i xi fi di
itil
Mb

x1 f1 d1 = x1 A f 1 x1 f1 d1
x2 f2 d2 = x2 A f 2 x2 f2 d2
x3 f3 d3 = x3 A f 3 x3 f3 d3
.S

.. .. .. .. ..
aA

. . . . .
itil

xn fn d n = xn A f n xn fn dn
Mb

Xn n
X n
X
N= fi f i xi fi di
i=1 i=1 i=1
.S
aA

(i) Direct method

itil

From Table 1.2.1, the mean is obtained by direct method as follows,

Mb

n
1 X
x= f i xi . (1.2.3)
N i=1
.S
aA

(ii) Deviation method

itil

By choosing an appropriate assumed mean, A, among the xi ’s, the mean deviation d
Mb
.S
aA
itil
Mb
.S
aA
itil
Mb

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 11

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

of data in Table 1.2.1, is given by,

.S
n
1 X

aA
d= fi di but di = xi A
N i=1

itil
Mb
n
1 X
= fi (xi A)
N i=1
!

.S
n
X n
X

aA
1
= f i xi A fi

itil
N

Mb
i=1 i=1
n n
1 X X
=x A * f i xi = x and fi = N
N i=1

.S
i=1

aA
n
1 X
x=A+d but d= fi di

itil
N i=1

Mb
n
1 X
=A+ fi di .
N i=1

.S
aA
Hence, the mean by deviation or assumed mean method is given by

itil
n
1 X
Mb
x=A+ fi di . (1.2.4)
N i=1
A.S

Example 1.10. A total of 40 students of a certain school were grouped according to their
age in years and asked how many times per year each student could commit wrong arith-
a
itil

metics in normal life applications of basic mathematics. The results were tabulated in the
Mb

frequency distribution table below.

Age in years (x) 14 15 16 19 21

.S
aA

Frequency (f ) 6 7 8 9 10
itil
Mb

Use direct and deviation methods to find the mean age in years of students interviewed.

Solution
.S
aA
itil

xi fi d i = xi A f i xi fi di
Mb

14 6 2 84 12
16 7 1 105 7
A ! 16 8 0 128 0
.S
aA

19 9 3 171 27
itil

21 10 5 210 50
Mb

5
X 5
X
N = 40 fi xi =698 fi di = 58
i=1 i=1
.S
aA

By direct method, the mean, x is given by

itil

n
1 X 1
Mb

x= fi xi = (698) = 17.45.
N i=1 40
By deviation formula, and taking the assumed mean, A = 16, then the mean is given by
.S

n
1 X 1
aA

x=A+ fi di = 16 + (58) = 17.45.

N i=1 40
itil
Mb

Example 1.11. If the mean of x numbers with frequency f in the frequency distribution
table below is 3.66. Find the value of a constant a.

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 12

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

x 1 2 3 4 5 6

.S
f 3 9 a 11 8 7

aA
itil
Solution: Given the mean x = 3.66, but the mean of x numbers with frequencies f is

Mb
given by
N
1 X
fi xi thus,

.S
x=
N i=1

aA
itil
(1 ⇥ 3) + (2 ⇥ 9) + (3 ⇥ a) + (4 ⇥ 11) + (5 ⇥ 8) + (6 ⇥ 7)

Mb
3.66 =
(3 + 9 + a + 11 + 8 + 7)
3 + 18 + 3a + 44 + 40 + 42
3.66 =

.S
38 + a

aA
3.66(38 + a) = 147 + 3a

itil
139.08 + 3.669a = 147 + 3a

Mb
0.66a = 7.92
) a = 12

.S
aA
(c) Grouped frequency distribution

itil
Now, for each class-interval, we require a point which would serve as the representative of
the whole class. It is assumed that the frequency of each class interval is centred aroundMb
its mid-point. So the mid-point or class mark of each class can be chosen to represent
A.S

the observations falling in the class. All the three methods; direct, deviation and coding
methods do apply for grouped data. Refer Table 1.2.2, where Li Ui for i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , n
a
itil

are classes or groups with fi as respective frequencies. We calculate deviations, di , as ear-

Mb

lier, in additional we compute ui = dci for the purpose of establishing the coding method,
where c is the class size.
.S
aA

Table 1.2.2
itil
Mb

di
Li Ui fi xi = 12 (Li + Ui ) d i = xi A fi di ui = f i ui
c
d1
.S

L1 U1 f1 x1 d 1 = x1 A f1 d1 u1 = f 1 u1
aA

c
itil

d2
Mb

L2 U2 f2 x2 d 1 = x1 A f2 d2 u2 = f 2 u2
c
d3
L3 U3 f3 x3 d 1 = x1 A f3 d3 u3 = f 3 u3
.S

c
aA

.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . . .
itil

dn
Mb

Ln Un fn xn d n = xn A fn dn un = f n un
c
n
X n
X n
X
.S

N= fi fi di f i ui
aA

i=1 i=1 i=1

itil
Mb

If the distribution has continuous data, then U1 = L2 , U2 = L3 , · · · , Un 1 = Ln .

(i) Direct method

.S

The direct method for grouped data use tha same formula in equation (1.2.3) of
aA

ungrouped data, only replacement of the column of xi by class mark or mid points of
itil
Mb

groups.

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 13

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

(ii) Deviation method

.S
Similary, for grouped, the same formula in equation (1.2.4) is applied with a little bit

aA
modification of using class marks to the place of xi .

itil
Mb
(iii) Coding method
The mean, u of u1 , u2 , u3 , · · · , un is given by
n
1 X xi A

.S
u= fi ui but ui =

aA
N i=1 c

itil
n ✓ ◆
1 X xi A

Mb
= fi
N i=1 c
" n n
!#
1 1 X X

.S
aA
= f i xi A fi
c N i=1

itil
i=1
n n

Mb
1 X X
cu = x A because fi xi = x and fi = N
N i=1 i=1

.S
n
1 X

aA
x = A + cu but u = f i ui
N i=1

itil
Mb
n
c X
=A+ f i ui .
N i=1
A.S

Thus, the coding or sometimes called step-deviation method formula is given by

n
c X
a
itil

x=A+ f i ui . (1.2.5)
Mb

N i=1

Example 1.12. The table below gives the percentage distribution of female teachers in the
.S

secondary schools of rural areas of various wards Manyara region. Find the mean percentage of
aA

female teachers by all the three methods discussed in this section.

itil
Mb

Percentage of female teachers 15 25 25 35 35 45 45 55 55 65 65 75 75 85

Number of wards 6 11 7 4 4 2 1
.S
aA

Solution The class interval, c = 25 15 = 10, the percentage of female teaches is the classes or
itil

groups and the number of wards are the frequencies.

Mb

(i) By direct method: The class marks, xi are computed and tabulated as shown below.
.S

Class fi xi f i xi
aA

15 25 6 20 120
itil
Mb

25 35 11 30 330
35 45 7 40 280
45 55 4 50 0
.S

55 65 4 60 240
aA

65 75 2 70 140
itil

75 85 1 80 8
Mb

n
X n
X
N= fi = 35 fi xi = 1390
.S

i=1 i=1
aA
itil
Mb

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 14

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

From the table above, the mean, x is camputed by direct method as follows:

.S
n
1 X

aA
x= f i xi
N i=1

itil
Mb
1390
=
35
= 39.71

.S
aA
(ii) By deviation or assumed mean method: Let A = 50 be the assumed mean, thus the class

itil
marks, xi and deviations, di are computed and tabulated as shown below.

Mb
Class fi xi d i = xi A fi di

.S
15 25 6 20 30 180

aA
25 35 11 30 20 220

itil
Mb
35 45 7 40 10 70
45 55 4 A ! 50 0 0
55 65 4 60 10 40

.S
65 75 2 70 20 40

aA
75 85 1 80 30 30

itil
n
X n
X
Mb
N= fi = 35 fi di = 360
i=1 i=1
A.S

From the table above, the mean, x is camputed by deaviation method as follows:
a
itil

n
1 X
Mb

x=A+ fi di
N i=1
( 360)
= 50 +
.S

35
aA

= 39.71
itil
Mb

(iii) By coding method: If the deviations di = xi A where A is the assumed mean, and the
class size c = 10, the class marks, xi and ui are computed and tabulated as shown below.
.S
aA

di
Class fi xi ui = f i ui
itil

c
Mb

15 25 6 20 3 18
25 35 11 30 2 22
35 45 7 40 1 7
.S
aA

45 55 4 A ! 50 0 0
itil

55 65 4 60 1 4
Mb

65 75 2 70 2 4
75 85 1 80 3 3
n
X n
X
.S

N= fi = 35 f i ui = 36
aA
itil

i=1 i=1
Mb

From the table above, the mean, x is camputed by coding method as follows:
n
c X
x=A+ f i ui
.S

N i=1
aA
itil

10
= 50 + ( 36)
Mb

35
= 39.71

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 15

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

Example 1.13. The mean score in Mathematics test of the following students was 43.9 as it was

.S
recorded by a marker. However at the next stage of marking processes, the checker observed

aA
some errors in recording scores of two students as shown in the table below:

itil
Mb
Student’s Names Checker’s Observation
Ernest Mbuya Correctly recorded
Revina Revelian Correctly recorded

.S
aA
Petro C. Mwengo Correctly recorded

itil
Happy S. Henna Correctly recorded

Mb
Mponda D. Ambrose Correctly recorded
Rose B. Kiria Wrongly recorded
Siyajali Charles Correctly recorded

.S
aA
Robert L. Machenya Correctly recorded

itil
Diana Chawe Correctly recorded

Mb
Bakari M. Mdoe Correctly recorded
Irene Norbert Correctly recorded
Johnbull Lusenga Correctly recorded

.S
aA
Enatha Bugumile Correctly recorded

itil
Maziku M. Kaswende Correctly recorded

Mb
Joyce P. Nyaulingo Correctly recorded
Kilimu M. Chuma Wrongly recorded
Matrida Y. Ngasoma Correctly recorded
A.S

Sixbert L. Marange Correctly recorded

a
itil

Regina Maginga Correctly recorded

Mb

Elias D. Ngwale Correctly recorded

A checker observed that the score for Rose B. Kiria was recorded as 74 instead of 47 and that
.S

of Kilimu M. Chuma was recorded as 90 instead of 09. If the mistaken scores were removed
aA

and replace with the correct score as suggested by a checker on the data above, find the correct
itil

mean score.
Mb

P
Solution: Let x be the sum of scores of 20 students
P as recorded by a marker, so
x
.S

x=
aA

PN
itil

x
43.9 =
Mb

X 20
x = 43.9 ⇥ 20
.S

= 878.
aA

We need to remove 74 and 90 from the sum and then we add 47 and 09 to obtain the correct
itil

P
new sum xnew as follows: X
Mb

xnew = 878 (74 + 90) + (47 + 09)

.S

= 770.
aA

So, the new and correct mean xnew is given by P

itil

xnew
xnew =
Mb

N
770
=
20
.S
aA

) xnew = 38.5.
itil

Exercise 1.2.1 (Answers on page 18.)

Mb

1. Use the direct and deviation method to find the mean of numbers 12, 16, 10, 20 and 25.

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 16

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

2. Find the mean of the following frequency distribution by both direct and deviation meth-

.S
ods:

aA
itil
Size(x) 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

Mb
Frequency(f ) 3 3 4 14 7 4 3 4

3. Find the mean of the following frequency distribution of x variable with its corresponding

.S
aA
frequency f .

itil
Mb
x 20 30 40 50 60
f 1 3 20 2 4

.S
aA
4. The table below gives scores of 100 candidates in mathematics test:

itil
Mb
Scores 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
Candidates 12 10 15 19 12 14 3 10 4 1

.S
aA
By using the assumed mean of 18, find the mean score correct to 2 decimal places.

itil
5. The table below shows distribution of marks in a final examination in Advanced level
mathematics Mb
A.S

Marks 90 99 80 89 70 79 60 69 50 59 40 49 30 39
No of students
a

9 32 43 21 11 3 1
itil
Mb

By using the assumed mean 64.5, find the mean mark.

6. Consider the frequency distribution table below:

.S
aA
itil

Score 0 4 5 9 10 14 15 19 20 24 25 29
Mb

Frequency 5 4 7 7 5 2

Find the mean score by coding method.

.S
aA

7. The age of children from primary to secondary school levels in one of the private school
itil

are summarized in the table below:

Mb

Age(years) 5 9 9 13 13 17 17 21
.S

Number of children 16 32 37 25
aA
itil

Find the mean age of children by using direct, deviation and coding methods. Give your
Mb

answer correct to 2 decimal places.

8. The range of weight of children in a certain primary school were summarized in the table
.S
aA

below:
itil
Mb

Weight(Kg) 9.6 14.5 14.6 19.5 19.6 24.5 24.6 29.5

Number of children 10 20 30 25
.S

Find the mean weight of children by using direct, deviation and coding methods. Approx-
aA

imate your answer to 3 decimal places.

itil
Mb

9. A random sample of 120 maize grains were collected. Each grain was weighted to the
nearest 0.01 gm and the results were summarised in the table below:

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 17

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

Weight (gm) Number of maize

.S
1.10 1.29 7

aA
1.30 1.49 24

itil
1.50 1.69 33

Mb
1.70 1.89 32
1.90 2.09 14

.S
2.10 2.29 8

aA
2.30 2.49 1

itil
2.50 2.69 1

Mb
Find the mean weight in gm of maize grains.

.S
10. The mean of 10 different numbers is 8, what will be the new mean if each number is

aA
increased by 7?

itil
Mb
11. Find the mean of 30 different numbers given that the mean of 10 of them is 12 and the
mean of the remaining 20 is 9.

.S
aA
12. The mean of 5 different numbers is 9, if a number x is added to the 5 numbers, the new

itil
mean is 10. Find the value of x.
13. The mean of numbers 10, 15, 30, 8, m, 42 and 5 is 18. Find the value of m. Mb
14. The mean of 5 different numbers is 12 and the mean of other 5 different numbers is 6.
A.S

Find the mean of all 10 numbers together.

a
itil
Mb

15. The mean height of civil engineering students in the table below is 91cm.

Height(cm) 0 30 30 60 60 90 90 120 120 150 150 180

.S

Number of students 3m 21 34 52 5m 11
aA
itil

Find the value of a constant number m.

Mb

16. The mean of data set xi with their respective frequencies fi in the table below is 14.
.S
aA

xi 5 10 15 20 25
itil

fi f1 f2 8 4 5
Mb

If the sum of frequencies is 27, find the values of f1 and f2 .

17. Find the mean of the frequency distribution of a variable x with frequency f in the table
.S
aA

below.
itil
Mb

x 1x<5 5x<9 9  x < 13 13  x < 17 17  x < 21

f 6 1 16 19 8
.S

18. Dar es Salaam is one of cars’congested city in Tanzania, the frequency distribution below
aA

shows how much time in minutes normally employees took to travel to one of the working
itil

station.
Mb

Time in Min. 0 < x  20 20 < x  40 40 < x  60 60 < x  80 80 < x  100

.S

Employees 55 32 8 3 2
aA
itil

Find the mean time of employees to reach the working point.

Mb

Answers to Exercise 1.2.1 (On page 16.)

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 18

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

1. 16.6 4. 19.32 7. 13.58 10. 15 13. 16 16. 7; 3

.S
aA
2. 8 5. 74 8. 21.168 11. 10 14. 9 17. 12.76

itil
Mb
3. 41.67 6. 13.5 9. 1.687 12. 15 15. 4 18. 23

1.2.2 Median

.S
aA
The median is a location parameter which separates the higher half from the lower half of a

itil
data sample of a population or a probability distribution. For a data set, it may be thought of as

Mb
the ”middle” value.

Definition 1.8. The median is the middle value of a finite set of numbers arranged either

.S
aA
in ascending or descending order.

itil
Mb
(a) Raw data
To obtain the median of raw data, we need to re-arrange the data values in order of

.S
magnitude, either from small number to large number or from large number to small

aA
number. Suppose we have N numbers. If N is an odd number, then there is a middle

itil
value which is the median, and it is given by
median = 12 (N + 1)th number. (1.2.6) Mb
If N is an even number, then there are two middle numbers, at 12 N th and 1
N + 1 th,
A.S

2
therefore,
a
itil

median = average of N2 th and N2 + 1 th numbers. (1.2.7)

Mb

Example 1.14. Find the median of the data 23, 15, 87, 32, 22, 82, 53, 65, 72, 30, 45
.S

Solution: The numbers in ascending order are 15, 22, 23, 30, 32, 45, 53, 65, 72, 82, 87. For
aA

N = 11 which is an odd number, then

itil
Mb

Median = 12 (N + 1)th number

= 12 (11 + 1)th number
= 12 (12)th number
.S
aA

= 6th number
itil

= 45.
Mb

Example 1.15. Find the median of the data 15, 16, 10, 4, 9, 19, 12, 3, 7, 17, 23, 5.
.S
aA

Solution: The numbers in ascending order are 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 23. Since
itil

N = 12 which is even, the 12 N th which is the 6th number is 10 and the 12 N + 1 th which
Mb

is the 7th number is 12. Thus,

Median = average of 12 N th and 12 N + 1 th numbers
= 12 (6th number + 7th number)
.S
aA

= 12 (10 + 12)
itil

= 12 (22)
Mb

= 11.
.S

(b) Un-grouped frequency distribution

aA

For data given by frequency distribution table, the median can be found directly from
itil

cumulative frequency distribution. From either side of the distribution table, the median
Mb

is the immediate value where cumulative frequency is at least 12 (N + 1), where N is an

odd number of data as outlined in equation (1.2.6). If N is an even number of data,

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 19

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

the median is the average value where cumulative frequency is at least 12 N and the next

.S
1
N + 1 as depicted ie equation (1.2.7).

aA
2

itil
Example 1.16. The table below shows the scores obtained when a die is thrown 63 times.

Mb
Find the median score of this experiment.

Score (x) 1 2 3 4 5 6

.S
aA
Frequency (f ) 12 10 11 13 8 9

itil
Mb
Solution: Since N = 63 then the position of the median is at 12 (N +1)th, which is computed
as 12 (63 + 1)th = 32th. Adding frequencies from the left we get 33 which is at least 32 and
the corresponding value is 3, and if we add frequencies from the right we get 41 which is

.S
aA
at least 32 and the corresponding value is also 3. Therefore, the median score is 3.

itil
Mb
Example 1.17. The frequency distribution table below shows the body masses in kilo-
grams of 150 freshers joined Arusha Technical College in the 2016/17 academic year. Use
the table to find the median mass of students.

.S
aA
Mass (Kg) 42.92 43.12 46.54 47.66 49.88 58.44

itil
Frequency (f ) 18 42 15 18 32 25
Mb
Solution: Since the number of students is N = 150 which is even, then the position of
A.S

the median is between the numbers where the cumulative frequency is at least 12 N and
a

1
N + 1 . The position of the first number is at 12 N = 75th which is 46.54 and the second
itil

2
number is at 12 N + 1 = 76th, which is 47.66. By taking the cumulative frequency from
Mb

either side of the table, the position of the median is between 46.54 and 47.66. Therefore,
.S

median = 12 (46.54 + 47.66) = 12 (94.20) = 47.10.

aA
itil

(c) Grouped frequency distribution

Mb

The reasonable estimate or derivation of the median formula is by Linear Interpolation.

Let us start with an example of a random variable x with frequency f in the table below.
.S
aA

x 1 10 11 20 21 30 31 40 41 50 51 60
itil
Mb

f 3 5 7 6 5 5

There are N = 31 observations so we want to estimate the size of the 12 (N + 1) = 16th. It

.S

lies in the 4th class. Since we have 15 observations in the first 3 classes, the median is the
aA

4th value in the

itil
Mb

Example 1.18. Gains in mass of Lion cabs for a certain period in a Zoological park were
recorded as follows:
.S
aA

Mass (Kg) 5 9 10 14 15 19 20 24 24 29 30 34
itil

Frequency 2 29 37 16 14 2
Mb

Determine the median class and calculate the median weight of cabs. Give your answer to
2 decimal places.
.S
aA
itil

Solution: The total number of observations is N = 100, this is an even number. The
Mb

cumulative frequency of at least 12 N = 50 coincides in one class from both sides which is

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 20

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

15 19. This is the median class. The median class is the class which contain the median,

.S
where we have the following information:

aA
X
fb = 2 + 29 = 31, sum of frequency of classes below the median class

itil
Mb
fm = 37, frequency of the median class
L = 14.5, the lower class boundary of the median class

.S
c = 5, class interval or class size of the median class

aA
itil
Now, we use the formula to obtain the✓medianPas below;

Mb
1 ◆
N fb
Median = L + 2
c
fm
✓ ◆

.S
aA
50 31
= 14.5 + 5

itil
37
✓ ◆

Mb
29
= 14.5 + 5
37

.S
= 14.5 + 2.5̇6̇7̇

aA
= 17.0675̇6̇7̇

itil
) Median = 17.07 kg correct to 2 decimal places.
Mb
Example 1.19. From the data in the table below, find the median.
A.S

Class
a

0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60
itil

Frequency 6 8 14 16 4 2
Mb

Solution: The median class is 20 30 and 12 N = 12 50 = 25, so we obtain the following

.S

information
X
aA

fb = 8 + 6 = 14, sum of frequency of classes below the median class

itil
Mb

fm = 14, frequency of the median class

L = 20, the lower class boundary of the median class
c = 10, class interval or class size of the median class
.S
aA
itil

Now, we use the formula to obtain the

✓ 1medianP as ◆below;
Mb

N f b
Median = L + 2 c
fm
✓ ◆
.S

25 14
aA

= 20 + 5
itil

14
✓ ◆
Mb

11
= 20 + 10
14
.S

= 20 + 7.857142857
aA

= 27.857142857
itil

) Median = 27.8571 kg correct to 4 decimal places.

Mb

Example 1.20. In one of a popular motel, 68 home appliances are installed. The con-
sumption of electricity of these appliances per week are given in the table below:
.S
aA
itil
Mb

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 21

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

Consumption (kWh) Number of Appliances

.S
40 80 4

aA
80 120 f1

itil
120 140 13

Mb
140 160 20
180 220 14

.S
220 240 f2

aA
240 260 4

itil
Mb
If the median consumption of electricity is 152 kWh per week, determine the number of
missing home appliances f1 and f2 .

.S
aA
Solution: Since the given number of home appliances is 68, then

itil
4 + f1 + 13 + 20 + 14 + f2 + 4 = 68

Mb
f1 + f2 + 55 = 68
f1 + f2 = 13.

.S
The class intervals are not uniform, but the median formula remain unaltered and the

aA
class interval of the median class is taken. We have the median which is 152, so it lies

itil
in the class 140 160, which
P is the median class. From the median class we obtain L =
1
140, fm = 20, 2 N = 34,
✓1 P ◆ Mb
fb = f1 + 17 and c = 20. So, from the median formula which is
N fb
Median = L + 2 c, then
A.S

fm
✓ ◆
a
itil

34 (f1 + 17)
152 = 140 + 20
Mb

20
152 = 140 + 140 + 34 17 f1
.S

152 = 157 f1
aA

f1 = 5, but
itil
Mb

f1 + f2 = 13 ) 5 + f2 = 13
) f1 = 5 and f2 = 8.
.S
aA

Exercise 1.2.2 (Answers on page 23.)

itil
Mb

1. Find the median of each of the following given the distributions:

(a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 20, 30, 30.

.S

(b) 10, 15, 30, 8, 12, 20, 52.

aA
itil

(c) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 20, 30, 30.

Mb

2. The table below shows the number of children in 35 families.

.S

Number of children 0 1 2 3 4 5
aA

Frequency 3 5 12 9 4 2
itil
Mb

Find the median number of children per family.

3. Find the median of the given frequency distribution of a variable x with frequency f below.
.S
aA
itil

x 10 12 15 18 24 28 32
Mb

f 4 7 2 14 9 6 12

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 22

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

4. The masses measured to the nearest kg of 49 boys are noted and recorded in the distribu-

.S
tion table below.

aA
itil
Mass in kg 60 64 65 69 70 74 75 79 80 84 85 89

Mb
Frequency 2 6 12 14 10 5

.S
Determine the median class and hence find the median of the data.

aA
itil
5. The data in the table below is the distribution of weight in gm of certain living species.

Mb
Weight interval in gm Frequency
0.1 0.9 2

.S
aA
1.1 1.9 5

itil
2.1 2.9 7

Mb
3.1 3.9 2
4.1 4.9 3
5.1 5.9 1

.S
aA
itil
Calculate the median weight of the species.

6. A herd of 100 buffalos in Serengeti National Park has an average weight as shown in the Mb
frequency distribution table below:
a A.S

Weight (Kg) Number of buffallos

itil
Mb

0 100 2
100 200 5
200 300 n1
.S

300 400 12
aA

400 500 17
itil
Mb

500 600 20
600 700 n2
700 800 9
.S
aA

800 900 7
itil

900 1000 4
Mb

Determine the number of missing buffalos n1 and n2 if the median is 525 kg.
.S

7. The table below gives age in days for a certain baby care class, find the median of the age
aA

of children in the class.

itil
Mb

Length (cm) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 and over

Frequency 29 24 30 20 25 17 11
.S
aA

Answers to Exercise 1.2.2 (On page 22.)

itil
Mb

6. 9; 15

7. 142
.S
aA
itil
Mb

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 23

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

1.2.3 Mode

.S
Mode is the number which appear may times than other numbers, or simply we say is the

aA
number with highest frequency.

itil
Mb
Definition 1.9. Mode of a set of data is the value which occurs most often.

.S
If the data have the same frequency, such set of data has no mode, and if there are more than

aA
one number with the same highest frequency list them all as modes of the data set.

itil
Mb
(a) Raw data
For raw data, the mode is obtained by observation, but we advice to re-arrange numbers

.S
in order of magnitude to simplify the process of identifying a mode.

aA
itil
Example 1.21. Find the mode of this data; 1, 5, 2, 0, 4, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3

Mb
Solution: Put the numbers in order so it is easier to spot similar numbers; 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2,
2, 3, 4, 5. The mode is 2 because the number 2 appears four times.

.S
aA
Example 1.22. Find the mode of this data 2, 5, 3, 4, 0, 1, 6

itil
Mb
Solution: Putting the numbers in order of magnitude as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, so it is easier
to spot similar numbers. There is no mode because there is no number that appears more
A.S

than other numbers, all numbers have the same frequency.

a
itil

Example 1.23. Find the mode of the data; 3, 4, 1, 2, 6, 5, 2, 3

Mb

Solution: If numbers are arranged in ascending order, they become 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6.

.S

The mode is 2 and 3 because the number 2 and 3 appear twice, which is more than any
aA

other number. Data with two modes is known as bimodal.

itil
Mb

(b) Un-grouped frequency distribution

For data with frequencies, we pick the one with highest frequency, and that is our mode.
.S

Example 1.24. The table below shows the marks obtained by a group of players in a game.
aA

Find the mode of the marks.

itil
Mb

Marks 0 1 2 3
Frequency 11 10 19 10
.S
aA

Solution: The number with highest frequency is 2, it appeared 19 times, therefore the
itil

mode is 2.
Mb

(c) Grouped frequency distribution

If the data are groped in classes, the class with highest frequency is called the modal
.S
aA

class. The estimate of the mode is obtained within the modal class and not otherwise. For
itil

grouped data, the mode is estimated from; calculation (formula), histogram and from the
Mb

cumulative curve. Suppose we have a modal class with class interval size c and lower class
boundary L, the mode is estimated by formula as
✓ ◆
.S

d1
Mode = L + (1.2.8)
aA

c.
d1 + d2
itil

where d1 and d2 are the excess frequency of the modal class frequency, fm to the next
Mb

lower, f1 and the next higher, f2 frequencies respectively as shown below.

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 24

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

.S
aA
itil
Mb
.S
aA
itil
Mb
.S
aA
We can eliminate d1 and d2 and re-write the mode formula given by (1.2.8) in terms of

itil
f1 , f2 and fm as follow: ✓ ◆

Mb
d1
Mode = L + c
d1 + d2
✓ ◆

.S
fm f1

aA
=L+ c
fm f1 + fm f2

itil
✓ ◆
fm f1
Mb
=L+ c.
2fm f1 f2
Therefore, the other form of the mode formula is given below,
⇣ ⌘
A.S

Mode = L + 2fm f1 f2 c.
fm f1
(1.2.9)
a
itil

Sometimes, f1 is known as the frequency preceding the modal class and f2 is the frequency
Mb

succeeding the modal class.

Example 1.25. From the data in the table below, find the estimated mode of the data by
.S

giving your answer correct to 3 decimal places.

aA
itil
Mb

Classes 0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60
Frequencies 6 8 14 16 4 2
.S
aA

Solution: The modal class is the class with highest frequency of fm = 16, which is 30 40,
itil

and the lower class boundary is L = 30 for continuous data. Thus d1 = 16 14 = 2,

Mb

d2 = 16 4 = 12 and the class size c = 10,✓So, ◆

d1
Mode = L + ⇥c
d1 + d2
.S

✓ ◆
aA

2
= 30 + ⇥ 10
itil

2 + 12
Mb

20
= 30 + ⇥ 10
14
.S

= 31.428571429
aA

) Mode = 31.429 to 3 decimal places.

itil
Mb

Example 1.26. Use the formula in equation (1.2.9) on page 25 to compute the mode from
the data in the table below. Give your estimate to 4 decimal places.
.S
aA
itil
Mb

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 25

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

Class Frequency

.S
1 10 4

aA
11 20 12

itil
21 30 24

Mb
31 40 36
41 50 20

.S
51 60 16

aA
61 70 8

itil
71 80 5

Mb
Solution: The modal class is 31 40 where L = 30.5, fm = 36, f1 = 24, f2 = 20, and

.S
c = 10. Thus, we find mode from ✓ ◆

aA
fm f1
Mode = L + c

itil
2fm f1 f2

Mb
✓ ◆
36 24
= 30.5 + ⇥ 10
2 ⇥ 36 24 20

.S
12

aA
= 30.5 + ⇥ 10
28

itil
= 34.7857 to 4 decimal places.
Mb
Example 1.27. The mode of the marks of 60 students in Math test in the table below is
32. Find the values of missing frequencies denoted by x and y.
A.S
a
itil

Marks 1 10 11 20 21 30 31 40 41 50 51 60
Mb

Frequency 13 x 15 18 y 5

Solution: Since the number of students is 60, then

.S
aA

13 + x + 15 + 18 + y + 6 = 60
itil

x + y + 51 = 60
Mb

x + y = 9.
We are given that mode is 32, so it lies in the class 31 40, which is the modal class.
.S

From the modal class we obtain L = 30.5, fm = 18, f1 = 15, f2 = y and c = 10. So
aA

d1 = fm f1 = 3 and d2 = fm f2 = 18 ✓y, the mode ◆ formula is

itil

d1
Mb

Mode = L + c
d1 + d2
✓ ◆
3
.S

32 = 30.5 + 10
aA

3 + 18 y
✓ ◆
itil

3
32 = 30.5 + 10
Mb

21 y
1.5y = 1.5 ) y = 1, but
.S

x+y =9)x+1=9
aA

) x = 8 and y = 1.
itil
Mb

The mode also can be estimated from the histogram, the histogram is the one of elemen-
tary tool to derive the formula for the estimated mode, M , of grouped data. Consider
Figure 1.2.1 which shows three rectangles of a histogram, where d1 = fm f1 is the excess
.S
aA

frequency of the modal class frequency, fm to the next lower frequency f1 and d2 = fm f2
itil

is the excess frequency of the modal class frequency, fm to the next higher frequency f2 .
Mb

By assuming that class intervals have equal size we define the mode M as abscissa of the
point of intersection P of constructed lines AC and BD.

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 26

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

.S
aA
itil
Mb
.S
aA
itil
Mb
.S
aA
Figure 1.2.1

itil
Mb
Let L and U be lower and upper class boundaries of a modal class respectively, and since
4P AB ⇠ P CD we have
EP PF M L U M

.S
= ) = .

aA
AB CD d1 d2

itil
Simplifying the above equation we obtain

Mb
d2 (M L) = d1 (U M )
(d1 + d2 )M = d1 U + d2 L
A.S

d1 U + d2 L
M= but U = L + c
a

d1 + d2
itil

d1 (L + c) + d2 L
Mb

=
d1 + d2
(d1 + d2 )L + d1 c
=
.S

d + d2
aA

✓1 ◆
d1
itil

)M =L+ c.
Mb

d1 + d2
Estimation of the mode from cumulative frequency curve. The cumulative frequency curve is
greatest at the point corresponding to the mode. Therefore, at the point of inflexion of the
.S
aA

cumulative frequency curve it is where the mode is. To estimate the mode, use a ruler to
itil

estimate the point where the curve has maximum gradient as shown in Figure 1.2.2 below.
Mb
.S
aA
itil
Mb
.S
aA
itil
Mb
.S

Figure 1.2.2
aA
itil

Example 1.28. Use histogram to estimated the mode of the data given in the table below:
Mb

Classes 3 7 8 12 13 17 18 22 23 27 28 32
Frequency 4 10 14 8 4 10

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 27

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

Solution: With suitable scale, draw the histogram as shown in Figure 1.2.3, construct dotted

.S
lines AC and BD to join the corners A, B, C and D of which they intersect at point P . Draw a

aA
vertical line from point P down to the horizontal line as shown by red dotted arrow, and read

itil
the mode from the line of class mark where the arrow hits. From Figure 1.2.3, the mode is

Mb
approximated to 14.5.

.S
aA
itil
Mb
.S
aA
itil
Mb
.S
aA
itil
Mb
A.S
a
itil
Mb
.S
aA
itil
Mb

Figure 1.2.3

Exercise 1.2.3 (Answers on page 29.)

.S
aA
itil

1. Find the mode of each of the following data:

Mb

(a) 4, 3, 3, 7, 2, 8, 3, 5, 6, 3, 4, 3, 3, 5, 2, 3
.S

2. In an experiment, a die was tossed 50 times and the numbers occurred in each event was
aA

recorded as shown in the table below.

itil
Mb

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 7 4 9 12 10 8
.S
aA

3. Estimate the mode of the following distribution which shows the scores of 60 students in
itil

an ambiguous chemistry examination.

Mb

Score 1 10 11 20 21 30 31 40 41 50 51 60
Frequency 18
.S

13 8 15 1 5
aA
itil

4. The mode of a test in Engineering drawing for 68 students is 61.5, the distribution of marks
Mb

in classes (x) and number of students (f ) are shown in a table below:

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 28

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

x 30 39 40 49 50 59 60 69 70 79 80 89 90 99

.S
f m 12 14 16 n 6 6

aA
itil
Find the missing number of students m and n.

Mb
5. The age of students in Leather Products Technology NTA 5 in a certain institute are shown
in a table below:

.S
aA
itil
Age 18 26 26 34 34 42 42 50 50 58

Mb
F requency 8 12 30 25 7

Find the mode of age in years of NTA 5 students.

.S
aA
6. Find the mode of the following data in a table below:

itil
Mb
Length (cm) 0 5 10 15 20 and over
Frequency 8 12 6 3 1

.S
aA
Answers to Exercise 1.2.3 (On page 28.)

itil
2. 4 3. 32 4. 6; 8 6. 7 Mb
A.S

1.3 Measures of Position

a
itil

In this section, we will learn how to use fractiles to specify the position of a data entry within
Mb

a data set. Fractiles are numbers that partition, or divide, an ordered data set into equal parts.
For instance, the median is a fractile because it divides an ordered data set into two equal parts.
Percentiles are position measures used in educational and health-related fields to indicate the
.S
aA

position of an individual in a group. The quartile, percentile and decile are the measures of
itil

position as discussed below.

Mb

1.3.1 Quartile
The word quartile originates from the word quarter, so if you have an amount, divide by four to
.S
aA

obtain the quarter of it.

itil
Mb

Definition 1.10. Quartile is the number which divides data distributions into four equal
groups, the quartiles are denoted by Q1 , Q2 or Q3 .
.S
aA

Note that Q1 is the lower quartile range and is the same as the 25th percentile; Q2 is the same
itil

as the 50th percentile, or the median; Q3 is the upper quartile range and it corresponds to the
Mb

75th percentile as shown in the diagram below.

.S
aA
itil
Mb

(a) Quartile for Raw Data

Since the quartiles divide the data set into four equal groups when they are in numerical
.S
aA

order, it is possible to find the quartiles. However, there are different methods for finding
itil

the quartiles, which give different results or sometimes the same result. The methods
Mb

are the Moore and McCabe, Tukey and Mendenhall and Sincich methods. Within each
method, the method is slightly different, it depends on whether there are an odd or even

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 29

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

number of numbers in data set. The Moore and McCabe (M & M) method is our choice

.S
under this particular case, because it is in conformity with the definition of quartile.

aA
If N is a number of data set, whatever even or odd, take the median as a reference point

itil
Mb
which divides data set into two equal parts (excluding the median), lower half and upper
half when arranged in ascending order. If the lower and upper halves will have an odd
number of data set then, the lower quartile Q1 is within the lower half and it is given by,

.S
Q1 = 14 (N + 1) th numbers. (1.3.1)

aA
itil
Similarly for upper quartile Q3 is within the upper half of the data set, and it is given by

Mb
Q3 = 34 (N + 1) th numbers. (1.3.2)
The second or middle quartile Q2 is the median of the data set, thus is obtained by using
formula in equation (1.2.6) on page 19. If the lower and upper halves will have an even

.S
aA
number of data set then the lower quartile Q1 is the average of two middle numbers. The

itil
numbers are at 14 N th and 14 N + 1 th of the first lower half of data set, therefore,

Mb
Q1 = average of 14 N th and 1
4
N + 1 th numbers. (1.3.3)
Similarly for upper quartile Q3 , there are two middle numbers, at and + 1 th 3
N th 3
N

.S
4 4
of the second upper half of data set, therefore,

aA
Q3 = average of 34 N th and 34 N + 1 th numbers. (1.3.4)

itil
Mb
The second or middle quartile Q2 is the median of the data set, thus, it is obtained by
using the formula in equation (1.2.7) on page 19. Note that, if the position of a quartile
is not an integer, it is approximated to the nearest integer, for example; for N = 7, the
A.S

1
N th ⇡ 2th and the 34 N th ⇡ 5th.
a

4
itil

The Interquartile Range (IQR) is defined as the difference between Q1 and Q3 as given by
Mb

the formula
IQR = Q3 Q1 . (1.3.5)
The interquartile range is also known as the range of the middle 50% of the data.
.S
aA

The Semi-Interquartile Range (SIQR) is given by the formula

itil

SIQR = Q3 2 Q1 . (1.3.6)
Mb

Example 1.29. Find the lower and upper quartiles of the following data
18, 16, 13, 14, 12, 10, 11, 15, 17, 19
.S
aA

.
itil

Solution: The numbers in ascending order are

Mb

10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19

| {z } | {z }
Lower half Upper half
.S

Since N = 10, it is an even number, but the lower and upper halves contain odd number
aA

of data set, therefore, the lower quartile is given by

itil

Q1 = 14 (N + 1)th number
Mb

= 14 (10 + 1)th number

= 14 (11)th number
.S
aA

⇡ 3rd number
itil

) Q1 = 12.
Mb

The upper quartile is given by

Q3 = 34 (N + 1)th number
.S

= 34 (10 + 1)th number

aA

= 34 (11)th number
itil
Mb

⇡ 8th number
) Q3 = 17.

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 30

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

Example 1.30. Find the lower quartile, upper quartile and the semi-interquartile range of

.S
the data set below

aA
10, 15, 20, 4, 16, 17, 6, 18, 20, 14, 17.

itil
Mb
Solution: The numbers in ascending order are
4, 6, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 17, 18, 20, 20.
| {z } | {z }

.S
Lower half Upper half

aA
Since N = 11, it is an odd number, the lower and upper halves also contain an odd number

itil
of data set, so lower quartile range is

Mb
Q1 = 14 (N + 1)th number
= 14 (11 + 1)th number

.S
= 14 (12)th number

aA
itil
= 3rd number

Mb
) Q1 = 10.
The upper quartile is given by
Q3 = 34 (N + 1)th number

.S
aA
= 34 (11 + 1)th number

itil
= 34 (12)th number
= 9th number Mb
) Q3 = 18.
A.S

The semi-interquartile range (SIQR) is given by

a
itil

Q3 Q1
SIQR =
Mb

2
18 10
=
2
.S

8
aA

=
2
itil

) SIQR = 4.
Mb

Example 1.31. Find the quartiles of the following data

.S

5, 6, 1, 4, 9, 19, 12, 3, 7, 17, 23, 5.

aA
itil

Solution: The numbers in ascending order are

Mb

1, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 17, 19, 23

| {z } | {z }
Lower half Upper half
Since N = 12 which is an even number, the lower and upper halves also contain even
.S
aA

number of data set, so the lower quartile range is

itil

Q1 = average of 14 N th and 14 N + 1 th numbers

Mb

⇥ ⇤
= 12 124
th number + 124
+ 1 th number
= 12 [3rd number + 4th number]
.S

= 12 (12 + 17)
aA
itil

) Q1 = 4.5.
Mb

The second quartile range is the median and it is given by

Q2 = average of 12 N th and 12 N + 1 th numbers
⇥ ⇤
.S

= 12 12 th number + 12 + 1 th number
aA

2 2
= 12 [6th number + 7th number]
itil
Mb

= 12 (6 + 7)
) Q2 = 6.5.

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 31

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

The upper quartile range is

.S
Q3 = average of 34 N th and 34 N + 1 th numbers

aA
⇥ ⇤
= 12 36 th number 36
th number

itil
4
+ 4
+ 1

Mb
= 12 [9th number + 10th number]
= 12 (12 + 17)
) Q3 = 14.5.

.S
aA
Deduction: From the examples above, we can simply say that, the lower quartile range is

itil
the median of the data in the lower half, and the upper quartile range is the median of the

Mb
data in the upper half.

(b) Quartile for Grouped Data

.S
aA
itil
Example 1.32. Given the following frequency distribution table.

Mb
Class Intervals 5 9 10 14 15 19 20 24 25 29 30 34

.S
Frequency 4 9 16 12 6 3

aA
itil
Calculate the lower and upper quartiles, find also the inter-quartile range.
Mb
Solution: From the table, N = 50, so the position of lower quartile is 14 N th = 12.5th,
A.S

which lie in the class 10 14 where L = 9.5 and fQP 1 = 9. Thus,

✓1 ◆
a

N f
itil

b
Q1 = L + 4 c
Mb

fQ1
✓ ◆
12.5 4
= 9.5 + 5
9
.S
aA

= 9.5 + 4.722
itil

) Q1 = 14.22.
Mb

The position of upper quartile is 34 N th = 37.5th, which lie in the class 20 24 where
L = 19.5 and fQ3 = 12. Thus, P ◆
✓3
.S

N fb
aA

4
Q3 = L + c
f Q3
itil

✓ ◆
Mb

37.5 29
= 19.5 + 5
12
= 19.5 + 3.54
.S
aA

) Q3 = 23.04.
itil

The inter-quartile range (IQR) is given by

Mb

IQR = Q3 Q1
= 23.04 14.22
.S

) IQR = 8.82.
aA
itil

Example 1.33. The masses of 45 apples measured to the nearest gram were noted and
Mb

shown in a table as below;

86 101 114 118 87 92 93 116 105

.S
aA

102 97 93 101 111 96 117 100 106

itil

118 101 107 96 101 102 104 92 99

Mb

107 98 105 113 100 103 108 92 109

95 100 103 110 113 99 106 116 101

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 32

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

(a) Construct a frequency distribution with class size of 5, taking the lower limit as 84 for

.S
the first class interval.

aA
(b) Calculate;

itil
Mb
(i) Median
(ii) Upper and lower quartiles
(iii) Semi-Interquartile Range

.S
aA
Solution:

itil
Mb
(a) The frequency distribution table is given below
Class Interval Tallies Frequency

.S
84 88 // 2

aA
89 93 //// 5

itil
//// 5

Mb
94 98
99 103 //// //////// 14
104 108 /////// 8

.S
109 113 //// 5

aA
114 118 ///// 6

itil
P
Mb
(b) (i) The median class is 99 103, where L = 98.5, fm = 14, i = 5 and fb = 12.
Also 2 = 2 = 22.5. Thus,
N 45

N
P !
fb
A.S

Median = L + 2 i
fm
a
itil

✓ ◆
Mb

22.5 12
= 98.5 + ⇥5
14
= 98.5 + 3.75
.S
aA

= 102.25
itil

) Median = 102.25.
Mb

P
(ii) The class containing upper quartile is 104 108, from which we get L = 103.5, fb =
26, fQ3 = 8 and i = 5. Also 4 N = 4 ⇥ 45 = 33.75, thus the upper quartile (Q3 ) is
3 3
.S

given by P ◆
aA

✓3
N fb
itil

4
Q3 = L + i
fQ3
Mb

✓ ◆
33.75 26
= 103.5 + ⇥5
8
.S
aA

= 103.5 + 4.843
itil

= 108.34
Mb

) Q3 = 108.34. P
The class containing lower quartile is 94 98, from which we get L = 93.5, fb =
7, fQ1 = 5 and i = 5. Also 4 N = 4 ⇥ 45 = 11.25, thus the lower quartile (Q1 ) is
.S

1 1
aA

given by ✓1 P ◆
itil

N fb
Mb

4
Q1 = L + i
fQ1
✓ ◆
11.25 7
= 93.5 + ⇥5
.S

5
aA
itil

= 93.5 + 4.25
Mb

= 97.75
) Q1 = 97.75.

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 33

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

(iii) Semi-Interquartile Range (S.I.R) is given by

.S
Q3 Q1
S.I.R =

aA
2

itil
108.34 97.75

Mb
=
2
= 5.295

.S
) S.I.R = 5.295.

aA
itil
Exercise 1.3.1 (Answers on page 35.)

Mb
1. Find the three quartiles of each of the following data sets:

.S
(a) 11, 45, 47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 59, 60, 94, 117

aA
itil
(b) 78, 79, 89, 79, 86, 79, 80, 82, 82, 85, 88, 92, 97

Mb
(c) 50, 52, 64, 52, 75, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 61, 65, 69, 77
(d) 5, 10, 11, 11, 14, 17, 19, 24, 30, 36, 40, 45

.S
aA
2. Find the lower, upper and inter-quartile ranges of each of the following information:

itil
Mb
(a) 9, 12, 14, 3, 5, 24, 6, 3, 20, 8, 19
(b) 5, 10, 12, 2, 3, 6, 11, 13
A.S

(c) 13, 16, 18, 14, 12, 10, 11, 15, 19, 17.
a
itil

(d) 3, 7, 6, 8, 4, 7, 3, 11, 12, 9, 2 4, 7.

Mb

3. The lower quartile of a data set is the 8th data value. How many data values are there in
the data set?
.S
aA

4. A sample of weights of 40 college students in kg yields the following sorted data below.
itil
Mb

18.2 46.5 48.7 52.6 54.2 54.6 54.7 54.9

55.1 55.8 57.4 58.1 58.4 58.7 58.9 60.8
.S

60.9 61.0 61.1 63.0 64.3 65.6 66.3 66.6

aA

67.2 67.5 70.1 70.3 72.1 72.4 72.7 73.8

itil

74.6 75.2 75.4 75.6 76.5 77.3 80.9 88.6

Mb

Find the inter-quartile range of the weights.

.S
aA

5. The data 18.2 is too small in such a way that it might be recorded wrongly in question
itil

5 above, if we delete this smallest observation, what is the inter-quartile range of the
Mb

remaining observations?

6. The information in the table below show distribution of final economics examination.
.S
aA

Marks No of students
itil

80 89 2
Mb

70 79 3
60 69 6
.S

50 59 4
aA

40 49 5
itil

30 39 8
Mb

Find the first, second and third quartile ranges

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 34

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

7. Given the information in the following frequency distribution table below.

.S
aA
Scores 40 48 50 58 60 68 70 78 80 88 90 98 100 108

itil
Frequency 6 4 5 5 4 3 1

Mb
Use the given information to find lower quartile, upper quartile and semi-inter quartile

.S
range.

aA
itil
8. Find the inter quartile range of the university students’age given in the table below.

Mb
Age (years) 15 20 20 25 25 30 30 35 35 40 40 45
Number of students 1 14 25 10 8 1

.S
aA
itil
9. The weights, x in kilogram (kg) of a random sample of female cows at a one of the market

Mb
is given in table below.

Weight (x) in kg Frequency

.S
aA
120  x < 140 6

itil
140  x < 150 16
Mb
150  x < 160 30
160  x < 170 36
170  x < 180
A.S

30
180  x < 200 0
a
itil

200  x < 220 1

Mb

Find the lower and upper quartiles of the weight of female cows, give your answer correct
to one decimal place.
.S
aA
itil

Answers to Exercise 1.3.1 (On page 34.)

Mb

1.
.S

1.3.2 Percentile
aA
itil
Mb

Definition 1.11. Percentile is the number that divides the data set into 100 equal groups.

Percentiles are symbolized by P1 , P2 , P3 , · · · , P99 .

.S
aA

(a) Percentile for Raw or Ungrouped Data

itil
Mb

The Mendenhall and Sincich method is commonly used to find the percentiles of un-
grouped data, it locates the percentiles which are part of the data set. If N is the total
number of data set, the percentile Pk is given by
.S
aA

k
Pk = (N + 1)th number, (1.3.7)
itil

100
Mb

where k = 1, 2, 3, · · · , 99. The position 100

k
(N + 1)th is rounded to the nearest integer, if it
falls halfway between two integers, and the resulting position locates the percentile. The
40th percentile or P40 means 40% of the data have values less than or equal to P40 .
.S
aA

(c) Percentile for Grouped Data

itil
Mb

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 35

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

1.3.3 Decile

.S
aA
Definition 1.12. Decile is the number that divides the data set into 10 equal parts.

itil
Mb
Symbolically deciles are represented by D1 , D2 , D3 , · · · , D9 . The D1 is known as lower decile of
decile one, D5 is the middle decile which is the same as median, and D9 is the upper decile.

.S
aA
(a) Decile for Raw Data

itil
Mb
Definition 1.13. Percentile is the number that divides the data set into 100 equal groups.

.S
aA
Percentiles are symbolized by P1 , P2 , P3 , · · · , P99 .

itil
Mb
(c) Decile for Grouped Data

.S
aA
Exercise 1.3 (Answers on page 36.)

itil
Mb
1. Given the data set 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20. Find P40 , P60 and P75

2. Given the data set 3, 4, 4, 6, 8, 10, 10, 12, 12, 12, 13, 15, 15, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 27. Find P10 ,
A.S

P38 and P60

a
itil

3. Find the 6th decile and the 30th percentile of the following data
Mb

3, 7, 6, 8, 4, 7, 3, 11, 12, 9, 24, 10.

4. Find the 25th percentile or P25 of the following test scores of a random sample of ten
.S

students:
aA

35, 42, 40, 28, 15, 23, 33, 20, 18 and 28. (04 Marks)
itil
Mb

5. Find the semi-decile range from the following distribution; 5, 10, 12, 2, 3, 6, 11, 13

6. Given the information in the following frequency distribution table below.

.S
aA
itil

Scores 21 30 31 40 41 50 51 60 61 70 71 80 81 90
Mb

Frequency 18 16 9 20 24 1 12

Use the given information to find D1 , D9 , P10 and P90 . Comment on the results obtained.
.S
aA

7. Kilimanjaro International Leather Industries Co.Ltd interviewed short courses graduates

itil
Mb

from DIT Mwanza campus and the scores were recorded as shown in the table below.

Scores 21 25 26 30 31 35 36 40 41 45 46 50
.S

No of graduates
aA

6 12 9 11 8 4
itil
Mb

Find the 7th decile of the scores. If the pass mark of the interview is above 40, how many
passed the interview?
.S

Answers to Exercise 1.3.3 (On page 36.)

aA
itil

5.
Mb

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 36

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

1.4 Measures of Dispersion

.S
Dispersion is a measure of the extent to which the individual item vary from a central value.

aA
Dispersion is used in two senses; difference between the extreme items of the series and average

itil
Mb
of deviation of items from the mean. Measures of dispersion or variation are range, mean
deviation, variance and standard deviation.

.S
(a) Range

aA
itil
Mb
Definition 1.14. The range of a set of numbers is the difference between the largest and
the smallest number in the set.

.S
aA
The definition above holds for raw or ungrouped data, such that if R is the range, L is the

itil
smallest number and H is the largest number, then

Mb
R = H L. (1.4.1)
For grouped data, L is the lower class boundary of the lowest class and H is the upper

.S
class boundary of the highest class.

aA
itil
Example 1.34. Find the range of data set 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70

Solution: The smallest number is L = 10 and the largest number is H = 70, thus the Mb
range is given by
A.S

R=H L
a
itil

= 70 10
Mb

) R = 60.

Example 1.35. Find the range of data set given in the frequency distribution table below
.S
aA
itil

Class 40 49 50 59 60 69 70 79 80 89
Mb

Frequency 18 16 12 10 15

Solution: The lowest class is 40 49 and its lower class boundary is L = 39.5. The highest
.S
aA

class is 80 89 and its upper class boundary is H = 89.5, thus the range is given by
itil

R=H L
Mb

= 89.5 39.5
) R = 50.
.S
aA

(b) Mean deviation (M.D)

itil

Mean deviation is the mean of the absolute deviations of a set of observations, taken from
Mb

a mean. Mean deviation, M.D, from the mean, x, for raw data x1 , x2 , x3 , · · · , xn is given by
n
1 X
M.D = |xi x|. (1.4.2)
.S

N i=1
aA

If the data x1 , x2 , x3 , · · · , xn have their respective frequencies f1 , f2 , f3 , · · · , fn , then mean

itil
Mb

deviation is given by
n
1 X
M.D = fi |xi x|, (1.4.3)
N i=1
.S
aA
itil

n
X
where N = fi . This formula also applies for grouped data distributions where xi is
Mb

i=1
represented by class mark or mid point.

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 37

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

Example 1.36. The following data are the marks of 10 students in mathematics examina-

.S
tion; 38, 40, 70, 48, 44, 46, 55, 54, 42, 63. Find the mean deviation.

aA
itil
Solution: We tabulate the data as below in order to find the mean deviation

Mb
x x x |x x| |x x|2
38 -12 12 144

.S
aA
40 -10 10 100

itil
70 20 20 400

Mb
48 -2 2 4
44 -6 6 36
46 -4 4 16

.S
55 5 5 25

aA
54 4 4 16

itil
Mb
42 -8 8 64
63 13 13 169
P P

.S
From the table above, we have |x x| = 84, and |x x|2 = 974, so the mean deviation

aA
(M.D) is

itil
P
|x x|
Mb
M.D =
N
84
=
A.S

10
) M.D = 8.4.
a
itil
Mb

Example 1.37. The following table shows the weight in kilogram distribution of College
students.
.S

Weight in kg 55 65 75 85 95
aA

Number of students 8 6 12 11 13
itil
Mb

Find the mean deviation of the weight.

Solution: Let x be the weights in kg and frequency,f represent the number of students.
.S
aA

We need the mean first, so that we can find the mean deviation, let us tabulate the data as
itil

below.
Mb

x f fx x x |x x| f |x x|
55 8 440 23 23 184
.S
aA

65 6 390 13 13 78
itil

75 12 900 3 3 36
Mb

85 11 935 7 7 77
95 13 1235 17 17 221
P P P
.S

From the table above, N = f = 50, f x = 3900 and f |x x| = 596. The mean
aA

weight is given by
itil

n
1 X
Mb

x= fi xi or in simple form
N i=1
P
.S

fx
aA

=
N
itil

3900
Mb

=
50
= 78.

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 38

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

The mean deviation for un-grouped frequency distribution is given by

.S
n
1 X

aA
M.D = fi |xi x| or in simple form
N i=1

itil
P

Mb
f |x x|
=
N
596

.S
=

aA
50

itil
) M.D = 11.92.

Mb
(c) Variance ( 2 )
The variance of a set of observation x1 , x2 , x3 , · · · , xN is the mean of the squares of devi-

.S
ations from mean x of the observations. The variance is usually denoted by Var(X) or

aA
2
. There are about three things to note from the definition of variance; deviations from

itil
mean of the observations (xi x), squares of deviations from mean (xi x)2 and mean of

Mb
the squares of deviations from mean, which is a variance, and for the case of raw data it
is given by

.S
!2

aA
N N N
1 X 1 X 1 X
Var(X) = (xi x)2 = x2 xi . (1.4.4)

itil
N i=1 N i=1 i N i=1
Mb
If di = xi A are deviations of xi from some arbitrary constants A, then the variance by
deviation approach which is known to be short method is given by
A.S

N N N
!2
1 X X X
a

1 1
itil

Var(X) = (di x)2 = d2 di . (1.4.5)

N i=1 i
Mb

N i=1 N i=1
For data with frequency distributions, where data xi = x1 , x2 , x3 , · · · , xn have frequencies
fi = f1 , f2 , f3 , · · · , fn , the variance by direct method is given by
.S

!2
aA

n n n
1 X 1 X 1 X
itil

Var(X) = fi (xi x)2 = fi x2i f i xi , (1.4.6)

N i=1 N i=1 N i=1
Mb

and by short or deviation method is given by

n n n
!2
1 X 1 X 2 1 X
.S

(1.4.7)
aA

Var(X) = fi (di x)2 = fi di fi di .

N i=1 N i=1 N i=1
itil
Mb

The most short method is the coding method, for computing the variance of grouped data,
it reduces biomechanics calculations. When data are grouped into a frequency distribution
whose class interval have equal size c, we have di = cui , where xi = A + cui , the variance
.S

by coding method is given by

aA

2 !2 3
itil

Xn X n
1 1
Mb

Var(X) = c2 4 fi u2i f i ui 5 . (1.4.8)

N i=1 N i=1
NOTE: The coding method should always be used for grouped data when class interval
.S
aA

size are equal.

itil

Example 1.38. Find the variance of the data; 28.5, 73.6, 47.2, 31.5 and 64.8
Mb
.S
aA
itil
Mb

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 39

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

Solution: The mean (x) of the data

P is given by

.S
x

aA
x=
N

itil
28.5 + 73.6 + 47.2 + 31.5 + 64.8

Mb
=
5
245.6
=

.S
5

aA
= 49.12

itil
X
x2 = 28.52 + 73.62 + 47.22 + 31.52 + 64.82

Mb
= 13648.34.
So, the variance, Var(X) is given by

.S
aA
N
1 X
(xi x)2 , or in simple form

itil
Var(X) =
N i=1

Mb
P 2
x
= (x)2
N

.S
13648.34

aA
= (49.12)2

itil
5

Mb
= 316.89
) Var(X) = 316.89.
A.S

Example 1.39. The mean and variance of 7 observations are 8 and 16 respectively. If five
of the observations are 2, 4, 10, 12, and 14. Find the remaining two observations.
a
itil
Mb

Solution: Let x and y be the otherPtwo observations, so the mean (x) of 7 observations is
x
x=
.S

N
aA

2 + 4 + 10 + 12 + 14 + x + y
8=
itil

7
Mb

56 = 42 + x + y
Simplifying the above we get the equation
x + y = 14 (1.4.9)
.S
aA

Again, the variance, Var(X) is given by P 2

itil

2 x
Var(X) = = (x)2
Mb

P 2 N
x
16 = (8)2
.S

7
P 2
aA

x
16 + 64 =
itil

X 7
Mb

2
x = 7 ⇥ 80
X
x2 = 560
.S

X
aA

x2 = (2)2 + (4)2 + (10)2 + (12)2 + (14)2 + (x)2 + (y)2

itil

560 = x2 + y 2 + 460.
Mb

Simplifying the above, we get the equation below

x2 + y 2 = 100 (1.4.10)
.S
aA

Solving simultaneously equations (1.4.9) and (1.4.10), we get x = 6 and y = 8. Therefore,

itil

the remaining two observations are 6 and 8.

Mb

Example 1.40. Use coding method to find the variance of the grouped data in the table
below.

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 40

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

Group 0 9 10 19 20 29 30 39 40 49 50 59 60 69

.S
Frequency 1 5 12 22 17 9 4

aA
itil
Solution: By taking the assumed mean from a group 30 39 which is A = 34.5, we tabulate

Mb
the information as below
Group Class mark(x) Frequency(f )
d = x A u = dc f u u2 f u2

.S
0 9 4.5 30 1 3 3 9 9

aA
10 19 14.5 20 5 2 10 4 20

itil
20 29 24.5 10 12 1 12 1 12

Mb
30 39 34.5 0 22 0 0 0 0
40 49 44.5 10 17 1 17 1 17

.S
50 59 54.5 20 9 2 18 4 36

aA
60 69 64.5 30 4 3 12 9 36

itil
P P 2

Mb
From the table above, we obtain c = 10, N = 70, f u = 22 and f u = 130. by using
coding method given in equation
2 (1.4.8), the variance is given by
n n
!2 3
1 X 2 1 X

.S
Var(X) = c2 4 fi ui 5 or in simplified form

aA
f i ui
N i=1 N i=1

itil
"P ✓ P ◆2 #
Mb
2
f u fu
= c2
N N
" ✓ ◆2 #
A.S

130 22
a

= 100
itil

70 70
Mb

= 175.8
) Var(X) = 175.8.
.S

P
aA

1 X
2
(x A)
Example 1.41. Prove that the variance, Var(X) = (x A) 2
where
itil

N N
Mb

A is an assumed mean.
Solution: The variance, Var(X) of un-grouped data is given by
.S

1 X
aA

Var(X) = (x x)2
N
itil

1 X
Mb

= (x A + A x)2 * x A = d and x A = d
N
1 X
= (d d)2
.S

N
aA

1 X 2 2
itil

= (d 2d.d + d )
N
Mb

1 X 2 1 X 1 X 2
= d 2d.d + d
N N N
1 X 2 X d
.S

2 2
= d 2d +d * d is a constant number
aA

N N P
itil

1 X 2 2 d
*
Mb

= d 2d.d + d =d
N N
1 X 2 2
= d 2d + d2
.S

N
aA

1 X 2 2 X d Xx A
= d d but d = x A, d = =
itil

N N N
P
Mb

1 X
2
(x A)
) Var(X) = (x A)2 , hence proved.
N N

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 41

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

(d) Standard deviation ( )

.S
Standard Deviation was introduced by Karl Pearson in 1823. It is the most important and

aA
widely used measure of studying dispersion, because algebraic signs are not ignored and

itil
it is algebraically correct. It also satisfies most of the properties of a good measure of

Mb
dispersion. The standard deviation is the measure of concentration of the data about their
mean. The smaller the standard deviation, the closer the data lie to the mean. Standard

.S
deviation ( ) is the positive square root of the variance given by

aA
p p
= Variance = Var(X) . (1.4.11)

itil
Mb
Hence the standard deviation is the square root of any of the equations (1.4.4), (1.4.5),
(1.4.6), (1.4.7) or (1.4.8) depending on the nature of data we have.

.S
Example 1.42. Find the variance and the standard deviation of the numbers 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 20.

aA
itil
Solution: We have the numbers 4,P 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 20, the mean is given by

Mb
x
x=
N

.S
4 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 14 + 20

aA
=
7

itil
70
Mb
=
7
) x = 10
In order to find the variance, we construct the following frequency distribution table.
a A.S
itil

x x x (x x)2
Mb

4 6 36
5 5 25
.S

7 3 9
aA

9 1 1
itil

11 1 1
Mb

14 4 16
20 10 100
.S
aA

The variance is obtained from, P

itil

(x x)2
Var(X) =
Mb

N
36 + 25 + 9 + 1 + 1 + 16 + 100
=
7
.S
aA

188
=
itil

7
Mb

= 26.86
) Variance = 26.86.
From the relationship between variance and standard
p deviation ( ), which is
.S
aA

Standard deviation = Variance

p
itil

= Var(X)
Mb

p
= 26.86
= 5.18
.S
aA

) = 5.18.
itil

P P
Mb

Example 1.43. Given that N = 10 x = 60 and x2 = 1000. use the given information
to find the standard deviation

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 42

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

Solution: The standard deviation ( ) s

is obtained from
P 2 ✓ P ◆2

.S
aA
x x
=

itil
N N
s✓

Mb
◆ ✓ ◆2
1000 60
=
10 10

.S
p

aA
= (100 36)
p

itil
= 64

Mb
) = 8.

Example 1.44. In an agricultural experiment, seeds were planted in rows and the number

.S
aA
of seeds that germinated in each row were tallied and data summarised in a table below:

itil
Mb
Number of seeds germinated Frequency
0 4 20

.S
4 8 45

aA
8 12 30

itil
12 16 5
Mb
Use direct, deviation and coding methods to find the standard deviation of the seeds ger-
minated per row and give your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
A.S
a
itil

Solution: The direct method is used by constructing the table of class mark (x), f x and
Mb

f x2 .

Class interval x f fx f x2
.S
aA

0 4 2 20 40 80
itil

4 8 6 45 270 1620
Mb

8 12 10 30 300 3000
12 16 14 5 70 980
.S

P P 2
aA

From the table above, we have N = 100 f x = 680 and f x = 5680. The standard
itil

deviation, by direct method is s

given by
Mb

P 2 ✓ P ◆2
fx fx
=
N N
.S

s ✓ ◆2
aA

5680 680
itil

=
100 100
Mb

) = 3.25 correct to 2 decimal places.

To use deviation method, we let A = 6 to be our assumed mean and we construct the table
.S

of d = x A, f d and f d2 as below:
aA
itil

Class interval x f d f d f d2
Mb

0 4 2 20 20 80 320
4 8 A!6 45 10 0 0
.S

8 12 10 30 0 120 480
aA

12 16 14 5 10 40 320
itil
Mb

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 43

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

P P 2
From the table above, N = 100, f d = 80, f d = 1120, from the variance formula

.S
given in equation (1.4.7), the standard deviation is

aA
v !2
u
u1 X

itil
n n
X
1
=t fi d2i fi di , or in simple form

Mb
N i=1 N i=1
sP ✓ P ◆2
f d2 fd

.S
=

aA
N N

itil
s ✓ ◆2

Mb
1120 80
=
100 100
p

.S
= 11.2 0.64

aA
p
= 10.56

itil
Mb
) = 3.25 correct to 2 decimal places.
To use a coding method, we let A = 6 to be our assumed mean and we construct the table
of u = x c A , f u and f u2 as below:

.S
aA
Class interval
x f d f u f u2

itil
0 4
2 20 20 80 320
A ! 6 45
4 8 10 0 0 Mb
8 12
10 30 0 120 480
A.S

12 16
14 5 10 40 320
a

P P 2
itil

From the table above, c = 4, N = 100, f u = 20, f u = 70, from the variance formula
Mb

given in equation (1.4.8),

v 2 the standard deviation is
u
u n n
!2 3
u 1 X 1 X
.S

= tc2 4 fi u2i fi ui 5, or in simple form

aA

N i=1 N i=1
itil

sP
Mb

✓ P ◆2
f u2 fu
=c
N N
s
.S

✓ ◆2
aA

70 20
=4
itil

100 100
Mb

p
= 4 0.7 0.04
p
= 4 0.66
.S
aA

) = 3.25 correct to 2 decimal places.

itil

Example 1.45. The weights of the pupils in a certain school are given in the table below.
Mb

Weight(kg) 33 36 37 40 41 44 45 48 49 52
No of pupils. 15 17 21 22 25
.S
aA

Calculate the standard deviation by using a coding method.

itil

Solution: Since c = 4, by taking the assumed mean, A = 42.5, so u= d

where d = x A. We
Mb

c
tabulate the information as below.
Weight (kg) Class mark(x) Frequency(f ) u fu u2 f u2
.S

33 36 34.5 15 2 30 4 60
aA

37 40 38.5 17 1 17 1 17
itil
Mb

41 44 42.5 21 0 0 0 0
45 48 46.5 22 1 22 1 22
49 52 50.5 25 2 50 4 100

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 44

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

P P 2
From the table above, we obtain f u = 25 and f u = 199, thus, the standard deviation by

.S
coding method is given v
by

aA
u 2 !2 3
u

itil
X n Xn
u 1 1

Mb
= t c2 4 fi u2i fi ui 5, or in simple form
N i=1 N i=1
sP ✓ P ◆2

.S
f u2 fu

aA
=c
N N

itil
s

Mb
✓ ◆2
199 25
=4
100 100

.S
= 5.55

aA
)

itil
= 5.55.

Mb
Exercise 1.4 (Answers on page 46.)

.S
1. The table below shows the number of calls per day received by a fire station in a year.

aA
itil
Number of calls per day 100 119 120 139
Mb
140 159 160 179 180 199
Number of days 129 102 57 42 25
A.S

Find the range of calls in a given year.

a
itil

2. By using both deviation and coding methods, find the variance and standard deviation of
Mb

the information given in the table below.

Class Interval
.S

0 5 5 10 10 15 15 20 20 25
aA

Frequency 5 4 7 7 5
itil
Mb

Give your answer correct to four decimal places.

q
3. The mean and standard deviation of 2, x, y, 10, 6 and 4 are 7 and 35
. Find the value of x
.S

3
aA

and y.
itil
Mb

4. The mean and variance of 5, 6, 9, 4, a, 10, 7, 8 and b are 5.5 and 8.25 respectively. Find the
value of a and b.
.S

5. The mean and standard deviation of 6 observations are 8 and 4 respectively. If each obser-
aA

vation is multiplied by 3. Find the new mean and new standard deviation of the resulting
itil

observation.
Mb

6. The mean and variance of 8 observations are 9 and 9.25 respectively. If six of the observa-
.S

tions are 6, 7, 10, 12, 12 and 13. Find the remaining observations.
aA
itil

7. The mean and standard deviation of a group of 100 observations were found to be 20
Mb

and 3 respectively. Later on, it was found that three observations were incorrect, which
were recorded as 21, 21 and 18. Find the mean and standard deviation if the incorrect
observations were omitted.
.S
aA

8. The mean and standard deviation of 20 observations are found to be 10 and 2 respectively.
itil

On rechecking, it was found that an observation 8 was incorrect. Calculate the correct
Mb

mean and standard deviation in each of the following cases;

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 45

Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology-DIT 2022 By Mr. Mbitila A.S +255754629262

(a) If the wrong item is omitted

.S
(b) If it is replaced by 12

aA
itil
9. Prove that the standard deviation is given
rby

Mb
P 2
fu
=i u2
NP

.S
fu

aA
where i=class interval, u=coding number, u = and N =total number of items.
N

itil
Mb
Answers to Exercise 1.4 (On page 45.)

2. 45.2487, 6.7267

.S
aA
Miscellaneous Exercise 1 (Answers on page 46.)

itil
Mb
1. A total of 1690 malaria patients were given a 3-day dose of Artemisinin-based Combination
Therapy (ACT) in one of district hospital in tropical countries. After completing a dose,

.S
their recovery time in days was as shown in the table below.

aA
itil
Days of Recovery
Mb
0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50
Number of Patients 460 730 260 150 90
A.S

Find the mean, median and mode of the recovery time. Give your answer correct to one
a

decimal place.
itil
Mb

2. The average fluctuations of climatical temperature in Fahrenheit ( F) of Mwanza city over

a period of 50 days were recorded in the table below.
.S
aA

Temperature in F 55 65 75 85 95
itil

Time in days 8 6 12 11 13
Mb

Find the mean, mean deviation and standard deviation of the temperature scale.
.S
aA

Answers to Miscellaneous Exercise 1.4 (On page 46.)

itil
Mb

1. 17.2; 15.3; 13.6

2. 78; 11.92; 13.89

.S
aA
itil
Mb
.S
aA
itil
Mb
.S
aA
itil
Mb

Advanced Mathematics A-Level & GST Modules 46