Our lady of Fatima university

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND

SCIENCES

Statistics and
Measures of Central
Tendency
Statistics
• Statistics itself came from the
Latin word “status” which
means state.
• Statistics is the branch of
mathematics which deals with
the collection, organization
and interpretation of data.
Data
 Data in statistics is a result
of experiment, observation,
investigation and other
means and often appears as
a numerical figure and then
evaluated to make it into
useful knowledge.
 BASIC STATISTICS
Types of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics – deals with the collection and presentation of data
and collection of summarizing values to describe its group characteristics.
- The most common summarizing values are the measure of central
tendency and variation.
Inferential Statistics – deals with the predictions and inferences based on
the analysis and interpretation of the results of the information gathered by
the statistician.
- Some of the common statistical tools of inferential statistics are
the t-test, z-test, analysis of variance, chi-square, and Pearson r.
 Variable
A numerical characteristic or attribute associated with the
population being studied. They are further classified as:
1. Numerical – data that can be measured with numbers
(numbers)
Ex: Age, Weight, number of children, shoe size
2. Categorical – data that is usually textual and descriptive
(words)
Ex: Eye Color, Gender, Blood Type,
 2 Types of Numerical Variables

1. Discrete Variables – values obtained by counting.

• Finite
• Limited
• Countable
 Examples:
• Number of girls in a classroom
• Number of green marbles in a bag
• Number of typographical errors on a page
 2 Types of Numerical Variables

2. Continuous Variables – values obtained by measuring

• Infinite
• Measured Data
• Lots of Possible Values
 Examples:
• Height of girls in a class.
• Weight of students in a class.
• Amount of lemonade in a tumbler.
 Discrete or Continuous?
1. Scores in a test
Answer: Discrete
2. Number of non-earning members in family
Answer: Discrete
3. Heights of all 15-year-old students in a school
Answer: Continuous
4. Vehicles that pass a given point from 12:00PM to 1:00PM
Answer: Discrete
5. Area of residential lot owned by families of college students
Answer: Continuous
 Discrete or Continuous?
6. Weight of junior students in a school
Answer: Continuous
7. Number of students in a class
Answer: Discrete
8. Number of stars in the galaxy
Answer: Continuous
9. Number of patients in a hospital
Answer: Discrete
10. Length of a dog
Answer: Continuous
 Categorical Variable
1. Nominal – classifies elements into two or more categories or
classes, indicating that the elements are different but not
according to order or magnitude.
 Examples:
• Gender
• Occupation
• Civil Status
• College Course
 Categorical Variable
2. Ordinal – a scale that ranks individual in terms of the degree
to which they possess a characteristic of interest.
 Examples:
• Sizes of shirts
• Sizes of bed
• 1st, 2nd, 3rd
 Categorical Variable
3. INTERVAL DATA– is a numerical scale which labels
and orders variables, with a known, evenly spaced
interval between each of the values.
- ZERO does NOT mean nothing
Ex: Time, Temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit or Celsius
(but not in Kelvin), IQ test)
 Categorical Variable
4. RATIO– exactly the same as the interval scale,
with one key difference: The ratio scale has what’s
known as a “true zero.”
Ex: weight in kilograms,
Distance, money/price)
 Measures of Central Tendency
 A measure of central tendency represents the middle or center
of a distribution or a data set.

 It let us know what is the normal or 'average' for a set of data.

 There are three MCTs namely:

Mean
Median
Mode
 Measures of Central Tendency
MEAN
It is the sum of the values of
each data divided by the total
number of data.
=
The mean is denoted by the
symbol called “x bar”. where:
This is also known as the mean
arithmetic average. x = data
n = total number of data
 EXAMPLE
Find the mean in the following:
10, 19, 21, 14, 12, 6, 16

𝑥=
∑ 𝑥
𝑛
10+19+ 21+ 14+12+ 6+16
𝑥=
7
98
𝑥=
7
𝑥 =14
 EXAMPLE
Find the mean in the following:
24, 33, 18, 40, 29, 37, 19, 25, 32, 39, 44, 40

𝑥=
∑ 𝑥
𝑛
24+ 33+18+ 40 +29+37 +19+25 +32+39+ 44 + 40
𝑥=
12
380
𝑥=
12

𝑥=31.67 𝑜𝑟 32
 EXAMPLE
Find the mean in this table:
𝑥=
∑ 𝑥
𝑛
4 ( 5 ) +5 ( 10 ) + 6 ( 12 ) +7 ( 8 )+ 8( 10)
𝑥=
45
20 +50 +72 +56 + 80
𝑥=
45
“f” or frequency means 278
𝑥=
the number of times a 45
data appear in the given.
𝑥=6.17 𝑜𝑟 6
 Measures of Central Tendency
MEDIAN
The median is the middle point in a Simple steps to find the median:
distribution after all the data are arranged 1. Arrange the data either in ascending
in ascending/descending order. or descending order.
If the total number of data is an odd
number, the median is simply the middle 2. Determine the “n” or total number
value. of data.
If the total number of data is an even a. If odd – the median is the middle
number, the median is the mean or point
average of the two middle values. b. If even – the median is the mean
or average of the two middle
values.
 EXAMPLE
Find the median in the following data:
24, 33, 18, 40, 29, 33, 19, 25, 33, 39, 44, 40
1. Arrange the data either in ascending or descending order.
18, 19, 24, 25, 29, 33, 33, 33, 39, 40, 40, 44
2. Determine if the total number of data is odd or even.
n = 12 (Even)
3. Get the average of the two middle values.
= 33
 EXAMPLE
Find the median in the following data:
24, 32, 18, 40, 29, 37, 19, 29, 32, 39, 42, 40, 35
1. Arrange the data either in ascending or descending order.
18, 19, 24, 29, 29, 32, 32, 35, 37, 39, 40, 40, 42
2. Determine if the total number of data is odd or even.
n = 13 (Odd)
3. Get the middle value.
= 32
 Measures of Central Tendency
MODE
The mode is the most commonly To determine the mode:
occurring data in a distribution. Simply find the most occurring data.
Types of mode:
Unimodal – 1 mode Note: There can be more than 1 mode in
Bimodal – 2 modes a data set or no mode at all when no
Trimodal – 3 modes data value occurs more than once.
Multimodal – 4 modes
No modal – no mode
 EXAMPLE
Find the mode in the following data:
24, 33, 18, 40, 29, 33, 19, 25, 33, 39, 44, 40
Find the most occurring value in the data and determine
the type of mode.

= 33 (Unimodal)
 EXAMPLE
Find the mode in the following data:
24, 33, 18, 40, 29, 33, 19, 40, 33, 39, 44, 40
Find the most occurring value in the data and determine
the type of mode.

= 33 and 40 (Bimodal)
 EXAMPLE
Find the mode in the following data:
24, 29, 18, 40, 33, 37, 19, 29, 33, 39, 42, 40, 35
Find the most occurring value in the data and determine
the type of mode.

= 29, 33 and 40 (Trimodal)

 EXAMPLE
Find the mode in the following data:
24, 33, 18, 40, 29, 37, 19, 29, 33, 39, 42, 40, 18
Find the most occurring value in the data and determine
the type of mode.

= 18, 29, 33 and 40 (Multimodal)

 EXAMPLE
Find the mode in the following data:
1, 3, 10, 12, 15, 17, 9, 21, 33, 11, 20, 25
Find the most occurring value in the data and determine
the type of mode.

= No mode (No Modal)

Measures of Central Tendency
Mean Median Mode
Average of values Average of position Average of frequency
Most reliable Less reliable Least reliable
Shows the quality of Divides the data in Common or most
the values two equal parts frequent value/s

Affected by extreme Not affected by Not affected by

values or outliers extreme values or extreme values or
outliers outliers
 Our lady of Fatima university
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND
SCIENCES

Thank you!
 Discrete or Continuous?
1. Scores in a test
2. Number of non-earning members in family
3. Heights of all 15-year-old students in a school
4. Vehicles that pass a given point from 12:00PM to 1:00PM
5. Area of residential lot owned by families of college students
6. Weight of junior students in a school
7. Number of students in a class
8. Number of stars in the galaxy
9. Number of patients in a hospital
10. Length of a dog
 NOMINAL, ORDINAL, INTERVAL

OR RATIO
1. Hair color of women on a high school tennis team
2. Numbers on the shirts of a girl’s soccer team
3. Number of milligrams of tar in 28 cigarettes
4. Marriage status of the faculty at the local community
college
5. The ratings of a movie ranging from “1” to “5” to
 FIND THE MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE

1. 29, 33, 18, 40, 29, 37, 19, 29, 34,

39, 42, 40, 18,37
2. 43, 54, 66, 53, 54, 43, 11, 33
 Discrete or Continuous?
1. Scores in a test
Answer: Discrete
2. Number of non-earning members in family
Answer: Discrete
3. Heights of all 15-year-old students in a school
Answer: Continuous
4. Vehicles that pass a given point from 12:00PM to 1:00PM
Answer: Discrete
5. Area of residential lot owned by families of college students
Answer: Continuous
 Discrete or Continuous?
6. Weight of junior students in a school
Answer: Continuous
7. Number of students in a class
Answer: Discrete
8. Number of stars in the galaxy
Answer: Continuous
9. Number of patients in a hospital
Answer: Discrete
10. Length of a dog
Answer: Continuous
 NOMINAL, ORDINAL, INTERVAL

OR RATIO
1. Hair color of women on a high school tennis team
Answer: NOMINAL
2. Numbers on the shirts of a girl’s soccer team
Answer: NOMINAL
3. Number of milligrams of tar in 28 cigarettes
Answer: RATIO
4. Marriage status of the faculty at the local community college
Answer: NOMINAL
5. The ratings of a movie ranging from “1” to “5” to
Answer: ORDINAL
 FIND THE MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE
1. 29, 33, 18, 40, 29, 37, 19, 29, 34, 39, 42, 40, 18,37
MEAN = 443/14 = 31.64 or 32
MEDIAN= (33+34)/2= 33.5
MODE = 18, 29, 37, and 40 (MULTIMODAL)

2. 43, 54, 66, 53, 54, 43, 11, 33

MEAN = 357/8 = 44.63 or 45
MEDIAN= (43+53)/2= 48
MODE = 43 and 54 (BIMODAL)
 Our lady of Fatima university
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND
SCIENCES

Measures of
Position
Measures of Position
It is used to tell whether a value is about
the average, or whether it is high or low.
It is a number that tells where the score
or value stands relative to the others in a
set of data.
What are QUANTILES?
It is a score distribution where the scores
are divided into different equal parts.
There are three kinds of quantiles:
1. Quartile,
2. Decile and
3. Percentile.
What is a QUARTILE?
• A measure of position that divides the ordered
observations or score distribution into 4 equal parts.

25% of the data 75% are less

fall below the than the third
first quartile quartile (upper
(lower quartile) 75% quartile)
25%
50%
50% are below the second quartile.
What is a DECILE?
• A measure of position that divides the ordered
observations or score distribution into 10 equal
parts.

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

What is a PERCENTILE?
• A measure of position that divides the ordered
observations or score distribution into 100 equal parts.

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

QUARTILE, DECILE & PERCENTILE

Q2 = D5 = P50 = MEDIAN
 Equivalent Values of Quantiles:
1. What is the equivalent value of Q2 to Decile?
Answer: D5
2. What is the equivalent value of Q2 to Percentile?
Answer: P50
3. What is the equivalent value of Q3 to Decile?
Answer: Not applicable
4. What is the equivalent value of P70 to Decile?
Answer: D7
5. What is the equivalent value of P25 to Quartile?
Answer: Q1
 Equivalent Values of Quantiles:
6. What is the equivalent value of D9 to Percentile?
Answer: P90
7. What is the equivalent value of P75 to Quartile?
Answer: Q3
8. What is the equivalent value of D1 to Percentile?
Answer: P10
9. What is the equivalent value of P40 to Decile?
Answer: D4
10. What is the equivalent value of P35 to Quartile?
Answer: Not applicable
Steps in Determining Quartiles

Step 1: Arrange the scores/data in ASCENDING order.

Step 2: Locate the Median or the Q2.
Step 3: Get or compute the midway of the lower 50% data
for the Q1 or lower quartile
Step 4: Get or compute the midway of the upper 50% data
for the Q3 or upper quartile
 Applying the Steps in Determining Quartiles
The owner of a coffee shop recorded the number of customers who
came into his café each hour in a day. The results were 14,10,12, 9,
17, 5, 8, 9, 14, 10 and 11. Find the Q1, Q2 and Q3.
Step 1: Arrange the scores/data in ASCENDING order.
Step 2: Locate the Median or the Q2
Step 3: Get or compute the midway of the lower 50% data for the Q1 or lower quartile
Step 4: Get or compute the midway of the upper 50% data for the Q3 or upper quartile

Middle value
or Q2
5, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 14, 14, 17
Lower Upper
quartile or Q1 quartile or Q3
 Applying the Steps in Determining Quartiles
The scores in the math quiz of the students:
11, 13, 14, 15, 15, 16, 19, 19, 20 (Find the Q1, Q2, Q3)

Step 1: Arrange the scores/data in ASCENDING order.

Step 2: Locate the Median or the Q2.
Step 3: Get or compute the midway of the lower 50% data for the Q1 or lower quartile
Step 4: Get or compute the midway of the upper 50% data for the Q3 or upper quartile

Q1 = (13+14)/2 Q3 = (19+19)/2
Q1 = 13.5 or 14 Q2 Q3 = 19
11, 13, 14, 15, 15, 16, 19, 19, 20
 Formula for Decile and Percentile

Decile Formula: Percentile Formula:

𝑘( 𝑛+1 ) 𝑘 (𝑛+ 1)
𝐷 𝑘= 𝑃 𝑘=
10 100
Where: Where:
= the indicated Decile = the indicated Percentile
k = Decile location (1,2,3,4…..,9) k = Percentile location (1,2,3,…..,98,99)
n = number of data or observation n = number of data or observation
EXAMPLES

Given the following data:

87, 95, 77, 82, 90, 89, 78, 85 and 90.

Find the following:

a. 1st Quartile
b. Second Quartile
c. Fifth Decile
d. Seventh Decile
e. Twenty-sixth Percentile
f. Fifty-seventh Percentile
E. Fifty-First Percentile
Solution

Given the following data:

87, 95, 77, 82, 90, 89, 78, 85 and 90.

• Step No.1, Arrange the data in ASCENDING order

a. First Quartile or Q1
b. Second Quartile or Q2

Q2
Q1 = (78+82)/2
Q1 = 80

The First Quartile is 80.

The Second Quartile is 87.
 C. Fifth Decile

• Write the formula for Decile.

𝑘( 𝑛+1)
𝐷 𝑘=
10
• Substitute the given: Let k = 5, n = 9

5(9 +1)
𝐷5 =
10
50
𝐷5 =
10
𝐷5 =5 𝑜𝑟 𝑡h𝑒5 𝑡h 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 ≈ 87
D. Seventh Decile

• Write the formula for Decile Rank.

𝑘( 𝑛+1)
𝐷 𝑘=
10
• Substitute the given: Let k = 7, n = 9

7( 9+1)
𝐷7 =
10
70
𝐷7 =
10
E. Twenty-sixth Percentile

• Write the formula for Percentile Rank.

𝑘 (𝑛+ 1)
𝑃 𝑘=
100
• Substitute the given: Let k = 26, n = 9
F. Fifty-seventh Percentile

• Write the formula for Percentile Rank.

𝑘 (𝑛+ 1)
𝑃 𝑘=
100
• Substitute the given: Let k = 57, n = 9
 Our lady of Fatima university
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND
SCIENCES

Thank you!