Annexure-II

Discipline wise Specific Syllabus for IGNOU Ph.D. Entrance Test

1. Ph.D. Anthropology

 Anthropology and Methods of Research

Introducing Anthropology: Defining Anthropology, Meaning, Scope, History, Branches of

Anthropology, Emerging Frontiers in Anthropology

Field Work Tradition in Anthropology: Field Work and its Relevance, Ethnography,
Techniques, Methods and Methodology, Genealogy and Pedigree

Research Design: Review of Literature and Statement of Research Problem, Theory,

Research Design

Data Collection Techniques: Primary Data, Secondary Data, And Biological Methods,
Archaeological Methods Statistical Analysis: Collection and Presentation of Data,
Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion, Statistical Distribution, Using SPSS for
Data Analysis Contents.

 Physical Anthropology

Introduction to Physical Anthropology: Definition and Scope, Relationship with Other

Disciplines, Applied aspects of Physical Anthropology

Human Evolution: Principles of Evolution, Theories of Organic Evolution,

Synthetic Theory,Palaeoanthropology

Primate Study:Living Primates, Primate Behaviour.

Biological Diversity: Concept of Race, Characteristic, Criteria of Biological Diversity, Racial

Classification

Human Genetics: Human Genetics, Methods in Human Genetics, Population Genetics,

Aberrations in Chromosomes

Human Growth and Development: Principles of Growth, Methods and Influencing Factors,
Human Constitution and Physique, Reproductive Biology

Ecological Anthropology: Fundamentals of Ecology, Adaptation to Environment,

Epidemiological Anthropology.

 Social Anthropology

Introduction to Social Anthropology: Social Anthropology: Nature and Scope,

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 Philosophical and Historical Foundations of Social Anthropology, Relationship of Social
Anthropology with Allied Disciplines

Society and Culture: Concept of Society and Culture, Social Groups, Social Identity and
Movements, Social Change in Indian Context

Anthropological Theories: Classical Theories, Functionalism, Structural Functionalism

and Neo- Functionalism, Social Organisation and Dynamic Theories of Structure, Culture
and Personality, Marxism, Structuralism, Feminism, Post-Modernism and Post-
Colonialism

Kinship, Marriage and Family: Kinship, Descent and Alliance Theories, Marriage, Family,
Kinship, Family and Marriage in India

Religion: Concepts and Approaches to the Study of Religion, Rituals and Symbolism,
Religious Specialists Economic and Political Organisations: Concepts and Definitions,
State and Stateless Societies: Political Institutions, Production, Consumption and
Exchange, Political Power and Distribution of Resources.

 Archaeological Anthropology

Introduction to Archaeological Anthropology: Definitions and Scope, History and

Development,Interdisciplinary Relations

Tool types and techniques in Archaeology: Space, Tool Families, Tool-Technologies,

Household and Decorative Objects

Geological Framework: Time and Space, Recent Period, Human Palaeontology

Dating Methods: Relevance of Dating, Relative and Absolute dating

Lithic Cultures: Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic. Evidence of palaeolithic culture in

India Indus Valley Civilization.

***

2. Ph.D. Political Science

 Research Methodology

Methodology/Framework: Systems, Marxian and Post–Modern approaches, Inter–

Disciplinary approach .

Research Methods: Research Design-Research Proposal, Review of Literature,

Hypothesis/Research Questions, Analysis and Interpretation of Data.

 Political Theory & Thought

Introduction to Political Theory: Meaning, nature and scope of political theory,

Approaches– Normative, Historical and Empirical, Perspectives– Feminist and Post–

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 modern Concepts: Liberty, Equality and Justice, Citizenship, Civil Society Indian and
Western Political Thought: Thinkers and Themes Contemporary Debates: Human Rights,
Multiculturalism, Environment & Sustainable Development.

 India: State and Society

Introduction: State, Society and Politics Interface (Conceptual and Theoretical Aspects)
Working of the Indian Constitution

Indian State: India’s Political Economy, Nature of the Indian State, Models of
Development, Development in India- Regional Variations

Social Movements: Identity-Based Movements: Caste, Religion, Gender, Tribe, Region,

Class Movements: Farmers and Working Classes

Democracy in India: Electoral Democracy (Methodology, Issues and Debates)

 Globalization and International Relations

Major theories of IR International Peace and Cooperation: National Sovereignty and

Humanitarian Intervention, Human

Security and Human Development Agenda, Environment and Sustainability

India in the Emerging World Order: India’s Neighborhood, India and Great Powers, India
and the Developing World

International Political Economy: Trade and Finance, Globalization: Mechanisms and

Forums International Institutions, Regimes and Orders: International Governance-Issues
and Mechanisms, Regional Economic Groupings International Civil Society and Non-State
Actors in IR.

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3. Ph.D. Chemistry

PART A: - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Objectives of research
2. Research methods versus Research Methodology
3. Types of research:
 Descriptive versus Analytical;
 Applied versus Fundamental;
 Quantitative versus Qualitative;
 Conceptual versus Empirical

4. Literature Review: Methods and Importance

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5. Research design: Need, Types and Features of research design
6. Formulating Research Problem
7. Collection and analysis of Data: Importance and Methods of data collection,
8. Data Analysis with Statistical Packages
9. Ethical issues in Research: Copyright, Intellectual Property Rights; Plagiarism

PART B: - I INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1. Chemical periodicity

2. Structure and bonding in homo- and heteronuclear molecules, including shapes of

molecules (VSEPR Theory).

3. Concepts of acids and bases: Hard-Soft acid base concept, Non-aqueous solvents.

4. Main group elements and their compounds: Allotropy, synthesis, structure and bonding,
industrial importance of the compounds.

5. Transition elements and coordination compounds: structure, bonding theories, spectral

and magnetic properties, reaction mechanisms.

6. Inner transition elements: spectral and magnetic properties, redox chemistry, analytical
applications.

7. Organometallic compounds: synthesis, bonding and structure, and reactivity.

Organometallics in homogeneous catalysis.

8. Cages and metal clusters.

9. Analytical chemistry- separation, spectroscopic, electro- and thermoanalytical methods.

10. Bioinorganic chemistry: photosystems, porphyrins, metalloenzymes, oxygen transport,

electron- transfer reactions; nitrogen fixation, metal complexes in medicine.

11. Characterisation of inorganic compounds by IR, Raman, NMR, EPR, Mössbauer, UV-
VIS, NQR, MS, electron spectroscopy and microscopic techniques.

12. Nuclear chemistry: nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, radio-analytical techniques and
activation analysis.

II: Physical Chemistry

1. Basic principles of quantum mechanics: Postulates; operator algebra; Model systems:

particle-in-a-box, harmonic oscillator; Hydrogen atom, including shapes of atomic
orbitals; orbital and spin angular momenta; tunneling.

2. Approximate methods of quantum mechanics: Variation principle; perturbation theory up

to second order in energy; applications.

3. Atomic structure and spectroscopy: term symbols; many-electron systems and

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 antisymmetry principle.

4. Chemical bonding: Elementary aspects of MO and VB theories; Huckel theory for

conjugated π-electron systems.

5. Chemical applications of group theory: symmetry elements; point groups; character

tables; selection rules.

6. Molecular spectroscopy: Rotational and vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules;

electronic spectra; IR and Raman activities – selection rules; basic principles of
magnetic resonance.

7. Chemical thermodynamics: Laws, state and path functions and their applications;
thermodynamic description of various types of processes; Maxwell’s relations;
spontaneity and equilibria; temperature and pressure dependence of thermodynamic
quantities; Le Chatelier principle; elementary description of phase transitions; phase
equilibria and phase rule; thermodynamics of ideal and non-ideal gases, and solutions.

8. Statistical thermodynamics: Boltzmann distribution; kinetic theory of gases; partition

functions and their relation to thermodynamic quantities – calculations for model
systems.

9. Electrochemistry: Nernst equation, redox systems, electrochemical cells; DebyeHuckel

theory; electrolytic conductance – Kohlrausch’s law and its applications; ionic equilibria;
conductometric and potentiometric titrations.

10. Chemical kinetics: Empirical rate laws and temperature dependence; complex ; steady
state approximation; determination of reaction mechanisms; collision and transition state
theories of rate constants; unimolecular reactions; enzyme kinetics; salt effects;
homogeneous catalysis; photochemical reactions.

11. Colloids and surfaces: Stability and properties of colloids; isotherms and surface area;
heterogeneous catalysis.

12. Solid state: Crystal structures; Bragg’s law and applications; band structure of solids.

13. Polymer chemistry: Molar masses; kinetics of polymerization.

14. Data analysis: Mean and standard deviation; absolute and relative errors; linear
regression; covariance and correlation coefficient.

III. Organic Chemistry

1. IUPAC nomenclature of organic molecules including regio- and stereoisomers.

2. Principles of stereochemistry: Configurational and conformational isomerism in acyclic

and cyclic compounds; stereogenicity, stereoselectivity, enantioselectivity,
diastereoselectivity and asymmetric induction.

3. Aromaticity: Benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds – generation and reactions.

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4. Organic reactive intermediates: Generation, stability and reactivity of carbocations,
carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes.

5. Organic reaction mechanisms involving addition, elimination and substitution reactions

with electrophilic, nucleophilic or radical species. Determination of reaction pathways.

6. Common named reactions and rearrangements – applications in organic synthesis.

7. Organic transformations and reagents: Functional group interconversion including

oxidations and reductions; common catalysts and reagents (organic, inorganic,
organometallic and enzymatic). Chemo, regio and stereoselective transformations.

8. Concepts in organic synthesis: Retrosynthesis, disconnection, synthons, linear and

convergent synthesis, umpolung of reactivity and protecting groups.

9. Asymmetric synthesis: Chiral auxiliaries, methods of asymmetric induction – substrate,

reagent and catalyst controlled reactions; determination of enantiomeric and
diastereomeric excess; enantio-discrimination. Resolution – optical and kinetic.

10. Pericyclic reactions: electrocyclisation, cycloaddition, sigmatropic rearrangements and

other related concerted reactions. Principles and applications of photochemical reactions
in organic chemistry.

11. Synthesis and reactivity of common heterocyclic compounds containing one or two
heteroatoms (O, N, S).

12. Chemistry of natural products: Carbohydrates, proteins and peptides, fatty acids, nucleic
acids, terpenes, steroids and alkaloids. Biogenesis of terpenoids and alkaloids.

13. Structure determination of organic compounds by IR, UV-Vis, 1H &13C NMR and Mass
spectroscopic techniques.

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4. Ph.D. Geology

Structure:

Section Name of the Section S. No. Course Title

A. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1 Research Methodology in Geology
B. DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC 2 Physical Geology and Geomorphology
COURSES 3 Structural Geology and Tectonics
4 Stratigraphy and Palaeontology
5 Mineralogy
6 Petrology
7 Georesources and Economic Geology
8 Geochemistry
9 Applied Geology

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SECTION A. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Research Methodology in Geology:

Definition, outcome and importance of geological research; theory and philosophy of

research methodology in context to geology; emerging areas and interdisciplinary
research in Geology.

Identifying and defining research problem; techniques involved in defining research

problem and identifying gaps; sources of literature; implications of literature collection
and its review.

Preparation and planning for fieldwork; field kit and equipments; safety measures in
field; field procedures and precautions taken during sampling; maintenance of field
notebook; uses of topographical maps and satellite images; selection of traverses;
recognition of geological features, rock types and stratigraphic contacts in field; use of
clinometer compass, measurement of dip and strike of strata; measurements of geologic
sections; uses of GPS; recording field observations in field notebook; geological
mapping.

Data collection; sampling methods; data collection methods in sedimentology,

palaeontology, stratigraphy, structural geology and tectonics, mineralogy, petrology, ore
geology and hydrogeology; classification and presentation of data; role of statistics and
computers in research; use of computer in data processing; methods of communicating
and displaying analysed data; applications of Geographic Information System.

Thin section preparation; petrological and palaeontological microscopes; Ore

microscopy; SEM microphotography; preparation of samples for geochemical and XRD
analysis, heavy mineral separation; construction of lithologs; geophysical exploration
methods, remote sensing data.

Intellectual property rights, patents, copyright and related rights; ethics-plagiarism and
integrity.

SECTION B. GEOLOGY COURSES

2. Physical Geology and Geomorphology:

Composition of the crust and Earth as a whole; basic concepts and significance of
geomorphology; relationship between landforms and geomorphic processes- fluvial,
aeolian, glacial, and marine; soils; geomorphology of India; applications of
geomorphology; mountain building; volcanoes and earthquake; seismic belts of India.

3. Structural Geology and Tectonics:

Classification of folds and faults; Mechanism of folding; concept of stress and strain and
their geological significance; joints and unconformities. concept of plate tectonics;
palaeo magnetism, polar wandering and reversal of Earth’s magnetic field; sea-floor
spreading, island arcs and mountain chains.

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4. Stratigraphy and Palaeontology:

Principles of stratigraphy, time scale and its divisions; stratigraphic classifications;

stratigraphic nomenclature; stratigraphic correlation; facies concept in stratigraphy;
marine transgression and regression; ice ages; broad stratigraphic subdivisions of India.

Fossil and modes of fossilization; application of fossils in age determination;

evolutionary trends and geologic distribution of Brachiopoda, Pelecypoda, Gastropoda,
Cephalopoda, Trilobita, Echinoids, Graptolites and Corals; elementary idea about the
origin of major groups of vertebrates; evolutionary history of Horse, Elephant and Man;
plant life through geologic ages.

5. Mineralogy:

Physical and optical properties of minerals; classification of minerals; mineralogy of

silicates, polymorphism, isomorphism and pseudomorphism; solid solution and
exsolution; X-ray crystallography; concept of symmetry; crystallographic classification.

6. Petrology:

Generation and evolution of magma; Bowen’s reaction series; textures and classification
of igneous rocks; phase equilibria: single, binary and ternary systems; silicate systems;
genesis and tectonic setting of different magma types; cooling and crystallisation of
magma.

Sedimentation, lithification and diagenesis; structures and textures; classification of

sedimentary rocks; depositional environments; sedimentation and tectonics; heavy
minerals and their applications in provenance studies.

Metamorphism and metamorphic processes; metamorphic differentiation; metamorphic

facies; types of metamorphism and metamorphic rocks; metasomatism and anatexis.

7. Georesources and Economic Geology:

Ore genesis; ore localisation and ore shoots; ore dressing and beneficiation; strategic,
critical and essential minerals; national mineral policy; economic minerals of India; fossil
fuels.

8. Geochemistry:

Cosmic abundances of elements; geochemical classification and differentiation of the

elements; trace element geochemistry; radiogenic and non-radiogenic isotopes; concept
of geochemical and biogeochemical cycles and global climates.

9. Applied Geology:

Engineering Geology: Engineering properties of rocks; geological investigations, seismic

parameters and remedial measures related to the construction of dams, bridges,
highways and tunnels; mass movements with special emphasis on landslides and
causes of hill slope instability.

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 Mineral Exploration: Principles and methodology of geological prospecting for economic
minerals and rocks; sampling methods, methods for estimating reserve and resources,
grade and tonnage calculation of the deposits; pathfinder elements; geochemical and
geophysical methods; mining in India.

Hydrogeology: Hydrological cycle; hydrological properties of rock; distribution of surface

and groundwater in the Earth’s crust; global water budget; movement of groundwater;
aquifers classification and characteristics; Darcy’s law; Theis equation; water table; flow
nets; groundwater provinces of India; groundwater quality and pollution; groundwater
prospecting; desalination; springs and its types.

Environmental Geology: Environment and energy; non-conventional energy resources;

geoenvironment; environmental hazards, instrumentation and analysis; disposal of
municipal, domestic, hospital, solid and nuclear wastes; oil spills; environmental impact
assessment (EIA); environmental legislation: national/international standards;
application of remote sensing and GIS in environmental management.

Remote Sensing and GIS: Electromagnetic radiation; aerial photographs and their
geometry; elements of photo and image interpretation; satellite remote sensing; global
and Indian space missions, sensor and their characteristics; digital image processing
techniques; geological applications of remote sensing, GIS and GPS.

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5. Ph.D. Life Sciences

PART-I (RESEARCH METHODOLOGY)

1. Research Methodology: An Introduction:

Meaning of Research; Objectives of Research; Motivation in Research; Types of

Research; Research Approaches; Significance of Research; Research Methods versus
Methodology; Research and Scientific Method; Importance of Knowing How Research is
Done; Research Process; Criteria of Good Research; Problems Encountered by
Researchers in India.

2. Defining the Research Problem:

What is Research Problem?; Selecting the Problem; Necessity of Defining the Problem;
Technique Involved in Defining a Problem; An Illustration.

3. Research Design:

Meaning of Research Design; Need for Research Design; Features of a Good Design;
Important Concepts Relating to Research Design; Different Research Designs; Basic
Principles of Experimental Designs Conclusion.

4. Issues in The Design and Conduct of Selected Research Designs:

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 Descriptive Research – Descriptive Research: Main Steps, Correlation Studies: Basic
Issues, Case Study Method; Observational Studies – Issues in the Design of Case-
Control Studies, Issues in the Design of Cohort Studies; Experimental Research –
Three Characteristics of Experimental Research, Steps Involved in Experimental
Research, Design of Experimental Study.

5. Sampling Design:

Census and Sample Survey; Implications of a Sample Design; Steps in Sampling

Design; Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure; Characteristics of a Good Sample
Design; Different Types of Sample Designs; How to Select a Random Sample; Random
Sample from an Infinite Universe; Complex Random Sampling Designs.

6. Measurement and Scaling Techniques:

Measurement in Research; Measurement Scales; Sources of Error in Measurement;

Tests of Sound Measurement; Technique of Developing Measurement Tools; Scaling;
Meaning of Scaling; Scale Classifications Bases; Important Scaling Techniques; Scale
Construction Techniques.

7. Methods of Data Collection:

Collection of Primary Data; Observation Methods; Interview Method; Collection of Data

through Questionnaires; Collection of Data through Schedules; Difference between
Questionnaires and Schedules; Some Other Methods of Data Collection; Collection of
Secondary Data; Selection of Appropriate Method of Data Collection; Case Study
Method.

8. Processing and Analysis of Data:

Processing Operations; Some Problems in Processing; Elements/Types of Analysis;

Statistics in Research; Measures of Central Tendency; Measures of Dispersion;
Measures of Asymmetry (Skewness); Measures of Relationship; Simple Regression
Analysis; Multiple Correlation and Regression; Partial Correlation; Association in Case
of Attributes; Other Measures.

9. Sampling Fundamentals:

Need of Sampling; Some Fundamental Definitions; Important Sampling Distributions;

Central Limit Theorem; Sampling Theory; Sandler’s A-test; Concept of Standard
Error; Estimation; Estimating the Population Mean (µ); Estimating Population Proportion;
Sample Size and its Determination; Determination of Sample Size through the
Approach; Based on Precision Rate and Confidence Level; Determination of Sample
Size through the Approach; Based on Bayesian Statistics.

10. Testing of Hypotheses-I (Parametric or Standard Tests of Hypotheses):

What is a Hypothesis?; Basic Concepts Concerning Testing of Hypotheses; Procedure

for Hypothesis Testing; Flow Diagram for Hypothesis Testing; Measuring the Power of a
Hypothesis Test; Tests of Hypotheses; Important Parametric Tests; Hypothesis Testing

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 of Means; Hypothesis Testing for Differences between Means; Hypothesis Testing for
Comparing Two Related Samples; Hypothesis Testing of Proportions; Hypothesis
Testing for Difference between Proportions; Hypothesis Testing for Comparing a
Variance to Some Hypothesized Population Variance; Testing the Equality of Variances
of Two Normal Populations; Hypothesis Testing of Correlation Coefficients; Limitations
of the Tests of Hypotheses.

11. Chi-square Test:

Chi-square as a Test for Comparing Variance; Chi-square as a Non-parametric Test;

Conditions for the Application of X2 Test; Steps Involved in Applying Chi-square Test;
Alternative Formula; Yates’ Correction; Conversion of X2 into Phi Coefficient;
Conversion of X2 into Coefficient by Contingency; Important Characteristics of X2 Test;
Caution in Using X2 Test.

12. Analysis of Variance and Covariance:

Analysis of Variance (ANOVE) What is ANOVA?; The Basic Principle of ANOVA;

ANOVA Technique; Setting up Analysis of Variance Table; Short-cut Method for One-
way ANOVA; Coding Method; Two-way ANOVA; ANOVA in Latin-Square Design;
Analysis of Co-variance (ANOCOVA); ANOCOVA Technique; Assumptions in
ANOCOVA.

13. Testing of Hypotheses-II (Nonparametric or Distribution-free Tests):

Important Nonparametric or Distribution-free Test; Relationship between Spearman’s r’s

and Kendall’s W; Characteristics of Distribution-free or Non-parametric Tests.

14. Multivariate Analysis Techniques:

Growth of Multivariate Techniques; Characteristics and Applications; Classification of

Multivariate Techniques; Variables in Multivariate Analysis; Important Multivariate
Techniques; Important Methods of Factor Analysis; Rotation in Factor Analysis; R-type
and Q-type Factor Analyses; Path Analysis.

15. Interpretation and Report Writing:

Meaning of Interpretation; Why Interpretation?; Technique of Interpretation: Precaution

in Interpretation; Significance of Report Writing; Different Steps in Writing Report; Layout
of the Research Report; Types of Reports; Oral Presentation; Mechanics of Writing a
Research Report; Precautions for Writing Research Reports.

16. The Computer: It’s Role in Research:

Introduction; The Computer and Technology; The Computer System; Important

Characteristics; The Binary Number System; Computer Applications; Computers and
Researcher.

References

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1. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques – C.R. Kothari.
2. Research Methodology: Methods and Statistical techniques – Santosh Gupta.
3. Statistical Research Methods in the Life Sciences by P.V. Rao.
4. Research Methods – A tool for life by Bernared C. Beins.

PART-II (LIFE SCIENCES)

1. Cell & Molecular Biology

Cell as a unit of life? Schleiden and Schwann cell theory re-examined. Cell separation,
sub- cellular fractionation. Properties of intact cells: regulation of cell shape, limitation
of cell size, cellular movements, cell adhesion, cell junctions and the extracellular
matrix, cell –cell adhesion and communication; cell matrix adhesion, collagen the
fibrous protein of the matrix, noncollagen component of the extracellular matrix;, the
cytoskeleton, the nature of cytoskeleton, intermediate filaments, microtubules,
microfilaments, actin filaments, cilia and centrioles, organization of the cytoskeleton,
tissue organisation.

Biological membranes, integral membrane proteins, lipoproteins, phospholipids and

trafficking through membrane. Membrane structure, energetic and biosynthesis. Cell
growth and division, overview of the cell cycle and its control, the molecular
mechanisms for regulating mitotic events, cell cycle control in mammalian cells,
checkpoints in cell cycle regulation. The Cell nucleus: Nuclear envelop, Nuclear pore
complex, Nucleocytoplasmic transport, Nucleolus, chromosomes, karyotypes,
Heterochromatin and euchromatin, lampbrush chromosomes and Polytene
chromosomes.

Conformation of nucleic acid- DNA (A, B, Z-DNA), RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) and
micro RNA. DNA replication- General features, DNA Polymerases in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes, DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Genetic code: Properties,
Wobble hypothesis. Protein Synthesis a) Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes,
RNA processing b) Translation: Initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptides,
Modification and folding of released polypeptide, Protein translocation across
membrane.

Organelles of eukaryotic cells: the lysosomes, peroxisomes, the Golgi apparatus,

endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria and chloroplast, Structure of the mitochondria
and chloroplast, oxidation of glucose and fatty acids, electron transport and oxidative
phosphorylation. chloroplast and photosynthesis. Organelle biosynthesis, protein
sorting: organelle biogenesis and protein secretion, synthesis and targeting, of
mitochondrial chloroplast, peroxisomal proteins and translational modification in the
ER. Intracellular traffic, vesicular traffic in the secretary pathway, protein sorting in the
Golgi, traffic in the endocytic pathway, exocytosis.

Suggested Reading:

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 1. Molecular Biology of the Cell-Alberts et al (5th edn. 2007 or later Recent Edition)
2. The Cell: A molecular approach-Cooper and Hausman
3. Molecular Cell Biology Lodish et. al. (6th edn, 2008 or later Recent Edition)
4. Genes IX. Lewin (2008 or later Recent Edition),
5. Molecular Biology of the Gene. Watson et. al. (6th edn. 2009)
6. Cell Biology (Cell & Molecular Biology)- F Sheeler, 6th Edition John Wiley & Sons.

2. Genetics & Molecular Evolution

What is gene?: Introduction and recapitulation: scope of genetics; DNA as genetic

material; basic structure of DNA and RNA; DNA replication: Messelson and Stahl
Experiment, Carins Experiment, Okazaki experiment, basic mechanism of DNA
replication; cell division and cell cycle: mitosis, meiosis, chromosomal basis of
inheritance; basic principles of Mendelian Inheritance: segregation and independent-
assortment, alleles and multiple alleles, human pedigrees and inheritance. Gene
Interaction: Sex determination and sex-linked inheritance, sex-determination in
humans, Drosophila and other animals, sex-determination in plants, sex- linked genes
and dosage compensation of X-linked genes, human genetics: pedigree analysis.

Linkage analysis and gene mapping in eukaryotes, coupling and repulsion phases;
crossing- over and recombination. Benzer’s experiment: Fine Structure of gene and
gene concept. Chloroplast and Mitochondrial inheritance: yeast, Chlamydomonas/
Neurospora and higher plants.

Microbial Genetics: modes of genetic exchange in microbes, transformation,

transduction, conjugation, evolutionary significance. Mutations, spontaneous and
induced mutations, chromosomal mutation and aberrations, change in chromosome
number: trisomy and polyploidy. Evolutionary history of bread wheat, aneuploids –
Nullisomics and monosomics, somatic aneuploids, changes in chromosome structure,
properties of chromosomes for detection of structural changes, Main type of changes–
transitions, transversions and substitutions, deletions, duplications and inversions.
Mechanism of chromosome mutations, genetic and cytological features of deletions,
duplications, inversions, translocations, somatic vs germinal mutation.

Population genetics: application of Mendel’s laws to whole population, calculation of

allele frequencies, Hardy -Weinberg principle for calculating recessive gene frequency,
calculating frequency of sex –linked alleles.

Genes and genome organization, Transposons and retrotransposons, Epigenetics.

Principles & applications of genetic engineering; tools and techniques; cloning vectors
& expression vectors; Biosafety.

Introduction to molecular evolution: a brief history of the pre DNA era, gene structure,
genetic code and mutation. Dynamics of genes in population, random genetic drift,
genetic polymorphism, Neo Darwinian theory, evolution of finite and structured
population, evolution of dip bit populations. Evolutionary change in nucleotide re-
genesis, nucleotide substitution, divergence between DNA sequences. Molecular
phylogenetics, methods and examples, molecular clocks, concerted evolution of

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 multigene families, DNA polymorphism. Factors influencing molecular evolution, Role
of mutation and selection in molecular evolution.

Genome organization and evolution, evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes,

C value paradox, tandem repetitive sequences, Cell Theory, Evolution & selection,
Lamarkism, Darwin’s contributions .Pattern of Evolution. Process of evolution: natural
& artificial. Constraints & tradeoffs. Genetic drift and role of chance. Gene flow. Gene
flow versus drift. Natural selection versus sexual selection. Speciation, allopatry,
sympatry, peripatry and parapatry.

Suggested reading:

Genetics

1. Introduction to Genetic Analysis, by Griffiths et al, (9th edition.2008 or later edition)

2. Concepts of Genetics, by Klug et al (9 th Edition, 2009, or later edition)
3. Principles of Genetics by Snustad et al (2004 Ed. or later edition)

Evolution

1. Evolutionary Genetics, John Maynard Smith, Oxford University Press, New York,
1998.
2. Genes and Evolution, A.P. Jha, Mc Graw Hill Publishers, New Delhi, 1993.
3. Molecular Cell Biology 5th Edition, Lodish et al., 2004, W.H. Freeman and
Company,New York.
4. The World of the Cell Becker, Klein smith and Hardin, 5th Edition, 2004,
PearsonEducation Pvt. Ltd.

3. Ecology

Introduction to ecology. Interaction between environment and biota, Evolutionary

ecology and molecular ecology, environmental concepts – laws and limiting factors,
ecological models. Ecological concept of species: Autecological level (genecology),
Synecological level (Ecosystem level). Ecads (Ecophenes), Ecotypes, Ecospecies.
Concepts of Ecosystems: Types – Fresh water, marine and terrestrial – Nature and
components of ecosystem – Application of laws of thermodynamics, productivity, food
chain, food webs, trophic levels, energy flow through ecosystem, resilience of
ecosystem, ecosystem management. The biosphere, biomes, ecological pyramids and
recycling.

Plant community: Concept. Methods of study of communities–Floristic, Physiogenomic

and Phytosociological methods. Classification – Raunkiaer’s and Clements systems,
individualistic concept of Gleason, Vegetation continuum concept of Whittaker and
Curtis, Ecotone, Ecological succession on land and water. Characteristics of
population, population size and exponential growth, population dynamics, life history
pattern, fertility rate and age structure. Competition and coexistence, intra-specific and

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inter-specific interactions, scramble and contest competition model, mutualism and
commensalisms, prey-predator interactions.

Phytogeography; Definition of static and dynamic phytogeography, Geological history

and evolution of plant and animal life, Factors of distribution of plants and animals.
Theories concerning present and past distribution – continental drift, glaciations,
existence of land bridges and their effect on distribution of species, Phytogeographic
regions of world (Vegetational belts), Soil, climate, flora and vegetation of India.

Ecological adaptations in plants and animals: Deserts (Dry and Cold,), Tundra,
Grassland, Savannah, temperate forest, tropical rain forest, mangroves, Fresh water,
marine and estuaries. Environmental Stresses and their management, global climatic
pattern, coping with climatic variations.

Environmental Laws and International Conventions: Environmental Impact

Assessment, Forest (Conservation) Act and Wildlife (Protection) Act and their
amendments, Environment (Protection) Act, Biodiversity Act, Convention on Biological
Diversity and Kyoto Protocol, Montreal Protocol and Cartagena Protocol, Ramsar
Convention on Wetlands. CITIES, India’s Protected Area Network, Project Tiger and
Ganga Action Plan, National Environmental Policy, Biodiversity Action Plant, Concept
of Ecotourism and Ecocities.

Pollution: Major classes of contaminants; causes, effects and preventive measures of

air, water, soil and radiation pollution; atmospheric ozone, ozone layer depletion;
biotransformation, detoxification, elimination and accumulation of toxicants.
Biomagnification. Pesticides and other chemicals in agriculture and industry. Impact of
pollutants on biodiversity of microbes, animals and plants. Bioindicator and biomarkers
of environmental health. Biodegradation and bioremediation of chemicals, biosafety
and climate change.

Suggested Literature:

1. Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth system Approach, Wilkinson, D.M.,

(2007 or latest edition), Oxford University Press, UK.

2. Addision, M.J.. Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, Wesley Publishing Co. New

Delhi. (1984 or latest edition) Arora,. Fundamentals of Environmental Biology.
(1995 or latest edition) Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

3. Chapman.. Ecology – Principles and Applications. (1999 or latest edition)

Cambridge University Press. Foundation Books, New Delhi

4. Jeffrey. D.W. 1987. Soil Plant relationship – An Ecological Approach. Croom

Helm.

5. Krishnamurti, C. R. and Viswanathan, P. (Eds.). Toxic metals in the Indian

Environment. (1991 or latest edition). Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New
Delhi.

39
 6. Mackenzie, A. Ball, A.S. and Virdee S.R. Instant notes in Ecology. (1999 or
latest edition).Viva Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

7. Trivedi, P.R. and Gurudeep Raj. Environmental Biology. (1995 or latest edition).
Akashdeep Publishing House, New Delhi.

4. Microbiology

History and Development of Microbiology. Microbial evolution, systematics and

taxonomy-evolution of earth and earliest life forms; primitive organisms, their metabolic
strategies and molecular coding. Changing concepts in microbiology taxonomy,
Bergey’s manuals, earlier systems, molecular taxonomy and ribo typing of
microorganisms, Jackard’s similarities coefficients. Historical development of
microbiology, general techniques in microbiology. The microbial cell: general
organization of cell, prokaryotes, eukaryotes and Archaea, cell wall organization of
prokaryotes, eukaryotes and Archaea, cell surface appendages-pilli, locomotion by
flagella chemotactic movement, peptidoglycan synthesis - inhibitors in different steps.
Bacterial plasmid and its significance.

Viruses –structure, chemical composition and replication, classification, interferons.

General account of Mycoplasma. Growth, recombination, growth kinetics and
regulation, effect of environmental factors on growth e.g., pH. temperature, oxygen,
nutrient limitations and nutrition: batch and continuous cultures, nutritional
classification of microorganisms, nutritional uptake by microorganisms (C.N.P).

Metabolic Pathways: metabolic versatility of microbes, anaerobic carbon metabolism:

anaerobic respiration, sulphate respiration, reference to glycolysis, fermentation –
diverse fermentation products, putrefaction, methane oxidizing and methanogenic
bacteria, aerobic carbon metabolism: TCA cycle, alternative metabolic pathways.
Energy Metabolism: chemo autotrophs, hydrogen bacteria, phototrophic
bacteria/cyanobacteria.

Advanced Bacterial Metabolism: recent advances in unusual bacterial metabolism

pathways. Microbes in extreme environment: The basis of extremophiles and their
applications, thermophile and halophiles. Quorum sensing in Bacteria: gram negative
bacteria: LUXI LUXR-Type: gram positive bacteria: peptide mediated quorum sensing.
Microbial Diseases-disease reservoirs; epidemological terminologies; infectious
disease transmission; respiratory infections caused by bacteria and viruses;
tuberculosis; Sexually transmitted diseases including; disease transmitted by animals
(rabies), insects and ticks (rickettsias, malaria) food and water borne diseases; public
health and water quality; pathogenic fungi; Emerging and resurgent infectious
diseases.

Host Parasite Relationships-Normal micro flora of skin, oral cavity, gastrointestinal

tract; entry of pathogens into the host; colonization and factors predisposing to
infections; types of toxins (exotoxin, endotoxin and entreotoxin) and their structure;
mode of actions. Biochemical, physiological. Genetic aspects of symbionts, Physiology
and Molecular Biology of symbiosis; nonspecific and specific defense mechanisms.

40
 Mechanism of pathogenesis, host factors influencing resistance to infection.
Vaccination

Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial agents; Sulfa drugs; Antibiotics; Pencillins and

Cephalosporins; Broad-Spectrum antibiotics; Antibiotics from prokaryotes; Antifungal
antibiotics; Mode of action; Resistance to antibiotics. Application of Microbiology in
industrial, agriculture and waste water management: symbiotic nitrogen fixation,
Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Cyanobacteria (Anabaena, Azolla etc.), Mycorrhiza and VAM
fungi, Siderophores and other PGRs. Major industrial products from microbes,
beverages, antibiotics, secondary metabolites and recombinant products.
Biodegradation by microbes, sewage pollution control, control of oil spills,
superbugs.

Suggested reading:

1. Microbiology, J.G. Cappuccino, N. Sherman, Pearson Education Publications.

2. Essential Microbiology, Stuart Hogg, John Wiley and Sons Limited.
3. Microbiology: A Human Perspective, E.W. Nester, D.G. Anderson, C.E. Roberts,
N.N. Pearsall, M. T. Nester Mc Graw Hill Higher Education.
4. Manual of Environmental Microbiology, C. J. Hurst, R.L.Crawford,
G.R.Knudsen, M.J. McInerney, L.D. Stetzenbach,, ASM Press.
5. Microbiology, L.M. Prescott, J. P. Harley, D.A., Klein, Mc Graw Hill International
Edition.
6. General Microbiology. H.G. Schlegel, Cambridge University Press.
7. Dube RC and Maheshwari, D.K. – S. Chandpal.

5. Immunology

Introduction to Immune system – Innate and Acquired Immunity (natural and

adaptive

immune responses); Natural Immunity: Mechanism of barriers to entry of microbes into

human body. Physical barriers (skin, mucous); chemical barrier; cellular barriers;
inflammation.

In cellular barrier – Monocyte; macrophages – TLR receptors and PAMPS, signal

transduction, opsonization, Eosinophils – parasitic infection and role of eosinophils;
Basophils, Mast cell; Neutrophils; NK cell.

Inflation - Inflammatory reaction, migration of neutrophils to the site of infection,

prostaglandins, leukotriens. Adaptive Immunity: Lymphocytes- (T. cell, B. cell).
Dendritic cells; humoral and cell mediated immunity, clonal selection; lymphoid organs.

Antigens – Structure, properties, types, haptens; Antibodies – Structure, types and their
biological functions. Hybridoma technology and monoclonal antibody production,
application; Antibody engineering Chimeric antibody, Abzymes (catalytic antibody).

41
 Antibody – antigen interactions/techniques – Complement and lytic reaction,
complement fixation test, precipitation, immuno diffustion, agglutination, RIA, ELISA
immune fluorescence. MHC genes, MHC complex (organization of H2 + HLA complex,
class I and class II MHC molecules). Antigen presenting cells (APC), Antigen
processing and presentation (cytosolic and endocytic pathways)

B Cell receptors, maturation, editing, activation and differentiation. T. Cell receptor (?,
?, γ, δ) thymic selection of T. Cell APC – T. Cell interaction, T. Cell activation, super
antigens, role of cytokines. Cytoxictiy – T.Cell mediated cytotoxicity, NK cell mediated
cytotoxicity, ADCC (antibody directed ecelluar cytotoxicity)

Transplantation Immunology. Tumor Immunology (Tumor antigen, Tumor escape).

Immunological disorder – Hypersensitivity (Type I, II, III, IV) Auto Immunity, Immuno
deficiencies.

Suggested reading

1. A Text book of Immunology – P. Madhavee Latha.

2. Text book of Immunology – C.A. Bona and FA Bomlla
3. Basic Immunology by Jacqueline Sharon.
4. Immunology by Ivan Roitt, Janathan Brostoff and David Male.

6. Biochemistry

An overview of Biochemistry, cellular environment and applicability of basic laws of

chemistry and thermodynamics. Concept of small and macromolecules, molecular
interactions and their importance in understanding cellular processes.
Monosaccharides and derivatives of sugars, polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans,
proteoglycans, protein glycosylations and its significance.

Primary characterization of proteins, isolation and chromatographic purification of

proteins, ultracentrifugation, sequence determination, mass spectrometry. Structure of
amino acids and peptide bonds, Ramachandran Plot, alpha helical and beta pleated
structures, structures of fibrous proteins like keratin, fibroin, elastin and collagen.
Dynamics of protein structure, protein structure, protein stability, globular proteins and
maintenance of specific confirmation, structural motifs commonly found in various
proteins and their functional relevance. Basic concepts of protein folding, folding
pathways, role of accessory proteins in protein folding. Fatty acids, triacylglycerols,
glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol lipid bilayers.

Macromolecules:, proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, glycoproteins, glycolipids,

lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, protein modifications and their functional
implications. Enzyme catalysis, specificity of enzyme action, coenzymes and vitamins.
Classification of enzymes, factors affecting enzymes activities, feedback and allosteric
inhibition. Chemical kinetics and order of reactions, Michaelis and Menten equation, V
max and Michaelis constant double reciprocal plots. Mechanisms of acid base,
covalent, metal ion catalysis. Types of inhibitions, reversible (competitive,
uncompetitive and non-competitive) and irreversible inhibitions, bisubstrate reaction.

42
 Metabolism: basic concepts, central role of ATP in metabolism, carbon fuel and its
oxidation, concept of energy rich compounds and intermediates, common types of
reactions involved in metabolism. ATP synthesis and chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP
generation. Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, energetics and ATP productions.
Regulation of glycolysis, glycogen synthase, metabolic flux and its regulation by
various metabolic intermediates. Different Metabolic Pathways: metabolic versatility of
microbes, anaerobic carbon metabolism: anaerobic respiration, sulphate respiration,
reference to glycolysis, fermentation – diverse fermentation products, putrefaction,
methane oxidizing and methanogenic bacteria, aerobic carbon metabolism: TCA cycle
alternative metabolic pathways.

Redox reaction, mitochondrial structure and its role in energy metabolism, electron
transport system and oxidative phosphorylation. Pentose phosphate pathway and its
importance in biosynthetic reactions. Glycogen synthesis, breakdown and its
regulation. Fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation. Amino acid metabolism, urea
cycle, one carbon reaction, nonprotein amino acids, amines and their role in cell
function. Nucleotide biosynthesis and degradation, salvage pathways, its regulation
and diseases.

Suggested reading:

1. Biochemistry (5th Edition) by Jeremy Berg, John Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer.
2. Biochemistry (3rd Edition) by Donald J. Voet and Judith G. Voet.
3. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (4 th Edition) by David L. Nelson and Michael
M. Cox.

7. Biophysics

Introduction, interaction in biological systems, feedback mechanism. Elementary

quantum mechanics and its application in biological system. Biological membrane,
movement of ions across cell membrane, electrochemical equilibrium; genesis of
membrane potential; properties of excitable membrane; action potential and its
propagation, conduction velocity. Voltage clamp, introduction to patch clamp.

Mechanism of muscle contraction, muscle energetics. Lung mechanics, diffusion of

gases, surface tension, role of surfactant. Heart and circulatory system, electrical
and mechanical

Activity of heart, mechanics of blood flow in blood vessels, cardiac work, and
mechanical efficiency of heart. Geometrical optics of vision, refractive defects of eye
and its rectification, mechanism of hearing.

Introduction to radiation biology; non-ionising and ionising radiation, isotopes, radiation

measurement; radiation hazards, radiation evaluation; control and regulatory aspects
of safety. Physical measurements in biology; surface tension, viscosity, diffusion,
sedimentation, electrophoresis, diffraction; microscopic techniques, electron
microscopy; introduction to NMR.

43
 Use of computers in biology, systems and application, Software, data acquisition
system and analysis using software.

8. Biostatistics

Introduction to Biostatistics, Biological Data: Brief history; Population, Variables;

Sampling: Representative samples, size of sample, Random & non random samples,
stratified samples; Introduction to software used in Biostatistics – SPSS; INSTAT;
EXCEL.

Types of Data: Primary and Secondary data; Qualitative and Quantitative; Frequency
Distributions; Frequency tables; Presentation of Data: Graphical presentation,
Frequency Polygon, Histogram, Bar Diagram, Pie Diagram, Pictogram, Cumulative
Frequency curves.

Measures of Central Tendency and Variability: Mean: Arithmetic mean grouped and
ungrouped data; Weighted mean; Mode: Grouped and ungrouped data; Median:
Grouped and ungrouped data; Range, Standard deviation, variance, coefficient of
variation, standard. error.

Normal Distribution: Characteristics; Areas under curve; Z – value.

Probability and Binomial Distribution: Probability: Independent events, addition and

multiplication rules, conditional probability; Binomial Distribution.

Correlation and Regression: Bivariate data; Scatter plot; Pearsons correlation

coefficient (r): determination and interpretation; Linear regression; Regression
coefficient; Fitting regression lines.

Hypothesis Testing: Null and Alternate Hypothesis, Type I and II error; Parametric
and nonparametric tests; Tests of Significance, small samples (t – Test), large samples
(Z – Test) degree of freedom; Χ2 – Test, contingency tables; – levels, interpretation
of test results.

ANOVA: One way; Two way; F – Test. Application and Practice: HMM; Vital
statistics.

Suggested Books for Biostatistics

1. Gould JF and Gould GF, 2001. Biostatistics Basics: A Student Hand Book.
W.H.Freeman Co.
2. Campbell RC 1989 – Statistics for Biologists. Cambridge University press.
3. Sokal RR and Rohlf- An Introduction to Biostatistics W.H. Freeman and Co.
4. Bailey NTJ – Statistical Methods in Biology English University Press.
5. Mitchell K & Glover T. Introduction to Biostatistics McGraw Hill Publishing Co.
6. Zor JH – Biostatistical Analysis Prentice Hall Internal Edition.
7. Gupta SP – Statistics methods, Sultan Chand & Sons.

44
9. Animal Diversity (Animal Life: Form & Function)

Origin and outline classification of non-chordates and chordates (including

Onychophora) along with adaptive radiations. Geological time scale and fossils.
Minor phyla:- concept of significance (Mesozoa, Echiuroidea, Rotifera, Ctenophora,
Rhyncocoela ), organization and general characters.

Organization of the coelom:- Acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, coelomates

(Protostomia and Deuterostomia); Interrelationships of Hemichordata, Urochordata and
Cepahalochordata and their relations with other deuterostomes; Life histories of sessile
and pelagic Pyrosoma, Salpa, Doliolium and Oikopleura.

Integument:- cuticle, chitin, scales, feathers, hair, dermal glands. Exoskeleton and
endoskeleton:- jaw formation, gill arches, chondrocranium. Locomotion:-pseudopodia,
flagella and ciliary movements in Protozoa; Hydrostatic movements in coelenterates,
annelids, and echinoderms. Fins, wings quadripedal and bipedal locomotion.

Nutrition and Digestion in invertebrates and vertebrates:- patterns of feeding and

digestion in lower metazoans; filter feeding in polychaetes, molluscs and echinoderms,
amphioxus. Alimentary canal and its modification in vertebrates, Digestive glands.

Respiration in invertebrates and vertebrates; surface, cutaneous, gills, book lungs,

trachea, lungs, air sacs, swim bladder.

Excretion Organs of excretion-coelom, nephredia, Malphigian tubules; fish to

mammals- protonephridia to metanephridia, modifications of the kidney.

Circulation of body fluids invertebrates to vertebrates, open to closed circulation;

evolution of heart and aortic arches; portal system.

Nervous system primitive nervous system- coelenterates and echinoderms; advanced

nervous system in annelids, insects, crustaceans and cephalopods. Trends in neural
evolution(basic plan to cepahlisation). Vertebrates- evolution of brain.

Reproductive system asexual to sexual in invertebrates and vertebrates; oviparous,

ovoviviparous and viviparous. Larval forms of free living invertebrates, larvae of
parasites, strategies and evolutionary significance of larval forms.

Suggested Reading Material for Invertebrates

1. Invertebrate Zoology Barnes, RD. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia

2. A Biology of higher invertebrates, Russel-Hunter, WD. McMillan Co. Ltd., London
3. Text book of Zoology. Parker, T.J., Haswell. W.A.Macmillan Co., London.

Suggested Reading Material for Chordates

45
 1. Text book of Zoology. Parker, T.J., Haswell. W.A.Macmillan Co., London.
2. The Biology of Hemichordata and Protochordata. Barrington, E.J.W. Olter and
Boyd. Edinborough.
3. Comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Kent. C.G.
4. Chordata morphology. Malcom Jollie. East-West Press Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.
5. The Chordates. Monielli. A.R.Cambridge University Press. London.
6. Life of Vertebrates, Young. J.Z. The Oxford University Press. London.
7. Elements of Chordate Anatomy, Weichert. C.K. and Presch W. McGraw hall Book
Co., NewYork.
8. Chordata structure and function. Waterman. A.J.Macmillan Co. New York.

10. Animal Physiology

Tissue system and their functions: Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, muscular tissue
and Nervous tissue. Principles of physiology: relationship between structure and
function, Adaptation, Acclimatization, Acclimation, Homeostasis, Feed-back control
systems, Conformity and Regulation. Environmental stress.

Neurophysiology:- ion transport across nerve cell membrane, electrophysiology,

conduction of nerve impulse; sensing the environment- photoreceptors,
mechanoreceptors, electroreceptor, chemoreceptor, thermoreceptor. Nervous system
–CNS and PNS; special senses-eye, ear, smell, taste. Muscle and animal movement:
biochemistry of contraction in skeletal, cardiac and visceral muscles; neuromuscular
control.

Respiratory system: respiratory pigments, transport of gases in blood, regulation of

body pH, respiratory response to extreme conditions like hypoxia, diving and exercise
(effect on enzymes and membranes). Physiology of respiration (mammals) and neural
regulation breathing.

Circulatory systems: general plan, electrical and mechanical properties of myogenic

and neurogenic hearts. Cardiac cycle; regulation of heart beat and blood pressure and
electrocardiogram, Haemodynamics; cardiovascular response to extreme conditions
like exercise, diving and hemorrhage. Neural regulation of cardiovascular system;
peripheral circulation.

Endocrine system: Glands and Hormones: Secretory mechanisms, Endocrine and

Neuroendocrine systems in insects and vertebrates. Molecular mechanism of hormone
action. Physiological effects of hormones.

Excretion and Osmoregulation- osmoregulators and osmo conformers, obligatory

exchanges of ions and water. Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial environment.
Physiology of mammalian and nonmammalian kidneys.

Digestive system: Acquisition of Energy:, Digestion (motility and Secretions),

Metabolism, and absorption, Physiology of gastrointestinal system (insects and
mammals) including neural and hormonal regulatory mechanisms.

46
 Energetics of metabolism expenditure: Body size and metabolic rate, Energetics of
locomotion, body rhythms. Thermoregulation: Temperature dependence of metabolic
rate, determinants of body heat and temperature, thermal biology of ectotherms,
heterotherms and endotherms; hibernation, torpor, aestivation.

Reproductive system: Gametogenesis and its hormonal control, Fertilization,

Capacitation; energetics of reproduction.

Suggested reading:

1. Text Book of Medical Physiology (latest edition) by Guyton

2. Animal Physiology: Adaptations and Environment by Knut.S Nielsen.
3. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Tortora Gabowski (10th edition or latest).
4. Physiology by Shermann.
5. Comparative Physiology by Prosser and Brown (Latest edition).

11. Animal Developmental Biology

Principle of Developmental biology: Question and Approach in developmental

biology, Evaluation of developmental patterns, Principles of experimental embryology,
Genomic equivalence. Identification of developmental genes, mutant screening,
developmental mutations in Drosophila.

Cleavage and gastrulation: of invertebrates and vertebrates (helminthes, insects,

amphibians and mammals) axes and germ layers, cell adhesion.

Phenomenon of organizer: with special reference to amphibians: progressive

determination, Regional specificity of induction, Neural tube formation, Cell migration.
General concepts of organogenesis: Morphogenetic process in epithelia and
mesenchyme in organ formation. Morphogenesis of brain, neural crest cells and their
accessory organs. Insect imaginal disc – determination of wing and leg imaginal discs,
organizing centre in patterning of the wing, butterfly wing development, homeotic
selector genes for segmental identity. Development of compound eye, heart and
kidney (Ureteric and mesenchymal tubules).

Metamorphosis: Progressive, retrogressive, cyclomorphosis (invertebrate and

vertebrate) structural and physiological changes during metamorphosis. Embryonic
Adaptations: Evolution of cleidoic egg and its structural and physiological adaptations.
Development and physiology of extra embryonic membranes in amniotes.
Development, types and physiology of mammalian placenta.

Regeneration and differentiation: Types of regeneration – Epimorphic (eg.

Salamander limbs), Morphallactic (eg Hydra), Compensatory (eg. Mammalian liver);
Morphological and histological processes in amphibian limb regeneration. Origin of
cells for regeneration and differentiation. Embryonic stem cells and their applications.

Invertebrate model organisms: D. melanogaster, C. elegans – Identification of

developmental genes, origin of anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral patterning, role of

47
 maternal genes, zygotic genes, segmentation genes, gap genes – the paired rule
genes, homeotic selector genes. Vertebrate model organisms: X. laevis, chicken,
mammals – Patterning vertebrate of limb, signaling in patterning of limb, homeobox
genes in patterning.

Growth–cell proliferation, aging, and cancer genes–involved in timing of senescence.

Suggested reading

1. An introduction to Embryology by Boris Ivan Balinsky.

2. Developmental Biology by Scott F Gilbert.
3. Principles of Development by Tickle, Martinez, Arias Worpert.
4. A text book of General Embryology. Kellicott and William Erskine.

12. Plant Diversity I: Phycology

Principles of classification (Fritz and Smith). Modern trends in taxonomy of Algae

(Lee). Emphasis on Prochlorophyta (Prochloron). Diversity in organism and cell
structure, thallus and morphological variations. Reproduction and life cycle patterns (in
different group of algae). Diversity distribution and Economic importance of algae in
industry, agriculture, medicine and food. Role of algae in bioremediation, and
mariculture.

Mycology

Principles and modern trends in taxonomy and classification of Fungi. Structure,

reproduction and phylogeny of Oomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota and
Basidiomycota. Diversity distribution and economic importance of fungi (industry,
medicine, agriculture including food). General account of Lichens.

Bryophyta

General characters and systems of classification. Contributions of Indian Bryologists. A

general account of morphological and anatomical features, reproduction, life history
and phylogeny of Liverwort , Hornwort and Mosses. Origin and evolution of
Bryophytes, Fossil bryophytes (Brief mention). Diversity distribution and economic
importance of bryophytes.

Pteridophyta

General characters, classification (modern trends) and life cycle of Peteriophytes.

Structure and evolutionary trends, stele and spore morphology. Telome concept
Pteridophytes. Comparative morphology, structure, reproduction and phylogeny of the
following Groups: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphaenopsida, Pteropsida. Fossil
Pteridophytes-Rhynia, Lepidocarpon, Sphaenophyllum, Zygopteris. Apospory,
apogamy and parthenogenesis. Diversity, distribution and economic importance of
pteridophytes.

48
Gymnosperms

General characters, distribution, phylogeny, classification and economic importance of

Gymnosperms. Structural details of vegetative and reproductive parts, phylogeny and
interrelationships of the following. Cycadofilicales, Caytoniales, Bennettitales,
Pentoxylales, Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, Gnetales. Diversity distribution and
economic importance of gymnosperm.

References

Phycology

1. Bold, H.C. Wynne, M.J. 1985. Introduction to the Algae. Prentice Hall of India,
NewDelhi.
2. Chapman, V.J. Chapman, D.J. 1975. The Algae Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi.
3. Fritsch, F.E.1945. Structure and Reproduction of Algae, Cambridge University
Press.
4. Kumar, H.D. 1999. Introductory Physiology, Affiliated East West Press Pvt. Ltd.
Press.New Delhi.
5. Pandey, B.P.1994. Algae. S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.
6. Round, F.E. 1984. The Ecology of Algae. Cambridge University Press.

Mycology

1. Ainsworth, G.C., Sparrow. K.E. and Sussman. The Fungi. Academic Press, New
York.
2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. Blackwell, M. 1996. Introductory Mycology. John
Wiley & Sons., New York.
3. Bilgarmi, K.S. and Verma, R.N. 1994. Physiology of Fungi. Vikas Publishing
HousePvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
4. Dube, H.C. An Introduction to Fungi. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
5. Hale, M.E. 1983. Biology of Lichens. Edward Arnold. – D.D. Awasthi
6. Moore, D.et al., 1986. Developmental Biology of higher Fungi
7. Sharma, O.P. Text book of Fungi. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co.Ltd. New Delhi.
8. Webster, J.1975. Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge University Press.
9. Agrawal – Mehrotra.

Bryophyta

1. Cavers, F. 1976. The Inter relationship of the Bryophyta. S.R. Technic (Book
House), Ashok Rajpath, Patna.
2. Dyer, A.F. and Duickett, J.G. (Ed.). 1984. The experimental Biology of
Bryophytes.Academic Press.
3. Parihar. N.S.1980. An Introduction to Embryophyta Vol. I. Bryophyta. Central
Book Depot.
4. Prem Puri, 1981. Bryophytes: Morphology, Growth and differentiation. Atma Ram
andSons, New Delhi.

49
 5. Vashishta, P.C. 1999. Bryophyta. S. Chand & Co. New Delhi.

Pteridophyta

1. Eames, E.J. 1983. Morphology of vascular plants. Standard University Press.

2. Rashid, A. 1999. Pteridophyta, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
3. Sharma, O.P. 1990. Textbook of Pteridophyta. Macmillan India Ltd. Delhi.
4. Sporne, K.R. 1986. The morphology of Pteridophytes. Hutchinson University Press.
5. Sundara Rajan, S. 1999. Introduction to Pteridophyta. New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi.

Gymnosperms

1. Biswas, C. and Johri, B.M. 1999. The Gymnosperms. Narosa Publishing House,
New Delhi.
2. Chamberlain, C.J. 1955. Gymnosperms. Structure and Evolution.
3. Chamberlain, C.J. 2000. Gymnosperms. C B S Publishers and Distributors, New
Delhi.
4. Sporne, K.R.1986. Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinson University Press.
Vashishta, P.C. 1999. Gymnosperms, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.

13. Plant Diversity-II - Taxonomy Of Angiosperms

Definition and importance of taxonomy. History of classification, evolutionary

systematics and phylogenic systematics. Basic level including merits and demerits of
systems of classification by Bentham and Hooker, Hutchinson and Takhtajan and APG
Classification. Contents of ICBN – Author citation – Typification and different types.
Publication of names – Rules of Priority-Nomina Conservanda and definitions of
nomenclatural terms Autonym, Homonym, Basionym, Tautonym and Nomen.
Construction of taxonomic keys (indented and bracketed) and their utilization. Floristic
studies in India: Botanical garden and herbarium. Modern concepts and trends in Plant
taxonomy: Elementary treatment of; (i) Cytotaxonomy (ii) Chemotaxonomy (iii)
Numerical Taxonomy (Taximetries) (iv) Molecular Taxonomy (v) Cladistics. Problems
in evolutionary taxonomy: the concepts of primitive and advanced, monophyly and
polyphyly, parallelism and convergence, homology and analogy.

Taxonomy

1. Cronquist, A. 1981. An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants.

2. Davis, P. H. and Heywood. 1963. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy, New York
3. Heslop – Harrison, J. 1958. New concepts in Flowering Plant Taxonomy, London.
4. Heywood, V. H. 1968. Modern methods in Plant Taxonomy.
5. Hutchinson, J. Families of Flowering Plants. Cambridge.
6. Jeffrey, C. 1968. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy, London.
7. Naik, V.N. 1984. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. New Delhi.
8. Radford Albert, E. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics
9. Sivarajan, V.V. 1991. An Introduction to Principles of Taxonomy, London.
10. Sivarajan, V.V. 1999. Principles of Plant Taxonomy Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

50
 Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.

14. Plant Physiology

Water relations: water transport processes (diffusion, bulk flow, osmosis, water
potential, components of water potential); Mechanism of water transport through
xylem; (Ascent of sap) Water loss by transpiration, Solute transport by passive and
active mechanisms and membrane transport proteins (Lecithin’s); Regulation of water
supply. Aquaporins and facilitated water transport; Soil plant Atmosphere continuum
(SPAC), concept in stomatal physiology; Signal transduction in guard cells. Transport
processes in plants: Active and passive transport systems, ion channels, driving
forces and flow, transport of nutrients across the primary root, transport through sieve
element, Regulation and transport of metabolites from the source to the sink, genetic
regulation of transport systems in response to nutrients availability and growth status.

Role of micro and macro elements and assimilations of inorganic

nutrients: Essential nutrients, deficiencies and plant disorders. Plant microrrhiza
association,; sulfur metabolism, phosphate metabolism, calcium metabolism,
assimilation of cations, chloride dynamics. Nitrogen metabolism: nitrogen
metabolism, nitrogen fixation, assimilatory nitrate reduction, ammonia assimilation and
synthesis of amino acids. Regulation of ‘nif’. Plant mycorrhiza association.

Photosynthesis: Light absorption, emission, energy transfer, Z scheme of

photosynthesis, electron transfer, Role of pigment in transformation of radiant energy.
Light harvesting complexes, Kok curve, Kautsky curve, ETS, Photophosphorylation
photo inhibition O2 and H2 evolution, regulation of Calvin cycle, RUBISCO activity.
Photorespiration, CAM, C4 Pathway; Environment and its impact on
photosynthesis, agricultural aspects. Respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration,
EMP pathway, TCA cycle, PPP, Glyoxylate cycle, Mitochondrial ETS, Cyanide
resistance pathway, Gluconeogenesis, High energy compounds: Synthesis and
utilization, ATP synthesis.

Lipid and other natural product metabolism in plants: Fatty acid biosynthesis,
Alpha and Beta oxidation, membrane lipid biosynthesis, lipid desaturation,
triacylglycerols, complex lipids, cell wall lipids, alkaloids, ceramides.

Plant growth regulators: Introduction and concept, types of growth regulators

Auxin: the master growth hormone, distribution in plants, roles, how auxin works?
Auxin mutants, auxin perception, auxin binding proteins, signal transduction, auxin
responsive gene/ promoters /factors. Model for gene regulation, derepression of early
auxin genes, Acid theory, polar auxin transport, A chemoosmotic model, commercial
uses of auxin. Gibberellins: Foolish seedling disease, functions of GAs, location, and
free verses conjugated Gas, signal transduction and mechanism of action of GAs
taking amylase as an example, commercial applications. Cytokinins: location,
functions and mechanism of action, commercial applications Ethylene: discovery,
locations and functions, mutants, mechanism of actions, applications Abscisic acid:
discovery, location, functions, mutantsVP1, ABA and ABI, mechanism of action;
Introduction of other hormones- brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid.

51
 Sensory Photobiology: structure and function , photochemical and biochemical
properties of phytochrome, Phytochrome induced plant responses, molecular
mechanism of action of phytochrome in gene expression, Cryptochrome and its
role in photomorphogenesis.

The flowering process: Photoperiodism and its significance, initiation of flower

primordia, flowering stimulus Vernalization, endogenous clock and its regulation. Seed
Germination; metabolic changes during seed germination, flowering initiation, maturity
and fruiting, fruit ripening. Stress Physiology: Water deficit and its physiological
consequences, drought tolerance mechanisms, salinity stress and plant responses,
heat stress and heat shock proteins, metal toxicity, biotic stress, HR and SAR
mechanisms.

Plant defenses, role of secondary metabolites: terpenes, phenolic compounds,

nitrogen –containing compounds. Molecular genetics and plant physiology: Over
view, receptors and G. proteins, second messengers, two component sensor regulator
systems in bacteria and plants, signal transduction and gene expression.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Devline and Witham, 1986. Plant Physiology. CBS Publs and Distributors, New
Delhi.
2. Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York, USA.
3. Moore, T.C. 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. Springer
Verlag,New York, USA.
4. Singhal et al. 1999. Concepts in Photobiology, Photosynthesis and Phyto-
morphognesis, Narosa Pub. House, New Delhi.
5. Taiz and Zeiger, 1998. Plant Physiology Sinauer Associates Inc., Publishers,
Sunderland
6. Salisbury and Ross, 4th Ed. Plant Physiology Cengage Learning (paperback)

15. Plant Developmental Biology

Model plants for developmental biology: Introduction of model plants used for
development studies in plant system, advantages of each system with special
emphasis on model plant Arabidopsis. Terms and tools: Cell division, planes, cell
autonomy, cell polarity, radial a/symmetry, pattern formation, abaxial, adaxial identity,
cell lineage vs. cell position, meristem, determinant vs. indeterminant meristem, cell
ablation technique, temporal and spatial expression of genes, in situ hybridization,
interacting genes and their position in respect to signaling pathway, targeted
mutagenesis in plants, mutant generation and identification of the gene.

Reproduction: Male and female gametophyte development, pollination and

fertilization. Seed formation and germination: Seed formation, cotyledon, endosperm
and seed coat development. Seed dormancy and germination, seedling development,
genetic regulation of vernalization.

52
 Embryogenesis: Basic lay out of dicot and monocot embryos, stages of embryo
development, embryonic axis, cell division and pattern formation in embryo, cell
polarity in embryo. Shoot development: Structure and function of shoot apical
meristem (SAM), initiation and maintenance of SAM, regulation of meristem size,
antagonism between SAM and lateral organs, genetic regulation, axial bud formation,
shoot branching.

Leaf development: Emergence of leaf primodium from SAM, abaxial and adaxial
identity of leaf cells, leaf margin, trichome, epidermis and stomata development,
vascular differentiation. Root development: Root apical meristem structure and
function, lateral root development, lateral and adventitious root development, root hair
development, hormonal regulations in root development. Flower development:
Transition from vegetative to reproductive stage, role of homeotic gene inflorescence
meristem, floral whorls specification, ABC model and beyond, whorl boundary
specification, asymmetric flower development, structure and development of monocot
flowers. Use of in vitro system for studying development
Suggested reading:

1. The Arabidopsis Book, ASPB publication (available freely at www.aspb.org).

2. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants- Ed. Buchanan, Grussem and Jones,
ASPB publication.
3. Plant Physiology by Taiz and Zeiger, Sinauer Associate Inc. Publishers.
4. Plant Physiology – Hopkins.
***

6. Ph.D. Mathematics

 Algebra

Prerequisites and Preliminaries: Logic, Sets and Classes, Functions, Relations and
Partitions, Products, The Integers, The Axiom of Choice, Order and Zorn’s Lemma.
Groups: Semigroups, Monoids and Groups, Homomorphisms and Subgroups, Cyclic
Groups, Cosets and Counting, Normality, Quotient Groups, and Homomorphisms,
Symmetric, Alternating, and Dihedral Groups, Direct Products and Direct Sums, Free
Groups, Free Products, Generators & Relations.

The Structure of Groups: Free Abelian Groups, Finitely Generated Abelian Groups, The
Krull-Schmidt Theorem, The Action of a Group on a Set, The Sylow Theorems,
Classification of Finite Groups, Nilpotent and Solvable Groups, Normal and Subnormal
Series.

Rings: Rings and Homomorphisms, Ideals, Factorization in Commutative Rings, Rings of

Quotients and Localization, Rings of Polynomials and Formal Power Series, Factorization
in Polynomial Rings.

53
 Fields and Galois Theory: Field Extensions, the Fundamental Theorem, Splitting Fields,
Algebraic Closure and Normality, Finite Fields.

Linear Algebra: Vector Space and Linear Transformations, Matrices and Maps, Rank and
Equivalence, Determinants, the Characteristic Polynomial, Eigenvectorsand Eigenvalues.

 Real Analysis

Sequences and series of functions, pointwise and uniform convergence, Cauchy

criterion for uniform convergence, Weierstrass M-test, Abel’s and Dirichlet’s tests for
uniform convergence, uniform convergence and continuity, uniform convergence and
Riemann-Stieltjes integration, uniform convergence and differentiation, Weierstrass
approximation theorem, Power series, uniqueness theorem for power series, Abel’s and
Tauber’s theorems.

Functions of several variables, linear transformations, Derivatives in an open subset of

Rn, Chain rule, Partial derivatives, interchange of the order of differentiation, Derivatives
of higher orders, Taylor’s theorem, Inverse function theorem, Implicit function theorem,
Jacobians, extremum problems with constraints, Lagrange’s multiplier method,
Differentiation of integrals, Partitions of unity, Differential forms, Stoke’s theorem.

Lebesgue outer measure. Measurable sets. Regularity. Measurable functions. Borel and
Lebesgue measurability. Non-measurable sets.

Integration of Non-negative functions. The General integral. Integration of Series.

Reimann and Lebesgue Integrals.

Measures and outer measures, Extension of a measure. Uniqueness of Extension.

Completion of a measure. Measure spaces. Integration with respect to a measure.The
Lp-spaces. Convex functions, Jensen’s inequality. Holder and Minkowski inequalities.
Completeness of Lp, Convergence in Measure, Almost uniform convergence.

 Topology

Countable and uncountable sets. Infinite sets and the Axiom of Choice. Cardinal
numbers and its arithmetic. Schroeder-Bernstein theorem. Cantor’s theorem and the
continuum hypothesis. Zorn’s lemma Well-ordering theorem.

Definition and examples of topological spaces. Closed sets. Closure. Dense subsets.

Neighbourhoods. Interior, exterior and boundary. Accumulation points and derivedsets.

Bases and sub-bases. Subspaces and relative topology.

Continuous functions and homomorphism, compactness. Continuous functions and

compact sets. Basic properties of compactness. Compactness and finite intersection
property. Sequentially and countably compact sets. Local compactness and one point
compactification. Stone-vech compactification. Compactness in metric spaces.

Equivalence of compactness, countable compactness and sequential compactness

inmetric spaces, Connected spaces (Connectedness only for metric space.)

54
 Functional Analysis

Normed linear spaces. Banach spaces and examples. Quotient space of normed linear
spaces and its completeness, equivalent norms. Riesz Lemma, basic properties of finite
dimensional normed linear spaces and compactness. Weak convergence and bounded
linear transformation, normed linear spaces of bounded linear transformations, dual
spaces with examples. Uniform boundedness theorem and some of its consequences.
Open mapping and closed graph theorems. Hahn-Banach theorem for real linear
spaces, complex linear spaces and normed linear spaces.

Reflexive space. Weak Sequential Compactness. Compact Operators. Solvability of

linear equations in Banach spaces, the closed Range Theorem.

Inner product spaces. Hilbert spaces. Orthonormal Sets. Bessel’s inequality. Complete
orthonormal sets and Parseval’s identity. Structure of Hilbert spaces. Projection
theorem. Riesz representation theorem. Adjoint of an operator on a Hilbert space.

Reflexivity of Hibert spaces. Self-adjoint operators, Positive, projection, normal and

unitary operators. Abstract variational boundary-value problem. The generalized Lax-
Milgram theorem.

 Differential Equations

Preliminaries-initial value problem and the equivalent integral equation, mth order
equation in d-dimensions as a first order system, concepts of local existence,
existence in the large and uniqueness of solutions with examples.

Linear Differential Equations-Linear Systems, Variation of constants, reduction to

smaller systems. Basic inequalities, constant coefficients. Adjoint systems,
Higherorder equations.

Dependence on initial conditions and parameters; Preliminaries. Continuity.

Differentiability. Higher Order Differentiability.

Linear second order equations-Preliminaries. Basic facts. Theorems of Sturm. Sturm-

Liouville Boundary Value Problems. Number of zeros. Nonoscillatory equations
andprincipal solutions. Nonoscillation theorems. Use of Implicit function and fixed point
theorems-Periodic solutions. Linear equations. Nonlinear problems.

Second order Boundary value problems-Linear problems. Nonlinear problems.

Aproribounds, Green’s Function.

 Partial Differential Equations

Examples of PDE. Classification.

Transport Equation-Initial value Problem. Non-homogeneous Equation. Laplace’s

Equation-Fundamental Solution, Mean Value Formulas, Properties of Harmonic
Functions, Green’s Function, Energy Methods.

55
 Heat Equation-Fundamental Solution, Mean Value Formula, Properties of Solutions,
Energy methods. Wave Equation-Solution by spherical Means, Non-homogeneous
Equations, Energy Methods.

Nonlinear First Order PDE-Complete Integrals, Envelopes, Characteristics, Hamilton-

Jacobi Equations (Calculus of Variations, Hamilton’s ODE, Legendre Transform).

Representation of Solutions-Separation of Variables, Similarity Solutions (Plane and

Travelling Waves, Solitons, Similarity under Scaling), Fourier and Laplace Transform,
Asymptotics (Singular Perturbations, Laplace’s Method), Power Series.

Section B - Research Aptitude

The processes broadly involved in undertaking math research: Ability to generalise and
particularise, ability to make ‘educated guesses’ as conjectures, try to prove/disprove
theorems. The objectives are

 To assess the understanding of mathematical research processes.

 To assess the inclination and aptitude for undertaking research in mathematics.
***

7. Ph.D. Commerce

Course 1: Research Methodology (8 Credits)

1. Theory of Research:

Meaning and Definition of Research, Types of Research, Research Approached

(Scientific, Historical, Descriptive, Comparative, Institutional), Criteria of Good
Research, Research and Business Decisions, Research Applications in Functional
Areas of Business.

2. Research Process :

Problem Selection and Research Design-Selecting a Topic for Research Study,

Formulation of Hypothesis, Research Design (Concepts relating to Research Design,
Major stops preparing a Research Design, Factors affecting Research Design.)

Techniques of Collecting Qualitative Data (PRA-Participatory Rural Appraisal, RRA -

Rapid Rural Appraisal Case Study), Tools of Collecting Qualitative Data (Social
Mapping Resource Mapping, Wealth Ranking of the House - holds, Preference
Ranking, Focus Group Discussion etc.), Formatting and Processing of Qualitative Data,
Sampling Techniques and Sample Design (Methods, Selection of Appropriate Methods
and Sampling Criteria), Sampling Tests (Z test, T test, F test). Editing, Coding,
Classification and Tabulation Diagrammatic and Graphic Presentation.

56
3. Analysis of Data (Statistical Application in Research)

Statistics and Business Research Probability Theory, Probability Distributions

Percentages and Ratios Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Variability
Correlation and Regression Measurement of Trend Association of Attributes
Construction of Indices Hypothesis Testing, Scaling Technique

RCO – 002: SPECIALIZATION COURSE (In the selected area of research interest) FOR
Ph.D./M.Phil.

Area – 1: Accounting & Taxation ACCOUNTING

Contents

1. Accounting: Information for Decision Making

Accounting Information: A Means to an End User’s Perspective - Types of Accounting

Information

Accounting Information Forms: - Determining Information Needs - The Cost of

Producing Accounting Information, Users of Accounting Information - Objectives of
External Financial Reporting - Characteristic of Externally Reported Information -
Characteristics and Objectives

Integrity of Accounting Information: Institutional Features - Professional

Organizations - Competence, Judgment, and Ethical Behavior.

Accounting Systems: Basic Functions of an Accounting System - Designing and

Installation Accounting Systems.

Careers in Accounting: Public Accounting - Management Accounting - Governmental

Accounting - Education

2. Presentation and Reporting of Accounting Information

Reporting the Results of Operations: Developing Predictive Information - Reporting

Irregular Items Continuing Operations - Discontinued Operations, Extraordinary Items -
Changes in Accounting Principles - Earnings per Share (EPS) - Basis and Diluted Earning
per Share

3. Statement of Cash Flows

Statement of Cash Flows: Purpose of the statement - Example of a Statement of Cash

Flows - Classification of Cash Flows - The Approach to Preparing a Statement of Cash
Flows Managing Cash Flows: Budgeting (The Primary Cash Management Tool - What
Priority Should Managers give to Increasing Net Cash Flows?) - Some Strategies for
Permanent Improvements in Cash Flow.

4. Financial Statement Analysis

57
 Techniques of financial statement Analysis: Common Size Financial Statements -
Financial Statement Analysis Using Common Ratios - Profitability Ratios, Efficiency
Ratios, and Solvency Ratios

Tools of Analysis: Trend Percentages, Component Percentages, Ratios, Standards of

Comparison, Quality of Earnings, Quality of Assets, and the Relative Amount of Debt

Measures of Liquidity and Credit Risk: A classified Balance Sheet - Working Capital -
Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Debt Ratio - Evaluating Financial Ratios – Liquidity, Credit
Risk, and the Law

5. Accounting Standards

Introduction – Accounting Standards in India – Importance of the Accounting Standards –

Disclosure of Accounting Policies – Regulations for Valuation of Inventories – Rules for
Cash Flow Statement – Norms for Events after Balance Sheet Date – Rules for Provisions
and Contingencies – Norms for Net Income and Changes in Accounting Policies –
Regulations for Depreciation Accounting – Norms for Revenue Recognition – Accounting
for Fixed Assets – Accounting for Taxes on Income – Accounting for Intangible Assets –
Norms for Consolidated Financial Statements – Need for Notes to Accounts – Other
Accounting Standards – Computerization of Accounts – Indian Companies Providing their
Accounts as per US GAAP and IFRS.

6. Global Business and Accounting

Environmental Forces Shaping Globalization - Political and Legal Systems,

Economic Systems, Culture, Technology and Infrastructure - Harmonization of Financial
Reporting Standards

Foreign Currencies and Exchange Rates: Exchange Rates - Accounting for

Transactions with Foreign Companies - Currency Fluctuations – Who Wins and Who
Loses? - Consolidated Financial Statements That Include Foreign Subsidiaries

7. Management Accounting

An overview – Concepts and uses - Management Accounting Decision Making Authority

- Management Accounting’s Role in Decision Making - Management Accounting’s Role
in Performance Evaluation and Rewards.

8. Costing System and Analysis

Activity Based Costing System: Introduction - Traditional manufacturing Costing

System - Activity Based Costing (ABC) and Activity Based Management (ABM) System -
Cost of Resource Capacity - ABC for Marketing, Selling and Distribution Expenses -
ABC for Service Companies.

Cost variance Analysis: Introduction – Material Variances – Labour Variances –

Overhead Variances – Standard Cost Accounting

58
 Revenue and Profit Variance Analysis: Introduction - Sales Variances - Profit
Variances - Actual Profit and Budgeted: Reconciliation - Variance Reporting - Disposition
of Variances

9. Responsibility Accounting

Introduction – Meaning and Objectives – Types of Responsibility Centres.

Reference text books:

1. Williams, Haka, Bettner (2005) Financial & Managerial Accounting, the basis for
business decisions, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
2. M. Y. Khan, P. K. Jain (2007) Management Accounting, Text, Problems and Cases, The
McGraw- Hill, New Delhi.
3. Asish K. Bhattacharyya (2006) Financial Accounting for Business Managers, Prentice-
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Robert N Anthony, David F. Hawkins, Kenneth A Merchant (2007) Accounting Text and
Cases, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
5. N. Ramachandran, Ram Kumar Kakani (2008), Financial Accounting for
Management, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
6. Shashi K. Gupta (2002), Contemporary Issues in Accounting, Kalyani Publishers, New
Delhi.
7. Aggarwal, M.P. (1981), Analysis of Financial Statements, National Publishing House,
New Delhi.
8. S.N. Maheshwari (2004), Management Accounting and Financial Control, Sultan Chand
and Sons, New Delhi.
9. S.N. Maheshwari, S.K. Maheshwari (2006), Corporate Accounting, Vikas Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

Taxation

Direct Taxation – Law and Practice

1. General Framework of Direct Taxation in India: Different direct tax laws and their
inter- relationship; Importance of Income Tax Act and Annual Finance Bill Relevant
Constitutional provisions; harmonization of tax regime.

2. Tax Planning: Concept of tax planning; Tax planning with reference to setting up a
new business; locational aspects; nature of business; tax holiday, etc. - Tax planning
with regard to specific management decisions such as mergers and takeovers; location
of undertaking; introduction of voluntary retirement; tax planning with reference to
financial management decisions such as borrowing or investment decision;
reorganization or restructuring of capital decisions - Tax planning with respect to
corporate reorganization; tax planning with reference to employees’ remuneration - Tax
Planning vis-à-vis important provisions of wealth-tax including court rulings and
legislative amendments.

3. Tax Management: Return and procedure for assessment; special procedure for
assessment of search cases, e-commerce transactions, liability in special cases;

59
 collection and recovery of tax; refunds, appeals and revisions; penalties imposable,
offences and prosecution.

Indirect Taxation – Law and Practice

4. Indirect Taxes: Special features of indirect tax levies – all pervasive nature,
contribution to Government revenues; constitutional provisions authorizing the levy and
collection of duties of central excise, customs, service tax, central sales tax and VAT.

5. Central Excise: Basis of chargeability of duties of central excise –goods, manufacture,

classification and valuation of excisable goods, assessment procedure, exemption,
payment, recovery and refunds of duties. Clearance of excisable goods; Central Excise
Bonds; maintenance of accounts and records and filing of returns. CENVAT; Duties
payable by small scale units. Set-off of duties –concept, meaning and scheme; Central
Excise Concessions on exports; search, seizure and investigation; offences and penalty.

6. Custom: Levy of and exemption from, customs duties – specific issues and case
studies; assessment and payment duties; recovery and refund of customs duties;
drawback of duties; Confiscation of goods and conveyances and imposition of penalties;
search, seizure and arrest, offence and prosecution provisions - Adjudication, Appeal
and Revision; Settlement of Cases.

7. Service Tax: Introduction; Genesis of service tax in India; Constitutional Provisions;

Definition of service; Education Cess and Secondary and Higher Education Cess

8. Tax Planning and Management: Tax Planning, Tax Management, Tax Avoidance and
Tax Evasion

Reference text books:

1. Dr. Vinod Kumar Singhania & Dr. Monica Singhania, (2014), Direct Taxes Planning
and Management, Taxmann, New Delhi
2. Dr. Vinod Kumar Singhania & Dr. Monica Singhania, (2014), Income Tax including
Central Sales Tax, Taxmann, New Delhi
3. R.K. Jain, (2014), Income Tax Planning & Management, Sahitya Bhawan, Agra
4. Dr. P.K. Jain & R.K Tyagi, (2014), Income Tax law & accounts, Sanjay Sahitya Bhawan,
Agra
5. R.K. Jain (2014) Excise Customs and Service Tax Case References, Jain Book Depot,
New Delhi.

Area 2 – International Business

1. Basics of International Business Environment – Social, Cultural, Economic,

Political, Demographic, Ecological and Legal Environment.
2. Balance of Payments – Concept, Balance of Payments Accounting, Deficit and
Surplus, Factors affecting Balance of Payments and Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
of Balance of Payments. India’s Balance of Payments.
3. Government Influence on Trade – Rationale for government intervention, Tariff and
Non tariff barriers. Impact of tariff and non tariff barriers on international trade.

60
4. Cross Cultural Management – Hofstede and other studies related to Cross Cultural
Managemen
5. Introduction to Globalization – Concept, Major forces, Effects of Globalization on
the world economy and developing countries, Globalization strategies of Indian
Companies, Cross border Mergers and Acquisitions
6. International Investment – Concept, Types of International Investment, FDI and
Developing Countries, Determinants of FDI, Recent Trends in FDI flows, Trade
Related Investment Measures, Multilateral Investment Agreements.
7. Transnational Corporations – Features of Transnational Corporations, Recent
Trends in Transnational Corporations, Issues And Controversies Of Transnational
Corporations. TNCs and Developing Countries.
8. Technology Transfer – Rationale of Transfer of Technology, Recent Trends and
Current Issues, Non Equity Forms of Technology Transfer, Intellectual Property
Rights, India and Transfer of Technology – strategies and challenges.
9. World Trade – Recent Trends - composition and direction, Problems of Developing
Countries.
10. International Trade in Services – Role of Trade in Services in Economic
Development, Composition and Direction of International Trade in Services,
Challenges of International Trade in Services.
11. Multilateral Trading System – Functions and Structure of WTO, Multilateral Trade
Agreement and Plurilataral Trade Agreement, India and WTO. Recent issues related
to Multilateral Agreements. Impact of Multilateral Trading System on World Trade.
12. Regional Economic Groupings – Forms of Regional Groupings, Rationale and
Impact of Regional Economic Groupings, Major Regional Economic Groupings -
European Union (EU), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Association
of South etc. East Asian Nations (ASEAN), South Asian Association for Regional
Corporation (SAARC)
13. International Product Planning – Product Decision, International Product Life
Cycle, New Product Development. Product diffusion.
14. International Branding and Packaging – Objectives and Advantages, Brand
Familiarity Levels, Branding Strategies , Local Brand Vs Global Brand, Impact of
Brands on Buying Behaviour, Scope for Indian Brands, Functions and Importance of
Packaging, Factors Influencing Packaging Decision, Special Considerations in
International Marketing.
15. International Pricing – Objectives and factors affecting Pricing Decisions, Pricing
Methods and Practices in International Marketing, Transfer Pricing, Counter Trade
and Pricing Issues.
16. International Distribution – International Channel System, Types of Intermediaries,
Factors affecting Channel Choice, Selecting Overseas Agents.
17. International Marketing Communication – Promotion Mix, Objectives and Role of
International Marketing Communication, Key Issues in International Marketing
Communication, Major Marketing Promotion Tools.
18. International Advertising – Rationale for International Advertising, Adaptation Vs
Standardization, Advertising Appeals and Product Characteristics, Impact of
Advertising on buying decisions, Global Media Decisions, Selecting Advertising
Agencies, Advertising Regulations, Sales Promotion Tools.
19. International Retailing – International Store Operations and Supply Chain
Management of Leading International Retailers. International Retail Formats,

61
 International Retail Marketing Strategy.
20. Emerging Trends and Issues in International Marketing – E-Marketing, Green
Marketing, Digital Marketing, Multilevel Marketing (MLM), Web-based Marketing, and
Network Marketing etc.

Further Readings

- WTO Report
- UNCTAD Report
- World Investment Report
- World Economic Survey, etc.

Area 3 – Banking and Finance

1. Commercial Banks: Overview of Commercial Banking in India; Role and Functions

of Commercial Banks; Indian Banking in Pre, Nationalization and Post, nationalization
Phases.
2. Banking Sectoral Reforms: Banking Sector Reforms and their Implications on Indian
Banking Sector; Changing Role of Indian Banks; Reforms and Restructuring of Banks;
Management of Private Sector Banks and Public Sector Banks; Management of
Banks in Rural Areas.
3. Basic Banking Services: Opening of accounts for companies, trusts, societies,
government and public bodies; Importance of AML.
4. Credit concepts: Principles of lending; Various credit Products/ Facilities - working
capital and term loans; Credit Appraisal Techniques; Approaches to lending; Credit
Management, credit monitoring ,NPA Management; Credit Risk Analysis Framework.
5. Documentation: Different types of documents; Documentation Procedures; Stamping
of documents Securities; Types of collaterals and their characteristics; Priority Sector
Lending - Sectors, Targets and Issues/Problems.
6. Recent Developments: Agriculture/SMEs/SHGs/SSI/Tiny Sector; Financing New
Products & Services: Factoring, Securitization, bancassurance, Mutual Funds,
Merchant Banking, Hire Purchase, Securitization, Venture Capital, Leasing and
Depository, Credit Cards/Home Loans/Personal Loans/Consumer Loans; IT
Application in Banking.
7. Credit Rating in India: Concept and reasons of credit rating; Credit rating institutions
in India, Limitation of Credit Rating.
8. Reforms in Banking and Finance: Reports of the committees; Chakravarty
committee, Narsimham Committee I & II :FDI in Banking Sector.
9. International Banking: An Overview; Rationale and Scope of International Banking
Regulation; Capital Adequacy, loan loss provisioning and other Regulatory Controls.
10. International Financial System: An overview; Foreign Exchange Markets;
Exchange rate determination; International party theory and Fisher effect; Foreign
Exchange Risk Management.
11. Financial Institutions: Role of FDI, NBFCs and other International Financial Institutions
12. Financial Markets: Structure; Institutions and Operation Mechanism; Money Market
in India; Importance; Feature and Instruments; Capital Market in India, New Issues
Market and Secondary Market (Stock Exchanges); salient features and operation,
changing scenario of Indian Stock Market.

62
13. Valuation of Securities: Equity shares and Bonds valuation models; CAPM, Arbitrary
pricing theory.
14. Corporate Valuation: Approaches to Corporate Valuation; Restructuring; merger,
acquisition and disinvestment leveraged buy-outs.

References

1. Chandra, Prasanna, Financial Management Theory and Practice, Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, 2007
2. Shapiro Alan C., Multinational Financial Management, Prentice Hall of India Ltd., New
Delhi
3. Khan, M.Y. and Jain, P.K., Financial Management Text, Cases and Problems, Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, 2007
4. Kishore, Ravi M.: Financial Management, Tax, Delhi.
5. Van Horne, James C., Financial Management and Policy, Prentice Hall of India Ltd., New
Delhi Damodaran on Valuation: Security Analysis for Investment and Corporate Finance
(Wiley Finance)
6. Neelam C Gulati (2011) Banking and Insurance: Principles & Practices, 3rd edition, Excel
Books, Daryaganj New Delhi
7. Gomez Clifford (2011) Banking and Finance: Theory, Law and Practice, 3rd edition, PHI,
Daryaganj New Delhi
8. Indian Institute of Banking & Finance (2012): Principles and Practices of Banking, 2nd
edition, McMillan, Daryaganj New Delhi.
9. Indian Institute of Banking & Finance (2012): Legal and Regulatory Aspect of Banking
2nd edition, McMillan, Daryaganj New Delhi.
10. N K Sinha (2009): Money Banking and Finance, 5th edition, Bsc Publisher co, Daryaganj,
New Delhi.

Area 4: MARKETING MANAGEMNT

1. Defining Marketing for the 21st century

The new marketing realities: Marketing in 21st century, Markerts: Consumer and
Organisational markets, Strategic planning & the marketing environment, Current
issues in marketing, Marketing research, Buyer behaviour, Segmentation, targeting and
positioning, Value capture, Value creation ,Value delivery ,Value communication, Major
Societal Forces, New Consumer Capabilities, New Company Capabilities, Integrated
Marketing, Internal Marketing, Performance Marketing, Connecting with Customers,
Shaping the Market Offerings.

The Demographic Environment and its implication in marketing management:

Economic Environment, Social-Cultural Environment, Natural Environment,
Technological Environment, Political-Legal Environment.

Creating Customer Value: Satisfaction and Loyalty, Customer Perceived Value

(CPV), Total Customer Satisfaction, Monitoring Satisfaction, Maximizing Customer
Lifetime Value (CLV), Cultivating Customer Relationships.

63
 Analyzing Consumer Markets: What Influences Consumer Behaviour? Cultural
Factors Social Factors, Personal Factors, Key Psychological Processes.

Analyzing Business Markets: Organizational Buying, The Business Market Versus

the Consumer Market, Delivering Superior Customer Value, Managing Business-to-
Business Customer Relationships, Business Relationships: Risks and Opportunism,
Segment Marketing, Niche Marketing, Local Marketing, Balancing Customer and
Competitor Orientations. Creating Brand Equity, Building brand equity, Measuring
brand equity, devising a branding strategy, crafting brand positioning.

2. Marketing Decisions

Product Decisions:

Setting Product Strategy, Differentiation, Product and brand relationship, The Product
Hierarchy, Product Systems and Mixes, Product-Line Analysis

Product-Line Length, Packaging, Labeling, Warranties, and Guarantees.

Designing and Managing Services:

The Nature of Services, Categoreis of Service Mix Distinctive Characteristics of

Services, Service Experience , Service Innovation, Service Delivery, Service Quality,
service recovery and its implications on business. Managing Service Brands, Developing
Brand Strategies for Services, Developing Service Offers for Rural Areas, Manageing
Product-Support Services, Identifying and Satisfying Customer Needs, Postsale Service
Strategy.

Pricing Decisions:

Developing Pricing Strategies and Programs, Consumer Psychology and Pricing, Setting
the Price, Adapting the Price, Geographical Pricing (Cash, Countertrade, Barter), Price
Discounts and Allowances, Promotional Pricing, Differentiated Pricing, Pricing for Rural
Markets, Initiating and Responding to Price Changes, Responding to Comptitiors’s Price
Changes

Distribution Decisions (logistics decisions):

Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Channel, Marketing Channels and Value
Networks, Channel Integration and Systems, Vertical Marketing Systems,The
Importance of Channel Stewards, Horizontal Marketing Systems, Integrating
Multichannel Marketing Systems, Conflict, Cooperation, and Competition, Channel
Conflict and Competition, Managing Channel Conflict, Dilution and Cannibalization,
Legal and Ethical Issues in Channel Relations, Managing Retailing, Wholesaling, and
Logistics.

Promotion Decisions:

Communicating Value, Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Communications,

The Changing Marketing Communication Environment, Marketing Communications,

64
 Brand Equity, and Sales, The Communications Process Models, Developing Effective
Communications, Celebrity Endorsements as a Strategy, Selecting the Communications
Channels, Establishing the Total Marketing Communications Budget, Deciding on the
Marketing Communications Mix, Managing the Integrated Marketing Communications
Process, Implementing IMC, Managing Mass Communications: Advertising, Sales
Promotions, Events and Experiences, and Public Relations, Developing and Manging an
Advertising Program, Communicating to the Rural Audience, Deciding on Media and
Measuring

Effectiveness, Sales Promotion in Indian market, Events and Experiences, Public

Relations, Managing Personal Communications: Direct and Interactive Marketing, Word
of Mouth, and Personal Selling, Direct Marketing, Public and Ethical Issues in Direct
Marketing, Interactive Marketing, Placing Ads and Promotions Online, Word of Mouth,
Buzz and Viral Marketing, Creating successful long term growth.

3. Marketing research

Introduction to Marketing Research, Qualitative and quantitative research methods,

Sampling methods, Questionnaire design, reliability and validity. Online survey method,
Data preparation and data presentation (graphing), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), Cluster Analysis, Factor analysis, presenting
research information

4. Emerging Trends in marketing:

Rural Marketing, Green marketing, Experiential marketing, Digital Marketing, e-business,

Online marketing, Online retailing, Neuroscience and consumer, Sports Marketing,
Media marketing and advertising, Brand Management, Innovation and marketing.

Reference Books

 Marketing Management by Arun Kumar and N Meenakshi

 The Rural Marketing Book by Kashyap Raut
 Marketing Management a south Asian Perspective by Philip Kotler, Kevin Lane
keler, Abraham koshi and Mithileshwar Jha, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009
 Research Methodology, Concepts and cases by Deepak Chawla and Neena
Sondhi, Vikas Publishing House private limited
 Marketing management Ranjan Saxena, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company
limited
 Marketing management, Cases and Concepts, Nikihilesh Dholakia, Rakesh
Khurana, Labdhi Bhandari, Abhinandan K jain, Macmilan India

Area 5: Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management

1. Entrepreneurship and economic development

Entrepreneurship theory and literature: Entrepreneurship in India and abroad,

Entrepreneurial motivation (socio- economic factors in entrepreneurship development,
basic skills in entrepreneurship), Entrepreneurial environment, Entrepreneurship

65
 development Programme, Entrepreneurial functions, Analysis of barriers in
entrepreneurship development, Analysis of success factors of entrepreneurship
development.

Entrepreneurship’s Importance: Economic impact of entrepreneurial firms,

Entrepreneurial Firms’ impact on society, Entrepreneurial Firms’ impact on larger
firms, and Entrepreneurial Firms’ impact on overall economic development of a nation
Entrepreneurship development.

2. Creativity and Innovation in business

Encouraging creativity at the firm level, protecting ideas from being lost or stolen, IPR,
Creation of effective innovation, Market dynamics and new technology, Diffusion and
adoption of innovations, Marketing and sales of technology based products and
services.

3. Enterprise creation

Screening of ideas, opportunity identification and selection, moving from an idea to an

entrepreneurial firm, New enterprise creation: Conceptual and analytical tools to
understand, analyze and manage critical aspects of new enterprise, Buisness plan
preparation and Analysis, feasibility analysis of business ( product/ service feasibility,
industry/ market feasibility, organizational feasibility and Financial feasibility analysis,
Industry and competitor analysis), Business crisis, Family business management,
Small and medium enterprises (threats and opportunities),

Developing an effective Business models:

The importance of business models, how business models emerge, potential fatal
flaws of business models.

4. Enterprise Management

 Small and medium enterprise (managing and growing entrepreneurial firm):

Essentials of management principles, its application on enterprise management,

planning, importance and application of planning in an organisation, strategic
planning and its application.

 Human resource Management: recruitment, selection and induction of key

employees, training and development, performance appraisals, application of exit
interviews etc., Board of directors, Professional advisers, lenders and investors,
other professionals.

 Organisation Behaviour: Motivation and behavior, designing Motivating jobs,

perception, personality, Stress and behavior, Group behavior, Intergroup relations,
conflict and its impact on organization, Leadership in organisation, followership,
transaction analysis, analysis and application of leadership styles, Organisation
structure and design, Organisational change and development, organizational
culture and climate.
66
  Controlling (PERT, CPM and other emerging methods to establish control in an
organization. Managing human resources and organization development and
dynamics, Personnel and Industrial relations, Sources of capital and capitalization
process, Venture capitals, Angel investors etc, Intrapreneurship.

5. Micro business development

What are micro businesses, Role of Government in micro business development,

Importance of micro businesses in an economy, Micro finance, Self help groups, Direct
funding from financial institutions.

6. New Age entrepreneurship

Agri- entrepreneurship, Edu-preneurship (education/academic entrepreneurship),

Techno-preneurs (nano techonology, bio technology)

7. Social Entrepreneurship

Social entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurs as change agents, financial

sustainability Social entrepreneurship in India and abroad

8. Women Entrepreneurship

State of women Entrepreneurship in India. Barriers to women Entrepreneurship

development.

9. Business ethics

Corporate Social responsibility Corporate governance

10. Succession Planning

Business growth and need of succession planning in India. Its role and importance in
expansion management.

Reference Books:

 Small Business Management and Entrepreneurship by David Stokes, Nicholas Wilson

 Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill an e-book
 Entrepreneurship and small business management by Norman M Scorborough
 Entrepreneurial Development By Vasant Desai
 Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial Development by M. Gangadhar Rao
 Organisational Behaviour By Jit S Chandan, Vikas publishing house Private Limited.

***

8. Ph.D. Management

67
The question paper will have the following two parts:

 Research Methodology
 Management (Financial Management, Human Resource Management, Marketing
Management, Operations Management and General Management)

The question paper will be objective type and will be of 3 hours duration. The total number of
marks will be 100 and each part will have a weightage of 50%.

Part 1

Research Methodology

1. Foundations of Research: Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility. Concept of theory,

empiricism, deductive and inductive theory. Characteristics of scientific method –
Understanding the language of research – Concept, Construct, Definition, Variable.

Research Process

2. Problem Identification & Formulation – Research Question – Investigation Question –

Measurement Issues – Hypothesis – Qualities of a good Hypothesis –Null Hypothesis &
Alternative Hypothesis. Hypothesis Testing – Logic & Importance
3. Research Design: Concept and Importance in Research – Features of a good research
design-Exploratory Research Design – concept, types and uses, Descriptive Research
Designs – concept, types and uses. Experimental Design: Concept of Independent &
Dependent variables
4. Qualitative and Quantitative Research: Qualitative research – Quantitative research –
Concept of measurement, causality, generalization, replication. Merging the two
approaches.
5. Measurement: Concept of measurement– what is measured? Problems in
measurement in research – Validity and Reliability. Levels of measurement – Nominal,
Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.
6. Sampling: Concepts of Statistical Population, Sample, Sampling Frame, Sampling
Error, Sample Size, Non Response. Characteristics of a good sample. Probability
Sample – Simple Random Sample, Systematic Sample, Stratified Random Sample &
Multi-stage sampling. Determining size of the sample – Practical considerations in
sampling and sample size.
7. Data Analysis: Data Preparation – Univariate analysis (frequency tables, bar charts, pie
charts, percentages), Bivariate analysis – Cross tabulations and Chi-square test
including testing hypothesis of association.
8. Interpretation of Data and Paper Writing – Layout of a Research Paper, Journals in
Computer Science, Impact factor of Journals, When and where to publish ? Ethical
issues related to publishing, Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism.
9. Use of Encyclopedias, Research Guides, Handbook etc., Academic Databases for
Computer Science Discipline.
10. Use of tools / techniques for Research: methods to search required information
effectively, Reference Management Software like Zotero/Mendeley, Software for paper
formatting like LaTeX/MS Office, Software for detection of Plagiarism.
68
Part 2

Management (Financial Management, Human Resource Management, Marketing

Management Operations Management and General Management)

I. Managerial Economics – Demand Analysis Production Function

Cost – Output Relations Market Structures Pricing Theories Advertising
Macro – Economics National Income Concepts
Infrastructure – Management and Policy Business Environment Capital Budgeting

II. The concept and significance of organizational behavior – Skills and Roles in an
organization – Classical, Neo–Classical and Modern Theories of Organizational
Structure–Organizational Design–Understanding and managing individual behavior
personality–Perception–Values–Attitudes–Learning–Motivation. Understanding and
Managing Group Behavior, Processes–Inter –personal and group dynamics–
Communication–Leadership–Managing change–Managing conflicts. Organizational
Development.

III. Concepts and perspectives in HRM; HRM in changing environment. Human Resource
Plarming–Objectives, Process and Techniques.
Job analysis – Job Description. Selecting Human Resources.
Induction, Training and Development. Exit policy and Implications.
Performance Appraisal and Evaluation. Potential Assessment.
Job Evaluation. Wage Determination.
Industrial Relations and Trade Unions.
Dispute Resolution and Grievance Management. Labour Welfare and Social Security
Measures.

IV. Financial Management – Nature and Scope. Valuation Concepts and Valuation of
Securities. Capital Budgeting Decisions – Risk Analysis. Capital Structure and Cost of
Capital.
Dividend Policy – Determinants.
Long – Term and Short – Term Financing Instruments. Mergers and Acquisitions.

V. Marketing Environment and Environment Scanning; Marketing Information Systems

and Marketing Research; Understanding Consumer and Industrial Markets; Demand
Measurement and Forecasting; Market Segmentation – Targeting and Positioning;
Product Decisions, Product mix, Product Life Cycle; New Product Development;
Branding and Packaging; Pricing Methods and Strategies.

Promotion Decisions – Promotion mix; Advertising; Personal Selling; Channel

Management; Vertical Marketing Systems; Evaluation and Control of Marketing
Effort; Marketing of Services; Customer Relation Management; Uses of Internet as a
Marketing Medium – Other related issues like branding, market development,
Advertising and retailing on the net. New issues in Marketing.

VI. Role and Scope of Production Management; Facility Location; Layout Planning and

69
 Analysis; Production Planning and Control – Production Process Analysis; Demand
Forecasting for Operations; Determinants of Product mix; Production Scheduling; Work
measurement; Time and Motion Study; Statistical Quality Control. Supply Chain
Management and Materials Management

Role and Scope of Operations Research; Linear Programming; Sensitivity Analysis;

Duality; Transportation Model; Inventory Control; Queueing Theory; Decision Theory;
Markov Analysis; PERT / CPM.

VII. Probability Theory; Probability distributions – Binomial, Poisson, Normal and

Exponential; Correlation and Regression analysis; Sampling theory; Sampling
distributions; Tests of Hypothesis; Large and small samples; t z, F, Chi – square tests.

Use of Computers in Managerial applications; Technology issues and Data processing

in organizations; Information systems; MIS and Decision making; System analysis and
design; Trends in Information Technology; Internet and Internet – based applications.

VIII. Concept of Corporate Strategy; Components of Strategy Formulation; Ansoffs Growth

Vector; BCG Model; Porter’s Generic Strategies; Competitor Analysis; Strategic
Dimensions and Group Mapping; Industry Analysis; Strategies in Industry Evolution,
Fragmentation, Maturity, and decline.

Competitive strategy and Corporate Strategy; Trans nationalization of World Economy;

Managing Cultural Diversity; Global Entry Strategies; Globalization of Financial System
and Services; Managing International Business; Competitive Advantage of Nations;
RTP and WTO.
IX. Concepts – Types, Characteristics; Motivation; Competencies and its development;
Innovation and Entrepreneurship; Small business – Concepts Government policy for
promotion of small and tiny enterprises; Process of Business Opportunity Identification;
Detailed business plan preparation; Managing small enterprises; Planning for growth;
Sickness in Small Enterprises; Rehabilitation of Sick Enterprises; Entrepreneurship
(Organizational Entrepreneurship).

X. Ethics and Management System; Ethical issues and Analysis in Management; Value
based organisations; Personal framework for ethical choices; Ethical pressure on
individual in organisations; Gender issues; Ecological consciousness; Environmental
ethics; Social responsibilities of business; Corporate governance and ethics.

***

70
 9. Ph.D. Education

(A) Methodology of Educational Research

Sources of acquiring Knowledge, Meaning and Scope of Educational Research,

Meaning and steps of Scientific Method, Characteristics of Scientific Method
(Replicability, Precision, Falsifiability and Parsimony), Types of Scientific Method
(Exploratory, Explanatory and Descriptive), Aims of research as a scientific activity:
Problem-solving, Theory Building and Prediction, Types of research (Fundamental,
Applied and Action research), Ethical considerations in Research

Criteria and sources of identifying the research problem, Survey, review and
importance of related literature, Selection, definition and evaluation of research
problem, Writing Objectives

Hypotheses - Concept, Sources, Types (Research, Directional, Non-directional, Null),

Formulating Hypothesis, Characteristics of a good hypothesis, Concept of Universe
and Sample, Characteristics of a good Sample, Techniques of Sampling (Probability
and Non-probability Sampling), Tools of Research - Validity, Reliability and
Standardisation of a Tool, Types of Tools (Rating scale, Attitude scale, Questionnaire,
Aptitude test and Achievement Test, Inventory), Techniques of Research
(Observation, Interview and Projective Techniques)

Variables: Meaning of Concepts, Constructs and Variables, Types of Variables

(Independent, Dependent, Extraneous, Intervening and Moderator)

Tools and techniques of data collection - Characteristics of a good research tool Types
of research tools and techniques and their use

Major Approaches to Educational Research - Quantitative Research, Qualitative

Research and Mixed Methods Research

Methods of Educational Research - Historical research, Descriptive research,

Experimental research, Ex post facto research

Statistical Analysis of Data: Types of Measurement Scale (Nominal, Ordinal, Interval

and Ratio), Quantitative Data Analysis - Descriptive data analysis (Measures of central
tendency, variability, fiduciary limits and graphical presentation of data), Testing of
Hypothesis (Type I and Type II Errors), Levels of Significance, Power of a statistical
test and effect size, Parametric Techniques, Non- Parametric Techniques, Inferential
data analysis, Use and Interpretation of statistical techniques: Correlation, t-test, z-
test, ANOVA, ANCOVA, Chi-square (Equal Probability and Normal Probability
Hypothesis). Qualitative Data Analysis - Data Reduction and Classification, Analytical
Induction and Constant Comparison, Concept of Triangulation Writing Research
Report - Meaning and scope, Format of research reports, Presentation Dissemination.

71
(B) Subject Specific Areas:

(i) Philosophical and Sociological Foundations of Education

Relationship of Education and Philosophy, Indian and Western Schools of

Philosophy and their educational implications; Contributions of Vivekananda,
Tagore, Gandhi and Aurobindo to Indian Education; National values as
enshrined in the Indian Constitution, and their educational implications;
Philosophical Inquiry in Education, Nature and Scope, Steps, Philosophical
inquiry of current educational issues.

Education as a social sub-system-specific characteristics: Education and its

relationship with modernization and democracy; Education and its relationship
with the home, community; Socialization of the child; Meaning and nature of
social change: Education as related to social equity and equality of educational
opportunities; Constraints on social change in India; Education of the socially
and economically disadvantaged sections of the society including students with
special needs. Social mobility.

(ii) Learner, Learning Process and Assessment

Growth and Development: Concept and principles, Social, emotional and

cognitive development. Individual differences. Personality - Definitions and
theories (Freud, Carl Rogers, Gordon Allport, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka),
learning styles and their implications on individual in succeeding in his/her
learning; Motivation - concept; determinants and types, implications of
motivation on learning; Group dynamics and role of teacher in developing
positive classroom climate. Mental health and mental hygiene.

Approaches to Intelligence from Unitary to Multiple: Concepts of Social

intelligence, multiple intelligence, emotional intelligence Theories of Intelligence
by Sternberg, Gardner, Assessment of Intelligence, Concepts of Problem
Solving, Critical thinking, Metacognition and Creativity.

Principles and Theories of learning: Behaviouristic, Cognitive and Constructivist

theories of learning, Factors affecting learning, learning environment, Concept
of social cognition, understanding social relationship and socialization goals.

Assessment – Meaning, nature, perspectives (assessment for Learning,

assessment of learning and Assessment as Learning) - Types of Assessment -
Placement, diagnostic, formative, summative, Criterion- referenced and Norm-
referenced. Relation between objectives and outcomes, Assessment of
Cognitive (Anderson and Krathwohl), Affective (Krathwohl) and Psychomotor
domains (R.H. Dave) of learning.; Issues in Assessment and Evaluation.

Assessment in pedagogy of education – feedback devices, meaning, types, and

criteria. Assessment of Portfolios, Reflective Journal, Field Engagement using
Rubrics, Competency Based Evaluation, Assessment of Teacher Prepared ICT
Resources, performance-based assessment, issues in assessment and

72
 evaluation.

(iii) Curriculum Studies

Concept and Principles of Curriculum, Strategies of Curriculum Development,

Stages in the Process of Curriculum development, Foundations of Curriculum
Planning - Philosophical Bases (National, democratic), Sociological basis (socio
cultural reconstruction), Psychological Bases (learner’s needs and interests),
Bench marking and Role of National level Statutory Bodies - UGC, NCTE and
University in Curriculum Development

Models of Curriculum Design: Traditional and Contemporary Models (Academic/

Discipline Based Model, Competency Based Model, Social Functions/Activities
Model (social reconstruction), Individual Needs and Interests Model, Outcome
Based Integrative Model, Intervention Model, Context, Input, Process, Product
Model (C I P P Model).

Instructional System, Instructional Media, Instructional Techniques and Material

in enhancing curriculum Transaction, Approaches to Evaluation of Curriculum:
Approaches to Curriculum and Instruction (Academic and Competency Based
Approaches), Models of Curriculum Evaluation: Tyler’s Model, Stakes’ Model,
Scriven’s Model, Kirkpatrick’s Model Meaning and types of Curriculum change,
Factors affecting curriculum change, Approaches to curriculum change, Role of
students, teachers and educational administrators in curriculum change and
improvement, Scope of curriculum research and Types of Research in
Curriculum Studies.

(iv) Educational Management, Administration and Leadership

Educational Management and Administration – Meaning, Principles, Functions

and importance, Institutional building, POSDCORB, CPM, PERT, Management
as a system, SWOT analysis, Taylorism, Administration as a process,
Administration as a bureaucracy, Human relations approach to Administration,
Organisational compliance, Organisational development, Organisational climate

Leadership in Educational Administration: Meaning and Nature, Approaches to

leadership: Trait, Transformational, Transactional, Value based, Cultural,
Psychodynamic and Charismatic, Models of Leadership (Blake and Mouton’s
Managerial Grid, Fiedler’s Contingency Model, Tri-dimensional Model, Hersey
and Blanchard’s Model, Leader-Member Exchange Theory.

Concept of Quality and Quality in Education: Indian and International

perspective, Evolution of Quality: Inspection, Quality Control, Quality
Assurance, Total Quality Management (TQM), Six sigma, Quality Gurus: Walter
Shewart, Edward Deming, C.K Pralhad

Change Management: Meaning, Need for Planned change, Three-Step-Model

of Change (Unfreezing, Moving, Refreezing), The Japanese Models of Change:
Just-in-Time, Poka yoke, Cost of Quality: Appraisal Costs, Failure costs and

73
 Preventable costs, Cost Benefit Analysis, Cost Effective Analysis, Indian and
International Quality Assurance Agencies: Objectives, Functions, Roles and
Initiatives (National Assessment and Accreditation Council [NAAC],
Performance Indicators, Quality Council of India (QCI), International Network for
Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education (INQAAHE).

(v) Educational Technology and ICT

Concept of Educational Technology (ET) as a Discipline: (Information

Technology, Communication Technology, Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) and Instructional Technology, Application of Educational
Technology in formal, non-formal (Open and Distance Learning), informal and
inclusive education systems, Overview of Behaviourist, Cognitive and
Constructivist Theories and their implications to Instructional Design (Skinner,
Piaget, Ausubel, Bruner, Vygotsky), Relationship between Learning Theories
and Instructional Strategies (for large and small groups, formal and non formal
groups) Systems Approach to Instructional Design, Models of Development of
Instructional Design (ADDIE, ASSURE, Dick and Carey Model Mason’s),
Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction and Five E’s of Constructivism, Nine
Elements of Constructivist Instructional Design, Application of Computers in
Education: CAI, CAL, CBT, CML, Concept, Process of preparing ODLM,
Concept of e learning, Approaches to e-learning (Offline, Online, Synchronous,
Asynchronous, Blended learning, mobile learning) Emerging Trends in e-
learning: Social learning (concept , use of web 2.0 tools for learning, social
networking sites, blogs, chats, video conferencing, discussion forum), Open
Education Resources (Creative Common, Massive Open Online Courses;
Concept and application), e-Inclusion - Concept of e-Inclusion, Application of
Assistive technology in E learning , Quality of e-Learning – Measuring quality of
system: Information, System, Service, User Satisfaction and Net Benefits (D&M
IS Success Model, 2003), Ethical Issues for e-Learner and e-Teacher -
Teaching, Learning and Research.

Use of ICT in Evaluation, Administration and Research: E portfolios, ICT for

Research - Online Repositories and Online Libraries, Online and Offline
assessment tools (Online survey tools or test generators) – Concept and
Development.

(vi) Inclusive Education

Inclusive Education: Concept, Principles, Scope and Target Groups (Diverse

learners; Including Marginalized group and Learners with Disabilities), Evolution
of the Philosophy of Inclusive Education: Special, Integrated, Inclusive
Education, Legal Provisions: Policies and Legislations (National Policy of
Education (1986), Programme of Action of Action (1992), Persons with
Disabilities Act (1995), National Policy of Disabilities (2006), National
Curriculum Framework (2005), Concession and Facilities to Diverse Learners
(Academic and Financial), Rehabilitation Council of India Act (1992), Inclusive

74
 Education under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Features of UNCRPD (United
Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) and its
Implication Concept of Impairment, Disability and Handicap, Classification of
Disabilities based on ICF Model, Readiness of School and Models of Inclusion,
Prevalence, Types, Characteristics and Educational Needs of Diverse learners’
Intellectual, Physical and Multiple Disabilities, Causes and prevention of
disabilities, Identification of Diverse Learners for Inclusion, Educational
Evaluation Methods, Techniques and Tools Planning and Management of
Inclusive Classrooms: Infrastructure, Human Resource and Instructional
Practices, Curriculum and Curricular Adaptations for Diverse Learners,
Assistive and Adaptive Technology for Diverse learners: Product (Aids and
Appliances) and Process (Individualized Education Plan, Remedial Teaching),
Parent-Professional Partnership: Role of Parents, Peers, Professionals,
Teachers, School Barriers and Facilitators in Inclusive Education: Attitude,
Social and Educational, Current Status and Ethical Issues of inclusive education
in India, Research Trends of Inclusive Education in India.

(vii) Educational Guidance and Counselling

Understanding Guidance - Meaning and Definitions, Misconceptions about

guidance, Need for guidance, Purpose of guidance: self-understanding, self-
discovery, self-reliance, self-direction, self-actualization, Scope of guidance
programme, Planning Guidance Progrmmes.

Types of Guidance and Group Guidance: Types of Guidance-Educational,

Vocational/Career and Personal, Individual guidance and group guidance;
advantages of group guidance, Group guidance techniques-class talk, career
talk, orientation talk, group discussion, career conference, career corner,
bulletin board, role play.

Understanding Counselling - Meaning and nature of counselling,

Misconceptions about Counselling, Scope of counselling, Goals of counselling:
resolution of problems, modification of behaviour, promotion of mental health.
Relationship between guidance and counselling: place of counselling in the total
guidance programme

Counselling Process and Counselling Relationship - Stages of the counselling

process, Counselling Techniques-person centred and group centred, cognitive
interventions, behavioural interventions, and systematic interventions strategies.
Theories of Counselling, Skills and qualities of an effective counsellor,
Professional ethics

Types and Areas of Counselling - Uses of group process in counselling,

Process of group counselling, Areas of counselling: family counselling, parental
counselling, adolescent counselling, counselling of girls, counselling of children
belonging to special groups, Peer counselling: Its concept and the relevance to
the Indian situation, Steps and skills in group counselling process.

(viii) Teacher Education

75
 Development of Teacher Education in India, NCTE Curricular Frameworks for
Teacher Education; Objectives and organization of curriculum of teacher
education at various levels; Agencies involved in Pre-service and In-service
teacher education; Teacher education through Open and Distance Education;
Quality assurance in Teacher Education Programme.

Meaning, Nature and Scope of Teacher Education; Types of Teacher Education

Programme, The Structure of Teacher Education Curriculum and its Vision in
Curriculum Documents of NCERT and NCTE at Elementary, Secondary and
Higher Secondary Levels, Organization of Components of Pre-service Teacher
Education Transactional Approaches (for foundation courses) Expository,
Collaborative and Experiential learning.

Understanding Knowledge base of Teacher Education from the view point of

Schulman, Deng and Luke and Habermas, Meaning of Reflective Teaching and
Strategies for Promoting Reflective Teaching, Models of Teacher Education -
Behaviouristic, Competency-based and Inquiry Oriented Teacher Education
Models

Concept, Need, Purpose and Scope of In-service Teacher Education,

Organization and Modes of In-service Teacher Education, Agencies and
Institutions of In-service Teacher Education at District, State and National
Levels (SSA, RMSA, SCERT, NCERT, NCTE and UGC), Preliminary
Consideration in Planning in-service teacher education programme (Purpose,
Duration, Resources and Budget)

Concept of Profession and Professionalism, Teaching as a Profession,

Professional Ethics of Teachers, Personal and Contextual factors affecting
Teacher Development, ICT Integration, Quality Enhancement for
Professionalization of Teacher Education, Innovation in Teacher Education.

(ix) Adult Education

Adult Education – Basic concepts and meaning. Adult and Continuing

Education -- Pre and Post Independent India, Extension Education and
Services in India -- Phases and Movements, Adult Education Perspectives:
Asian, Latin American, European and American perspectives

Need, concept, types and characteristics of Lifelong Learning Programme in

India, Opportunities for Lifelong Learning and Extension, Agencies in Lifelong
Learning in and outside India, Comparative Studies in Adult Education:
Parameters, Trends and Analysis

Theoretical and Functional bases of Adult Education -- Liberal, Behaviouristic,

Progressive, Humanistic, Radical and Analytical approaches of Adult Education,
Social and educational perspectives of Tagore, Gandhi, Vivekananda,
Radhakrishnan, Ambedkar and other Indian thinkers

Androgogy and Pedagogy -- Issues of marginalization and pedagogy of women,

76
tribals, minorities, transgender, aged and persons with disability, Attributes and
distinctive features of adult learning and development, Individual Vs. Group
learning approaches in Adult Education, Experiences and learning from
agriculture, home science, community health and technology, Learning needs of
diverse group of adult learners, Recognition of prior learning --Resolving the
dilemmas of institutional and non-institutional learning, Theories of adult
learning, Professionalization of adult education

Policy Planning and Implementation of Adult Education in India – Five Year

Plans, Implementing Agencies– Role of Government Departments, Role of
Universities, Colleges and Students, Role of NGOs, Role of Local Bodies,
Community and individuals, Understanding Networking in Adult Learning,
National Literacy Mission; Objectives, strategies, Total Literacy Campaigns,
Post-Literacy Campaigns and Continuing Education Programme,
Operationalization of the concept of vocational education in adult, continuing
education and Lifelong Learning through state supported structures like Jan
Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) and non state supported structures of Industrial and
Bussiness houses, Population Education: Concept and paradigm shift
Development and its indicators, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Buildin learning communities --
Towards a learning society.

***

77
 10. Ph.D. Women’s Studies

COURSE 1: CONCEPTS AND THERIES IN WOMEN’S STUDIES (8 CREDITS) SYLLABUS

Theme 1: Introducing Women’s studies

(a) Emergence of women’s studies – background and debates in our context and elsewhere.
Women’s studies as a perspective, debates of autonomy vs. integration. Recent debates
and institutional shifts towards Gender studies.

(b) Interrogating Disciplines: Some examples in different fields to show how feminist have
questioned and changed the orientations of different disciplines eg. sociology, history,
economics, political science, psychology, literature, philosophy. Suggested readings from
different disciplines will be included.

(c) Comparative Frameworks: Contextualizing Women’s Studies in India -- The subject of

“women” in the Indian context – contested terrain of women’s studies in relation to the
women’s movement and feminism. Discussion of the India/West distinction that invariably
arises – both in a general situation of third world dependencies on western theories in
higher education, but also the specific historical identification of women with Indian
culture and hence an association of feminism with the West beginning during the
colonial/nationalism period and its legacies. (d)Locating “women” in history: some
examples, eg. women and “status” – (social reform, “the status of women” as a local and
global indicator.); Women and the nation/culture; Women and development; women and
empowerment.

Theme 2: Some Key concepts:

Purpose: To show how certain well known concepts such as patriarchy, or the sex-gender
distinction, have been shaped by a set of related concepts – such as status/position,
public/private, but also to debates on equality/difference, structure/agency and so on. And
secondly, to show the intimate link between such concepts and those of class, caste/race
and so on in order to explicate the nature of power.

(a) Power
(b) Equality/Difference
(c) Patriarchy
(d) Sex and gender; debates around women and gender, sexuality / heterosexuality,
masculinity / femininity. Gender/class, gender/caste as examples of intersectionality to
be dealt with in greater detail later.
(e) Body

Theme 3: Political Economy, State and Citizenship:

Issues of development, class and labour, the nation and the state, have been the most
enduring frameworks for locating women and gender, especially in contexts like ours. Some
sense of changing problems and debates – eg. Development and globalization; the more
recent feminist redefinitions and use of notions of citizenship, etc.

78
Theme 4: Discrimination, Intersectional ties and Group Identities:

Women and gender issues in relation to questions of caste, tribe, community, and so on will
be explored. Comparisons with questions of race and ethnicity are necessary along with
questions of identity and difference, notions of community as well as of intersectionality.

(a) Caste
(b) Tribe
(c) Race/ethnicity
(d) Community
(e) Non-normative Sexualities
(f) Cultural Relativism

Theme 5: Women, Gender and the Family/Household:

This is to locate the significance of the family/household domain – drawing especially from
contemporary sociological insights into the changing and diverse forms of the family, kinship
and marriage as institutions, property and so on.

(a) Conceptions of Family and Household

(b) Intra-household Inequalities
(c) Critiques of Family and Marriage
(d) Property/inheritance/authority
(e) Labour and the Care Economy

Theme 6: Culture and Representation

The question of culture requires distinct attention, given the immensely critical relationship
between women and culture in contexts like ours. This will lead to revisiting of the historical
relationship between women and culture and to introduce theories that have interrogated
culture, such as those of representation and so on.

(a) Defining culture and representation

(b) Politics of culture
(c) Politics of representation
(d) Institutions and Cultural production
(e) Cultural Production/Technologies

Theme 7: Interrogating Feminisms

Political theories provide us with a standard list of different feminisms – liberal,

socialist/Marxist, radical, postmodern and so on. What is the salience of such approaches for
us today? How can they be meaningfully analyzed to help students grasp different
orientations towards interpreting and questioning contemporary phenomena?

(a) Feminization of Labour Debate - introduce conventional feminist approaches through an

example eg. abortion, or labour
(b) Challenges to Normative Feminism – e.g. new practices of veiling, sex worker

79
 movements
(c) Critiques of International Human Rights Discourses e.g. CEDAW, Trafficking, arranged
marriage
(d) “Woman” in feminist theory – challenges from marginalized masculinities, blurred
gender boundaries, post-feminism.

Theme 8: Concepts/Languages and Translation

This topic addresses an issue that needs more attention than is usually given – that of the
language of our concepts and theories. The dominance of English (worldwide and in India) as
the language of social science, and of women’s studies will be addressed here, in some
contrast to the languages of politics, of the movement, of everyday life and of specific fields
like literature. What kinds of approaches have been devised to address concepts and theories
outside English?

What is the role of translation in this endeavour? Possible notions of bilingualism as

productive for the future of women’s studies in our changing context.

The topic will also address approaches to women’s relationships to language especially as
they have been explored in linguistic, literary and psychoanalytical theories.

COURSE 2: FEMINIST RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES (8 CREDITS) SYLLABUS

Themes

1. What is research?
2. Qualitative research
3. Quantitative research
4. Research in the Humanities and Cultural Studies
5. Feminisms and Gender Studies I
6. Feminism and Gender Studies II
7. Thesis writing

Theme 1. What is Research?

a) Epistemology, methodology and method

b) Positivism, the scientific method and its critique
c) Conceptual Issues. (Commonsense and systematic knowledge, Truth and evidence,
Objectivity, subjectivity and inter-subjectivity, Contextualisation and intersectionality)
d) Ethics and Research
e) The field and fieldwork

Theme 2. Qualitative Research

a) History and basic features of qualitative research

b) Language, meaning and interpretation
c) Theoretical basis of qualitative research (ethnography, critical social science, grounded
theory, narratology, phenomenology, historical and legal studies).

80
d) Differences between qualitative and quantitative research (Validity, reliability and
representativeness)
e) Qualitative data sources. (Legal texts, official documents, field studies, oral narratives
and histories, folklore, art and music, novels and other literary sources, the media and
the internet). Unit 6. Qualitative research methods (Simple observation and participant
observation, FGDs, key informant interviews).
f) Qualitative data analysis and presentation (thematising and summarising, content
analysis and coding).

Theme 3. Quantitative Research

a) Comprehending quantitative research

b) The structure of quantitative data
c) Research design and sampling
d) Large macro data sets; indicators and indices
e) Data Collection, Entry, Tabulation and Analysis (Collecting primary data. Questionnaire
formulation, coding; Quantifying qualitative data, Collection of Field Data, Cleaning of
Data; Cross checking and consistency checks, Coding and recoding, Use of
dummy/proxy variables, Basic tables, Use of Statistical Softwares. Excel and SPSS,
Reading and Interpreting the results)
f) Basic Measures of data management and Elementary Data Analysis (Measures of
central tendency and dispersion, Test of Hypothesis; Types of errors, Acceptance and
Rejection Region, Level of Significance, Confidence Interval, Tabular data and measures
of association between categorical variables, Concepts of Correlation and Regression;
Multivariate data).

Theme 4. Research in the Humanities and Cultural Studies

a) What is Feminist Literary Criticism?

b) Representation (Relationships between Language, Narrative and Experience, Oral
culture, Autobiography, Gendering the Gaze in Visual Representation)
c) Discourse Analysis and Ideology
d) Gendered perspectives on Orientalism, Colonialism, Post-Colonialism in Literary and
Cultural discourses and cultural Relativism.
e) An introduction to Postmodernism and Feminism Researching wo/man in literary
discourse through Psychoanalytical and Semiotic theories
f) Queering Feminist Research

Theme 5. Feminism and Gender Studies 1

a) Patriarchal basis of the research process or sexism in research

b) Addressing inequality in research and questioning insider-outsider dichotomy
c) Focus on women’s experiences and standpoints (informants as experts)
d) Politically motivated research for social change (consciousness raising)

Theme 6. Feminism and Gender Studies 1I

a) Gender analysis

81
b) Feminist interviewing and FDG
c) Feminist narratives and textual analysis
d) Feminist action research

Theme 7 Thesis Writing

a) Where to start: library research, online research, web databases, oral sources, fieldwork,
other sources
b) How to write: writing style manuals, citing sources, bibliographies, plagiarism, how to
write a dissertation, writing for research (including how to prepare and present research
for academic presentations and publications).

***

11. Ph.D. Interdisciplinary and Trans-disciplinary Studies

RITS001: Introduction to Interdisciplinary and Trans disciplinary Studies

1. Knowledge Production and Emergence of Disciplines

2. Disciplinary Approaches: Challenges and Opportunities
3. Interdisciplinary Studies: Nature and Scope
4. Areas of Interdisciplinary Inquiry (Environment, Culture and Civilization, Women and
Gender studies, disability, migration and diaspora, labour studies, globalization,
sustainable development)
5. Emerging Issues and Challenges
6. Areas of Interdisciplinary Inquiry: The candidate has to select anyone of the
specialization area in consultation with supervisor. This course so proposed by
research guide shall be approved by the Doctoral Committee and then assigned to the
student.

References:

1. Barković, Dražen and et.al. ( ) Challenges of Interdisciplinary Research, Choudry, Aziz

(2011) On Knowledge Production, Learning and Research in Struggle, Uniting
Struggles: Critical Social Research in Critical Times,
http://www.alternateroutes.ca/index.php/ar/article/viewFile/15862/15764
2. Frodeman, Robert et. al. (2017) The Oxoford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity, Oxford
University Press Gibbons, M. Et. Al. (1994) The New Production of Knowledge, London:
Sage
3. Klein, J.T. & Newell, W.H. (1987), Advancing Interdisciplinary Studies, in Jerry Graff
& James Ratcliff , Handbook of the Undergraduate Curriculum, San Francisco: Jossey-
Bass, pp. 393-394
4. Kuhn, Thomas (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolution, Chicago: The University of
Chicago
5. Merton, R.K (2002), Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth Century,
England, Fertig, Howard Publisher, ISBN 0865274347
82
6. Miser, H.J. (1992), Craft in operations research, Operational Research 40 (4), pp. 633-
639
7. Müller-Merbach, H. (2008), Interdisciplinary Generalist, Omega, Volume 37, Issue 3, pp.
495-496
8. Weingart, Peter (2017) A Short History of knowledge formations, in Frodeman,
Robert et. al. (2017) the Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinary, Oxford University Press
Garrett-Jones, Sam (2007) Transdisciplinarity and Disciplinarity In The University of
The Future, Unity of Knowledge (In Transdisciplinary Research For Sustainability) –
Vol.

RITS002: Research Methods and Techniques

1. Introduction to Social Science Research

2. Types of Research
3. Sources of Data
4. Techniques of Data Collection
5. Ethnography
6. Sampling
7. Research Design
8. Analysis and Interpretation of Data
9. Quantitative Methods
10. Ethics in Research

References:

1. Babbie, E. R. 2007. The basics of social research (4th ed.). Australia:

Thomson/Wadsworth. 576 pages. Baker, Lynda M. 2001. Review of Understanding
Research Methods: An Overview of the
2. Simon, Julian Lincoln. 2003. Basic research methods in social science: The art of
empirical investigation. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. [Reprint of previous
2nd edition, 1978, entitled Basic research methods in social sciences: The art of
empirical investigation.] 558p.
3. Yin, Robert K. 2008. Case study research: Design and methods. Applied Social
Research Methods Series 5. 4th ed. City, ST: Sage Publications. 240 p

***

83
 12. Ph.D. Environmental Science

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

Meaning of Research in Environmental Sciences, Characteristics and Types of Research,

Hypotheses, Methods of Research, Major emerging areas in environmental sector and
interdisciplinary research, problems encountered by researchers in India in the field of
Environmental Science. Basic concepts of Techniques of defining research problem;
literature review, types of data collection. Basic concepts in analytical techniques of
chromatography & spectroscopic methods. Ethical, legal, social and scientific issues in
Environmental Science Research. Basic concepts in writing research papers, reports and
research proposals. Role of IPR in Research and Development.

Subject areas:

Environmental Chemistry, Environmental Biotechnology, Environmental Geomicrobiology,

Environmental management, Natural resource management, Climate change, Sustainability
science.
***

13. Ph.D. Tourism Studies

The question paper will have the following two parts:

• Research Methodology
• Tourism and Hospitality Services Management

PART I: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Theory of Research:

Meaning and Definition of Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Criteria

of Good Research, Research Applications

2. Problem Identification & Formulation:

Research Question – Investigation Question – Measurement Issues – Hypothesis –

Qualities of a good Hypothesis –Null Hypothesis & Alternative Hypothesis. Hypothesis
Testing – Logic & Importance

3. Research Design:

Concept and Importance in Research – Features of a good research design – Exploratory

Research Design – concept, types and uses, Descriptive Research Designs – concept,
types and uses. Experimental Design: Concept of Independent & Dependent variables

84
4. Qualitative and Quantitative Research:

Qualitative research – Quantitative research – Concept of measurement, causality,

generalization and replication.

5. Measurement:

Concept of measurement– what is measured? Problems in measurement in research –

Validity and Reliability. Levels of measurement – Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.

6. Sampling:

Concepts of Statistical Population, Sample, Sampling Frame, Sampling Error, Sample

Size, Non Response. Characteristics of a good sample. Probability and Non Probability
samples. Determining size of the sample – Practical considerations in sampling and
sample size. Sampling Tests

7. Data Analysis:

Percentages and Ratios, Measures of Central Tendency, Frequency Distribution,

Measures of Variability, Correlation and Regression, Measurement of Trend, Data
Preparation – Univariate analysis (frequency tables, bar charts, pie charts,
percentages), Bivariate analysis – Cross tabulations and Chi-square test including
testing hypothesis.

8. Interpretation of Data and Paper Writing

9. Use of tools / techniques for Research:

Methods to search required information effectively, Reference Management Software,

Software for detection of Plagiarism.

PART II: Subject Specific

Unit -1

Tourist/Visitors/Travelers/Excursionist-Definition and Differentiation, Tourism recreation and

Leisure inter- relationship. Tourism components, Types and Typologies of Tourism

Emerging Concept: Eco / Rural / Agri / Farm / Green / Wildness / Countryside / Special
interest tourism

Tourism Trends: Growth and development over the year and factors responsible there in.
Changing market destination pattern, traffic flows. Receipt trends. Travel motivator and
deterrents. Pull and push forces in tourism.

Linkage and Channels of distribution in tourism

85
Tourism organization/institutions: Origin, Organization and function of WTO, PATA, IATA,
ICAO, FHRAI, TAAI, IATO and UFTAA

Unit -2

Concept of resource, Attraction and product in tourism, Tourism Products: Typology and
unique feature

Natural tourism resources in India : Existing use pattern vis-a-vis potential with relation to
varied and form (Mountain, deserts, beaches, coastal areas and island), Water bodies and
biotic wealth (flora-fauna)

Popular Tourist destination for land based (soft/hard trekking, ice skiing, mountaineering,
desert, safaris, car rallies etc), Water Based (rafting, kayaking, canoeing, surfing, waterskiing,
scuba/snuba diving) and air based (Para-sailing, Para -gliding, ballooning, hand gliding and
micro lightening etc), Tourist activities, Wildlife-Tourism a conservation related issues-
Occurrence and distributions of popular wildlife species in India. Tourism national parks.
Wildlife centuries and biosphere reserve (case of Dachigham, Corbett/ Dudhva/ Kaxiranga/
kanha/ Gir/ Ranthumbore/ Mudumalai/Sunderbun/Shivpuri/Manas/Nanda Devi/Valley of
flower reserve)

Tourism and nature conservation-conflict, symbiosis and Synergy

Cultural Tourism resources in India: Indian culture and Society Indian History-Ancient,
Medieval and Modern

Tradition, Customs and costumes, Life Style and settlements patterns, Food habits and
cuisines, Music, Musical instruments and Dance Forms. Drawing and Painting, Craftsmanship
Religion/Religious observances and important pilgrim destination Architectural Heritage
Forts/palace etc.

Unit -3

Accommodation: Concepts, types and typologies, Linkage and Significance with relation to
tourism

Emerging dimensions of accommodation industry-Heritage hotels, Motels and resort

properties, Time share establishments

Hotel-Origin, Growth and diversification, Classification, registration and gradation of hotels,

Organizational Structure, Functions and Responsibilities of the various departments of a
standard hotel/other catering outlets, bars, restaurants etc.

Fiscal and non-fiscal incentives available to hotel industry in India, Ethical legal and
regulatory aspects

86
Unit –4

Transportation: Dynamically changing needs and means Landmarks in the development of

transport sector and the consequent socioeconomic, cultural and environmental implication,
Tourism transport system.

Airlines Transportation: The Airlines Industry-Origin and Growth. Organization of Air

Transport Industry. Scheduled and Non Scheduled Airlines services. Role of IATA, ICAO,
and other agencies, Bermuda convention.

Air Transports Industry in India- DGCA and other key players, Regulatory framework, Acts,
Indian Cariers- Operations Management and Performance, Marketing Strategies of Air India.

Significance of Road Transport in Tourism: Growth and development of road transport

system in India, State of existing infrastructure, Public and Private Sector involvement Role of
Regional Trransport Authority, Approved Travel Agencies, Tour/Transport Operators, Rental
Companies

Rail Transport Network-Major Railways system of world-British Rail, Euro Rail and Amtrak

Type of Special Package offered by Indian Railways to tourists-Indrail passes Palace on

wheel and royal Orient

Water Transport system in India- History of water transport, Cruise ships, Ferries, Hovercraft,
River and canal boats, Fly cruise, Future prospects etc.

Unit -5

Travel Agencies and Tour Operators Business: Origin, Growth and Development, Definition,
Differentiation and linkage, Organization and functions, Travel information counseling,
Itinerary preparation, reservation, costing/pricing, Marketing of tour package. Income sources

Airlines Ticketing: Operational perspective of ticketing-ABC codes Flight Scheduling, Flying

time, and MPM/TPM calculation, TIM (Travel Information Manual), Consultation, Routine and
itinerary preparation, Types of fare, fare calculation and rounding up, Currency conversion
and payment modes, issuance of ticket

Cargo handling: Baggage allowance, Free Access Baggage, Weigh and Piece Concept,

Accountability of lost baggage, Dangerous goods, Cargo rates and valuation charges,
Automation and airport procedures

Requirements for setting up Travel Agency and Tour Operation business

Approval from organization and institution concerned, Incentives available in Indian context,
constraint and limitations.

Unit -6

Marketing: Core concepts in marketing, Needs, Wants, Demands, Product market, Marketing

87
Management Philosophies-Production, Selling, Marketing and social perspective, economic
importance of marketing Tourism Marketing: Service characteristics of tourism, unique
features of tourist demand and tourist product, Tourism marketing mix Analysis and selection
of market: Measuring and forecasting tourism demand, Forecasting method, Managing
capacity and demand, Market segmentation and positioning

Developing marketing environment, consumer buying behavior, competitive differentiation

and competitive marketing strategies, new product development, product life cycle, Customer
satisfaction and related strategies in internal and external marketing, interactive and
relationship marketing

Planning marketing Programme : Product and product strategies, Product line, Product mix,
Branding and packaging, Pricing Consideration, Approaches and strategies, Distribution
channels and strategies

Marketing of Tourism Services: Marketing of Airlines, Hotels, Resort, Travel Agencies and
other tourism related services-challenges and strategies

Marketing Skill for Tourism: Creativity-communication-Self motivation-team building,

personality development

Unit 7

Tourism Planning: Origin, concept and approaches, Level and types of tourism planning,
Product life cycle theories and their applicability in tourism planning, Urban and Rural
tourism planning

Tourism planning and policy perspective, planning at national, state and regional levels,
India’s tourism policies

Tourism Planning process: Objectives, Setting, Background analysis, detailed research and
analysis, Synthesis, goal setting and plan formulation, Evaluation of tourism project-Project
feasibility study, Plan implementation, Development and monitoring tourism master plan

Tourism impacts and need for sustainable tourism planning: Socio-Cultural, Economic and
Physical Impacts, Tourism Carrying Capacity and Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA)

Business ethics and laws-their relevance and applicability in travel and tourism industry
Law and legislation relating to tourist entry, stay, departure, Passport, Visa and Health

Tourist safety and security, Preservation and conservation of heritage, Archaeological sites
and wildlife.

Unit-8

Management: Concept, Nature, Process and Functions, Management levels, Managerial

skills and roles, the external environment, Social responsibilities and ethics

Planning: Nature, Purpose, types and process, Management by objectives, strategies, and

88
policies, Decision making process, Tools and techniques, Decision making models

Organizing: Concept of organizing and organization, Line and Staff, Authority and
responsibility, Span of control, Delegation, Decentralization, conflict and Coordination,
organizational structure and design, Management of change innovation and organizational
development

Directing: Communication-process, Types, Barriers and principles of effective

communication, Motivation -Theories and practices, Leadership-Concept theories and styles

Controlling: Process, Methods and techniques, managing international business

Information systems: Automation of manual system, Data Processing stages, Evolution from
EDP to MIS MIS: Introduction, Definition, Status

Computer networking: Application of CRS (computerized reservation System) in travel trade

and hospitality sector

Unit-9

Financial Management and Planning:

Finance: Meaning, Goals, Functional, Importance and typologies of finance, Role of financial
management, Organizational goal, environment, Forecasting and financial planning, Break
even analysis.

Management of current Assets:

Working Capital Management: Meaning and characteristic of working capital, Financing

current assets, Cash management, Receivables management and inventory management

Management of fixed Assets: Importance of Capital Budgeting, analytical techniques-non

Discounted, Discounted techniques

Financial Structure and Management of Earnings

Meaning, Difference between financial and capital structures, Determinants of financial

Structure

Accounting: Preparation of Business Income statement, Balance Sheet, Cash flow

statement and Fund flow statement, Hotel Accounting.

***

89
 14. Ph.D. Computer Science

PART – 1 (Research Methodology)

Sets, Relations, Functions, Matrices and Determinants, Probability and Statistics, Descriptive
and Inferential Statistics, Probability Distributions, Numerical Methods, Finite Differences,
NumericalIntegration.

PART – 2 (Computer Science)

2. Computer System Architecture

Digital Logic Circuits and Components: Digital Computers, Logic Gates, Boolean
Algebra, Map Simplifications, Combinational Circuits, Flip-Flops, Sequential Circuits,
Integrated Circuits, Decoders, Multiplexers, Registers and Counters, Memory Unit.

Data Representation: Data Types, Number Systems and Conversion, Complements,

Fixed Point Representation, Floating Point Representation, Error Detection Codes,
Computer Arithmetic - Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division Algorithms.

Register Transfer and Microoperations: Register Transfer Language, Bus and Memory
Transfers, Arithmetic, Logic and Shift Microoperations.

Basic Computer Organization and Design: Stored Program Organization and

Instruction Codes, Computer Registers, Computer Instructions, Timing and Control,
Instruction Cycle, Memory-Reference Instructions, Input-Output, Interrupt.

Programming the Basic Computer: Machine Language, Assembly Language,

Assembler, Program Loops, Subroutines, Input-Output Programming.

Microprogrammed Control: Control Memory, Address Sequencing, Design of Control

Unit.

Central Processing Unit: General Register Organization, Stack Organization,

Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes, RISC Computer, CISC Computer.

Pipeline and Vector Processing: Parallel Processing, Pipelining, Arithmetic Pipeline,

Instruction Pipeline, Vector Processing Array Processors.

Input-Output Organization: Peripheral Devices, Input-Output Interface, Asynchronous

Data Transfer, Modes of Transfer, Priority Interrupt, DMA, Serial Communication.

Memory Hierarchy: Main Memory, Auxillary Memory, Associative Memory, Cache

Memory, Virtual Memory, Memory Management Hardware.

Multiprocessors: Characteristics of Multiprocessors, Interconnection Structures,

Interprocessor Arbitration, Interprocessor Communication and Synchronization, Cache
Coherence, Multicore Processors.

90
3. Discrete Structures and Optimization

Mathematical Logic: Propositional and Predicate Logic, Propositional Equivalences,

Normal Forms, Predicates and Quantifiers, Nested Quantifiers, Rules of Inference.

Sets and Relations: Set Operations, Representation and Properties of Relations,

Equivalence Relations, Partially Ordering.

Counting, Mathematical Induction and Discrete Probability: Basics of Counting,

Pigeonhole Principle, Permutations and Combinations, Inclusion- Exclusion Principle,
Mathematical Induction, Probability, Bayes’ Theorem.

Group Theory: Groups, Subgroups, Semi Groups, Product and Quotients of Algebraic
Structures, Isomorphism, Homomorphism, Automorphism, Rings, Integral Domains,
Fields, Applications of Group Theory.

Graph Theory: Simple Graph, Multigraph, Weighted Graph, Paths and Circuits,
Shortest Paths in Weighted Graphs, Eulerian Paths and Circuits, Hamiltonian Paths
and Circuits, Planner graph, Graph Coloring, Bipartite Graphs, Trees and Rooted
Trees, Prefix Codes, Tree Traversals, Spanning Trees and Cut-Sets.

Boolean Algebra: Boolean Functions and its Representation, Simplifications of Boolean

Functions.

Optimization: Linear Programming - Mathematical Model, Graphical Solution, Simplex

and Dual Simplex Method, Sensitive Analysis; Integer Programming, Transportation
and Assignment Models, PERT-CPM: Diagram Representation, Critical Path
Calculations, Resource Levelling, Cost Consideration in Project Scheduling.

4. Programming Languages and Computer Graphics

Language Design and Translation Issues: Programming Language Concepts,

Paradigms and Models, Programming Environments, Virtual Computers and Binding
Times, Programming Language Syntax, Stages in Translation, Formal Transition
Models.

Elementary Data Types: Properties of Types and Objects; Scalar and Composite Data
Types.
Programming in C: Tokens, Identifiers, Data Types, Sequence Control, Subprogram
Control, Arrays, Structures, Union, String, Pointers, Functions, File Handling,
Command Line Argumaents, Preprocessors.

Object Oriented Programming: Class, Object, Instantiation, Inheritance, Encapsulation,

Abstract Class, Polymorphism.

Programming in C++: Tokens, Identifiers, Variables and Constants; Data types,

Operators, Control statements, Functions Parameter Passing, Virtual Functions, Class
and Objects; Constructors and Destructors; Overloading, Inheritance, Templates,
Exception and Event Handling; Streams and Files; Multifile Programs.

91
 Web Programming: HTML, DHTML, XML, Scripting, Java, Servlets, Applets.

Computer Graphics: Video-Display Devices, Raster-Scan and Random-Scan Systems;

Graphics Monitors, Input Devices, Points and Lines; Line Drawing Algorithms, Mid-
Point Circle and Ellipse Algorithms; Scan Line Polygon Fill Algorithm, Boundary-Fill
and Flood- Fill.

2-D Geometrical Transforms and Viewing: Translation, Scaling, Rotation, Reflection

and Shear Transformations; Matrix Representations and Homogeneous Coordinates;
Composite Transforms, Transformations Between Coordinate Systems, Viewing
Pipeline, Viewing Coordinate Reference Frame, Window to View-Port Coordinate
Transformation, Viewing Functions, Line and Polygon Clipping Algorithms.

3-D Object Representation, Geometric Transformations and Viewing: Polygon

Surfaces, Quadric Surfaces, Spline Representation, Bezier and B-Spline Curves;
Bezier and B-Spline Surfaces; Illumination Models, Polygon Rendering Methods,
Viewing Pipeline and Coordinates; General Projection Transforms and Cipping.

5. Database Management Systems

Database System Concepts and Architecture: Data Models, Schemas, and Instances;
Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence; Database Languages and
Interfaces; Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMS.

Data Modeling: Entity-Relationship Diagram, Relational Model - Constraints,

Languages, Design, and Programming, Relational Database Schemas, Update
Operations and Dealing with Constraint Violations; Relational Algebra and Relational
Calculus; Codd Rules.

SQL: Data Definition and Data Types; Constraints, Queries, Insert, Delete, and
Update Statements; Views, Stored Procedures and Functions; Database Triggers,
SQL Injection.

Normalization for Relational Databases: Functional Dependencies and Normalization;

Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization; Transaction Processing,
Concurrency Control Techniques, Database Recovery Techniques, Object and
Object-Relational Databases; Database Security and Authorization.

Enhanced Data Models: Temporal Database Concepts, Multimedia Databases,

Deductive Databases, XML and Internet Databases; Mobile Databases, Geographic
Information Systems, Genome Data Management, Distributed Databases and Client-
Server Architectures.

Data Warehousing and Data Mining: Data Modeling for Data Warehouses, Concept
Hierarchy, OLAP and OLTP; Association Rules, Classification, Clustering,
Regression, Support Vector Machine, K- Nearest Neighbour, Hidden Markov Model,
Summarization, Dependency Modeling, Link Analysis, Sequencing Analysis, Social
Network Analysis.

92
 Big Data Systems: Big Data Characteristics, Types of Big Data, Big Data Architecture,
Introduction to Map-Reduce and Hadoop; Distributed File System, HDFS.

NOSQL: NOSQL and Query Optimization; Different NOSQL Products, Querying and
Managing NOSQL; Indexing and Ordering Data Sets; NOSQL in Cloud.

6. System Software and Operating System

System Software: Machine, Assembly and High-Level Languages; Compilers and

Interpreters; Loading, Linking and Relocation; Macros, Debuggers.

Basics of Operating Systems: Operating System Structure, Operations and Services;

System Calls, Operating-System Design and Implementation; System Boot.

Process Management: Process Scheduling and Operations; Interprocess

Communication, Communication in Client–Server Systems, Process Synchronization,
Critical-Section Problem, Peterson’s Solution, Semaphores, Synchronization.

Threads: Multicore Programming, Multithreading Models, Thread Libraries, Imp

Threading, Threading Issues.

CPU Scheduling: Scheduling Criteria and Algorithms; Thread Scheduling,

Multiple-Processor Scheduling, Real-Time CPU Scheduling.

Deadlocks: Deadlock Characterization, Methods for Handling Deadlocks,

Deadlock Prevention, Avoidance and Detection; Recovery from Deadlock.

Memory Management: Contiguous Memory Allocation, Swapping, Paging,

Segmentation, Demand Paging, Page Replacement, Allocation of Frames, Thrashing,
Memory-Mapped Files.

Storage Management: Mass-Storage Structure, Disk Structure, Scheduling and

Management, RAID Structure.

File and Input/Output Systems: Access Methods, Directory and Disk Structure; File-
System Mounting, File Sharing, File-System Structure and Implementation; Directory
Implementation, Allocation Methods, Free-Space Management, Efficiency and
Performance; Recovery, I/O Hardware, Application I/O Interface, Kernel I/O
Subsystem, Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations.

Security: Protection, Access Matrix, Access Control, Revocation of Access Rights,

Program Threats, System and Network Threats; Cryptography as a Security Tool,
User Authentication, Implementing Security Defenses.

Virtual Machines: Types of Virtual Machines and Implementations; Virtualization.

Linux Operating Systems: Design Principles, Kernel Modules, Process Management,

Scheduling, Memory Management, File Systems, Input and Output; Interprocess
Communication, Network Structure.
93
 Windows Operating Systems: Design Principles, System Components, Terminal
Services and Fast User Switching; File System, Networking.

Distributed Systems: Types of Network based Operating Systems, Network Structure,

Communication Structure and Protocols; Robustness, Design Issues, Distributed File
Systems.

7. Software Engineering

Software Process Models: Software Process, Generic Process Model – Framework

Activity, Task Set and Process Patterns; Process Lifecycle, Prescriptive Process
Models, Project Management, Component

Based Development, Aspect-Oriented Software Development, Formal Methods, Agile

Process Models – Extreme Programming (XP), Adptive Software Development, Scrum,
Dynamic System Development Model, Feature Driven Development, Crystal, Web
Engineering.

Software Requirements: Functional and Non-Functional Requirements; Eliciting

Requirements, Developing Use Cases, Requirement Analysis and Modelling;
Requirements Review, Software Requirment and Specification (SRS) Document.

Software Design: Abstraction, Architecture, Patterns, Separation of Concerns,

Modularity, Information Hiding, Functional Independence, Cohesion and Coupling;
Object-Oriented Design, Data Design, Architectural Design, User Interface Design,
Component Level Design.

Software Quality: McCall’s Quality Factors, ISO 9126 Quality Factors, Quality Control,
Quality Assurance, Risk Management, Risk Mitigation, Monitoring and Management
(RMMM); Software Reliability.

Estimation and Scheduling of Software Projects: Software Sizing, LOC and FP based
Estimations; Estimating Cost and Effort; Estimation Models, Constructive Cost Model
(COCOMO), Project Scheduling and Staffing; Time-line Charts.

Software Testing: Verification and Validation; Error, Fault, Bug and Failure; Unit and
Integration Tesing; White-box and Black-box Testing; Basis Path Testing, Control
Structure Testing, Deriving Test Cases, Alpha and Beta Testing; Regression Testing,
Performance Testing, Stress Testing.

Software Configuration Management: Change Control and Version Control; Software

Reuse, Software Re-engineering, Reverse Engineering.

8. Data Structures and Algorithms

Data Structures: Arrays and their Applications; Sparse Matrix, Stacks, Queues, Priority
Queues, Linked Lists, Trees, Forest, Binary Tree, Threaded Binary Tree, Binary
Search Tree, AVL Tree, B Tree, B+ Tree, B* Tree, Data Structure for Sets, Graphs,

94
 Sorting and Searching Algorithms; Hashing.

Performance Analysis of Algorithms and Recurrences:Time and Space Complexities;

Asymptotic Notation, Recurrence Relations.

Design Techniques: Divide and Conquer; Dynamic Programming, Greedy Algorithms,

Backtracking, Branch and Bound.

Lower Bound Theory: Comparison Trees, Lower Bounds through Reductions.

Graph Algorithms: Breadth-First Search, Depth-First Search, Shortest Paths, Maximum

Flow, Minimum Spanning Trees.

Complexity Theory: P and NP Class Problems; NP-completeness and Reducibility.

Selected Topics: Number Theoretic Algorithms, Polynomial Arithmetic, Fast Fourier

Transform, String Matching Algorithms.

Advanced Algorithms: Parallel Algorithms for Sorting, Searching and Merging,

Approximation Algorithms, Randomized Algorithms.

9. Theory of Computation and Compilers

Theory of Computation: Formal Language, Non-Computational Problems, Diagonal

Argument, Russels’s Paradox.

Regular Language Models: Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA), Non-Deterministic

Finite Automaton (NDFA), Equivalence of DFA and NDFA, Regular Languages,
Regular Grammars, Regular Expressions, Properties of Regular Language, Pumping
Lemma, Non- Regular Languages, Lexical Analysis.

Context Free Language: Pushdown Automaton (PDA), Non-Deterministic Pushdown

Automaton (NPDA), Context Free Grammar, Chomsky Normal Form, Greibach Normal
Form, Ambiguity, Parse Tree Representation of Derivation Trees, Equivalence of
PDA’s and Context Free Grammars; Properties of Context Free Language.

Turing Machines (TM): Standard Turing Machine and its Variations; Universal Turing
Machines, Models of Computation and Church-Turing Thesis; Recursive and
Recursively- Enumerable Languages; Context-Sensitive Languages, Unrestricted
Grammars, Chomsky Hierarchy of Languages, Construction of TM for Simple
Problems.

Unsolvable Problems and Computational Complexity: Unsolvable Problem, Halting

Problem, Post Correspondence Problem, Unsolvable Problems for Context-Free
Languages, Measuring and Classifying Complexity, Tractable and Intractable
Problems.

Syntax Analysis: Associativity, Precedence, Grammar Transformations, Top Down

95
 Parsing, Recursive Descent Predictive Parsing, LL(1) Parsing, Bottom up Parsing, LR
Parser, LALR(1) Parser.

Semantic Analysis: Attribute Grammar, Syntax Directed Definitions, Inherited and

Synthesized Attributes; Dependency Graph, Evaluation Order, S-attributed and L-
attributed Definitions; Type- Checking.

Run Time System: Storage Organization, Activation Tree, Activation Record, Stack
Allocation of Activation Records, Parameter Passing Mechanisms, Symbol Table.

Intermediate Code Generation: Intermediate Representations, Translation of

Declarations, Assignments, Control Flow, Boolean Expressions and Procedure Calls.

Code Generation and Code Optimization: Control-flow, Data-flow Analysis, Local

Optimization, Global Optimization, Loop Optimization, Peep-Hole Optimization,
Instruction Scheduling.

10. Data Communication and Computer Networks

Data Communication: Components of a Data Communication System, Simplex, Half-

Duplex and Duplex Modes of Communication; Analog and Digital Signals; Noiseless
and Noisy Channels; Bandwidth, Throughput and Latency; Digital and Analog
Transmission; Data Encoding and Modulation Techniques; Broadband and Baseband
Transmission; Multiplexing, Transmission Media, Transmission Errors, Error Handling
Mechanisms.

Computer Networks: Network Topologies, Local Area Networks, Metropolitan Area

Networks, Wide Area Network, Wireless Networks, Internet.

Network Models: Layered Architecture, OSI Reference Model and its Protocols;
TCP/IP Protocol Suite, Physical, Logical, Port and Specific Addresses; Switching
Techniques.

Functions of OSI and TCP/IP Layers: Framing, Error Detection and Correction; Flow
and Error Control; Sliding Window Protocol, HDLC, Multiple Access – CSMA/CD,
CSMA/CA, Reservation, Polling, Token Passing, FDMA, CDMA, TDMA, Network
Devices, Backbone Networks, Virtual LANs.
IPv4 Structure and Address Space; Classful and Classless Addressing; Datagram,
Fragmentation and Checksum; IPv6 Packet Format, Mapping Logical to Physical
Address (ARP), Direct and Indirect Network Layer Delivery; Routing Algorithms, TCP,
UDP and SCTP Protocols; Flow Control, Error Control and Congestion Control in TCP
and SCTP.

World Wide Web (WWW): Uniform Resource Locator (URL), Domain Name Service
(DNS), Resolution - Mapping Names to Addresses and Addresses to Names;
Electronic Mail Architecture, SMTP, POP and IMAP; TELNET and FTP.

Network Security: Malwares, Cryptography and Steganography; Secret-Key

96
 Algorithms, Public-Key Algorithms, Digital Signature, Virtual Private Networks,
Firewalls.

Mobile Technology: GSM and CDMA; Services and Architecture of GSM and Mobile
Computing; Middleware and Gateway for Mobile Computing; Mobile IP and Mobile
Communication Protocol; Communication Satellites, Wireless Networks and
Topologies; Cellular Topology, Mobile Adhoc Networks, Wireless Transmission and
Wireless LANs; Wireless Geolocation Systems, GPRS and SMS.

Cloud Computing and IoT: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, Public and Private Cloud; Virtualization,
Virtual Server, Cloud Storage, Database Storage, Resource Management, Service
Level Agreement, Basics of IoT.

11. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Approaches to AI: Turing Test and Rational Agent Approaches; State Space
Representation of Problems, Heuristic Search Techniques, Game Playing, Min-Max
Search, Alpha Beta Cutoff Procedures.

Knowledge Representation: Logic, Semantic Networks, Frames, Rules, Scripts,

Conceptual Dependency and Ontologies; Expert Systems, Handling Uncertainty in
Knowledge.
Planning: Components of a Planning System, Linear and Non Linear Planning; Goal
Stack Planning, Hierarchical Planning, STRIPS, Partial Order Planning.

Natural Language Processing: Grammar and Language; Parsing Techniques,

Semantic Analysis and Prgamatics.

Multi Agent Systems: Agents and Objects; Agents and Expert Systems; Generic
Structure of Multiagent System, Semantic Web, Agent Communication, Knowledge
Sharing using Ontologies, Agent Development Tools.

Fuzzy Sets: Notion of Fuzziness, Membership Functions, Fuzzification and

Defuzzification; Operations on Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Functions and Linguistic Variables;
Fuzzy Relations, Fuzzy Rules and Fuzzy Inference; Fuzzy Control System and Fuzzy
Rule Based Systems.

Genetic Algorithms (GA): Encoding Strategies, Genetic Operators, Fitness Functions

and GA Cycle; Problem Solving using GA.

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN): Supervised, Unsupervised and Reinforcement

Learning; Single Perceptron, Multi-Layer Percept.

***

97
 15. Ph.D. in Law

Part A- Research Methodology(a) Nature of Research

What is Research? Relevance of Legal Research Objective of Legal Research.

Need for Legal Research and Importance of inter-disciplinary approach. Significance of Legal
Research in India.

Legal Research as a profession in India.

(b) Types of Research

Doctrinal or Traditional Research. Non-doctrinal or Empirical Research. Descriptive and

Analytical Research. Applied and Fundamental Research. Qualitative and Quantitative
Research. Law Reform Research.

Historical Research. Sociological Research.

Research Processes

Identification of Research Problems. Review of Literature.

Selection of a Research Problem Formulation of a Hypothesis.
Research Design. Hypothesis.

Research Methods and tools for collection of data Primary Data method.

Experimental and Participatory/ Scientific Method. Case Study Method.

Survey Method. Discussion Method. Observation
ethod. Interview Method.
Mail Survey Method.
Questionnaire (Open ended and Close ended) Pilot Study Method.

Secondary Data Method.

Case Law Method. Cumulative Record Cards.

Tabulation and Evaluation of Data. Sampling

Advantages and Limitations of Sampling.Theoretical basis of Sampling

Probability and Non- probability Sampling Classifications of sampling
Simple Random Sampling Stratified Sampling Cluster Sampling Systematic Sampling
Non- random sampling Purposive Sampling Convenience Sampling Judgment Sampling
Sampling and Non- sampling Error.

Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Application of Content Analysis in Legal Research. Analysis of aggregate Data.

Data Interpretation.
Legal input Analysis, the ideal and the practicable.
98
 Data Processing- Summarizing of data, Codification and Tabulation.
Writing a Research Report- Types, Contents and steps involved in drafting of a Report.

Scientific Tools in Research

Jurimetrics.
Use of SPSS and other packages in Legal research. Avoiding/Detecting plagiarism.
Writing the research report/Bibliography/Presentation styles

Other Legal Research Strategies:

Legislative materials including subordinate legislation, notification and policy statements.

Decisional material including foreign decisions; methods of discovering the "rule of the
case" -tracing the history of important cases and also to ensuring that the case had not
been overruled.

Survey of juristic literature/ writings and its importance in selecting research problem.
Compilation of list of reports used or special studies conducted relevant to the problem.

Finding Material in a Law Library: Books, Journals, Law Reports and Digests of cases ,
Acts, Index to Periodicals.

Mode of Citation and Bibliography: Author- date System, Footnote and Endnote System,
Citingfor the First Time, Subsequent citing, List of Abbreviations Used in Citation,
Bibliographical Entries, The Blue book - A Uniform System of Citation.

Part B – Law

Constitutional Law of India

Preamble
Fundamental Rights and Duties. Directive Principles of State Policy. Judiciary.
Executive.
Union State Legislative Relations. Emergency Provisions.
Amendment to the Constitution of India.Writ Jurisdiction.

Legal Theory

Nature and Source of Law.

Positivism, Natural Law Theory, Sociological Jurisprudence. Theories of punishment.
Rights and Duties.
Concepts of Possession and Ownership. Judicial Process and Social Transformation.
Judicial Activism.
Social Justice.

Public International Law

Nature of International Law and its relationship with municipal law. Sources of International la
Recognition of states and governments. United Nations.

99
Settlement of International Disputes. Human rights.

Law of Contracts: General Principles

Essentials of a valid contract.

Offer, acceptance and consideration. Capacity to Contract: Minor’s contract.
Elements vitiating contract: Mistake, fraud, misrepresentation, public policy, coercion, undue
influence, frustration of contract.
Remedies for breach of contract: Damages.

Law of Crimes: General Principles

Nature and Definition of Offence. General Exceptions

Common Intention and Common Object. Criminal Attempt, Conspiracy and Abetment.
Offences against Women and child

Law of Torts

Foundation of Tortuous Liability. General Defences to an action of Tort. Vicarious Liability

Remoteness of Damages. Negligence Absolute and Strict Liability.

Environmental law

Concept of Environment- Meaning of Environment and Environmental Pollution

Environment law for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution in India The Water
( Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974;

The Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981;Wildlife protection Act,1972

Environment protection Act, 1986.

International Development for protection of Environmental Pollution. Remedies for

Environmental Protection: Civil, Criminal and Constitutional. Environmental impact
assessment and control of Hazardous wastes.

***

16. Ph.D. Nursing

Syllabus for entrance test is based on M.Sc. Nursing curriculum with following details:

Research Methodology and Statistics 50 Marks

Nursing management 20 Marks
Nursing Education 20 Marks
Specialization area of Nursing 10 Marks

(Medical Surgical Nursing/Pediatric Nursing /Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing/

Community Health Nursing/Mental Health and psychiatric Nursing)

***
100
 17. Ph.D. Translation Studies

• Research Methodology

• Definitions of Research
• Objectives of Research
• Types of Research
• Significance of Research
• Preparing Research Proposal
• Research Approaches
• Stages of Report writing
• Using Library resources
• Style Sheets
• Data collection and Data Analysis

• Translation Studies

• Meaning, Definitions, Nature and Scope of Translation

• History of Translation: Western & Indian
• Translation Studies: Development of Discipline
• Colonial Translation and Post-Colonial Translation
• Thinkers of Translation: Nida, J.C. Catford, George Steiner, Itamar E Zohar,
Andre Lefevere
• Issues in Translation

***

18. Ph.D. Vocational Education and Training

The syllabus of the Entrance Test shall consists of 50% of research methodology and 50%
shall be of Vocational education and training

Part-A: Research Methodology

Introduction to research: meaning of research, role research in behavioral sciences,

process of research, types of research, research approach and significance of research.

Formulation of a Research Problem: Research problem: definition, selection and

necessity of research problem.

Data Collection Methods: Primary and secondary data, methods of collecting primary
data, merits and demerits of different methods of collecting primary data, non-response.

Data Collection Techniques: Designing a questionnaire, pretesting a questionnaire,

101
editing of primary data, technique of interview, collection of secondary data, scrutiny of
secondary data, scale of measurements.

Sampling Techniques: Introduction to sampling, advantage of sampling over census,

probability and non- probability sampling and non-sampling error, basics of simple random
sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling, and multistage sampling.

Presentation of Data: Classification and tabulation of data diagrammatic and graphical

presentation of data. Statistical Methods: Measure of Central tendency, measures of
dispersion, simple correlation and regression, testing of hypothesis (z, t, F and chi-square
tests), Interpretation of data.

Report writing: Formation of Report, Presentation of a report.

References:

1. Elements of Research Methodology and Types of Data Used in Social

Research: http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/26098/1/Unit-13.pdf
2. Types of Research: http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/26100/1/Unit-12.pdf
3. Research Design: http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/26096/1/Unit-14.pdf
4. Sampling Methods and Estimation of Sample
Size: http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/26109/1/Unit-15.pdf
5. Measures of Central
Tendency: http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/26108/1/Unit-16.pdf
6. Variance and Standard
Deviation: http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/26106/1/Unit-17.pdf
7. Tests of Significance: http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/26104/1/Unit-18.pdf
8. Correlation and Regression: http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/26101/1/Unit-
19.pdf
9. Survey Methods and
Design: http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/67343/1/Block-6.pdf
10. Data Analysis and Research
Findings: http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/67345/1/Block-8.pdf

References/Websites/Links for the Entrance-examination for Ph.D. programme;

Part B: Vocational Education and Training

Vocational Education (for Human Recourse Development for National

Development, for Knowledge Economy, for Development of Marginalized Sections
of the Society, for Persons with Special Needs, Personal/Family Actualisation and
Happiness).

International Experiences: Review of International Reports (UNESCO’s Report of

the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-First Century “Learning:
The Treasure Within, Second International Congress on Technical and Vocational
Education, Report on Knowledge Acquisition and Skill Development (UNESCO)),
International Experiences in Vocational Education (Germany, China, Korea, Japan,
Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand).

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 Growth and Development in India: Historical Background of Vocational Education
in India (Pre- Independence Period, Post-Independence Period), Impact of
Globalization and Liberalization on Vocational Education. Recent Government of
India initiatives on Vocational education, NSQF, VET Programme through formal
non-formal modes.

Initiatives by Different Sectors of India: Education Sector (CBSE, State Boards,

NIOS and State Open Schools, Community Polytechnics, Jan Shikshan Sansthans,
Community Colleges, Degree Colleges and Universities, Open Universities, NCERT
and PSSCIVE), Industrial Sector (Craftsman Training Scheme, Apprenticeship
Training Scheme, Skill Development Initiative), Health and Paramedical Sector,
Agriculture Sector, Business and Commerce Sector, Information and
Communication Sector, Role and Work of Non-Governmental Organizations.

Models of Vocational Education and Training: School Based Model (Introduction

of VEP in Schools, Thrust Areas Identified by NPE (1986) for VEP, Centrally
Sponsored Scheme of Vocationalisation of Education, Programme of Action (POA,
1992), Industry Based Model (Vocational Training Programme), Community
Colleges Scheme, Apprenticeship.

Issues in Vocational Educational and Training: Social Acceptability, Access,

Terminal Nature of Courses, Employability, Multi-Skilling, Managing a Small
Enterprise, Remunerative Structure (wages and earnings) of vocationally trained
person

Relevance, Untrained Vocational Teachers, On the Job Training, Apprenticeship

Training Assessment and Certification of Prior Learning, Connectivity among
Vocational Programme at All Levels, Lateral and Vertical Mobility.

Environmental consciousness and Sustainable Development: Understanding

Environment, Environmental Concerns, Environmental Problems and Issues, Major
Environmental Problems, Global Environmental Issues (Global Warming, Acid Rain,
Ozone Layer Depletion), Environmental Resources (Forest Resources, Land
Resources, Water Resources, Animal Resources).

References: For Part B (Vocational Education and Training)

1. https://unevoc.unesco.org/up/India_Country_Paper.pdf
2. https://unevoc.unesco.org/home/TVETipedia+Glossary/filt=all/id=545
3. https://www.aicte-india.org/education/vocational-education
4. https://msde.gov.in/en/schemes-initiatives/apprenticeship-training/naps
5. https://msde.gov.in/en/schemes-initiatives/schemes-initiatives-through-nsdc/udaan
6. https://msde.gov.in/en/organisations/ncvet
8. http://psscive.ac.in/about/psscive
9. http://moef.gov.in/en/environment/pollution/
10. https://nios.ac.in/departmentsunits/vocational-education.aspx
11. https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/8508026_guidelines-on-b-voc_final.pdf
12. https://www.ugc.ac.in/pdfnews/8083296_B-Vocation-ver-0.4-Final.pdf
13. http://ignou.ac.in/ignou/aboutignou/school/sovet/introduction

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 19. Ph.D. English

1. British literature: issues and debates, trends and movements

2. Subaltern Literary Perspectives
3. Contemporary World Literature
4. Multiculturalism
5. English Language Teaching
6. New Literatures in English
7. Diaspora Studies
8. Folklore and Culture Studies
9. American Literature
10. Australian Literature
11. Research Methodology
12. Critical Theories
13. Indian Writing in English
14. Canadian Literature

***

20. Ph.D. Sanskrit

पीएच.डी. (संस्कृ त) प्रवेश परीक्षा का पाठ्यक्रम-

1. शोध प्रवववध
2. वैदिक सावित्य
3. िशशन सावित्य
4. वेिांग
5. भाषा ववज्ञान
6. छं िशास्त्र एव अलंकार
7. काव्यशास्त्र
8. पुराणेवतिास, धमशशास्त्र
9. अवभलेख शास्त्र
10. भारतीय संस्कृ वत के तत्व
11. आधुवनक संस्कृ त सवित्य

***

21. Ph.D. Hindi

104
1. शोध प्रावववध - शोध का उद्दद्दशीय और आलोचना शोध के ववववध प्रवववधयो.
2. हिंिी सावित्य का इवतिास पररवस्िवतयो प्रवववियो एव प्रमुख सितीयकार.
3. आदिकालीन एव मध्यकालीन कववता.
4. आधुवनक हिंिी कववता (छायावाि, प्रगवतवाि, प्रयोगवाि).
5. नाटक एव अन्य गद्य ववधाएँ (स्कं िगुप्त- जयशंकर प्रसाि, आधे-अधूरे-मोिन राके श, अतीत के चलवचत्र-
मिािेवी वमाश, दकन्नर िेश के ओर – राहुल सांक्र्तत्यायन, अिम्य जीवन- रांगेय राघव, अशोक के फू ल और
अन्य वनबन्ध- िजारी प्रसाि दिवेिी, जूठन – ओमप्रकाश वाल्मीदक)
6. हिंिी उपन्यास (गोिान, बाणभट्ट के आत्मकिा, मैला आँचल, मिाभोज), हिंिी किानी (प्रेमचंि के किावनयाँ,
मानसरोवर खंड-1)
7. भाषा ववज्ञान और हिंिी भाषा.
8. सावित्य वसद्ांत और समालोचन (काव्य लक्ष्ण, काव्य प्रयोजन, काव्य िेतु, रस वसद्ांत, साधारीकरण. प्लेटो,
अरस्तु, लाजाइनसए, क्रोचे, टी. एस. इवलयट, आई.ऐ. ररचडशस, नई समीक्षा, मनोववश्लेषणवािी आलोचना,
मार्कसशवािी आलोचना, अवस्तत्ववाि, आधुवनकतावाि, उिर आधुवनकता, िवलत सावित्य और हचंतन(डॉ.
अम्बेडकर, ज्योवतबा फु ले), अवस्मतामूलक ववमशश.

***

22. Ph.D. in Child Development

The Entrance examination will be based on what is covered in the syllabus of the M.Sc.
Home Science specialization 'Child Development' as well as the relevant components in
the UGC-NET syllabus pertaining to the component ‘Research Methodology’ and the
specialization component 'Child Development'. (The specialization 'Child Development'
could be referred to by different names in various universities such as Human
Development/ Human Development and Childhood Studies/ Human Development and
Family Studies).

The outline of the syllabus is as follows:

Paper 1: Research Methodology (50%)

1. Purpose and characteristics of research.

2. Research approaches: quantitative, qualitative and mixed.
3. Positivism and post-positivistic approach to research; nomothetic and idiographic
approaches.
4. Steps of research - the research cycle.
5. Research design, sampling and methods of data collection in quantitative, qualitative
and mixed methods research.
6. Reliability and validity.
7. Values, Social Responsibility and Ethics in Research.
8. Sources, acquisition, and classification of data.
9. Basic principles and concepts in statistics; Descriptive Statistics; Probability and normal

105
 distribution.
10. Statistical tests - parametric and non -parametric tests of association and difference,
regression; interpretation of tests
11. Data analysis and interpretation - quantitative and qualitative data.
12. Graphical representation (bar-chart, histograms, pie-chart, table-chart, and line-chart)
and mapping of data.
13. Application of ICT in research

Paper 2: Subject specific: Child Development (50%)

1. Principles of growth and development.

2. Pregnancy and childbirth.
3. Development through the lifespan in various domains (including physical-motor; cognitive,
language, socio-emotional development).
4. Theories of child/ human development and behavior; cultural context of human
development.
5. Early childhood care and education – curriculum, pedagogy and materials; activities to
promote holistic development.
6. Influence of family, peers, school, community and culture on development.
7. Children and persons with disabilities - care and support, early intervention, special
education, prevention of disabilities, rehabilitation.
8. Children at risk - child labour, street children, orphaned, abandoned and destitute children,
child abuse and trafficking.
9. Adolescence and youth: developmental changes and challenges; Programme to promote
optimal development.
10. Adulthood - characteristics, changing roles and responsibilities in early and middle
adulthood.
11. Aging - physical and psychological changes; care, health and psychological needs.
12. Diversity, Disadvantage, Rights and Equity: Policies, Legislation, Strategies and
Programme for Intervention and Inclusion
13. Parenting and Society; Counseling for optimal child development.
14. Research Methods in Child Development.

***

106
 Annexure-I

Revised Syllabus of IGNOU Ph.D.

Discipline: URDU

Website: www.nta.ac.in Helpline Number: 011-40759000