Scribd
Upload
19 views4 pages

Psyc Memory Notes

1. There are several aspects of semantic memory that can be useful for retrieval, including retrieval cues, activation levels, pattern completion, and contextual cues. 2. Intentional retrieval involves consciously trying to remember information, while incidental retrieval occurs unconsciously without effort. 3. Factors like attention to cues, cue-target association strength, and retrieval strategy can determine retrieval success. Context-dependent memory occurs when retrieval is aided by matching the original encoding context.

Uploaded by

Avesta Fazel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views4 pages

Psyc Memory Notes

1. There are several aspects of semantic memory that can be useful for retrieval, including retrieval cues, activation levels, pattern completion, and contextual cues. 2. Intentional retrieval involves consciously trying to remember information, while incidental retrieval occurs unconsciously without effort. 3. Factors like attention to cues, cue-target association strength, and retrieval strategy can determine retrieval success. Context-dependent memory occurs when retrieval is aided by matching the original encoding context.

Uploaded by

Avesta Fazel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Lecture 6

Nov 6, 2023

S6 - Which of these aspects is most useful to you in terms of your semantic memory, and why?

Retrieval Failure
- Tip of the tongue state
- You know the information, but you can’t retrieve it
- Appears to occur after damage to (or dysfunction of) the prefrontal cortex (PFC)

Retrieval Process
- Have something to start with to allow you to access your memory
- Retrieval cues
- Connections between memory traces: associations/links

Retrieval: a progression from one or more cues to a target memory


- Use those links/connections to arrive to that memory

- Retrieval = cues by links lead to the target memory

Activation Level
- Variable internal state of a memory trace that contributes to its accessibility at a given
point
Varies:
- Increased by perception of related concept
- Increased by attention

- Spreading activation to other associated memories

Pattern Completion
- Retrieval involves the reinstatement (via spreading activation) of a pattern of activation
over feature units that represent memory

Two Types of Retrieval:


Intentional retrieval
- refers to the process of consciously trying to memorize information

Incidental Retrieval
- process of unintentionally acquiring information without any conscious effort

Factors Determining Retrieval Success:


1. Attention to cues
- Retrieval is less effective if cues are present but not attended to enough
- Diminishing attention - cue less useful and lead to retrieval to fail
- DIvided attention - disruptive

2. Relevance of cues
- Retrieval cues must be related to the target
- Encoding specificity principle: the more similar cues available at retrieval are to the
conditions present at encoding, the more effective the cues will be

3. Cue-target associative strength


- Retrieval can fail is cues are relevant, but are weak
- Associations vary in strength: the strength determines the rate of spreading activation
between a cue and a target
- Association depends on time and attention

4. Number of cues
- Retrieval often improves when more relevant cues are added
- Superadditive effect:
Ex:
Name a mythical being (14%)
Name a word that rhymes with post (19%)
Name a mythical being that rhymes with post (97%)

5. Target strength
- If a memory is weakly encoded, even good cues may be insufficient to trigger retrieval
- Subsequent effect:
- Engagement of hippocampus and other medical temporal lobe (MTL) structures
during encoding

6. Retrieval strategy
- Retrieval is influenced by the strategy that is adopted
- Most beneficial when you remember them in order

7. Retrieval mode
- Cognitive set, or frame of mind, that orients a person towards the act of retrieval,
ensuring that stimuli are interpreted as retrieval cues
- Electrical activity in right frontal lobe when preparing to retrieve episodic memory

Context Cues
- Retrieval cues that specify aspects of the conditions under which a desired target was
encoded

1. Spatio-temporal context
- Space and time of the event
2. Mood context
- How You felt
3. Physiological context
- How your body was during the event
4. Cognitive context
- What were you thinking about around the time of the event

Retrieval Tasks
- Direct memory tests / explicit memory tests
- Require to recall particular experiences
- Require context as a cue
- Need Hippocampus
- Indirect memory tests / implicit memory test
- Dont require specific recall of the past
- Results: Tend to make decisions faster without being aware or recalling the past
- Repetition priming: enhanced processing of a stimulus arising from recent
encounters with that stimulus.
- Neocortex / reception suppression

Context-Dependent Memory
- Memory benefits when the spatio-temporal, mood, physiological, and/or cognitive
context at retrieval matches that present at encoding
- Important in episodic memory retrieval

1. Environment Context Dependent Memory


-
- Mental reinstatement of context aids retrieval
2.
a) Mood-congruent Memory
- Bias in the recall of memories such that negative mood makes negative memories more
readily available than positive, and vice versa

S7P1 How might this affect the severity of psychological disorders like depression?

Mood-dependent Memory
- A form of context-dependent effect whereby what is learnt in a given mood is best
recalled in that mood

3. State-dependent memory
- When the learner’s internal environment is changed by a drug: what is learned when
you're high is best recalled while high

Recognition memory
- A person’s ability to correctly decide whether they have encountered a stimulus
previously in particular context
- Intact stimulus presented
- Requires a judgement: old or new?
- Forced-choice recognition test
- yes/no recognition test
- Engages different processes than cued and free recall

Signal detection theory


- Memory targets on a recognition test possess an attribute known as strength or
familiarity, with previously encountered items generally possessing more strength than
novel items
- Evolved in research on auditory perception: used as a model of recognition memory

SDT as a model of recognition memory


- Helps distinguish memory from guessing
- Proposed that memory traces have strength values that reflect their activation in memory
- Strength dictates familiarity
- New memories may have familiarity, but not as much as studied items

SDT as a model of recognition memory


- Provides mathematical tools for estimating a person's ability to discriminate old from
new, and guessing strategies
- Conceptualizes how recognition judgements take place:
- Memories lie on a continuum of strength, and people use this internal ‘sense’ of
familiarity to judge their experience with an item

Dual-process accounts of recognition memory


- Word frequency effect suggests that another factor (other than item strength) contributes
to recognition memory
- You can have a high degree of familiarity with a stimulus but feel as though your
recognition is incomplete
- Ex: see a person and know you know them but don’t know from where
- Recognition judgements can be made in one of two ways:
- Familiarity-based recognition
- Recollection
- Dual process theories of recognition state that both of these processes contribute to
recognition
- Tested using the remember/know procedure
- Support comes from studies showing that divided attention during encoding selectively
affects recollection (not familiarity)
- Distraction during retrieval also affects recollection more than familiarity
- Recollection is a controlled, attention-depending process
- Older adults and PFC damaged show deficits in recollection, but normal familiarity

Source monitoring
- The process of examining the cont

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy