01

Sets
The theory of sets was developed by German Mathematician Georg Cantor IN THIS CHAPTER ....
(1845-1918). The concept of sets is widely used in the foundation of relations,
functions, logic, probability theory, etc. Sets
Representation of Sets
Sets Power Set
In Mathematics, a set is a collection of well-defined distinct object or Venn Diagram
elements. The elements that make up a set can be any kind of things : people Operations on Sets
letters of alphabet, numbers, geometrical shape, variables or even other sets.
Laws of Algebra of Sets
Generally, sets are denoted by capital letters A, B, C , . . . and its elements are
denoted by small letters a , b, c, . . . . . Cardinal Number of a Finite and
Infinite Set
Let A is a non-empty set. If x is an element of A, then we write ‘x Î A’ and
read as ‘x is an element of A’ or ‘x belongs to A’. If x is not an element of A,
then we write ‘x Ï A’ and read as x is not an element of A’ or ‘x does not belong
to A’.
e.g. A = Set of all vowels in English alphabets.
In this set a , e , i , o and u are members.

Representation of Sets
We can use the following two methods to represent a set.
(i) Listing Method In this method, elements are listed and put within a
braces { } and separated by commas.
This method is also known as Tabular method or Roster method.
e.g. A = Set of all prime numbers less than 11 = { 2, 3, 5, 7}
(ii) Set Builder Method In this method, instead of listing all elements of
a set, we list the property or properties satisfied by the elements of set
and write it as
A = { x : P ( x )} or { x| P ( x )}
It is read as ‘A is the set of all elements x such that x has the property
P ( x ).’ The symbol ‘:’ or ‘|’ stands for such that.
This method is also known as Rule method or Property method.
e.g. The set A = { 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} is written in set builder form
A = { x : x Î N and x £ 8}
4 JEE Main Mathematics

Different Types of Sets (vii) Subset and Superset

Let A and B be two non-empty sets. If each element of
(i) Empty (Void/Null) Set set A is an element of set B, then set A is known as
A set which has no element, is called an empty set. subset of set B. If set A is a subset of set B, then set B
It is denoted by f or { }. is called the superset of A.
e.g. A = Set of all odd numbers divisible by 2 Also, if A is a subset of B, then it is denoted as A Í B
and read as ‘A is a subset of B’.
and B = {x : x Î N and 5 < x < 6 }
Thus, if x Î A Þ x Î B, then A Í B
Such sets which have atleast one element, are called
non-void set. If x Î A Þ x Ï B, then A Í/ B
and read as ‘A is not a subset of B.’
Note If f represents a null set, then f is never written with in braces
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
i.e. {f} is not the null set.
Here, each element of A is an element of B. Thus,
(ii) Singleton Set A Í B i.e. A is a subset of B and B is a superset of A.
A set which have only one element, is called a singleton set. Note
e.g. A = Set of even prime number • Null set is a subset of each set.
and B = { x : x 2 £ 0, x Î R } • Each set is a subset of itself.
• If A has n elements, then number of subsets of set A is 2 n .
(iii) Finite Sets
A set having finite number of elements is called a finite set.
(viii) Proper Subset
e.g. A = { a , b, c, d }. If each element of A is in set B but set B has atleast
one element which is not in A, then set A is known as
Here, A is a finite set as it has four elements proper subset of set B. If A is a proper subset of B, then
(finite number of elements) it is written as ‘A Ì B ’ and read as A is a proper subset
of B.
(iv) Infinite Sets
A set which does not contain finite number of elements is e.g. If N = {1, 2, 3, 4, …}
called infinite set. and I = {…, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
e.g. A set of all prime numbers = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, K } then NÌI
Here, A has not finite number of elements, hence it is an If A has n elements, then number of proper subsets is
infinite set. 2n - 1.

(v) Equivalent Sets (ix) Comparability of Sets

Two finite sets A and B are said to be equivalent, if they Two sets A and B are said to be comparable, if either
have the same number of elements. A Ì B or B Ì A or A = B, otherwise, A and B are said to
e.g. If A = { 1, 2 , 3} and B = { 3, 7, 9 } be incomparable.
Number of elements in A = 3 e.g. Suppose A = { 1, 2, 3}, B = { 1, 2, 4, 6} and C = { 1, 2, 4}
and number of elements in B = 3 Since, A Ë B or B Ë A or A ¹ B
\ A and B are equivalent sets. \ A and B are incomparable.
But C Ì B
(vi) Equal Sets
\ B and C are comparable sets.
If A and B are two non-empty sets and each element ofset A
is an element of set B and each element of set B is an element (x) Universal Set
of set A, then sets A and B are called equal sets.
A set that contains all sets in given context is called
Symbolically, if x Î A Þ x ÎB the universal set. The universal set is generally
and x ÎB Þ x Î A denoted
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {x : x Î N , x £ 3 } by U .
Here, each element of A is an element of B, also each This set can be chosen arbitrarily for any discussion of
element of B is an element of A, then both sets are called given sets but after choosing it is fixed.
equal sets. e.g. Suppose A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4, 5} and C = {7, 8, 9}
Equal sets are equivalent sets while its converse need not to \ U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} is universal set for all
be true. three sets.
Sets 5

Example 1. Which of the following is a singleton set? -1± 5 ± 5 -1

Þ t= =
(a) { x : x < 1, x Î I} 2 2
(b) { x : x = 5, x Î I} 5 -1
Q Î(0 , 1]
(c) { x : x 2 = 1, x Î I} 2
(d) { x : x 2 + x + 1 = 0 , x Î R} 5 -1
\ t= is one of the solution.
2
Sol. (a) (a) { x :| x| < 1, x Î I } = { x : - 1 < x < 1, x Î I } = {0 }
Case II If|t - 1| + |t - 2| = 1, for 1 < t £ 2,
(b) { x :| x| = 5, x Î I } = { x : x = ± 5 } = { ± 5 }
then t 2 - t + 2 = 1, t 2 - t + 1 = 0 have no real solutions
(c) { x : x2 = 1, x Î I } = { x : x = ± 1} = { ± 1}
Case III If|t - 1| + |t - 2| = 2t - 3, for t > 2
ìï -1 ± 12 - 4 ´ 1 üï
(d) { x : x2 + x + 1 = 0 , x Î R } = í x : x = , x Î Rý then t 2 - t + 2 = 2t - 3
ïî 2(1) ïþ Þ t 2 - 3t + 5 = 0 have no real solution.
ì -1 ± 3i ü Since, S be the set of all real roots of the given equation,
= íx : x = , x Î Rý = { f}
î 2 þ then S is a singleton set.
[Q x is real but here x is a complex number]
Hence, option (a) is correct. Power Set
Let A be a non-empty set, then collection of all possible
Example 2. Set A has m elements and Set B has n subsets of set A is known as power set. It is denoted by
elements. If the total number of subsets of A is 112 more than P ( A).
the total number of subsets of B, then the value of m × n is ..... e.g. Suppose A = {1, 2, 3}
(JEE Main 2020)
\ P ( A) = {f, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 1}, {1, 2, 3}}.
Sol. (28.00) It is given that n( A) = m and n(B ) = n
(a) A Î P ( A)
and 2 m = 2 n + 112. [Q number of subsets of set A and B are (b) { A} Ï P ( A)
2 m and 2 n respectively]
m n 4
Þ 2 - 2 = 2 (7) Properties of Power Set
n m-n 4 3
Þ 2 (2 - 1) = 2 (2 - 1) (i) Each element of a power set is a set.
On comparing n = 4 and m - n = 3 (ii) If A Í B, then P ( A) Í P ( B)
\ m=7 (iii) Power set of any set is always non-empty.
So, m × n = 28 (iv) If set A has n elements, then P ( A)has 2n elements.

Example 3. Let S be the set of all real roots of the (v) P ( A) Ç P ( B) = P ( A Ç B)

x x x x
equation, 3 (3 - 1) + 2 = |3 - 1| + |3 - 2|. Then, S (vi) P ( A) È ( B) Í P ( A È B)
(JEE Main 2020) (vii) P ( A È B) ¹ P ( A) È P ( B)
(a) is a singleton
(b) is an empty set Example 4. If set A = {1, 3, 5}, then number of elements in
(c) contains at least four elements P{P( A)} is
(d) contains exactly two elements (a) 8 (b) 256 (c) 248 (d) 250
Sol. (a) Given equation Sol. (b) Given, A = {1, 3, 5}
3 x (3 x - 1) + 2 = |3 x - 1| + |3 x - 2| \ n {P( A)} = 23 = 8
Let 3 x = t > 0 , " x Î R, so equation is \ n [P {P( A)}] = 2 8 = 256
2
t - t + 2 = |t - 1| + |t - 2| …(i)
ì1 - t + 2 - t , 0 < t £ 1 Example 5. If A = {f, {f}}, then the power set of A is
ï
Q |t - 1| + |t - 2| = ít - 1 + 2 - t , 1 < t £ 2 (a) A (b) {f , {f}, A}
ït - 1 + t - 2 , t >2 (c) {f, {f}, {{f}}, A} (d) None of these
î
ì3 - 2t , 0 < t £ 1 Sol. (c) We have,
ï
=í 1 , 1< t £ 2 A = {f , {f}}
ï2t - 3 , t >2 Subset of set A are f , {f}, {{f}}, {f , {f}}
î
Now, Case I If|t - 1| + |t - 2| = 3 - 2t , for 0 < t £ 1, then \ Power set of A i.e. P( A) = {f , {f}, {{f}}, {f , {f}}}
t 2 - t + 2 = 3 - 2t Þ t 2 + t - 1 = 0 Þ P( A) = {f , {f}, {{f}}, A}
6 JEE Main Mathematics

Venn Diagram (ii) Intersection of Two Sets

If A and B are two sets, then intersection of A and B is a
A set is represented through a diagram is called Venn set of all those elements which are in both A and B.
diagram. The intersection of A and B is denoted by A Ç B and read
In Venn diagram, the universal set is represented by a as ‘A intersection B ’.
rectangular region and a set is represented by circle or a Symbolically,
closed geometrical figure inside the universal set. Also,
an element of a set A is represented by a point within the A Ç B = {x : x Î A and x Î B }
circle of set A. If x Î A Ç B Þ x Î A and x Î B
e.g. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, …, 10} and A = {1, 2, 3} and if x Ï A Ç B Þ x Ï A or x Ï B
Then, its Venn diagram is as shown in the figure. The Venn diagram of A Ç B is as shown in the figure and
the shaded region represents A Ç B.
10 U
U U U
4 8
1 A B
2 A B A B
3 A
5 9

6 7
AÇB A Ç B when neither AÇB=f
when A Í B or A Ç B = A A Í B nor B Í A (no shaded region)
Operations on Sets e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 3, 5, 6}
We introduce some operations on sets to construct new \ A Ç B = {3, 4}
sets from the given ones.
General Form
(i) Union of Two Sets
The intersection of a finite number of sets
Let A and B be two sets, then union of A and B is a set of
all those elements which are in A or in B or in both A1 , A2 , A3 , . . . , A n is represented by
n
A and B. It is denoted by A È B and read as ‘A union B ’. A1 Ç A 2 Ç A3 Ç . . . Ç A n or Ç Ai
i =1
Symbolically, A È B = {x : x Î A or x Î B }
n
Clearly, xÎAÈB Symbolically, Ç Ai = { x : x Î Ai for all i}
i =1
Þ x Î A or x Î B
If xÏAÈB (iii) Disjoint of Two Sets
Þ x Ï A and x Ï B Two sets A and B are known as disjoint sets, if A Ç B = f
The venn diagram of A È B is as shown in the figure and i.e. if A and B have no common element. The Venn
the shaded portion represents A È B. diagram of disjoint sets as shown in the figure

U U U U

A A B A B
B A B

AÈB A È B when neither A È B when A and B AÇB

(when A Í B) A Í B nor B Í A are disjoint sets
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3}
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 5, 6},
and B = {4, 8, 5, 6} then AÇB={ } = f
\ A È B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}. \ A and B are disjoint sets.

General Form (iv) Difference of Two Sets

The union of a finite number of sets A1 , A2 , . . . , An is If A and B are two non-empty sets, then difference of
represented by A and B is a set of all those elements which are in A but
n not in B. It is denoted as A - B. If difference of two sets is
A1 È A 2 È A3 È . . .È A n or È A i
i =1 B - A, then it is a set of those elements which are in B
n but not in A.
Symbolically, È Ai = { x : x Î Ai for atleast one i} Hence, A - B = {x : x Î A and x Ï B }
i =1
Sets 7

and B - A = {x : x Î B and x Ï A} A¢ U
If x Î A - B Þ x Î A but x Ï B
A
and if x Î B - A Þ x Î B but x Ï A
The Venn diagram of A - B and B - A are as shown in the
figure and shaded region represents A - B and B - A.
If U is a universal set and A Ì U ,
U U then A¢ = U - A = {x : x ÎU but x Ï A}
B A
i.e. x Î A Þ x Ï A¢
A B
The Venn diagram of complement of a set A is as shown
in the figure and shaded portion represents A¢.
A–B A–B e.g. If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
when A Í B, i.e., (A – B = f) when B Í A
and A = {2, 4, 6, 8, …}
U U \ A¢ = U - A = { 1, 3, 5, 7, …}
A B A B Note
• f = U¢ • f¢ = U • ( A¢ )¢ = A
• A È A¢ = U • A Ç A¢ = f
A – B when neither A – B when A and B are
A Í B nor B Í A disjoint sets. Clearly, Example 6. If X = {4n - 3n - 1: n Î N} and
A–B=A
Y = { 9 (n - 1) : n Î N}, where N is the set of natural numbers,
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8} then X È Y is equal to
\ A - B = {1, 2, 3} and B - A = {5, 6, 7, 8} (a) N (b) Y - X
(c) X (d) Y
Important Points Sol. (d) We have, X = { 4 n - 3n - 1 : n Î N }
● A- B¹ B- A Þ X = {0 , 9, 54, 243, L } [put n = 1, 2, 3, L ]
● A - B Í A and B - A Í B
and Y = {9(n - 1) : n Î N }
● A - f = A and A - A = f
Þ Y = {0 , 9, 18, 27, L} [put n = 1, 2, 3, L ]
● The sets A - B and B - A are disjoint sets.
It is clear that X Ì Y .
(v) Symmetric Difference of Two Sets \ X ÈY = Y
If A and B are two sets, then set ( A - B) È ( B - A) is Example 7. Consider the two sets A = {m Î R : both the
known as symmetric difference of sets A and B and is
denoted by ADB. The Venn diagram of ADB is as shown roots of x 2-(m + 1) x + m + 4 = 0 are real} and B = [ - 3, 5).
in the figure and shaded region represents ADB. Which of the following is not true? (JEE Main 2020)
U (a) A - B = ( - ¥ , - 3) È (5, ¥)
(b) A Ç B = {- 3}
A B (c) B - A = ( - 3, 5)
(d) A È B = R
Sol. (a) Given sets A = {m ÎR : both the roots of
AD B
x2 - (m + 1) x + m + 4 = 0 are real} and B = [ - 3, 5)
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6},
Q Roots of x2- (m + 1) x + m + 4 = 0 are real, m ÎR
then ADB = ( A - B) È ( B - A)
\ D ³ 0 Þ (m + 1) 2 - 4(m + 4) ³ 0
= {1, 2} È {4, 5, 6} = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6}
Þ m2 - 2m - 15 ³ 0
Note 2
Þ m - 5m + 3m - 15 ³ 0
• Symmetric difference can also be written as
ADB = ( A È B) - ( A Ç B)
Þ m (m - 5) + 3 (m - 5) ³ 0
Þ (m + 3) (m - 5) ³ 0
• ADB = BDA (commutative)
Þ m Î ( - ¥ , - 3] È [5, ¥) [Q A = ( - ¥ , - 3] È [5, ¥)]
(vi) Complement of a Set \ A - B = ( - ¥ , - 3) È [5, ¥)
The complement of a set A is the set of all those elements A Ç B = {- 3}, B - A = ( - 3, 5) and A È B = R
which are in universal set but not in A. It is denoted by Hence, option (a) is correct.
A¢ or Ac.
8 JEE Main Mathematics

Laws of Algebra of Sets Sol. (a) Given sets A = {x Î R :| x| < 2},

and B = {x Î R :| x - 2| ³ 3}
For three sets A, B and C
then, A = {x Î R : - 2 < x < 2}
(i) Idempotent law
and B = {x Î R :( x - 2) Î ( -¥ , - 3] È [3, ¥)}
(a) A È A = A
{x Î R : x Î ( -¥ , - 1] È [5, ¥)}
(b) A Ç A = A
\ B - A = R - ( -2, 5)
(ii) Identity law
(a) A È f = A Cardinal Number of a Finite
(b) A Ç U = A and Infinite Set
(iii) Commutative law The number of distinct elements in a finite set A is called
cardinal number and it is denoted by n( A). And if it is not
(a) A È B = B È A
finite set, then it is called infinite set.
(b) A Ç B = B Ç A e.g., If A = { -3, - 1, 8, 10, 13, 17}, then n( A) = 6
(iv) Associative law
(a) ( A È B) È C = A È ( B È C ) Properties
(b) A Ç ( B Ç C ) = ( A Ç B) Ç C If A, B and C are finite sets and U be the finite universal
set, then
(v) Distributive law
(i) n( A È B) = n( A) + ( B) - n( A Ç B)
(a) A È ( B Ç C ) = ( A È B) Ç ( A È C ) (ii) n( A È B) = n( A) + n( B), if A and B are disjoint.
(b) A Ç ( B È C ) = ( A Ç B) È ( A Ç C ) (iii) n( A - B) = n( A) - n( A Ç B)
(vi) De-Morgan’s law (iv) n( ADB) = n( A) + n( B) - 2n ( A Ç B)
(a) ( A È B)¢ = A¢ Ç B¢ (v) n( A È B È C ) = n( A) + n( B) + n(C )
(b) ( A Ç B)¢ = A¢ È B¢ - n( A Ç B) - n( B Ç C ) - n( A Ç C ) + n( A Ç B Ç C )
(vi) n (number of elements in exactly two of the sets
(c) A - ( B Ç C ) = ( A - B) È ( A - C )
A, B, C )
(d) A - ( B È C ) = ( A - B) Ç ( A - C ) = n( A Ç B) + n( B Ç C ) + n(C Ç A) -3n( A Ç B Ç C )
(vii) (a) A - B = A Ç B¢ (vii) n (number of elements in exactly one of the sets
(b) B - A = B Ç A¢ A, B, C ) = n( A) + n( B) + n(C ) - 2n( A Ç B)
(c) A - B = A Û A Ç B = f - 2n( B Ç C ) - 2n( A Ç C ) + 3n( A Ç B Ç C )
(viii) n( A¢ È B¢ ) = n( A Ç B)¢ = n(U ) - n( A Ç B)
(d) ( A - B) È B = A È B
(ix) n( A¢ Ç B¢ ) = n( A È B)¢ = n(U ) - n( A È B)
(e) ( A - B) Ç B = f
(x) n( B - A) = n( B) - n( A Ç B)
(f) A Ç B Í A and A Ç B Í B
Example 9. In a town of 10000 families it was found that
(g) A È ( A Ç B) = A
40% families buy newspaper A, 20% families buy newspaper
(h) A Ç ( A È B) = A B and 10% families buy newspaper C, 5% buy A and B, 3%
(viii) (a) ( A - B) È ( B - A) = ( A È B) - ( A Ç B) buy B and C and 4% buy A and C. If 2% families buy all of
three newspapers, then the number of families which buy A
(b) A Ç ( B - C ) = ( A Ç B) - ( A Ç C )
only, is
(c) A Ç ( BDC ) = ( A Ç B) D ( A Ç C ) (a) 4400 (b) 3300
(d) ( A Ç B) È ( A - B) = A (c) 2000 (d) 500
(e) A È ( B - A) = ( A È B) Sol. (b) n( A) = 40% of 10000 = 4000 , n(B ) = 2000 ,
n(C) = 1000 , n( A Ç B ) = 500, n(B Ç C) = 300 , n(C Ç A) = 400,
Example 8. If A = {x Î R :| x| < 2} and n( A Ç B Ç C) = 200
B = {x Î R :| x - 2| ³ 3}; then (JEE Main 2020) \ n( A Ç B Ç C ) = n{A Ç (B È C) ¢} = n( A) - n{A Ç (B È C)}
(a) B - A = R - ( -2, 5) = n( A) - n( A Ç B) - n( A Ç C) + n( A Ç B Ç C)
(b) A - B = [ -1, 2) = 4000 - 500 - 400 + 200
(c) A È B = R - (2, 5) = 3300
(d) A Ç B = ( -2, - 1)
Sets 9

Example 10. A survey shows that 63% of the people in a (a) 13.5 (b) 13
city read newspaper A whereas 76% read newspaper B. If x % (c) 12.8 (d) 13.9
of the people read both the newspapers, then a possible value Sol. (d) Let the population of city is 100.
of x can be
Then, n( A) = 25, n(B ) = 20 and n( A Ç B ) = 8
(a) 55 (b) 29
A B U
(c) 65 (d) 37
Sol. (a) Given, n ( A) = 63, n (B) = 76 and n ( A Ç B) = x
17 8 12
We know that, n(U)=100

n ( A È B ) = n ( A) + n (B ) - n ( A Ç B )
Þ 100 ³ 63 + 76 - x
Þ x ³ 139 - 100 ³ 39 Venn diagram

and n ( A Ç B ) £ n( A )
So, n( A Ç B) = 17 and n( A Ç B) = 12
Þ x £ 63
According to the question,
\ 39 £ x £ 63
Percentage of the population who look into advertisement is
Example 11. Two newspapers A and B are published in a é 30 ù é 40 ù
=ê ´ n( A Ç B) ú + ê ´ n( A Ç B) ú
city. It is known that 25% of the city population reads A and ë100 û ë100 û
20% reads B while 8% reads both A and B. Further, 30% of é 50 ù
those who read A but not B look into advertisements and 40% +ê ´ n( A Ç B) ú
ë 100 û
of those who read B but not A also look into advertisements,
æ 30 ö æ 40 ö æ 50 ö
while 50% of those who read both A and B look into =ç ´ 17÷ + ç ´ 12÷ + ç ´ 8÷
è100 ø è100 ø è100 ø
advertisements. Then, the percentage of the population who
look into advertisements is (JEE Main 2019) = 5 .1 + 4 .8 + 4 = 13 .9
 Practice Exercise
ROUND I Topically Divided Problems
Sets, Their Representation and Venn Diagram and Operations on Sets
Types of Sets 8. If A and B are two given sets, then A Ç ( A Ç B) c is
1. If X n = ìí z = x + iy :|z|2 £ üý for all integers n ³ 1 .
1 equal to
î nþ (a) A (b) B (c) f (d) A Ç Bc
¥
Then, I X n is 9. The set A = { x : x Î R, x 2 = 16 and 2 x = 6 }is equal to
n=1
(a) f (b) {14, 3, 4}
(a) a singleton set (c) {3} (d) {4}
(b) not a finite set
(c) an empty set 10. If A and B are two sets, then ( A È B) ¢ È ( A ¢ Ç B) is
(d) a finite set with more than one element equal to
(a) A ¢ (b) A
2. The set A = { x :|2 x + 3|< 7 } is equal to (c) B¢ (d) None of these
(a) D = { x : 0 < x + 5 < 7}
11. Three sets A, B and C are such that A = B Ç C and
(b) B = { x : - 3 < x < 7}
B = C Ç A, then
(c) E = { x : - 7 < x < 7}
(d) C = { x : - 13 < 2x < 4} (a) A Ì B (b) A É B
(c) A = B (d) A Ì B¢
3. Let A = {1, { 2, 3}}. Then, the number of subsets
of A, is
12. The set ( A È B È C) Ç ( A Ç B ¢ Ç C ¢ ) ¢ Ç C ¢
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 7 is equal to
(a) B Ç C ¢ (b) A Ç C
4. Let n( A) = m and n( B) = n, if the number of subsets (c) B¢ Ç C ¢ (d) None of these
of A is 56 more than of subsets of B, then m + n is
equal to 13. Let S1, S2 and S3 be three sets defined as
(a) 9 (b) 13 (c) 8 (d) 10 S1 = { z Î C :|z - 1|£ 2 }
5. Let A be a set represented by the squares of S2 = { z Î C : Re((1 - i) z) ³ 1}
natural numbers and x, y are any two elements S3 = { z Î C : Im ( z) £ 1}
of A, then Then, the set S1 Ç S2 Ç S3 (JEE Main 2021)
(a) x - y Î A (b) xy Î A (a) is a singleton
x (b) has exactly two elements
(c) x + y Î A (d) Î A
y (c) has infinitely many elements
(d) has exactly three elements
6. If A and B are two non-empty subsets of a set X
such that A is not a subset of B. Then, 14. Let A, B, C be three sets such that A È B È C = U ,
(a) B is a subset of A where U is universal set. Then,
(b) A and B¢ are non-disjoint sets {( A - B) È ( B - C) È (C - A)}¢ is equal to
(c) A and B are disjoint sets (a) A È B È C (b) A È (B Ç C )
(d) A is a subset of B¢ (c) A Ç B Ç C (d) A Ç (B È C )
7. If P = {q : sin q - cos q = 2 cos q } and 15. If aN = { an : n Î N } and bN Ç cN = dN , where
Q = {q : sin q + cos q = 2 sin q } are two sets. Then, a, b, c Î N and b, c are coprime, then
(a) P Ì Q and Q - P ¹ f (b) Q Ë P (a) b = cd (b) c = bd
(c) P Ë Q (d) P = Q (c) d = bc (d) None of these
Sets 11

16. Universal set, U = { x : x 5 - 6 x 4 + 11x 3 - 6 x 2 = 0 }, 20. Out of 64 students, the number of students taking
A = { x : x 2 - 5 x + 6 = 0 } and B = { x : x 2 - 3x + 2 = 0 }. Mathematics is 45 and number of students taking
Then, ( A Ç B) ¢ is equal to both Mathematics and Biology is 10. Then, the
(a) {1, 3} (b) {1, 2, 3} number of students taking only Biology is
(c) {0, 1, 3} (d) {0, 1, 2, 3} (a) 18 (b) 19
(c) 20 (d) None of these
17. For any two sets A and B, if A Ç X = B Ç X = f and
A È X = B È X for some set X, then 21. In a group of 50 people, two tests were conducted,
(a) A - B = A Ç B one for diabetes and one for blood pressure. 30
(b) A = B people were diagnosed with diabetes and 40 people
(c) B - A = A Ç B were diagonsed with high blood pressure. What is
(d) None of the above the minimum number of people who were having
diabetes and high blood pressure?
Cardinal Number of a Finite (a) 0 (b) 10
and Infinite Sets (c) 20 (d) 30
18. There is a group of 265 persons who like either 22. Let X be the universal set for sets A and B. If
singing or dancing or painting. In this group, 200 n( A) = 200, n( B) = 300 and n( A Ç B) = 100, then
like singing, 110 like dancing and 55 like painting. n( A ¢ Ç B ¢ ) is equal to 300 provided n ( X ) is equal to
If 60 persons like both singing and dancing, 30 like (a) 600 (b) 700
both singing and painting and 10 like all three (c) 800 (d) 900
activities, then the number of persons who like only 23. In a college of 300 students, every student reads
dancing and painting is 5 newspaper and every newspaper is read by
(a) 10 (b) 20 60 students. The number of newspaper is
(c) 30 (d) 40 (a) atleast 30 (b) atmost 20
50 n
(c) exactly 25 (d) None of these
19. Let U X i = U Yi = T, where each X i contains 10
i =1 i =1 24. Out of 800 boys in a school, 224 played Cricket,
elements and each Yi contains 5 elements. If each 240 played Hockey and 336 played Basketball. Of
element of the set T is an element of exactly 20 of the total, 64 played both Basketball and Hockey;
sets X i ¢ s and exactly 6 of sets Yi ¢ s, then n is equal 80 played Cricket and Basketball and 40 played
to (JEE Main 2020) Cricket and Hockey; 24 played all the three games.
(a) 50 (b) 15 The number of boys who did not play any game is
(c) 45 (d) 30 (a) 128 (b) 216
(c) 240 (d) 160

Only One Correct Option 4. If A = {( x, y) : x 2 + y 2 = 25 } and

1. If A = {( x, y) : y = e- x } and B = {( x, y) : y = - x }. Then, B = {( x, y) : x 2 + 9 y 2 = 144 }, then A Ç B contains
(a) A Ç B = f (b) A Ì B (a) one point
(c) B Ì A (d) A Ç B = {(0, 1), (0, 0)} (b) two points
2. If A1, A2 , A3, K A100 are sets such that n( Ai ) = i + 2 (c) three points
100 (d) four points
A1 Ì A2 Ì A3 K Ì A100 and I Ai = An then n( A) is
i=3
5. For any three sets A1, A2 , A3. Let
equal to B1 = A1, B2 = A2 - A1 and B3 = A3 - ( A1 È A2 ), then
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 16 which of the following statement is always true.
(a) A1 È A2 È A3 É B1 È B2 È B3
3. The number of elements in the set
(b) A1 È A2 È A3 = B1 È B2 È B3
{ x Î R : (|x|- 3)|x + 4|= 6 } is equal to [JEE Main 2021] (c) A1 È A2 È A3 Ì B1 È B2 È B3
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 1
(d) None of the above
12 JEE Main Mathematics

-1
6. If A = ìí x : cos x > ,0 £ x £ püý and 10. In a class of 140 students numbered 1 to 140, all
î 2 þ even numbered students opted Mathematics
1 p
B = ìí x : sin x > , £ x £ püý, then
course, those whose number is divisible by 3 opted
î 2 3 þ Physics course and those whose number is divisible
ì p 2p ü by 5 opted Chemistry course. Then, the number of
(a) A Ç B = í x : £ x £ ý
î 3 3þ students who did not opt for any of the three
ì -p 2p ü courses is (JEE Main 2019)
(b) A Ç B = í x : £x£ ý
î 3 3þ (a) 42 (b) 102 (c) 38 (d) 1
ì -5 p 5p ü
(c) A È B = í x : £x£ ý Numerical Value Type Questions
î 6 6þ
pü
11. Let X = { n Î N : 1 £ n £ 50 }. If A = { n Î X : n is
ì
(d) A È B = í x : 0 £ x £ ý multiple of 2} and B = { n Î X : n is a multiple of 7},
î 6þ
then the number of elements is the smallest subset
7. If A = {( x, y) : y = e2 x , x Î R } of X containing both A and B is ………… .
and B = {( x, y) : y = e-2 x , x Î R }, then A Ç B contains (JEE Main 2020)

(a) No points 12. Suppose A1, A2 , . . . , A30 are thirty sets each having
(b) One points 3 elements and B1, B 2 , . . . , Bn are n sets each
(c) Two points having
(d) Three points 30 n
3 elements. Let È Ai = È B j = S and each
8. If A = ìí ( x, y) : y = , 0 ¹ x Î Rüý
4 i =1 j =1
î x þ elements of S belongs to exactly 10 of Ai ’ s and
and B = {( x, y) : y = x, x > 0, x Î R } exactly 9 of B j ’ s. The value of n is equal to
(a) A ÇB = f
13. Let S = {1, 2, 3, K, 50 }. The number of non-empty
(b) A Ç B is singleton set
(c) A Ç B has infinite elements subsets A of S such that product of element in A is
(d) A Ç B has two elements even, is 2 m ( 2 n - 1), then the value of ( m + n) is
9. Let A, B and C be sets such that f ¹ A Ç B Í C. equal to ............ .
Then, which of the following statements is not 14. The maximum number of sets obtainable from A
true? (JEE Main 2019) and B applying union and difference operation is
(a) B Ç C ¹ f ............ .
(b) If ( A - B) Í C, then A Í C
(c) (C È A ) Ç (C È B) = C
15. In a factory 70% of the workers like oranges and
(d) If ( A - C ) Í B, then A Í B 64% like apples. If x% like both oranges and apples,
then the minimum value of x is ............ .

Answers
Round I
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (d)

Round II
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (29) 12. (45) 13. (50) 14. (8) 15. (34)
 Solutions
Round I \ tan q =
1
´
2+1
= ( 2 + 1)
ì 1ü ì 1ü 2 -1 2+1
1. Given, X n = í z = x + iy :| z |2 £ ý = í x2 + y2 £ ý
î nþ î nþ \ P =Q
ì 1 ü 8. A Ç ( A Ç B)c = A Ç ( A c È Bc ) (Qby De-Morgan’s law)
\ X1 = { x2 + y2 £ 1}, X 2 = í x2 + y2 £ ý
î 2þ = ( A Ç A c ) È ( A Ç Bc )
ì 1ü = f È ( A Ç Bc ) = A Ç Bc
X3 = í x2 + y2 £ ý Þ X ¥ = { x2 + y2 £ 0}
î 3þ 9. Since, x2 = 16 Þ x = ± 4
¥
\ I X n = [X1 Ç X 2 Ç X3 Ç L Ç X ¥ = { x2 + y2}] = {0} and 2x = 6 Þ x = 3
n =1 Hence, no value of x is satisfied.
¥
\ A=f
Hence, I X n is a singleton set.
n =1 10. We have, ( A È B)¢ È ( A ¢ Ç B)
2. Given, set A = { x :|2x + 3| < 7} = ( A ¢ Ç B¢) È ( A ¢ Ç B)
Now, |2x + 3| < 7 Þ - 7 < 2x + 3 < 7 [by De-Morgan’s law]
= A ¢ Ç [(B¢ È B)] [distributive law]
Þ - 7 - 3 < 2x < 7 - 3 Þ - 10 < 2x < 4
= A¢ Ç U = A¢
Þ - 5 < x < 2 Þ 0 < (x + 5) < 7
11. Given, A = B Ç C and B = C Ç A
3. We have, A = {1, {2, 3}}
Then, A = (C Ç A ) Ç C
Number of element in A = 2
A = ( A Ç C ) Ç C = A Ç (C Ç C ) [associative]
Number of subsets of A = 22 = 4
= A ÇC
4. Since, total possible subsets of sets A and B are 2m and A =C Ç AÞ A = B
2n, respectively.
12. ( A È B È C ) Ç ( A Ç B¢ Ç C ¢ )¢ Ç C ¢
According to given condition,
= ( A È B È C ) Ç ( A¢ È B È C ) Ç C ¢
2m - 2n = 56
m- n = (f È B È C ) Ç C ¢
Þ 2 (2 - 1) = 23 ´ (23 - 1)
n
= (B È C ) Ç C ¢
On comparing both sides, we get
= (B Ç C ¢ ) È f = B Ç C ¢
2n = 23 and 2m - n = 23
Þ n = 3 and m - n = 3 13. For|z - 1|£ 2 , z lies on and inside the circle of radius 2
units and centre (1, 0).
Þ m = 6 and n = 3
Y
Now, m + n = 6 + 3 = 9
(0, 1)
5. Let x, y Î A. Then, Im(z)=1
2 2
x = m , y = n for some m, n Î N S1 Ç S2 Ç S3
X¢ X
Þ xy = (mn )2 Î A (1, 0)
6. Since, A Ë B therefore it is not necessary that B is
subset of A. x+y=1
Y¢
U
A B
For S 2, let z = x + iy
Now, (1 - i )(z ) = (1 - i )(x + iy)
Re((1 - i )z ) = x + y Þ x + y ³ 1
Þ S1 Ç S 2 Ç S3 has infinity many elements
14. We have, {( A - B) È (B - C ) È (C - A )}
And also, it is not necessary that A and B are disjoint.
Obviously, A and B¢ are not disjoint. = ( A - B)¢ Ç (B - C )¢ Ç (C - A )¢
[by De-Morgan’s law]
7. Since, cos q ( 2 + 1) = sin q
= B ÇC Ç A
Þ tan q = 2 + 1
[Q ( A - B)¢ = B, (B - C )¢ = C , (C - A )¢ = A ]
and sin q ( 2 - 1) = cos q
= A Ç B ÇC
14 JEE Main Mathematics

15. Given, aN = { an : n Î N } 22. Given, n ( A ) = 200, n (B) = 300, n ( A Ç B) = 100

\ bN = { bn : n Î N } and cN = { cn : n Î N } We know that, n ( A È B) = n ( A ) + n (B) - n ( A Ç B)
Also, given bN Ç cN = dN \ n ( A È B) = 200 + 300 - 100 = 400
\ bc Î bN Ç cN or bc Î dN Also, n ( A ¢Ç B¢ ) = n{( A È B)¢ }
\ bc = d [Q b and c are coprime] = n (X ) - n ( A È B)
[Q coprime numbers are those numbers, whose Þ 300 = n (X ) - 400
common factor is 1. e.g., (i) 3 and 5 (ii) 5 and 9 etc.]
Þ n (X ) = 700
16. U = { x : x5 - 6x4 + 11x3 - 6x2 = 0} = {0, 1, 2, 3}
A = { x : x2 - 5x + 6 = 0} = {2, 3} 23. Let number of newspaper be x. If every student reads
one newspaper, the number of students would be 60x.
and B = { x : x2 - 3x + 2 = 0} = {2, 1}
\ ( A Ç B)¢ = U - ( A Ç B) Since, every student reads 5 newspapers.
x ´ 60
= {0, 1, 2,3} - {2} = {0, 1, 3} \ Number of students = = 300
5
17. Given, A Ç X = B Ç X = f
Þ x = 25
So, A and X , B and X are disjoint sets.
Also, A È X = B È X Þ A = B 24. Here, n (C ) = 224, n (H ) = 240, n (B ) = 336,
n (H Ç B ) = 64, n (B Ç C ) = 80, n (H Ç C ) = 40,
18. Let D denotes dancing, P denotes painting and S
n (C Ç H Ç B ) = 24
denotes singing.
\ n (D È P È S ) = 265, \ n (C c Ç H c Ç Bc ) = n [(C È H È B )c ]
n (S ) = 200, n (D ) = 110, n (P ) = 55, = n (U ) - n (C È H È B)
n (S Ç D ) = 60, n (S Ç P ) = 30 = 800 - [224 + 240 + 336 - 64
and n (D Ç P Ç S ) = 10 - 80 - 40 + 24]
Q n (D È P È S ) = n (D ) + n (P ) + n (S ) - n (D Ç P ) = 800 - 640 = 160
- n (P Ç S ) - n (S Ç D ) + n (D Ç P Ç S )
\ 265 = 110 + 55 + 200 - n (D Ç P ) - 30 - 60 + 10 Round II
Þ 265 = 285 - n (D Ç P ) Þ n (D Ç P ) = 20 1. Given that, A = {(x, y) : y = e-x }
\ Persons who like only dancing and painting and B = {(x, y) : y = - x}
= n (D Ç P ) - n (D Ç P Ç S ) = 20 - 10 = 10 Now, drawing both curves
19. According to the given information y=e–x Y
number of distinct elements in y=–x
50
50 ´ 10
U Xi = 20 = 25
i=1
X¢ X
n
n ´5
and number of distinct elements in U Yi =
i=1 6
50 n
Q U Xi = U Yi = T [given]
Y¢
i=1 i=1
n ´5 Since, both graphs do not intersect each other at any
Þ 25 = Þ n = 30
6 point.
20. Let M and B denote the number of students taking \ AÇB=f [disjoint]
Mathematics and Biology. 2. It is given that A1 Ì A2 Ì A3 K Ì A100
Then, n (M ) = 45, n (M Ç B) = 10, n (M È B) = 64 100
\ n (B) = n (M È B) - n (M ) + n (M Ç B) Q I Ai = A Þ A3 = A
i =3
= 64 - 45 + 10 = 29
Þ n (only B) = n (B) - n (M Ç B) = 29 - 10 = 19 Þ n ( A ) = n ( A3 ) = 3 + 2 = 5
21. Given, n (D ) = 30, n (B) = 40 3. Case I x £ - 4
As, n (D Ç B) = n (D ) + n (B) - n (D È B) (- x - 3) (- x - 4) = 6
= 40 + 30 - n (D È B) Þ (x + 3) (x + 4) = 6
= 70 - n (D È B) Þ x2 + 7 x + 6 = 0
As total number of people is 50, therefore maximum Þ x = - 1 or - 6
value of n (D È B) is 50. but x£ -4
Hence, minimum value of n (D Ç B) = 70 - 50 = 20 x= -6
Sets 15

Case II x Î (- 4, 0) 7. Given, A = {(x, y) : y = e2x , x Î R}

(- x - 3) (x + 4) = 6 Þ A is the set of all points on the graph of y = e2x
Þ - x2 - 7x - 12 - 6 = 0 and B = {(x, y) : y = e-2x , x Î R}
Þ x2 + 7x + 18 = 0 Þ B is the set of all points on the graph of y = e-2x
Now, we plot the graph of given sets
D < 0 Þ No solution
Case III x ³ 0 y = e–2x
Y y = e2x
(x - 3) (x + 4) = 6
Þ x2 + x - 12 - 6 = 0
Þ x2 + x - 18 = 0 X¢
O
X
- 1 ± 1 + 72
x=
2 Y¢
73 - 1
\ x= only Since, the graph of y = e and y = e-2x intersect at one
2x
2
point.
4. Clearly, A is set of all points on the circle x2 + y2 = 25 4
8. Given, A = {(x, y) : y = , 0 ¹ x Î R } Þ A is the set of all
and B is set of all points on ellipse x2 + 9 y2 = 144. x
These two intersect at four points P , Q , R and S. points on the graph of xy = 4
and B = {(x, y) : y = x, x > 0, x Î R}
Hence, A Ç B contains four points
Þ B is the set of all points on the graph of y = x, x > 0
Now, we plot the graph of given sets.
(0, 5)
x2+y2=25 Y
(0, 4) y=x
Q P
xy = 4
X¢ X
(–12, 0) (– 5, 0) (5, 0) (12, 0)

R S
(0, –4)
x +9y2=144
2 Y¢
(0, –5)
Since, the graph of xy = 4 and y = x, x > 0 intersect at one
point.
5. We have, B1 = A1 Þ B1 Ì A1 \ A Ç B ¹ f and A Ç B is a singleton set.
B2 = A2 - A1 Þ B2 Ì A2 9. According to the question, we have the following Venn
diagram.
B3 = A3 - ( A1 È A2) Þ B3 Ì A3
Here, A Ç B Í C and A Ç B ¹ f
Q B1 È B2 È B3 Ì A1 È A2 È A3
C
Þ A1 È A2 È A3 É B1 È B2 È B3
A B
6. We have,
1
cos x > - and 0 £ x £ p
2
2p
Þ 0£x£ and 0 £ x £ p A ÇB
3
2p ì 2p ü
Þ 0£x£ Þ A = íx : 0 £ x £ ý Now, from the Venn diagram, it is clear that
3 î 3þ
1 p B Ç C ¹ f, is true
Also, sin x > and £ x £ p Also, (C È A ) Ç (C È B) = C È ( A Ç B) = C is true.
2 3
p 5p ì p 5p ü If ( A - B) Í C, for this statement the Venn diagram is
Þ £x£ Þ B = íx : £ x £ ý
3 6 î 3 6þ
A B
ì p 2p ü
Q A Ç B = íx : £ x £ ý
î 3 3þ
ì 5p ü
and A È B = íx : 0 £ x £ ý C
î 6þ
16 JEE Main Mathematics

From the Venn diagram, it is clear that 11. Given X = { n Î N : 1 £ n £ 50}, then
if A - B Í C, then A Í C. A = { n Î X : n is multiple of 2}
Now, if ( A - C ) Í B, for this statement the Venn = {2, 4, 6, 8, ...... , 50}
diagram.
and B = { n Î X : n = is multiple of 7
A {7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49} Q 14, 28, 42 Î A
B \ Smallest subset of X containing elements of both A
and B have elements = n ( A ) + n (B) - n ( A Ç B)
C = 25 + 7 - 3 = 29

From the Venn diagram, it is clear that 12. If elements are not repeated, then number of elements
A Ç B ¹ f, A Ç B Í C and A – C = f Í B but A Í B. in A1 È A2 È A3 È . . . È A30 is 30 ´ 5. But each element is
used 10 times, so
10.
30 ´ 5
S= = 15 …(i)
A B 10
Similarly, if elements in B1 , B2, K , Bn are not repeated,
then total number of elements is 3n but each element is
C
repeated 9 times, so
3n
S=
Let A be the set of even numbered students then 9
é 140 ù 3n
n( A) = ê = 70 Þ 15 = [from Eq. (i)]
ë 2 úû 9
[[ × ] denotes greatest integer function] Þ n = 45
Let B be the set of those students whose number is
13. Given, Set S = {1, 2, 3, K 50}.
é 140 ù
divisible by 3, then n (B) = ê = 46 Total number of non-empty subset of ‘S’ = 250 - 1
ë 3 úû
Now, number of non-empty subset of ‘S’ in which only
[[ × ] denotes greatest integer function] odd number. {1, 3, 5, K 49} occurs = 225 - 1
Let C be the set of those students whose number is
So, the required number of non-empty subsets of ‘S ’
divisible by 5, then
such that product of elements is even.
é 140 ù
n (C ) = ê = 28 (250 - 1) - (225 - 1) = 250 - 1 - 225 + 1
ë 5 úû
= 250 - 225 = 225 (225 - 1)
[[ × ] denotes greatest integer function]
Here, m = n = 25
é 140 ù
Now, n ( A Ç B) = ê = 23 Q m + n = 25 + 25 = 50
ë 6 úû
[numbers divisible by both 2 and 3] 14. A È B, A - B, B - A
é 140 ù ( A È B) - ( A - B) = B
n (B Ç C ) = ê =9
ë 15 úû ( A È B) - (B - A ) = A
[numbers divisible by both 3 and 5] A D B = ( A - B) È (B - A )
é 140 ù ( A È B) - ( A D B) = A Ç B
n (C Ç A ) = ê = 14
ë 10 úû and ( A - B) - A = f
[numbers divisible by both 2 and 5] Thus, the required number is 8.
é 140 ù 15. Let the total number of worker be 100.
n (A Ç B ÇC ) = ê =4
ë 30 úû A, the set of workers who like oranges and B, the set of
[numbers divisible by 2, 3 and 5] workers who likes apples.
and n ( A È B È C ) = Sn ( A ) - Sn ( A Ç B) + n ( A Ç B Ç C ) So, n ( A ) = 70, n (B) = 64, n ( A Ç B) = x
= (70 + 46 + 28 ) - (23 + 9 + 14) + 4 Also, n ( A È B) £ 100
= 102 Þ n ( A ) + n (B) - n ( A Ç B) £ 100
\Number of students who did not opt any of the Þ 70 + 64 - x £ 100
three courses Þ x ³ 134 - 100
= Total students n ( A È B È C ) Þ x ³ 34
= 140 - 102 = 38 Q The minimum value of x is 34.