Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

SETS
A set is a collection of well defined objects which are distinct from each other. Sets are generally
denoted by capital letters A, B, C, ........ etc. and the elements of the set by small letters a, b, c
....... etc.
If a is an element of a set A, then we write a  A and say a belongs to A.
If a does not belong to A then we write a A,
e.g. the collection of first five prime natural numbers is a set containing the elements 2, 3, 5, 7, 11.

METHODS TO WRITE A SET :

(i) Roster Method or Tabular Method : In this method a set is described by listing elements,
separated by commas and enclose then by curly brackets. Note that while writing the set in
roster form, an element is not generally repeated e.g. the set of letters of word SCHOOL may
be written as {S, C, H, O, L}.

(ii) Set builder form (Property Method) : In this we write down a property or rule which gives us
all the element of the set.
A = {x : P(x)} where P(x) is the property by which x  A and colon ( : ) stands for ‘such that’
Example # 1 : Express set A = {x : x  N and x = 2n for n  N} in roster form
Solution : A = {2, 4, 8, 16, .........}

Example # 2 : Express set B = {x 3 : x < 5, x  W} in roster form

Solution : B = {0, 1, 8, 27, 64}

Example # 3 : Express set A = {0, 7, 26, 63, 124} in set builder form
Solution : A = {x : x = n3 – 1, nN, 1  n  5}

TYPES OF SETS
Null set or empty set : A set having no element in it is called an empty set or a null set or void set, it is
denoted by  or { }. A set consisting of at least one element is called a non-empty set or a non-void set.
Singleton set : A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.

Finite set : A set which has only finite number of elements is called a finite set.

Order of a finite set : The number of distinct elements in a finite set A is called the order of this set
and denoted by O(A) or n(A). It is also called cardinal number of the set.
e.g. A = {a, b, c, d}  n(A) = 4
Infinite set : A set which has an infinite number of elements is called an infinite set.
Equal sets : Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every element of A is member of B, and every
element of B is a member of A. If sets A and B are equal, we write A = B and if A and B are not equal
then
AB
Equivalent sets : Two finite sets A and B are equivalent if their cardinal number is same
i.e. n(A) = n(B)
e.g. A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, B = {a, b, c, d}  n(A) = 4 and n(B) = 4 
  A and B are equivalent sets

Note - Equal sets are always equivalent but equivalent sets may not be equal

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Example # 4 : Identify the type of set :

(i) A = {x  W : 3  x < 10} (ii) A = {}
(iii) A = {1, 0, –1, –2, –3,.......} (iv) A = {1, 8, –2, 6, 5} and B = {1, 8, –2, 6, 5}
(v) A = {x : x is number of students in a class room}
Solution : (i) finite set (ii) finite set
(iii) infinite set (iv) equal sets
(v) singleton set

Self Practice Problem :

(1) Write the set of all integers 'x' such that –2 < x – 4 < 5.
(2) Write the set {1, 2, 5, 10} in set builder form.
(3) If A = {x : x2 < 9, x  Z} and B = {–2, –1, 1, 2} then find whether sets A and B are equal or not.
Answers (1) {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(2) {x : x is a natural number and a divisor of 10}
(3) Not equal sets

SUBSET AND SUPERSET :

Let A and B be two sets. If every element of A is an element of B then A is called a subset of B and B is
called superset of A. We write it as A  B.
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}  A B
If A is not a subset of B then we write A  B

PROPER SUBSET :
If A is a subset of B but A  B then A is a proper subset of B. Set A is not proper subset of A so this is
improper subset of A

Note : (i) Every set is a subset of itself

(ii) Empty set  is a subset of every set
(iii) A  B and B  A  A = B
(iv) The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2n.
(v) Number of proper subsets of a set having n elements is 2n – 1.
(vi) Empty set  is proper subset of every set except itself.

POWER SET :
Let A be any set. The set of all subsets of A is called power set of A and is denoted by P(A)

Example # 5 : Examine whether the following statements are true or false :

(i) {a}  {b, c, a}
(ii) {x, p}  {x : x is a consonant in the English alphabet}
(iii) {}  {}
(iv) {a, b} {a, {a}, b, c}
Solution : (i) False as {a} is subset of {b, c, a}
(ii) False as x, p are consonant
(iii) False as element ,  is not in the set {}
(iv) False as a, b {a, {a}, b, c} and {a, b}  {a, {a}, b, c}

Example # 6 : Find power set of set A = {1, 2, 3}

Solution : P(A) = {, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}

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Example # 7 : If  denotes null set then find

(a) P() (b) P(P())
(c) n(P(P(P()))) (d) n(P(P(P(P()))))
Solution : (a) P() = {} (b) P(P()) = {,{}}
  (c) n(P(P(P()))) = 22 = 4 (d) n(P(P(P(P())))) = 24 = 16

Self Practice Problem :

(4) State true/false : A = {p, q, r, s}, B = {p, q, r, p, t} then A  B.
(5) State true/false : A = {p, q, r, s}, B = {s, r, q, p} then A  B.
(6) State true/false : [4, 15)  [–15, 15]
Answers (4) False (5) True (6) True

UNIVERSAL SET :
A set consisting of all possible elements which occur in the discussion is called a universal set and is
denoted by U.
e.g. if A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 4, 5, 6}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7} then U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} can be taken as the
universal set.

SOME OPERATION ON SETS :

(i) Union of two sets : A  B = {x : x  A or x  B}
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} then A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
(ii) Intersection of two sets : A  B = {x : x  A and x  B}
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} then A  B = {2, 3}
(iii) Difference of two sets : A – B = {x : x  A and x  B}. It is also written as A B'.
Similarly B – A = B  A' e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} ; A – B = {1}
(iv) Symmetric difference of sets : It is denoted by A  B and A  B = (A – B)  (B – A)
(v) Complement of a set : A' = {x : x  A but x  U} = U – A
e.g. U = {1, 2,........, 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then A' = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
(vi) Disjoint sets : If A  B = , then A, B are disjoint sets.
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {7, 8, 9} then A  B = 


VENN DIAGRAM :
Most of the relationships between sets can be represented by means of diagrams which are known as
venn diagrams. These diagrams consist of a rectangle for universal set and circles in the rectangle for
subsets of universal set. The elements of the sets are written in respective circles.
For example If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4, 5}, U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} then their venn diagram is

AB AB A–B B–A

A' (A B) = (A – B) (B – A) Disjoint

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LAWS OF ALGEBRA OF SETS (PROPERTIES OF SETS):

(i) Commutative law : (A  B) = B  A ; A  B = B  A
(ii) Associative law : (A  B)  C = A  (B  C) ; (A  B)  C = A  (B  C)
(iii) Distributive law : A (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C) ; A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
(iv) De-morgan law : (A  B)' = A'  B' ; (A  B)' = A'  B'
(v) Identity law : A  U = A ; A   = A
(vi) Complement law : A  A' = U, A  A' = , (A')' = A
(vii) Idempotent law : A  A = A, A  A = A
NOTE :
(i) A – (B  C) = (A – B)  (A – C) ; A – (B  C) = (A – B)  (A – C)
(ii) A   = , A  U = U

Example # 8 : Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} then find A  B

Solution : A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

Example # 9 : Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. Find A – B and B – A.

Solution : A – B = {x : x  A and x B} = {1, 2, 3}
similarly B – A = {7, 8, 9}

Example # 10 : State true or false :

(i) A  A = A   (ii) U A = A
Solution : (i) false because A  A' = U (ii) true as U A = A

Example # 11 : Use Venn diagram to prove that A – B = A  B.

Solution :
From venn diagram we can conclude that A – B = A  B.

Self Practice Problem :

(7) Find A  B if A = {x : x = 2n + 1, n  5, n  N} and B = {x : x = 3n – 2, n  4, n  N}.
(8) Find A – (A – B) if A = {5, 9, 13, 17, 21} and B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24}
Answers (7) {1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11} (8) {9, 21}

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN SETS :

If A, B, C are finite sets and U be the finite universal set then
(i) n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B) 
(ii) n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A  B)

(iii) n(A  B  C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A  B) – n(B  C) – n(A  C) + n(A  B  C)

(iv) Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A, B, C
= n(A  B) + n(B  C) + n(C  A) – 3n(A  B  C)
(v) Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A, B, C
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – 2n(A  B) – 2n(B  C) – 2n(A  C) + 3n(A  B  C)

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Example # 12 : In a group of 60 students, 36 read English newspaper, 22 read Hindi newspaper and 12 read
neither of the two. How many read both English & Hindi news papers ?
Solution : n(U) = 60, n(E) = 36, n(H) = 22
n(E  H) = 12  n(E  H) = 12
  n(U) – n(E  H) = 12
 n(E  H) = 48
  n(E) + n(H) – n(E  H) = 48
 n(E  H) = 58 – 48 = 10

Example#13 : In a group of 50 persons, 14 drink tea but not coffee and 30 drink tea. Find
(i) How many drink tea and coffee both ? (ii) How many drink coffee but not tea ?
Solution : T : people drinking tea
C : people drinking coffee
(i) n(T) = n(T – C) + n(T  C)  30 = 14 + n(T  C)  n(T  C) = 16

(ii) n(C – T) = n(T  C) – n(T) = 50 – 30 = 20

Self Practice Problem :

(9) Let A and B be two finite sets such that n(A – B) = 15, n(A  B) = 90, n(A  B) = 30. Find n(B)
(10) A market research group conducted a survey of 1000 consumers and reported that 720
consumers liked product A and 450 consumers liked product B. What is the least number that
must have liked both products ?
Answers (9) 75 (10) 170

Intervals :
Intervals are basically subsets of R and are commonly used in solving inequalities or in finding
domains. If there are two numbers a, b  R such that a < b, we can define four types of intervals as
follows :

Name Representation Discription

Open Interval (a, b) {x : a < x < b} i.e. end points are not included.
{x : a  x  b} i.e. end points are also included. This is possible only when
Close Interval [a, b] both a and b are finite.
Open - Closed Interval (a, b] {x : a < x  b} i.e. a is excluded and b is included.
Close - Open Interval [a, b) {x : ax < b} i.e. a is included and b is excluded.

Note : (1) The infinite intervals are defined as follows :

(i) (a, ) = {x : x > a} (ii) [a, ) = {x : x  a}
(iii) (– , b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (–, b] = {x : x  b}
(v) (– ) = {x : x  R}
(2) x  {1, 2} denotes some particular values of x, i.e. x = 1, 2
(3) If there is no value of x, then we say x  (null set)

General Method to solve Inequalities :

(Method of intervals (Wavy curve method)
 (x – b1 )k1 (x – b2 )k2    (x – bn )kn 
Let g(x) =   ... (i)
 (x – a )r1 (x – a )r2    (x – a )rn 
 1 2 n 
Where k1, k2 .....kn and r1, r2 ........rn  N and b1, b2.....bn and a1, a2 ......an are real numbers.
Then to solve the inequality following steps are taken.

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Steps : -
Points where numerator becomes zero are called zeros or roots of the function and where denominator
becomes zero are called poles of the function.
(i) First we find the zeros and poles of the function.
(ii) Then we mark all the zeros and poles on the real line and put a vertical bar there
dividing the real line in many intervals.
(iii) Determine sign of the function in any of the interval and then alternates the sign
in the neghbouring interval if the poles or zeros dividing the two interval has
appeared odd number of times otherwise retain the sign.
(iv) Thus we consider all the intervals. The solution of the g(x) > 0 is the union of the
intervals in which we have put the plus sign and the solution of g(x) < 0 is the
union of all intervals in whichwe have put the minus sign.
5
 1
(x – 2)10 (x  1)3  x –  (x  8)2
Example# 14 : Solve the inequality if f(x) =  2
is > 0 or < 0.
x 24 (x – 3)3 (x  2)5
5
 1
(x – 2)10 (x  1)3  x –  (x  8)2
 2 1
Solution. Let f(x) = the poles and zeros are 0, 3,– 2,– 1, ,– 8, 2
x (x – 3) (x  2)
24 3 5 2

 1
If f(x) > 0, then x (– , – 8) (– 8, – 2) (– 1, 0)   0,   (3, )
 2
1 
and if f(x) < 0, then x (– 2, – 1)   , 2   (2, 3) Ans.
2 

Exponential Function
A function f(x) = ax = ex In a (a > 0, a  1, x  R) is called an exponential function. Graph of
exponential function can be as follows :
Case -  Case - 
For a > 1 For 0 < a 1

Logarithm of A Number :
The logarithm of the number N to the base ' a ' is the exponent indicating the power to which the base ' a
' must be raised to obtain the number N. This number is designated as loga N. Hence:

logaN = x  ax = N , a > 0, a  1 & N > 0

If a = 10, then we write log b rather than log10 b.

If a = e, we write ln b rather than loge b. Here ' e ' is called as Napier's base & has numerical value equal
to 2.7182.
Remember
log102 ~ 0.3010 ; log103 ~ 0.4771
n 2 ~ 0.693 ; n 10 ~ 2.303

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Domain of Definition :
The existence and uniqueness of the number loga N can be determined with the help of set of
conditions, a > 0 & a  1 & N > 0.
The base of the logarithm ' a ' must not equal unity otherwise numbers not equal to unity will not have a
logarithm and any number will be the logarithm of unity.

Graph of Logarithmic function :

f(x) = logax is called logarithmic function where a > 0 and a  1 and x > 0. Its graph can be as follows:

Case- I Case- II
For a > 1 For 0 < a < 1

Fundamental Logarithmic Identity :

aloga N = N, a > 0, a  1 & N > 0
The Principal Properties of Logarithm:
Let M & N are arbitrary positive numbers, a > 0, a  1, b > 0, b  1 and are any real numbers,
then :
(i) loga (M.N) = loga M + loga N ; in general loga (x1 x2 ......xn)
= logax1 + loga x2 + ........+ loga xn

(ii) loga (M/N) = loga M  loga N

(iii) loga M =  loga M

1
(iv) loga M = logaM

loga M
(v) logb M = (base changing theorem)
loga b
NOTE : 
   loga1 = 0   loga a = 1  
1
   log1/a a =  1  logba =  
loga b
   ax = ex na
 alogc b  blogc a  

Note : (i) If the number and the base are on the same side of the unity, then the
logarithm is positive.

(ii) If the number and the base are on the opposite sides of unity, then the logarithm is
negative.

Example#15: Find the value of the followings :

 32   9 
(i) log272 + log2   + log2   Ans. 2
 81   64 
1
log25 49
(ii) 7 Ans. 5
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Solution. (i) log272 + ..........


 25 32 
= log2 23.32. 4 . 6  = log24 = 2

 3 2  
1 2
log7 5
(ii) 7 log25 49
= 7log49 25 = 7 2 = 5log7 7 = 5
Self practice problem :
(11) Find the value of the followings :
(i) log49343 (ii) 4log27243
(iii) log(1/100)1000 (iv) log(74 3)
(7  4 3 )
(v) log125625
(12) log89.log910 ......... log6364
(13) Find the value of log cot1° + log cot2° + log cot3° + .... + log cot89°
Ans. (11) (i) 3/2 (ii) 20/3 (iii) – 3/2 (iv) –1 (v) 4/3
(12) 2 (13) 0

Logarithmic Equation :
The equality loga x = loga y is possible if and only if x = y i.e.
loga x = loga y x = y
Always check validity of given equation, (x > 0, y > 0, a > 0, a  1)

Example#16 : logx(4x – 3) = 2 Ans. x=3

Solution. Domain : x > 0, 4x – 3 > 0, x  1
Hence 4x – 3 = x2  x2 – 4x + 3 = 0
x = 3 or x = 1 (rejected as not in domain)
Exmaple#17 : log2 (log3{log5 (x2 + 4)} = 0 Ans. x = ±11
Solution. log3(log5(x2 + 4)} = 2° = 1
  log5(x2 + 4) = 31 = 3
  (x2 + 4) = 53 = 125  x2 = 121  x = ±11

Example#18 : log2(x2) + log2 (x + 2) = 4 Ans. x=2

Solution. log2 (x (x + 2) = 4  x + 2x – 16 = 0
2 3 2
 (x – 2) (x  4x  8)  0
2

D 0
x= 2

Self practice problem

(14) 33log3 x  27 (15) (log10x)2 – (log10x) – 6 = 0

(16) 3(log7x + logx7) = 10 (17) (x  2)log2 (x 2)  8(x  2)2

1
Ans. (14) x=3 (15) x = 103, (16) x = 343, 3 7 (17) x = 6 or –3/2
102
Logarithmic Inequality :
Let 'a' is a real number such that
(i) If a > 1, then logax > loga y  x>y
(ii) If a > 1, then logax <    0 < x < a
 (iii) If a > 1, then logax >    x > a
 (iv) If 0 < a < 1, then logax > logay   0<x<y
(v) If 0 < a < 1, then loga x <   x > a

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

 Form - I : f(x) > 0, g(x) > 0, g(x)  1

Form Collection of system

 f(x)  1 , g(x)  1
(a) logg(x) f(x)  0    
0  f(x)  1 , 0  g(x)  1
 f(x)  1 , 0  g(x)  1
 (b) logg(x) f(x)  0   
0  f(x)  1 , g(x)  1

 f(x)  (g(x))
a
, g(x)  1
(c) logg(x) f(x)  a   
0  f(x)  (g(x)) , 0  g(x)  1
a


0  f(x)  (g(x)) ,
a
g(x)  1
(d) logg(x) f(x) a    

 f(x)  (g(x))a
, 0  g(x)  1

From - II : When the inequality of the form

Form Collection of system

 f(x)  g(x), (x)  1,

(a) log(x) f(x) log(x) g(x)     
0  f(x)  g(x);0  (x)  1

 0  f(x)  g(x), (x)  1,
 (b) log(x) f(x) log(x) g(x)     
f(x)  g(x)  0, 0  (x)  1

Example # 19 : Solve the logarithmic inequality log1/5 (2x2 + 7x + 7)  0.
Solution. Since log1/5 1 = 0, the given inequality can be written as.
log1/5 (2x2 + 7x + 7)  log1/5 1
when the domain of the function is taken into account the inequality is equivalent to the system
2x 2  7x  7  0

of inequalities 
2x  7x  7  1
2

 –3 
Solving the inequalities by using method of intervals x  –2, 
 2 

Example # 20 : Solve the inequality log1/3 (5x – 1) > 0.

Solution. by using the basic property of logarithm.
 2
5x  2 x
5
5x – 1  1 
   
5x – 1  0  1
 5x  1 x
 5
1 2
 The solution of the inequality is given by  ,  Ans.
5 5

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

Example # 21 : Solve the inequality log(2x + 3) x2 < log(2x + 3) (2x + 3).

Solution. The given inequality is equivalent to the collection of the systems
 0  2x  3  1 (i)
 2
  x  2x  3
 
 2x  3  1 (ii)
 0  x 2  2x  3
 
   Solving system (i) we obtain
 –3
  x  –1
 2
(x – 3)(x  1)  0 (iii)

System (iii) is equivalent to the collection of two systems
 –3
 2  x  –1, x  3; (iv)

 –3  x  –1, x  –1 (v)
 2
 –3 
system (iv) has no solution. The solution of system (v) is x   , – 1 ,
 2 
solving system (ii) we obtain.
 x  –1  x  –1
 or   x  (– 1, 3) 
(x – 3)(x  1)  0  –1  x  3
 –3 
    x  ,–1 (– 1, 3)
 2 
 2x 
Example # 22 : Solve the in equation log x2 –12x 30   log2 > 0.
   5 
 10 
Solution. This in equation is equivalent to the collection of following systems.
 x 2 – 12x  30  x 2 – 12x  30
  1, 0   1,
 10  10
 and 
log  2x   1, 0  log  2x   1
 2  5   2
 5 

Solving the first system we have.
 x 2 – 12x  20  0
 (x – 10)(x – 2)  0  x  2 or x  10
 2x    
 2 x  5 x  5
5
Therefore the system has solution x > 10
Solving the second system we have.
0  x 2 – 12x  30  10  x 2 – 12x  30  0 and x 2 – 12x  20  0
 
    2x    5 
1  2  x5
 5 2
 x  6 – 6 or x  6  6 and 2  x 10

  5
 x5
2
5
 The system has solutions < x < 6 – 6 combining both systems, then solution of
2
the original inequation is.
5
 x  ( , 6 – 6 (10, ) Ans.
2
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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

Self practice problems :

(18) Solve the following inequalities

(i) log3x + 5 (9x2 + 8x + 8) > 2

(ii) log0.2 (x2 – x – 2) > log0.2 (– x2 + 2x + 3)
(iii) logx (x3 – x2 – 2x) < 3
 4 17   5
Answers : (18) (i)  – ,–  (ii)  2,  (iii) (2, )
 3 22   2

Characteristic & Mantissa

[loga N] is called characteristic of log of N with base ‘a’. It is always an integer.
{loga N} is called mantissa of log of N with base ‘a’. Mantissa  [0, 1)
Characteristic of log of 1 with base 10 = 0
characteristic of log of 10 with base 10 = 1
characteristic of log of 100 with base 10 = 2
characteristic of log of 1000 with base 10 = 3
characteristic of log of 83.5609 with base 10 = 1
characteristic of log of 613.0965 with base 10 = 2

Interval, Cha.(Base 10) number of digits No. of integers in the interval

in no
[1, 10) 0 1 9 = 9 × 10º
[10, 100) 1 2 90 = 9 × 101
[100, 1000) 2 3 900 = 9 × 102
[100, 10000) 3 4 9000 = 9 × 103
|
|
|
n (n + 1) 9 × 10n

Note :
If characteristic of a number (base of log is 10) is found to be n, then there would be (n + 1) digits in that
number.

1
* Characteristic of log of = 0.1 with base 10 = – 1
10
1
Characteristic of log of = 0.01 with base 10 = – 2
100
1
Characteristic of log of = 0.001 with base 10 = – 3
1000
3
Characteristic of log of with base 10 = – 2
100
3
Characteristic of log of with base 10 = – 3
1000

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

Interval Characteristic (base 10) No. of zeros immedi- No.ofinteger resiprocal

ately after decimal of which lies in interval.

[1/10, 1) –1 0 9 = 9×101–1
[1/100, 1/10) –2 1 90 = 9×102–1
 [0.01, 0.1)
[1/103, 1/102)  [0.0001, 0.01) –3 2 900 = 9×103–1
[0.0001, 0.001) –4 3 9000 = 9×104–1
|
|
|
|
–n (n – 1) = 9 × 10n–1
Note :
If characteristic of a number (base of log is 10) is found to be –n, then there would be (n –1) zeros
immediately after decimal before first significant digit.

Example # 23 Find the total number of digits in the number 1850.

(Given log102 = 0.3010 ; log103 = 0.4771) Ans. 63
Solution. N = 1850
log10N = 50 log1018 = 50 (0.3010 + 0.9542) = 50(1.2552) = 62.76
Characterstic = [log10N] = 62
No. of digits = 62 + 1 = 63
Self practice problem

(19) Find the total number of zeros immediately after the decimal in 6– 200 .

Ans. (19) 155

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 xf.kr ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr - I

leqPp; (SET ) :
,d nwljs ls fHkUu&fHkUu oLrqvkas ds lqifjHkkf"kr (well defined) laxzg dks leqPPk; dgrs gS A
leqPPk; dks izk;% vaxzsth o.kZekyk ds cMs+ v{kjksa A, B, C, ........ vkfn ls fu:fir djrs gS rFkk leqPp; ds vo;oksa dks
vaxszth o.kZekyk ds NksVs v{kj a, b, c ....... vkfn }kjk iznf'kZr djrs gSA
;fn a, leqPp; A dk vo;o gS] rc bls a  A ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ge dgrs gS fd ‘a leqPp; A esa gS’ A
;fn a, leqPp; A dk vo;o ugha gS] rc bls a  A ls O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk bls ‘a leqPp; A esa ugha gS’ i<+rs
gSA
mnkgj.k % izFke ik¡p vHkkT; izkd`Ùk la[;kvksa dk laxzg ,d leqPp; gksxkA ftlds vo;o 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 gksxsaA
leqPp; dks fu:fir djus dh fof/k;k¡ (METHODS TO WRITE A SET) :
(i) jksLVj :Ik ;k lkj.khc) :i (Roster or Tabular form) : bl fof/k esa] leqPp; ds lHkh vo;oksa dks lwpho)
fd;k tkrk gS] vo;oksa dks ,d nwljs ls] v/kZfojke (commas) }kjk i`Fkd fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mu lHkh dks ,d e>ys
¼/kuq½ dks"Bd { } ds Hkhrj fy[krs gSA ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd leqPp; dks jksLVj :i esa fy[krs le; fdlh Hkh
vo;o dh lkekU;r% iqujko`fÙk ugha djrs gSA
mnkgj.k % 'kCn ‘SCHOOL’ ds v{kjksa dk leqPp; {S, C, H, O, L} fy[kk tk ldrk gSA

(ii) leqPPk; fuekZ.k :i ;k xq.k/keZ :i (Set builder form or property form) : bl fof/k esa] fdlh leqPp; ds
lHkh vo;oksa dk o.kZu djus ds fy, ge ,d loZfu"B xq.k/keZ ;k fu;e fy[krs gSA
A = {x : P(x)} tgk¡ P(x) ,d xq.k/keZ gS ftlds fy, x  A rFkk dksyu ( : ) dk fpUg dk eryc ^bl izdkj gS fd*
gSA
mnkgj.k # 1 : leqPp; A = {x : x  N rFkk x = 2n tgk¡ n  N} dks jksLVj :i esa fyf[k;sA
gy : A = {2, 4, 8, 16, .........}

mnkgj.k # 2 : leqPp; B = {x3 : x < 5, x  W} dks jksLVj :i esa fyf[k;s

gy : B = {0, 1, 8, 27, 64}

mnkgj.k # 3 : leqPp; A = {0, 7, 26, 63, 124} dks leqPp; fuekZ.k :i esa fyf[k;sA
gy : A = {x : x = n3 – 1, nN, 1  n  5}

leqPp;ksa ds izdkj (TYPES OF SETS)

fjDr leqPPk; (Null set or empty set) : ,d leqPp; ftlesa ,d Hkh vo;o fo|eku ugha gks] fjDr leqPp; ;k
'kwU; leqPp; dgykrk gS bls ;k{ } ls iznf'kZr djrs gSA ;fn fdlh leqPp; esa de ls de ,d vo;o fo|eku gks
rks og leqPp; vfjDr leqPp; dgykrk gSA
,dy leqPp; (Singleton set) : ;fn fdlh leqPPk; esa dsoy ,d gh vo;o fo|eku gks] mls ,dy leqPp; dgrs
gSA
ifjfer leqPp; (Finite set) : ,d leqPp; ftlesa fo|eku vo;oksa dh la[;k fuf'pr gks] ifjfer leqPp; dgykrk
gSA
ifjfer leqPp; dh dksfV (Order of a finite set) : fdlh ifjfer leqPp; A esa fo|eku fofHkUu vo;oksa dh la[;k
dks ifjfer leqPp; dh dksfV dgrs gS rFkk bls O(A) ;k n(A) }kjk iznf'kZr djrs gSA bls leqPp; dh Øelwpd
la[;k (Cardinal number) Hkh dgrs gSA
mnkgj.k A = {a, b, c, d}  n(A) = 4

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 xf.kr ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr - I
vifjfer leqPp; (Infinite set) : ,d leqPp; ftlesa fo|eku vo;oksa dh la[;k vfuf'pr (vuUr) gks vifjfer
leqPp; dgykrk gSA
leku leqPp; (Equal set) : ;fn leqPp; A dk izR;sd vo;o B dk vo;o gks rFkk leqPp; B dk izR;sd vo;o
leqPp; A dk vo;o gks] rks nks leqPp; A vkSj B leku leqPp; dgykrs gSA ;fn leqPp; A rFkk B leku gS rks
bls A = B ls fy[krs gSA ;fn leqPp; A rFkk B leku leqPp; ugha gks rc A  B fy[krs gSA

rqY; leqPp; (Equivalent set) : nks ifjfer leqPp; A rFkk B rqY; leqPp; dgykrs gS ;fn budh Øelwpd la[;k
leku gks vFkkZr~ n(A) = n(B)
mnkgj.k % A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, B = {a, b, c, d} 
  n(A) = 4 rFkk n(B) = 4   A rFkk B rqY; leqPp; gSA
fVIi.kh : leku leqPp; lnSo rqY; leqPp; gksrs gS tcfd rqY; leqPp; leku leqPp; ugha gks ldrs gSA
mnkgj.k # 4 : fuEufyf[kr leqPp;ksa dk izdkj crkb;sA
(i) A = {x  W : 3  x < 10} (ii) A = {}
(iii) A = {1, 0, –1, –2, –3,.......} (iv) A = {1, 8, –2, 6, 5} rFkk B = {1, 8, –2, 6, 5}
(v) A = {x : x d+{kk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k gS }
gy : (i) ifjfer leqPp; (ii) ifjfer leqPp;
(iii) vifjfer leqPp; (iv) leku leqPp;
(v) ,dy leqPp;
vH;kl dk;Z iz'u :
(1) mu lHkh iw.kkZadksa 'x' dk leqPp; fyf[k;s rkfd –2 < x – 4 < 5.
(2) leqPp; {1, 2, 5, 10} dks leqPp; fuekZ.k :i esa fyf[k;sA
(3) ;fn A = {x : x2 < 9, x  Z} rFkk B = {–2, –1, 1, 2} rks Kkr djks fd leqPp; A rFkk B leku leqPp; gS
;k ughaA
mÙkj (1) {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(2) {x : x ,d izkd`r la[;k gS rFkk 10 dk Hkktd gS}
(3) leku leqPp; ugha gSA

mileqPp; rFkk vf/kleqPp; (SUBSET AND SUPERSET) :

ekuk nks leqPp; A vkSj B bl izdkj gS fd leqPp; A dk izR;sd vo;o leqPp; B dk Hkh vo;o gS rks leqPp; A
dks leqPp; B dk mileqPp; dgk tkrk gS rFkk leqPp; B dks leqPp; A dk vf/kleqPp; dgk tkrk gSA bls
A  B }kjk iznf'kZr djrs gSA
mnkgj.k % A = {1, 2, 3, 4} rFkk B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}  A B
;fn A, B dk mileqPp; ugha gS rks ge fy[krs gS fd A  B

mfpr mileqPp; (PROPER SUBSET ) :

;fn leqPp; A, leqPp; B dk mileqPp; gks rFkk A  B rc leqPp; A leqPp; B dk mfpr mileqPp; dgykrk
gSA leqPp; A, leqPp; A dk mfpr mileqPp; ugha gksrk gS blfy, ;g A dk vuqfpr mileqPp; (Improper
subset) dgykrk gSA

fVIi.kh : (i) izR;sd leqPp; Lo;a dk mileqPp; gksrk gSA

(ii) fjDr leqPp;  izR;sd leqPp; dk mileqPp; gksrk gSA
(iii) A B rFkk B  A  A = B
(iv) ;fn fdlh ifjfer leqPp; esa vo;oksa dh la[;k n gks] rks mlds mileqPp;ksa dh la[;k 2n gksxh A

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 xf.kr ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr - I
(v) ;fn fdlh leqPp; esa vo;oksa dh la[;k n gks] rks mlds mfpr mileqPp;ksa dh la[;k 2n – 1 gksxhA
(vi) fjDr leqPp; , Lo;a dks NksM+dj izR;sd leqPp; dk mfpr mileqPp; gksrk gSA

?kkr leqPp; (POWER SET) :

ekuk A ,d leqPp; gSaA leqPp; A ds lHkh laHkkfor mileqPp;ksa ds leqPp; dks leqPp; A dk ?kkr leqPp; dgrs
gS rFkk bls P(A) }kjk O;Dr djrs gSA
mnkgj.k # 5 : fuEu dFku lR; gS ;k vlR;] dh tk¡p dhft,
(i) {a}  {b, c, a} (ii) {x, p}  {x : x vaxzsth o.kZekyk dk ,d Loj gSA}
(iii) {}  {} (iv) {a, b} {a, {a}, b, c}

gy : (i) vlR; D;ksafd {a}, {b, c, a} dk ,d mileqPp; gSA (ii) vlR; D;ksafd x, p Loj gSA
(iii) vlR; D;ksafd vo;o ,  leqP;; {} esa fLFkr ugha gSA
(iv) vlR; D;ksfda a, b {a, {a}, b, c} rFkk {a, b}  {a, {a}, b, c}
mnkgj.k # 6 : leqP;; A = {1, 2, 3} dk ?kkr leqP;; Kkr dhft,A
gy : P(A) = {, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}
mnkgj.k # 7 : ;fn  fjDr leqP;; dks fu:fir djrk gS rks Kkr dhft,A
(a) P()
(b) P(P())
(c) n(P(P(P())))
(d) n(P(P(P(P()))))
gy : (a) P() = {} (b) P(P()) = {,{}}
 (c) n(P(P(P()))) = 22 = 4 (d) n(P(P(P(P())))) = 24 = 16

vH;kl dk;Z iz'u :

(4) lR;@vlR; dh foospuk dhft, : A = {p, q, r, s}, B = {p, q, r, p, t} rks A  B.
(5) lR;@vlR; dh foospuk dhft, : A = {p, q, r, s}, B = {s, r, q, p} rks A  B.
(6) lR;@vlR; dh foospuk dhft, : [4, 15)  [–15, 15]
mÙkj (4) vlR; (5) lR; (6) lR;
lkoZf=kd ¼le"Vh;½ leqPp; (UNIVERSAL SET ) :
og leqPp; ftlesa ,d fo'ks"k lanHkZ ds lHkh laHko vo;o fLFkr gks] lkoZf=kd leqPp; dgykrk gS rFkk bls lkekU;r%
U ls fu:fir djrs gSA
mnkgj.k ;fn A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 4, 5, 6}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7} rks U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} bldk lkoZf=kd leqPp;
fy;k tk ldrk gSA
leqPp;ksa ij dqN lafØ;k;sa (SOME OPERATION ON SETS) :
(i) nks leqPp;ksa dk la?k ¼lfEeyu½ : A  B = {x : x  A or x  B}
mnkgj.k A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} rks A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
(ii) nks leqPp;ksa dk loZfu"B : A  B = {x : x  A rFkk x  B}
mnkgj.k A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} rks A  B = {2, 3}
(iii) nks leqPp;ksa dk vUrj : A – B = {x : x  A rFkk x  B}. bls A B' Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gSA
blh izdkj B – A = B  A' mnkgj.k A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} ; A – B = {1}
(iv) leqPp;ksa dk lefer varj : bls A  B }kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gS rFkk A  B = (A – B)  (B – A)

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 xf.kr ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr - I
(v) leqPp;ksa dk iwjd : A' = {x : x  A fdUrq x  U} = U – A
mnkgj.k U = {1, 2,........, 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} rks A' = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
(vi) folaf?kr leqPp; : ;fn A  B =  rks A, B folaf?kr leqPp; gksaxsA
mnkgj.k ;fn A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {7, 8, 9} rks A  B = 
osu vkjs[k (VENN DIAGRAM) :
leqPp;ksa ds e/; vf/kdka'k laca/kksa dks vkjs[kksa }kjk fu:fir fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftUgsa osu vkjs[k dgrs gSA bu vkjs[kksa
esa lkoZf=kd leqPp; dks ,d vk;r }kjk rFkk lkoZf=kd leqPp; ds mileqPp;ksa dks vk;r ds vUnj o`Ùkksa }kjk iznf'kZr
djrs gSA leqPp;ksa ds vo;oksa dks muds laxr o`Ùkksa ds vUnj fy[kk tkrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4, 5}, U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} rks budk osu vkjs[k fuEu gksxk

AB AB A–B B–A

A' (A B) = (A – B) (B – A) folaf?kr leqPp;

leqPp;ksa ds chtxf.kr ds fu;e (leqPp;ksa ds xq.k/keZ )

(LAWS OF ALGEBRA OF SETS (PROPERTIES OF SETS)) :
(i) Øefofues; fu;e : (A  B) = B  A ; A  B = B  A
(ii) lkgp;Z fu;e : (A  B)  C = A  (B  C) ; (A  B)  C = A  (B  C)
(iii) caVu ¼forj.k½ fu;e : A (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C) ; A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
(iv) Mh-eksxZu fu;e : (A  B)' = A'  B' ; (A  B)' = A'  B'
(v) rRled fu;e : A  U = A ; A   = A
(vi) iwjd fu;e : A  A' = U, A  A' = , (A')' = A
(vii) oxZle fu;e : A  A = A, A  A = A
NOTE : (i) A – (B  C) = (A – B)  (A – C) ; A – (B  C) = (A – B)  (A – C)
(ii) A   = , A  U = U

mnkgj.k # 8 : ekuk A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} rFkk B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} rks A  B Kkr dhft,A

gy : A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

mnkgj.k # 9 : ekuk A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. rks A – B rFkk B – A Kkr dhft,A
gy : A – B = {x : x  A rFkk x  B} = {1, 2, 3} blh izdkj B – A = {7, 8, 9}

mnkgj.k # 10 : lR; ;k vlR; dh foospuk dhft, :

(i) A  A = A  (ii) U A = A
gy : (i) vlR; D;ksafd A  A' = U (ii) lR; D;ksafd U A = A

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 xf.kr ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr - I
mnkgj.k # 11 : osu vkjs[k dh lgk;rk ls fl) dhft, fd A – B = A  B.

gy :

osu vkjs[k ls ge fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gS fd A – B = A  B.

vH;kl dk;Z iz'u :
(7) ;fn A = {x : x = 2n + 1, n  5, n  N} rFkk B = {x : x = 3n – 2, n  4, n  N} rks A  B Kkr dhft,A
(8) ;fn A = {5, 9, 13, 17, 21} rFkk B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24} rks A – (A – B) Kkr dhft,A
mÙkj (7) {1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11} (8) {9, 21}

leqPp; esa vo;oksa dh la[;k ij vk/kkfjr dqN egÙoiw.kZ ifj.kke

(SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN SETS) :
;fn A, B, C ifjfer leqPp; gS rFkk U ifjfer loZfu"B leqPp; gS] rks
(i) n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B) 
(ii) n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A  B)
(iii) n(A  B  C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A  B) – n(B  C) – n(A  C) + n(A  B  C)
(iv) leqPp;ksa A, B, C esa ls Bhd nks leqPp;ksa esa fLFkr vo;oksa dh la[;k
= n(A  B) + n(B  C) + n(C  A) – 3n(A  B  C)
(v) leqPp;ksa A, B, C esa ls Bhd ,d leqPp; esa fLFkr vo;oksa dh la[;k
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – 2n(A  B) – 2n(B  C) – 2n(A  C) + 3n(A  B  C)

mnkgj.k # 12 : 60 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ,d lewg esa] 36 vxzsath v[kckj i<+rs gS, 22 fgUnh v[kckj i<+rs gS rFkk 12 nksuksa esa ls
dksbZ Hkh v[kckj ugha i<+rs gS] rks fdrus fo|kFkhZ vxzsath rFkk fgUnh nksuksa v[kckj i<+rs gS \
gy n(U) = 60, n(E) = 36, n(H) = 22
n(E  H) = 12  n(E  H) = 12
  n(U) – n(E  H) = 12  n(E  H) = 48
  n(E) + n(H) – n(E  H) = 48  n(E  H) = 58 – 48 = 10

mnkgj.k # 13 : 50 O;fDr;ksa ds ,d lewg esa] 14 O;fDr pk; ihrs gS ysfdu dkWQh ugha ihrs gS rFkk 30 O;fDr pk; ihrs gS rks
Kkr dhft,
(i) fdrus O;fDr pk; rFkk dkWQh nksuksa ihrs gS ?
(ii) fdrus O;fDr dkWQh ihrs gS ysfdu pk; ugha ihrs gSA
gy T : pk; ihus okys O;fDr
C : dkWQh ihus okys O;fDr

C : dkWQh ihus okys O;fDr

(i) n(T) = n(T – C) + n(T  C) 
    30 = 14 + n(T  C) 
    n(T  C) = 16

(ii) n(C – T) = n(T  C) – n(T) = 50 – 30 = 20

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 xf.kr ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr - I
vH;kl dk;Z iz'u :
(9) ekuk A rFkk B nks ifjfer leqP;; bl izdkj gS fd n(A – B) = 15, n(A  B) = 90, n(A  B) = 30 rks
n(B) Kkr dhft,A
(10) ,d cktkj vuqla/kku leqg 1000 miHkksDrkvksa dk losZ{k.k fd;k rFkk lwfpr fd;k fd 720 miHkksDrkvksa us
mRikn A rFkk 450 miHkksDrkvksa us mRikn B ilan fd;kA nksuksa mRiknksa dks ilan djus okys miHkksDrkvksa dh
U;wure la[;k D;k gksxh \
mÙkj (9) 75 (10) 170
vUrjky (Intervals ) :
vUrjky ewyr% R ds mileqPp; gksrs gS vkSj lkekU;r;k budk mi;ksx vlfedkvksa dks gy djus ;k çkUr Kkr djus
esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn a vkSj b nks okLrfod la[;k,¡ bl çdkj gS fd a < b, gS rks ge pkj çdkj ds vUrjky
fuEukuqlkj ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gS %

uke izn'kZu O;k[;k

[kqyk ¼foo`Ùk½ vUrjky (a, b) {x : a < x < b} vFkkZr~ lhekUr fcUnq lfEefyr ugha gSA
{x : a  x  b} vFkkZr~ lhekUr fcUnq Hkh lfEefyr gSA
cUn ¼lao`Ùk½ vUrjky [a, b]
;g rHkh laHko gS tc a vkSj b nksuksa ifjfer gSaA
{x : a < x  b} vFkkZr a lfEefyr ugha gS vkSj b
[kqyk&cUn vUrjky (a, b]
lfEefyr gSSA
{x : a  x < b} vFkkZr a lfEefyr gS vkSj b lfEefyr
cUn - [kqyk vUrjky [a, b)
ugha gSSA

uksV : (1) vuUr vUrjky fuEukuqlkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;s tkrs gS :

(i) (a, ) = {x : x > a} (ii) [a, ) = {x : x  a}
(iii) (– , b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (– , b] = {x : x  b}
(v) (– ) = {x : x  R}
(2) x ds dqN fo'ks"k ekuksa ds fy, ge { } fpUg dk mi;ksx djrs gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ% ;fn x = 1, 2 gks rks ge
x  {1, 2} fy[krs gSaA
(3) ;fn x dk dksbZ eku ugha gks rks bls x  (fjDr leqPp;) dgrs gSA

vlfedkvksa dks gy djus dh O;kid fof/k (General Method to solve Inequalities):

 (x – b1 ) (x – b2 )
k1
   (x – bn )kn 
k2
ekuk fd g(x) =  
rn 
... (i)
 (x – a1 ) (x – a2 )    (x – an ) 
r1 r2

(vUrjky fof/k (rjafxr oØ fof/k))

tgk¡ k1, k2 .....kn rFkk r1, r2 ........rn  N vkSj b1, b2.....bn rFkk a1, a2 ......an dksbZ Hkh okLrfod la[;k gSA rc
vlfedk gy djus ds fy, fuEu in dke esa ysrs gSA
in : -
os fcUnq tgk¡ va'k 'kwU; gksrk gS] Qyu ds 'kwU; ;k ewy dgykrs gS rFkk tgk¡ gj 'kwU; gksrk gS] Qyu ds /kzqo dgykrs
gSA
(i) loZizFke ge Qyu ds 'kwU; rFkk /kzqo Kkr djrs gSA
(ii) rc ge okLrfod js[kk ij lHkh 'kwU; rFkk /kzqoksa dks fpfUgr djrs gS rFkk Å/okZ/kj LrEHkksa ls
okLrfod js[kk dks dbZ vUrjkyksa esa ck¡V nsrs gSA
(iii) fdlh Hkh vUrjky esa Qyu dk fpUg Kkr djrs gS rFkk lHkh vUrjkyksa dks ,dkUrj ls fpfUgr dj nsrs gS
;fn nks vUrjkyksa dks ck¡Vus okys 'kwU; vFkok /kzqo fo"ke ckj vkrs gS vU;Fkk fpUg ugha cnyrs gSA

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 xf.kr ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr - I
(iv) bl izdkj ge lHkh vUrjky Kkr djrs gSA g(x) > 0 dk gy mu vUrjkyksa dk la?k gksrk gS ftlesa /kukRed
fpUg gksrk gS rFkk g(x) < 0 dk gy mu vUrjkyksa dk la?k gksrk gS ftlesa _.kkRed fpUg gksrk gSA
5
 1
(x – 2)10 (x  1)3  x –  (x  8)2
mnkgj.k # 14 : vlfedk dks gy dhft,] ;fn f(x) =  2
> 0 vFkok < 0.
x 24 (x – 3)3 (x  2)5
5
 1
(x – 2)10 (x  1)3  x –  (x  8)2
 2  1
gy % ekuk f(x) = Qyu ds /kqzo rFkk 'kwU; 0, 3, – 2, –1, ,– 8, gSA 2
x 24 (x – 3)3 (x  2)5 2

;fn f(x) > 0, rc x (– , – 8) (– 8, – 2) (– 1, 0)   0,   (3, )

1
 2

rFkk ;fn f(x) < 0, rc x (– 2, – 1)   , 2   (2, 3)

1
Ans.
2  

pj?kkrkadh; Qyu (Exponential Function) :

Qyu f(x) = ax = ex In a (a > 0, a  1, x  R) pj?kkrkadh; Qyu dgykrk gS] pj?kkrkadh; Qyuksa ds
vkys[k fuEu izdkj gks ldrs gS &
fLFkfr -  fLFkfr - 
a > 1 ds fy, 0 < a < 1 ds fy,

,d la[;k dk y?kqx.kd (Logarithm of a Number) :

fdlh la[;k N dk vk/kkj a ij y?kqx.kd] ml ?kkrkad dks fu:fir djrk gS] ftldks a ij yxkus ls la[;k N izkIr
gksrh gS] bl la[;k dks loga N ls iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
logaN = x  ax = N , a > 0, a  1 & N > 0

;fn a = 10 gks] rks log10 b dh ctk; log b fy[krs gaSA

;fn a = e gks] rks loge b dh ctk; n b fy[krs gSa] ;gk¡ e usfi;j vk/kkj gSa] ftldk la[;kRed eku 2.7182 gksrk gSA
;kn j[ksa %
log102 ~ 0.3010 ; log103 ~ 0.4771
n 2 ~ 0.693 ; n 10 ~ 2.303

izkUr % (Domain of Definition) :

la[;k loga N ds vfLrRo ,oa vf}rh;rk dks izfrcU/kksa a > 0, a  1 ,oa N > 0 dh lgk;rk ls Kkr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
y?kqx.kd dk vk/kkj 'a', bdkbZ ds cjkcj ugha gksuk pkfg, vU;Fkk bdkbZ ds vykok vU; la[;kvksa ds y?kqx.kd ugha
gksxsa rFkk izR;sd la[;k bdkbZ dk y?kqx.kd gksxhA

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 xf.kr ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr - I
y?kqx.kdh; Qyu (Graph of Logarithmic function) :
f(x) = logax y?kqx.kdh; Qyu dgykrk gS tgk¡ a > 0 ,oa a  1 rFkk x > 0 gSA buds vkys[k fuEu izdkj gks ldrs
gS&
Case-  Case- 
For a > 1 For 0 < a < 1

vk/kkjHkwr y?kqx.kdh; loZlfedk (Fundamental Logarithmic Identity) :

aloga N = N, a > 0, a  1 ,oa N > 0
y?kqx.kd ds eq[; xq.k/keZ (The Principal Properties of Logarithm) :
ekukfd M vkSj N LosPN /kukRed la[;k,¡ gS] a > 0, a  1, b > 0, b  1 rFkk  dksbZ okLrfod la[;k,¡ gS] rks&
(i) loga (M.N) = loga M + loga N ;
O;kid :i esa loga (x1 x2 ......xn) = logax1 + loga x2 + ........+ loga xn
(ii) loga (M/N) = loga M  loga N

(iii) loga M =  loga M

1
(iv) loga M = logaM

loga M
(v) logb M = ¼vk/kkj ifjorZu izes;½
loga b
uksV : 
   loga1 = 0   loga a = 1  
1
   log1/a a =  1  logba =  
loga b
   ax = ex na
 alogc b  blogc a  

uksV : (i) ;fn la[;k vkSj vk/kkj bdkbZ ds ,d gh vksj fLFkr gks] rks y?kqx.kd dk eku /kukRed gksrk gSA
(ii) ;fn la[;k vkSj vk/kkj bdkbZ ds foijhr vksj fLFkr gks] rks y?kqx.kd dk eku _.kkRed gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k # 15 : fuEu ds eku Kkr dhft,&
 32   9 
(i) log272 + log2   + log2  64  Ans. 2
 81   
1
log25 49
(ii) 7 Ans. 5
gy % (i) log272 + ..........

 25 32 
= log2 23.32. 4 . 6  = log24 = 2

 3 2 


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 xf.kr ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr - I
1 2
log7 5
(ii) 7 log25 49
= 7log49 25 = 7 2 = 5log7 7 = 5

vH;kl dk;Z %
(11) fuEu ds eku Kkr dhft,A
(i) log49343 (ii) 4log27243
(iii) log(1/100)1000 (iv) log(74 3)
(7  4 3 )
(v) log125625

(12) log89.log910 ......... log6364

(13) log cot1° + log cot2° + log cot3° + .... + log cot89° dk eku Kkr dhft,A

Ans. (11) (i) 3/2 (ii) 20/3 (iii) – 3/2 (iv) –1 (v) 4/3

(12) 2 (13) 0

y?kqx.kdh; lehdj.k (Logarithmic Equation) :

lehdj.k loga x = loga y laHko gS ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn x = y vFkkZr
loga x = loga y x = y
lnSo nh xbZ lehdj.k dh oS/krk Kkr djuh pkfg, vFkkZr x > 0, y > 0, a > 0, a  1 gksus pkfg,A

mnkgj.k # 16 : logx(4x – 3) = 2
Ans. x=3
gy : izkUr : x > 0, 4x – 3 > 0, x  1
vr% 4x – 3 = x2  x2 – 4x + 3 = 0
x = 3 ;k x = 1 (vLohdk;Z D;ksafd izkUr esa ugha gSA)
mnkgj.k # 17 : log2 (log3{log5 (x2 + 4)} = 0
Ans. x = ±11
gy : log3(log5(x2 + 4)} = 2° = 1
  log5(x2 + 4) = 31 = 3
  (x2 + 4) = 53 = 125  x2 = 121  x = ±11

mnkgj.k # 18 : log2(x2) + log2 (x + 2) = 4

Ans. x=2
gy : log2 (x2(x + 2) = 4  x3 + 2x2 – 16 = 0  (x – 2) (x 2  4x  8)  0
D 0
x= 2
vH;kl dk;Z %
(14) 33log3 x  27 (15) (log10x)2 – (log10x) – 6 = 0

(16) 3(log7x + logx7) = 10 (17) (x  2)log2 (x 2)  8(x  2)2

1
Ans. (14) x=3 (15) x = 103, (16) x = 343, 3 7 (17) x = 6 or –3/2
102
y?kqx.kdh; vlfedk (Logarithmic Inequality) :
ekuk a ,d okLrfod la[;k bl izdkj gS fd
(i) ;fn a > 1, rc logax > loga y  x > y
(ii) ;fn a > 1, rc logax <  0 < x < a
 (iii) ;fn a > 1, rc logax >  x > a
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 xf.kr ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr - I
 (iv) ;fn 0 < a < 1, rc logax > logay  0 < x < y
(v) ;fn 0 < a < 1, rc loga x <  x > a
 :i - I : f(x) > 0, g(x) > 0, g(x)  1
:i fudk;ksa dk lewg

 f(x)  1 , g(x)  1
(a) logg(x) f(x)  0    
0  f(x)  1 , 0  g(x)  1
 f(x)  1 , 0  g(x)  1
 (b) logg(x) f(x)  0   
0  f(x)  1 , g(x)  1

 f(x)  (g(x))
a
, g(x)  1
(c) logg(x) f(x)  a   
0  f(x)  (g(x)) , 0  g(x)  1
a


0  f(x)  (g(x)) ,
a
g(x)  1
(d) logg(x) f(x) a   
 f(x)  (g(x)) , 0  g(x)  1
a



:i - II : tc vlfedk dk :i

:i fudk;ksa dk lewg
 f(x)  g(x), (x)  1,
(a) log(x) f(x) log(x) g(x)     
0  f(x)  g(x);0  (x)  1
 0  f(x)  g(x), (x)  1,
 (b) log(x) f(x) log(x) g(x)     
f(x)  g(x)  0, 0  (x)  1

mnkgj.k # 19 : y?kqx.kdh; vlfedk log1/5 (2x2 + 7x + 7)  dks gy dhft,A
gy : p¡wfd log1/5 1 = 0, nh xbZ vlfedk dks fy[kk tk ldrk gS
log1/5 (2x2 + 7x + 7)  log1/5 1
tc Qyu ds izkUr dks /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS rks vlfedk fuEu vlfedkvksa ds fudk; ds
2x 2  7x  7  0
lerqY; gksxh  vUrjky fof/k dk iz;ksx djds vlfedkvksa dks gy djrs gS
2x  7x  7  1
2

 3 
x   2, 
 2 
mnkgj.k # 20 : vlfedk log1/3 (5x – 1) > 0 dks gy dhft,A
gy : y?kqx.kd ds ewyHkwr xq.k/keZ ds iz;ksx ls
 2
5x  2 x
5
5x – 1  1  1 2
    vlfedk dk gy  ,  ls fn;k tkrk gSA
5x – 1  0  1
5 5
 5x  1 x
 5

mnkgj.k # 21 : vlfedk log(2x + 3) x2 < log(2x + 3) (2x + 3) dks gy dhft,A

gy : nh xbZ vlfedk fuEu fudk;ksa ds lewg ds lerqY; gS
 0  2x  3  1 (i)
 2
  x  2x  3
 
 2x  3  1 (ii)
 0  x 2  2x  3
 
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 xf.kr ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr - I
   fudk; (i) dks gy djus ij gesa feyrk gS
 –3
  x  –1
 2
(x – 3)(x  1)  0 (iii)

fudk; (iii) fuEu nks fudk; lewgksa ds lerqY; gS
 –3
 2  x  –1, x  3; (iv)

 –3  x  –1, x  –1 (v)
 2
–3
fudk; (iv) dk dksbZ gy ugha gSA fudk; (v) dk gy gS x   , – 1 ,
 2 
fudk; (iv) dk dksbZ gy ugha gSA fudk; (v) dk gy gS
 x  –1  x  –1
 vFkok   x  (– 1, 3) 
(x – 3)(x  1)  0  –1  x  3
 –3 
   x  ,–1 (– 1, 3)
 2 

vlfedk log x2 –12x 30   log2  > 0. dks gy dhft,A

2x
mnkgj.k # 22 :
   5 
 10 
gy. ;g vlfedk fuEu fudk; lewgksa ds lerqY; gS
 x 2 – 12x  30  x 2 – 12x  30
  1, 0   1,
 10  10
 vkSj 
log  2x   1, 0  log  2x   1
 2  5   2
 5 


izFke fudk; dks gy djus ij gesa feyrk gS

 x 2 – 12x  20  0
 (x – 10)(x – 2)  0
 2x  
 2 x  5
5
 x  2 or x  10
 
x  5
blfy, fudk; dk gy x > 10
f}rh; fudk; dks gy djus ij gesa feyrk gS
0  x 2 – 12x  30  10  x 2 – 12x  30  0 rFkk x 2 – 12x  20  0
 
    2x  5 
1  2  x5
 5 2
    
 x  6 – 6 ; k x  6  6 rFkk 2  x  10

     5 
 x5
2
5
 nksuksa fudk;ksa dk lfEefyr gy < x < 6 – 6 gS] rks ewy vlfedk dk gy gS
2
5
 x  ( , 6 – 6 (10, ) Ans.
2

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 xf.kr ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr - I
vE;kl dk;Z :
(18) fuEu vlfedkvksa dks gy dhft,&
(i) log3x + 5 (9x2 + 8x + 8) > 2
(ii) log0.2 (x2 – x – 2) > log0.2 (– x2 + 2x + 3)
(iii) logx (x3 – x2 – 2x) < 3
 4 17   5
Answers : (18) (i)  – ,–  (ii)  2,  (iii) (2, )
 3 22   2

iw.kk±'k ,oa fHkUuka'k (Characteristic & Mantissa) :

[loga N] vk/kkj a ij N ds y?kqx.kd dk iw.kk±'k dgykrk gSA ;g lnSo iw.kk±d gksrk gSA
{loga N} vk/kj a ij N ds y?kqx.kd dk fHkUuka'k dgykrk gSA fHkUuka'k vUrjky [0, 1) esa gksrk gSA
vk/kkj 10 ij 1 ds y?kqx.kd dk iw.kk±'k = 0
vk/kkj 10 ij 10 ds y?kqx.kd dk iw.kk±'k = 1
vk/kkj 10 ij 100 ds y?kqx.kd dk iw.kk±'k = 2
vk/kkj 10 ij 1000 ds y?kqx.kd dk iw.kk±'k = 3
vk/kkj 10 ij 83.5609 ds y?kqx.kd dk iw.kk±'k = 1
vk/kkj 10 ij 613.0965 ds y?kqx.kd dk iw.kk±'k = 2

vUrjky, iw.kk±'k la[;k esa vadksa dh la[;k vUrjky esa iw.kk±dksa dh la[;k
¼vk/kkj 10 ij))
[1, 10) 0 1 9 = 9 × 10º
[10, 100) 1 2 90 = 9 × 101
[100, 1000) 2 3 900 = 9 × 102
[100, 10000) 3 4 9000 = 9 × 103
|
|
|
n (n + 1) 9 × 10n

uksV :
;fn la[;k dk iw.kk±'k ¼vk/kkj 10 ij) n izkIr gks] rks ml la[;k esa (n + 1) vad gksaxsA
1
* vk/kkj 10 ij ds y?kqx.kd dk iw.kk±'k = – 1
10
1
vk/kkj 10 ij ds y?kqx.kd dk iw.kk±'k = – 1
100
1
vk/kkj 10 ij ds y?kqx.kd dk iw.kk±'k = – 1
1000
3
vk/kkj 10 ij ds y?kqx.kd dk iw.kk±'k = – 3
100
3
vk/kkj 10 ij ds y?kqx.kd dk iw.kk±'k = – 3
1000

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 xf.kr ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr - I
vUrjky iw.kk±'k (vk/kj 10) n'keyo ds rqjUr ckn vUrjky esa fLFkr la[;k
'kwU;ksa dh la[;k ds O;qRØe esa iw.kk±dksa dh la[;k
[1/10, 1) –1 0 9 = 9×101–1
[1/100, 1/10) –2 1 90 = 9×102–1
 [0.01, 0.1)
[1/103, 1/102)  [0.0001, 0.01) –3 2 900 = 9×103–1
[0.0001, 0.001) –4 3 9000 = 9×104–1
|
|
|
|
–n (n – 1) = 9 × 10n–1

uksV:
;fn la[;k dk iw.kk±'k (vk/kkj 10 ij) –n izkIr gks] rks n'keyo ds ckn v'kwU; vad ls igys 'kwU;ksa dh la[;k (n –1)
gksxhA

mnkgj.k # 23 la[;k 1850 esa vadks dh dqy la[;k Kkr dhft,A

(fn;k x;k gS log102 = 0.3010 ; log103 = 0.4771)

gy N = 1850

log10N = 50 log1018 = 50 (0.3010 + 0.9542) = 50(1.2552) = 62.76

iw.kk±'k = [log10N] = 62
vadks dh la[;k = 62 + 1 = 63

vH;kl dk;Z %
(19) 6– 200 esa n'keyo ds Bhd ckn 'kwU;ksa dh dqy la[;k Kkr dhft,A

Answers : (19) 155

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

 Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.

 fpfUgr iz'u nksgjkus ;ksX; iz'u gSA
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Hkkx - I : fo"k;kRed iz'u ¼SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS½

Section (A) : Representation of sets, Types of sets, subset and power set
[k.M (A) : leqPp;ksa dk fu:i.k] leqPp;ksa ds izdkj] mileqPp; rFkk ?kkr leqPp;
A-1. State wether the following collections is a set or not ?
(i) The collection of natural numbers between 2 and 20
(ii) The collection of numbers which satisfy the equation x 2 –5x + 6 = 0
(iii) The collection of prime numbers between 1 and 100.
(iv) The collection of all intelligent women in Jalandhar.
fuEu esa ls dkSulk laxzg leqPp; gS ;k ugha gS?
(i) 2 vkSj 20 ds e/; izkd`r la[;kvksa dk laxzg
(ii) lehdj.k x2 –5x + 6 = 0 dks larq"V djus okyh la[;kvksa dk laxzg
(iii) 1 vkSj 100 ds e/; vHkkT; la[;kvksa dk laxzg
(iv) tky/kaj esa lHkh cqf)eku efgykvksa dk laxzg
Ans. (i) Yes (ii) Yes (iii) Yes (iv) No
Ans. (i) gk¡ (ii) gk¡ (iii) gk¡ (iv) ugha

A-2. Write the following set in tabular form

fuEu leqPp; dks lkj.khc) :i esa fy[ks&
(i) A = {x : x is a positive prime < 10}
A = {x : x ,d vHkkT; la[;k < 10} gS
(ii) B = {x : x = 3, x , 1   3}
Ans. (i) {2,3,5,7} (ii) {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

A-3. Write the following set in builder form

fuEu leqPp; dks leqPp; fuekZ.k fof/k ds :i esa fy[ksa&
(i) set of all rational number
lHkh ifjes; la[;kvksa dk leqPp;
(ii) {2, 5, 10, 17, 26, 37, .........}
p
Ans. (i) {x : x = , p , q  N} (ii) {x : x =  + 1,  N}
q

A-4. Identifiy type of set in terms of empty/singleton/finite/infinite

(i) {x : x is a real number and x2 – 1 = 0}
(ii) {x : x is a real number and x2 + 1 = 0}
(iii) {x : x is positive real number and x2 – 9 = 0}
(iv) {x : x is a real number and x2 + 2x + 2  0}
fuEu esa ls fjDr@,dy@ifjfer@vifjfer leqPp; dks igpkfu,A
(i) {x : x ,d okLrfod la[;k gS rFkk x2 – 1 = 0} (ii) {x : x ,d okLrfod la[;k gS rFkk x2 + 1 = 0}
(iii) {x : x ,d okLrfod la[;k gS rFkk x – 9 = 0}
2
(iv) {x : x ,d okLrfod la[;k gS rFkk x2 + 2x + 2  0}
Ans. (i) Finite (ii) Finite and empty
(iii) Singleton & finite (iv) Infinite
(i) ifjfer (ii) ifjfer vkSj fjDr
(iii) ,dy vkSj ifjfer (iv) vifjfer
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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

A-5. Write power set of the set A = {, {}}.

leqPp; A = {, {}} dk ?kkr leqPp; gSµ
Ans. {, {}, {{}}, A}

Section (B) : Operations on sets, Law of Algebra of sets

[k.M (B) : leqPp;ksa dh lafØ;k;sa] chtxf.kr ds fu;e
B-1. Given the sets A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4}, C = {4, 5, 6}, then find the following
leqPp; A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4}, C = {4, 5, 6}, fn;k gS rc fuEu dks Kkr dhft,A
(i) A  (B  C) (ii) A – (B  C) (iii) (B  C) – A

Ans. (i) {1, 2, 3, 4} (ii) {1, 2, 3} (iii) {4, 5, 6}

B-2. Find the smallest set A such that A  {1, 2} = {1, 2, 3, 5, 9}

Ans. {3, 5, 9}
leqPp; A bl izdkj gS fd A  {1, 2} = {1, 2, 3, 5, 9} rks U;wure leqPp; A gS&
Ans. {3, 5, 9}

B-3. If aN = {ax : x  N} and bN  cN = dN, where b, c  N, b  2, c  2 are relatively prime, then write 'd' in
terms of b and c.
Ans. d = bc
;fn aN = {ax : x  N} vkSj bN  cN = dN, tgk¡ b, c  N, b  2, c  2 lg vHkkT; gS] rc d dks b vkSj c ds inksa
esa fyf[k,A
Ans. d = bc

B-4. Sets A and B have 3 and 6 elements respectively. What can be the minimum and maximum number of
elements in
(i) A B (ii) A B
leqPp; A rFkk B esa vo;oksa dh la[;k Øe'k% 3 rFkk 6 gks] rc (i)A B (ii) A B esa U;wure vkSj vf/kdre
vo;oksa dh la[;k gks ldrh gSA
Ans. (i) minimum U;wure n(A B) = 0, maximum vf/kdre n(A B) = 3
(ii) minimum U;wure n(A B) = 6, maximum vf/kdre n(A B) = 9

Section (C) : Cardinal number Problems

[k.M (C) : dkfMZuy la[;k leL;k
C-1. Let n(U) = 700, n(A) = 200, n(B) = 300 and n(A  B) = 100, then find n(A'  B')
ekuk n(U) = 700, n(A) = 200, n(B) = 300 rFkk n(A  B) = 100, rc n(A'  B') =
Ans. 300

C-2. In a college of 300 students, every student reads 5 newspapers and every newspaper is read by 60
students. Find the number of newspaper.
Ans. 25
,d dkWyst esa Nk=kksa dh la[;k 300 gS] izR;sd Nk=k 5 v[kckj i<rk gS rFkk izR;sd v[kckj dks 60 Nk=kksa }kjk i<+k
tkrk gSA rc v[kckjksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 25

C-3. In a town of 10,000 families it was found that 40% families buy newspaper A, 20% families buy
newspaper B and 10% families buy newspaper C, 5% families buy A and B, 3 % buy B and C and 4%
buy A and C. If 2% families buy all the three news papers, then find number of families which buy
newspaper A only.

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

;fn fdlh 'kgj ds 10,000 ifjokjksa esa ls 40% ifjokj lekpkj i=k A, 20% ifjokj lekpkj i=k B, 10% ifjokj
lekpkj i=k C rFkk 5% ifjokj A vkSj B, 3 % ifjokj B vkSj C rFkk 4% ifjokj A vkSj C dks [kjhnrs gSa o 2%
ifjokj lHkh rhu lekpkj i=k [kjhnrs gS] rks mu ifjokjksa dh la[;k D;k gksxh tks dsoy lekpkj i=k A [kjhnrsa gSa&
Ans. 3300

Section (D) : Rational Inequalities

[k.M (D) : ifjes; vlfedk,sa
D-1. Solve the following Inequalities
fuEu vlfedkvksa dks gy dhft,A
x2  4 x  4
(i) 0 Ans. (–, –2)(–2, –1/2)(1, )
2x2  x  1
x4  x2  1
(ii) 0 Ans.  ,  1   5,  
x2  4 x  5
(2  x2 )( x  3)3
(iii) 0 Ans. [ 2, 1)  1, 2  3, 4
( x  1)( x2  3 x  4)

( x  2)( x2  2x  1)
(iv) 0 Ans. (– , – 2]  (–1, 4)
4  3 x  x2
x 4  3 x 3  2x 2
(v) 0 Ans. (–, –5),  (1, 2)  (6, )
x2  x  30

D-2. Solve the following Inequalities

fuEu vlfedkvksa dks gy dhft,A
(i) 7x  5
4 Ans. (–17/25, –3/8)
8x  3
2x2  3 x  459
(ii) 1 Ans.  ,  20    23,  
x2  1

x2  5 x  12 1 
(iii) 3 Ans.  2 , 3
x2  4 x  5
( x  2)( x  4)( x  7)
(iv) 1 Ans. (–, –7),  (–4, –2)
( x  2)( x  4)( x  7)

D-3. Find the number of integers satisfying the following Inequalities

fuEu vlfedkvksa dks larq"V djus okys iw.kk±dksa dh la[;k Kkr djsA
(i) x4 – 5x2 + 4  0 Ans. 4
(ii) x4 – 2x2 – 63  0 Ans. 7
(iii) x2  6x  7  2 Ans. 9
14x 9x  30
(iv)  Ans. 2
x 1 x4
x2  2
(v)  2 Ans. 0
x2  1

Section (E) : Logarithm

[k.M (E) : y?kqx.kd
E-1. Find the value of
eku Kkr dhft,
(i) log105.log1020 + (log102)2 Ans. 1
log 2
(ii) 5 5
 9log3 7  8log2 5 Ans. –72

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E-2. Which of the following numbers are positive/negative

fuEu esa ls dkSulh la[;k /kukRed gS vkSj dkSulh _.kkRed gS\
(i) log 3
2 (ii) log1/7(2) (iii) log1/3(1/5) (iv) log3(4)

 2  1  2· 3 3 
log3 ( 7  2) log4 
 2  1 
(v) log7(2.11) (vi) (vii) (viii) log3  
 3
   
(ix) log10 (log10 9)
Ans. (i) +ve (ii) – ve (iii) +ve (iv) +ve
(v) +ve (vi) – ve (vii) +ve (viii) – ve (ix) – ve

E-3. Let log102 = a and log103 = b then determine the following logarithms in terms of a and b.
ekuk log102 = a rFkk log103 = b rc fuEu y?kqx.kd dk eku a o b ds inksa esa Kkr dhft,A
 2 
(i) log10  sin  Ans. b – 2a
 3
(ii) log1004 + 2 log10027 Ans. a + 3b
2b2  3a2
(iii) log29 + log38 Ans.
ab
4(2a  b)
(iv) log 144 Ans.
45
1  a  2b

E-4. Compute the following

fuEu dks ljy dhft,A
1 1log7 2
1 1  1 
(i) 3 5 log7 5  (ii) log0.75 log2 (iii)  49  + 5– log1/ 5 7
(  log10 0.1) 0.125  
log3 5 log5 7 log3 7 log5 3
(iv) 7 3 5 7

1
Ans. (i) 2 (ii) 1 (iii) 7+ (iv) 0
196

4 3 2 1
E-5. (i) Let n = 75600, then find the value of   
log2 n log3 n log5 n log7 n
4 3 2 1
ekuk n = 75600 rc    Kkr dhft,A
log2 n log3 n log5 n log7 n

(ii) If 
log2 log3 log4 (x)  0  
and log3 log4 log2(y)   0  and  
log4 log2 log3 (z)  0 then
find the sum of x, y and z is
;fn If log2 log3 log4 (x)   0 vkSj log3 log4 log2 (y)   0 vkSj log4 log2 log3 (z)   0 rc
x, y rFkk z ds ;ksxQy dks Kkr dhft,A
Ans. (i) 1 (ii) 89

E-6. Show that the number log 2 7 is an irrational number.

n'kkZ b ;s fd la [ ;k log 2 7 vifjes ; gS A

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1
E-7. Suppose n be an integer greater than 1. let an = . Suppose b = a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 and
logn 2002
c = a10 + a11 + a12 + a13 + a14. Then find the value of (b – c)
1
ekuk fd n, 1 ls cM+k iw.kkZad gSA ekuk an = vkSj b = a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 rFkk c = a10 + a11 + a12 + a13 +
logn 2002
a14rc (b – c) dk eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. –1

loga logb logc

E-8. If   , show that a a . b b . c c = 1.
bc c a ab
log a log b log
;fn   gks] rks iznf'kZr dhft, fd a a . b b . c c = 1.
b  c c  a a b

E-9. Solve the following equations :

lehdj.kksa dks gy dhft,
(i) logx(4x – 3) = 2 Ans. 3
(ii) log2(log3(x2 – 1)) = 0 Ans. ±2
(iii) 4log2 x  2x  3  0 Ans. 3
(iv) 5  log2 x = 3 – log2 x Ans. 2
(v ) log 4 (log 2 x) + log 2 (log 4 x) = 2. Ans. 16
(vi) log 4 log 3 log 2 x = 0 Ans. 8
 1 
(vii) log 3  log9 x   9x  = 2x. Ans. {1/3}
 2 

(viii) 2log 4 (4 – x) = 4 – log 2 (– 2 – x). Ans. {– 4}

(log 2x)
(ix) x x 4 Ans. no root dksbZ ewy ugha

0.5log (x2  x)
E-10. (i) Find the real value of 'x' satisfying the equation x x
 3log9 4 .
Ans. (2)
1
(ii) Solve for x : xlog10 x 2  10log10 x 2 Ans. 10 or
100
log10 x  5
(iii) Solve for x : x 3 = 105log10 x Ans. {10 5 , 103}

(iv) Find the product of roots of the equation

(log3x)2 – 2(log3x) – 5 = 0 Ans. 9
(v) Find sum of roots of the equation 4 – 7.2 + 6 = 0 x x
Ans. log26
0.5log (x  x)
2
(i) lehdj.k x x
 3log9 4 dks lUrq"V djus okys x dk okLrfod eku Kkr dhft,A Ans.(2)
1
(ii) x ds fy, gy dhft, xlog10 x 2  10log10 x 2 Ans. 10 ;k
100
log10 x  5
(iii) lehdj.k x 3 = 105log10 x dks gy dhft,A Ans. {10 5 , 103}

(iv) lehdj.k (log3x)2 – 2(log3x) – 5 = 0 ds ewyksa dk xq.kuQy Kkr dhft,A Ans. 9

(v) lehdj.k 4x – 7.2x + 6 = 0 ds ewyksa dk ;ksx Kkr dhft,A Ans. log26

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Section (F) : Logarithmic inequalities

[k.M (F) : y?kqx.kdh; vlfedk,sa
F-1. Solv e the f ollowing inequalities
fuEu vlfedkvks a dks gy dhft,A

 3  1 1 3 
(i) log 5  2x 2  x    1 Ans.   2 ,  4    4 ,1
8 
8    
(ii) log 1 ( x2  5 x  6)  1 Ans. (1, 2) (3, 4)
2

2x  6 FG  , 1IJ
(iii) log7
2x  1
0 Ans.
H 2K
FG 2 IJ
(iv) log1/4(2 – x) > log1/4 H x  1K Ans. ( 1, 0) (1, 2)

(v) log1/3(2x+2 – 4x)  – 2 Ans. (–, 2)

3 
(vi) logx(4x – 3)  2 Ans.  4 , 1  1, 3 
 

4x  6
F-2. Find the number of integers satisfying log1/5 0
x
4x  6
vlfedk log1/5  0 dks lUrq"V djus okys iw.kkZadksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A
x
Ans. 1

F-3. Find the number of positive integers not satisfying the inequality log2(4x – 2.2x + 17) > 5.
vlfedk log2(4x – 2.2x + 17) > 5 dks lUrq"V ugha djus okys /kukRed iw.kkZadks dh la[;k Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 2

F-4. Solve the following inequalities :

fuEufyf[kr vlfedkvksa dks gy dhft, &
1
(i) log(3x2 1) 2 < Ans. (,  1)  (1, )
2
(ii) logx² (2 + x) < 1 Ans. x  (– 2, –1)  (– 1, 0)  (0, 1)  (2, )

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

Hkkx - II : dsoy ,d lgh fodYi çdkj (ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE)

Section (A) : Representation of sets, Types of sets, subset and power set
[k.M (A) : leqPp;ksa dk fu:i.k] leqPp;ksa ds izdkj] mileqPp; rFkk ?kkr leqPp;
A-1. The set of intelligent students in a class is-
(A) a null set (B) a singleton set
(C) a finite set (D*) not a well defined collection
,d d{kk ds cqf)eku Nk=kksa dk leqPp; gS &
(A) fjDr leqPp; (B) ,dy leqPp; (C) ifjfer leqPp; (D) ,d lqifjHkkf"kr laxzg ugha gSA
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A-2. The set A = {x : x R, x2 = 16 and 2x = 6} is

(A*) Null set (B) Singleton set
(C) Infinite set (D) not a well defined collection
leqPp; A = {x : x R, x2 = 16 rFkk 2x = 6} gS&
(A*) fjDr leqPp; (B) ,dy leqPp; (C) vifjfer leqPp; (D) ,d lqifjHkkf"kr laxzg ugha gSA

A-3. If A = {x : –3 < x < 3, x  Z} then the number of subsets of A is –

;fn leqPp; A = {x : –3 < x < 3, x  Z} gS rc A ds mileqPp;ksa dh la[;k gksxh &
(A) 120 (B) 30 (C) 31 (D*) 32

A-4. Which of the following are true ?

fuEu esa ls dkSulk lR; gS ?
(A*) [3, 7]  (2, 10) (B) (0, )  (4, ) (C) (5, 7]  [5, 7) (D) [2, 7]  (2.9, 8)

A-5. The number of subsets of the power set of set A = {7, 10, 11} is
leqPp; A = {7, 10, 11} ds ?kkr leqPp; ds mileqPp;ksa dh la[;k gSµ
(A) 32 (B) 16 (C) 64 (D*) 256

A-6. Which of the folowing sets is an infinite set ?

fuEu esa ls dkSulk leqPp; vifjfer leqPp; gS \
(A) Set of divisors of 24 ¼ 24 ds Hkktdksa dk leqPp;½
(B*) Set of all real number which lie between 1 and 2 (1 ls 2 ds e/; lHkh okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp;½
(C) Set of all humman beings living in India. ¼Hkkjr esa jgus okys lHkh euq";ksa dk leqPp;½
(D) Set of all three digit natural numbers ¼rhu vad dh lHkh izkd`r la[;kvksa dk leqPp;½

Section (B) : Operations on sets, Law of Algebra of sets

[k.M (B) : leqPp;ksa dh lafØ;k;sa] chtxf.kr ds fu;e
B-1. Let A = {x : x  R, –1 < x < 1} , B = {x : x  R, x  0 or x  2} and A B = R – D, then the set D is
(A) {x : 1 < x  2} (B*) {x : 1  x < 2} (C) {x : 1  x  2} (D) {x : 1 < x < 2}
ekuk A = {x : x  R, –1 < x < 1}, B = {x : x  R, x  0 ;k x  2} rFkk A B = R – D, rc leqPp; D gS&
(A) {x : 1 < x  2} (B*) {x : 1  x < 2} (C) {x : 1  x  2} (D) {x : 1 < x < 2}

B-2. If A = {2, 3, 4, 8, 10}, B = {3, 4, 5, 10, 12}, C = {4, 5, 6, 12, 14} then (A  B)  (A  C) is equal to
;fn A = {2, 3, 4, 8, 10}, B = {3, 4, 5, 10, 12}, C = {4, 5, 6, 12, 14} rc (A  B)  (A  C) cjkcj gS&
(A*) {3, 4, 10} (B) {2, 8, 10} (C) {4, 5, 6} (D) {3, 5, 14}

B-3. The shaded region in the given figure is

fn;s x;s fp=k esa Nka;kfdr Hkkx n'kkZrk gS &

(A) A  (B  C) (B) A  (B  C) (C) A  (B – C) (D*) A – (B  C)

B-4. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 2, 5}, B = {6, 7}, then A  Bis
ekuk U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {1, 2, 5}, B = {6, 7}, rc A  B gS&
(A) B   (B*) A (C) A (D) B

B-5. If A = {x : x = 4n + 1, n  5, n  N} and B {3n : n  8, n  N}, then A – (A – B) is :

;fn A = {x : x = 4n + 1, n  5, n  N} rFkk B {3n : n  8, n  N}, rc A – (A – B) cjkcj gS :
(A*) {9, 21} (B) {9, 12} (C) {6, 12} (D) {6, 21}
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B-6. A  B = A  B iff :
A  B = A  B ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn
(A) A  B (B*) A = B (C) A  B (D) A  B

B-7. Consider the following statements :

1. N  (B  Z) = (N B) Z for any subset B of R, where N is the set of positive integers, Z is
the set of integers, R is the set of real numbers.
2. Let A = {n  N : 1  n  24, n is a multiple of 3}. There exists no subset B of N such that the
number of elemets in A is equal to the number of elements in B.
Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
(A*) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) Both 1 and 2 (D) Neither 1 nor 2
ekuk fd dFku :
1. R ds fdlh mileqPp; B ds fy, N  (B  Z) = (N B) Z tgk¡ N /kukRed iw.kkZadksa dk leqPp; gS vkSj
Z iw.kkZadks dk leqPp; gS, R okLrfod la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gSA
2. ekuk A = {n  N : 1  n  24, n,3 dk xq.kt gSA} N dk bl izdkj dk dksbZ mileqPp; B ugha gS ftlesa A
esa vo;oksa dh la[;k] B esa vo;oksa dh la[;k ds cjkcj gSA
rc fuEu esa ls dkSulk dFku lgh gS ?
(A*) dsoy 1 (B) dsoy 2 (C) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (D) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2

B-8.Which of the following venn-diagrams best represents the sets of females, mothers and doctors ?
fuEu esa dkSulk osu&vkjs[k leqPp; efgyk,a] ekrk,a] fpfdRldksa ds fy, lcls vf/kd mi;qDr gS&

(A) (B) (C) (D*)

Section (C) : Cardinal number Problems

C-1. Let A and B be two sets. Then

(A) n(A  B)  n(A  B)(B*) n(A  B)  n(A  B)(C) n(A  B) = n(A  B) (D) can't be say
ekuk A vkSj B nks leqPp; gSa] rc
(A) n(A  B)  n(A  B)(B*) n(A B)  n(A  B)(C) n(A  B) = n(A  B) (D) dqN dgk ugha tk ldrk

C-2. In a city 20 percent of the population travels by car, 50 percent travels by bus and 10 percent travels by
both car and bus. Then persons travelling by car or bus is
(A) 80 percent (B) 40 percent (C*) 60 percent (D) 70 percent
fdlh uxj dh tula[;k ds 20 % dkj ls ;k=kk djrs gSa] 50 % cl ls rFkk 10 % dkj vkSj cl nksuksa ls ;k=kk djrsa
gSa] rks dkj vFkok cl ls ;k=kk djus okys O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k gksxh&
(A) 80 % (B) 40 % (C*) 60 % (D) 70 %

C-3. A class has 175 students. The following data shows the number of students obtaining one or more
subjects : Mathematics 100, Physics 70, Chemistry 40, Mathematics and Physics 30, Mathematics and
Chemistry 28, Physics and Chemistry 23, Mathematics & Physics & Chemistry 18. How many students
have offered Mathematics alone ?
,d d{kk esa 175 fo|kFkhZ gSaA fuEu vk¡dM+s ;g iznf'kZRk djrsa gSa fd fdrus fo|kFkhZ ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd fo"k; dk
p;u djrs gS % xf.kr 100, HkkSfrdh 70, jlk;u 40, xf.kr vkSj HkkSfrd 30, xf.kr vkSj jlk;u 28, HkkSfrd vkSj
jlk;u 23, xf.kr vkSj HkkSfrd vkSj jlk;u 18, rc fdrus fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikl dsoy xf.kr fo"k; gS&
(A) 35 (B) 48 (C*) 60 (D) 22

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C-4. 31 candidates appeared for an examination, 15 candidates passed in English, 15 candidates passed in
Hindi, 20 candidates passed in Sanskrit. 3 candidates passed only in English. 4. candidates passed
only in Hindi, 7 candidates passed only in Sanskrit. 2 candidates passed in all the three subjects How
many candidates passed only in two subjects ?
,d ijh{kk esa 31 fo|kFkhZ cSBrs gS ftuesa 15 fo|kFkhZ vaxzsth esa] 15 fo|kFkhZ fgUnh esa] 20 fo|kFkhZ laLd`r esa] 3 fo|kFkhZ
dsoy vaxzsth esa ikl gksrs gS] 4 fo|kFkhZ dsoy fgUnh esa ikl gksrs gS] 7 fo|kFkhZ dsoy laLd`r esa ikl gksrs gS vkSj 2
fo|kFkhZ lHkh rhu fo"k; esa ikl gks tkrs gS rc dsoy nks fo"k; fdrus fo|kFkhZ ikl gksrs gS \
(A) 17 (B*) 15
(C) 22 (D) 14

Section (D) : Rational Inequalities

[k.M (D) : ifjes; vlfedk,sa
x 4  3x3  2x 2
D-1. The complete solution set of the inequality  0 is:
x 2  x  30
(A) (,  5)  (1, 2)  (6, )  {0} (B*) (,  5)  [1, 2]  (6, )  {0}
(C) (,  5]  [1, 2]  [6, )  {0} (D) (,  5]  [1, 2]  [6, )
x 4  3x3  2x 2
vlfedk  0 ds lEiw.kZ gyksa dk leqPp; gS &
x 2  x  30
(A) (,  5)  (1, 2)  (6, )  {0} (B) (,  5)  [1, 2]  (6, )  {0}
(C) (,  5]  [1, 2]  [6, )  {0} (D) (,  5]  [1, 2]  [6, )

D-2. Number of positive integral values of x satisfying the inequality

(x  4)2017 . (x  8)2016 (x  1)
 0 is
x2016 (x  2)3 . (x  3)5 . (x  6) (x  9)2018
(x  4)2017 . (x  8)2016 (x  1)
vlfedk  0 dks larq"V djus okys x ds /kukRed iw.kkZad ekuksa dh
x2016 (x  2)3 . (x  3)5 . (x  6) (x  9)2018
la[;k gS&
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D*) 3

x2  1
D-3. The complete solution of  0 & x2 – 5x + 2  0 is :
x3
x2  1
 0 vkSj x2 – 5x + 2  0 dk lEiw.kZ gy gS&
x3
 5  17 5  17   5  17 
(A) x   ,  (B*) x  1, 
 2 2   2 
(C) x  (–3, –1] (D) x  (–3, –1]  [1, )

D-4. The solution of the inequality 2x – 1  x2 + 3  x – 1 is

vlfedk 2x – 1  x2 + 3  x – 1 dk gy gS&
(A) x R (B) [–2, 2] (C) (–2, 2) (D*) x 
x2  1
D-5. The number of prime numbers satisfying the inequality < 3 is
2x  5
x2  1
vlfedk < 3 dks lUrq"V djus okys vHkkT; la[;kvksa dh la[;k gS&
2x  5
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D*) 4

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D-6. The number of the integral solutions of x2 + 9 < (x + 3)2 < 8x + 25 is :

(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D*) 5
x2 + 9 < (x + 3)2 < 8x + 25 ds iw.kk±d gyksa dh la[;k gS&
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D*) 5


2 1 2x  1
D-7. Number of non-negative integral values of x satisfying the inequality    0 is
x2  x  1 x  1 x3  1
2 1 2x  1
vlfedk   3  0 dks lUrq"V djus okys x ds v_.kkRed iw.kkZad ekuksa dh la[;k gS
x  x 1
2 x 1 x 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D*) 3

Section (E) : Logarithm

[k.M (E) : y?kqx.kd

E-1. If a4 · b5 = 1 then the value of loga(a5b4) equals

;fn a4 · b5 = 1 gS] rks loga(a5b4) dk eku cjkcj gS&
(A*) 9/5 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 8/5

1 1 1
E-2. + + has the value equal to
1  logb a  logb c 1  logc a  logc b 1  loga b  loga c
1 1 1
+ + dk eku gS &
1  logb a  logb c 1  logc a  logc b 1  loga b  loga c
1
(A) abc (B) (C) 0 (D*) 1
abc

1 1 1
E-3. + + has the value equal to :
log abc log abc log abc
bc ca ab

1 1 1
+ + dk eku gS &
log abc log abc log abc
bc ca ab

(A) 1/2 (B*) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

E-4. (log210) . (log280) – (log25) . (log2160) is equal to :

(log210) . (log280) – (log25) . (log2160) dk eku gS &
(A) log25 (B) log220 (C) log210 (D*) log216

log27 a2 1

3
log a
2 21/ 4 3  2a
E-5. The ratio simplifies to :
4log49 a
7  a 1
log27 a2 1
3
log a
2 21/ 4 3  2a
vuqikr 4log49 a
ds ljyhdj.k ls izkIr gksrk gS &
7  a 1
(A) a2  a  1 (B) a2 + a  1 (C) a2  a + 1 (D*) a2 + a + 1

E-6. Let x  2log3 and y  3log2 where base of the logarithm is 10, then which one of the following holds
good?
ekuk x  2log3 rFkk y  3log2 tgk¡ y?kqx.kd dk vk/kkj 10 gS rc fuEu esa ls dkSulk lgh gS ?
(A) 2x < y (B) 2y < x (C) 3x = 2y (D*) y = x

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E-7. If loga(ab) = x, then logb(ab) is equal to

;fn loga(ab) = x rc logb(ab) cjkcj gS
1 x x x
(A) (B) (C) (D*)
x 1 x 1 x x 1

  = 1 and log log (log x) = 0 then 'p' equals

q 
logp logq (logr x)
E-8. 10 r p

  = 1 rFkk log log (log x) = 0 rc 'p' cjkcj gS

q 
logp logq (logr x)
10 r p

(A*) rq/r (B) rq (C) 1 (D)rr/q

E-9. Which one of the following is the smallest?

fuEu esa ls dkSulk lcls NksVk gS ?
3
 1   1 
(A*) log10 (B) log10 2 (C)   (D)  
 log10    log 
 10  

E-10. log10(log23) + log10(log34) + log10(log45) + ........ + log10(log10231024) simplifies to

(A) a composite (B) a prime number
(C) rational which is not an integer (D*) an integer
log10(log23) + log10(log34) + log10(log45) + ........ + log10(log10231024) ljy djus ij
(A) ,d la;qDr la[;k (B) ,d vHkkT; la[;k
(C) ifjes; tks fd iw.kkZad ugha gSA (D*) ,d iw.kkZad

E-11. The sum of all the solutions to the equation 2 log10 x – log10(2x – 75) = 2
lehdj.k 2 log10 x – log10(2x – 75) = 2 ds lHkh gyksa dk ;ksxQy gSA
(A) 30 (B) 350 (C) 75 (D*) 200

2
E-12. If the solution of the equation logx(125x) . log25 x = 1 are  and ( < ). Then the value of 1/is :
2
;fn lehdj.k logx(125x) . log25 x = 1 ds gy  vkSj gS ( < ). rc 1/dk eku gS :
(A) 5 (B) 25 (C*) 125 (D) 625

9 2
E-13. The positive integral solution of the equation logx 5 + logx5x = + logx 5 is :
4
(A) Composite number (B*) Prime number (C) Even number (D) Divisible by 3
9
lehdj.k logx 5 + logx5x = + log2x 5 ds /kukRed iw.kk±d gy gS&
4
(A) la;qDr la[;k (B*) vHkkT; la[;k (C) le la[;k (D) 3 ls foHkkftr

E-14. The expression logp , where p  2, p  N ; n  N when simplified is

(A*) independent of p (B) independent of p and of n
(C) dependent on both p and n (D) positive

O;atd logp , tgk¡ p  2, p  N ; n  N dks ljyhd`r djus ij izkIr O;atd gksxk&

(A*) p ls Lora=k (B) p ,oa n ls Lora=k (C) p ,oa n nksuksa ij fuHkZj (D) /kukRed

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

E-15. If logx log18  2 8 =

1
3

. Then the value of 1000 x is equal to

;fn logx log18  

1
2  8 = gks] rks 1000 x dk eku gS &
3
(A) 8 (B) 1/8 (C) 1/125 (D*) 125
E-16. If 32 log3 x
 2 x  3 = 0, then the number of values of 'x' satisfying the equation is
(A) zero (B*) 1 (C) 2 (D) more than 2
;fn 3 2 log3 x
 2 x  3 = 0 gks] rks x ds fdrus eku lehdj.k dks lUrq"V djrs gS &
(A) 'kwU; (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 2 ls vf/kd

E-17. Number of real solutions of the equation log10   x  = log10 x 2 is :

(A) zero (B) exactly 1 (C*) exactly 2 (D) 4
lehdj.k log10   x  = log10 x 2 ds okLrfod gykas dh la[;k gS &
(A) 'kwU; (B) dsoy ,d (C) dsoy nks (D) 4

x2
E-18. The correct graph of y = xlogx is
2
logx x
y= x dk lgh vkys[k gS &

(A) (B*) (C) (D)

Section (F) : Logarithmic inequalities

[k.M (F) : y?kqx.kdh; vlfedk,sa
F-1. The solution set of the inequality log 
(x2  3x  2)  2 is
sin  
3

vlfedk log 

(x2  3x  2) 2 dk gy leqPp; gS&
sin  
3

1   5 1   5
(A)  ,2  (B)  1,  (C*)  , 1   2,  (D) 1, 2
2   2 2   2
F-2. If log0.3 (x  1) < log0.09 (x  1), then x lies in the interval
 3
(A*) (2, ) (B) (1, 2) (C) ( 2,  1) (D)  1, 
 2
;fn log0.3 (x  1) < log0.09 (x  1) gks] rks x ftl vUrjky esa fLFkr gS] og gSa&
 3
(A) (2, ) (B) (1, 2) (C) ( 2,  1) (D)  1, 
 2
F-3. Solution set of the inequality 2  log2 (x2 + 3x)  0 is :
vlfedk 2  log2 (x2 + 3x)  0 ds gyksa dk leqPp; gSa &
(A) [ 4, 1] (B*) [ 4,  3)  (0, 1]
(C) (   3)  (1, )

(D) (  4)  [1, )

F-4. If log0.5 log5 (x2 – 4) > log0.51, then ‘x’ lies in the interval
;fn log0.5 log5 (x2 – 4) > log0.51 gks, rks x ftl vUrjky esa fLFkr gS] og gSa &
(A*) (– 3, – 5 )  ( 5 , 3) (B) (– 3, – 5 )  ( 5 , 2)
(C) ( 5 , 3 5 ) (D) 

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2
2x
F-5. The set of all solutions of the inequality (1/ 2)x < 1/4 contains the set
x2 2x
vlfedk (1/ 2) < 1/4 ds lHkh gyksa dk leqPp; fuEu esa ls ftl leqqPp; dks lekfgr djrk gSa] og gS&
(A) (– , 0) (B) (– , 1) (C) (1, ) (D*) (3, )
F-6. The set of all the solutions of the inequality log1 – x (x – 2)  – 1 is
vlfedk log1 – x (x – 2)  – 1 ds lHkh gyksa dk leqPp; gS&
(A) (– , 0) (B) (2, ) (C) (– , 1) (D*) 

PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

Hkkx - III : dkWye dks lqesfyr dhft, (MATCH THE COLUMN )

1. Match the set P in column one with its super set Q in column II
LrEHk I ds leqPp; P dks LrEHk II esa mlds vf/kleqPp; Q ls lqesfyr dhft, &
Column ¼LrEHk½ – (set P) Column ¼LrEHk½ – (set Q)
(A) [32n – 8n – 1 : n  N} (p) {49 (n – 1) : n  N
(B) {23n – 1 : n  N} (q) {64 (n –1) :  N}
(C) {32n –1 : n  N} (r) {7n : n N}
(D) {23n – 7n – 1 : n  N} (s) {8n : n N}
Ans. (A)  (q), (B)  (r), (C)  (s), (D)  (p)
2. Column-I Column-II
(A) If a = 3  82 7  
8  2 7 , b = (42)(30)  36 (p) –1

then the value of logab is equal to

(B) If a = 4  2 3 – 4  2 3 , b = 11  6 2 – 11  6 2 , (q) 1
then the value of logab is equal to
(C) If a = 3  2 2 , b = 3  2 2 (r) 2
then the value of logab is equal to
3
(D) If a = 7  72  1 , b = 7  72  1 , (s)
2
then the value of logab is equal to
(E) The number of zeroes at the end of the product of first 20 (t) None
prime numbers, is
(F) The number of solutions of 22x – 32y = 55, in which x and y
are integers, is
Column-I Column-II
(A) ;fn a = 3  82 7  
8  2 7 , b = (42)(30)  36 (p) –1

rc logab dk eku cjkcj gS

(B) ;fn a = 4  2 3 – 4  2 3 , b = 11  6 2 – 11  6 2 , (q) 1
gks] rks logab dk eku cjkcj gS
(C) ;fn a = 3  2 2 , b = 3  2 2 (r) 2
gks] rks logab dk eku cjkcj gS
3
(D) ;fn a = 7  72  1 , b = 7  72  1 , (s)
2
gks] rks logab dk eku cjkcj gS
(E) izFke 20 vHkkT; la[;kvksa ds xq.kuQy ds vUr esa 'kwU;ksa dh la[;k gS (t) dksbZ ugha
(F) lehdj.k 22x – 32y = 55 ds gyksa dh la[;k gS ftlesa x vkSj y iw.kkZad gS
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Ans. (A)  r, (B)  s, (C)  p, (D)  p, (E)  q, (F)  q

3. Column-I Column-II

(A) When the repeating decimal 0.363636............. is written as a rational (p) 4

fraction in the simplest form, the sum of the numerator and denominator is

(B) Given positive integer p, q and r with p = 3q · 2r and 100 < p < 1000. (q) 0
The difference between maximum and minimum values of (q + r), is

(C) If log8a + log8b = (log8a)(log8b) and logab = 3, then the value of 'a' is (r) 15

– 2
log3 2 log2 3
(D) If P = 3 then value of P is (s)
16

LrEHk-I LrEHk-II
(A) tc iqujko`fÙk n'keyo la[;k 0.363636.............dks ifjes; fHkUu
ds ljyre :i es fy[kk tk ldrk gS rc va'k o gj dk ;ksx gS& (p) 4
(B) fn;s x;s /kukRed iw.kkZad p, q vkSj r bl izdkj gSa fd p = 3q · 2r vkSj 100 < p < 1000. (q) 0
(q + r), ds vf/kdre vkSj U;wure eku dk vUrj gS&
(C) ;fn log8a + log8b = (log8a)(log8b) vkSj logab = 3 rc 'a' dk eku gS (r) 15

– 2
log3 2 log2 3
(D) ;fn P = 3 gks rks P dk eku gS (s) 16
Ans. (A)  r, (B)  p, (C)  s, (D)  q

4. Column-I Column-II
(A) Anti logarithm of 0.6   to the base 27 has the value equal to (p) 5

(B) Characteristic of the logarithm of 2008 to the base 2 is

(C) The value of b satisfying the equation, (q) 7

loge2 · logb625 = log1016 · loge10 is

(D) Number of naughts after decimal before a significant figure (r) 9

100
5
comes in the number   , is (s) 10
6
(Given log102 = 0.3010 and log103 = 0.4771)
LrEHk-I LrEHk-II
(A) 0.6  dk vk/kkj 27 ij izfr y?kqx.kd dk eku gSA (p) 5
(B) vk/kkj 2 ij 2008 ds y?kqx.kd dk iw.kkZa'k gS
(C) lehdj.k loge2 · logb625 = log1016 · loge10 dks lUrq"V djus okys b ds eku gS (q) 7
100
5
(D) la[;k   esa n'keyo ds ckn lkFkZd vad ls igys 'kwU;ksa dh la[;k gS (r) 9
 
6
(s) 10
(fn;k x;k gS log102 = 0.3010 rFkk log103 = 0.4771)
Ans. (A)  r, (B)  s, (C)  p, (D)  q

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

 Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.

 fpfUgr iz'u nksgjkus ;ksX; iz'u gSA
* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
* fpfUgr iz'u ,d ls vf/kd lgh fodYi okys iz'u gS -

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

Hkkx-I : dsoy ,d lgh fodYi çdkj (ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE)

1. Let A1, A2 and A3 be subsets of a set X. Which one of the following is correct ?
(A*) A1  A2  A3 is the smallest subset of X containing elements of each of A1, A2 and A3
(B) A1  A2  A3 is the smallest subset of X containing either A1 or A2  A3 but not both
(C) The smallest subset of X containing A1  A2 and A3 equals the smallest subset of X containing
both A1 and A2  A3 only if A2 = A3
(D) None of these

ekuk A1, A2 vkSj A3 leqPp; X ds mileqPp; gSa A fuEu esa ls dkSulk lgh gS ?
(A*) A1  A2  A3 , leqPp; X dk lcls NksVk mileqPp; gS tks A1, A2 vkSj A3 izR;sd ds vo;oksa dks j[krk gSA
(B) A1  A2  A3, leqPp; X dk lcls NksVk mileqP;; gS tks ;k rks A1 ;k A2  A3 dks j[krk gS ijUrq nksuksa
dks ughaA
(C) X dk lcls NksVk mileqPp; tks A1  A2 rFkk A3 rFkk X dk lcls NksVk mileqPp; gS tks A1 vkSj A2 
A3 nksuksa dks j[krk gS] leku gksaxsa dsoy ;fn A2 = A3
(D) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

2. Let A, B, C be distinct subsets of a universal set U. For a subset X of U, let X ' denote the complement
of X in U.
Consider the following sets :
1. ((A  B) C) B) = B  C
2. (A   B )(A  B C) = (A (B  C))
Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
(A) 1 only (B*) 2 only (C) Both 1 and 2 (D) Neither 1 nor 2
ekuk fd lkoZfu"B leqPp; U ds fofHkUu mileqPp;ksa A, B, C gSA U ds mileqPp; X ds fy,] ekuk X ', U es X ds
iwjd leqPp; dks O;Dr djrk gSA
ekuk fd fuEu leqPp; :
1. ((A  B) C) B) = B  C
2. (A   B )(A  B C) = (A (B  C))
fuEu es ls dkSuls dFku lgh gS ?
(A) dsoy 1 (B*) dsoy 2 (C) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (D) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2

3. In an examination of a certain class, at least 70% of the students failed in Physics, at least 72% failed in
Chemistry, at least 80% failed in Mathematics and at least 85% failed in English. How many at least
must have failed in all the four subjects ?
(A) 5% (B*) 7%
(C) 15% (D) Cannot be determined due to insufficient data
,d d{kk dh ijh{kk esa HkkSfrdh esa de ls de 70% fo|kFkhZ Qsy gksrs gS] de ls de 72% fo|kFkhZ jlk;u esa Qsy
gksrs gS] de ls de 80% fo|kFkhZ xf.kr esa Qsy gksrs gS vkSj de ls de 85% fo|kFkhZ vxzsath esa Qsy gksrs gS rc de
ls de bu lHkh pkjks fo"k;ksa esa fdrus fo|kFkhZ Qsy gksrs gS ?
(A) 5% (B*) 7%
(C) 15% (D) vi;kZIr vkdM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij Kkr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

6 x2  5 x  3
4. If  4, then the least and the highest values of 4x2 are:
x2  2 x  6
(A) 36 & 81 (B) 9 & 81 (C*) 0 & 81 (D) 9 & 36
6 x2  5 x  3
;fn 2  4 gks] rks 4x2 dk U;wure ,oa vf/kdre eku gS&
x  2x  6
(A) 36 & 81 (B) 9 & 81 (C*) 0 & 81 (D) 9 & 36

4 1
5. If  1 and  
is an odd integer then number of possible values of  is
 1 2 
4 1
;fn 2  1 vkSj   ,d fo"ke iw.kkZad gS rc  ds laHkkfor ekuksa dh la[;k gS
 1 
(A) 1 (B*) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

6. If logab = 2; logbc = 2 and log3c = 3 + log3a then (a + b + c) equals

;fn logab = 2; logbc = 2 rFkk log3c = 3 + log3a rc (a + b + c) cjkcj gS&
(A) 90 (B*) 93 (C) 102 (D) 243

7. The sum of the solutions of the equation 9x – 6 · 3x + 8 = 0 is

lehdj.k 9x – 6 · 3x + 8 = 0 ds gyksa dk ;ksxQy gS&
(A) log3 2 (B) log3 6 (C*) log3 8 (D) log3 4

 x 2  3x  2  x(x3  1)
   3x  log2 8
 x2  (x  1)(x 2  x  1)
8. The expression: reduces to
(x  1)(log2 3)(log3 4)(log4 5)(log5 2)
 x 2  3x  2  x(x3  1)
   3x  log2 8
 x2  (x  1)(x 2  x  1)
O;atd : dks ljy djus ij izkIr gksrk gS
(x  1)(log2 3)(log3 4)(log4 5)(log5 2)
x 1 x 2  3x  2 3x
(A*) (B) (C) (D) x
x 1 (log2 5)x  1 x 1

9. If a, b, c are positive real numbers such that alog3 7 = 27 ; blog7 11 = 49 and clog11 25 = 11 . The value
of a  (log3 7)2
b (log7 11)2
c (log11 25)2
 equals
;fn a, b, c /kukRed okLrfod la[;k,sa bl izdkj gS fd alog3 7 = 27 ; blog7 11 = 49 rFkk clog11 25 = 11

a (log3 7) 2 2
 b(log7 11)  c(log11 25)
2

 dk eku cjkcj gS
(A) 489 (B*) 469 (C) 464 (D) 400
10. Consider the statement : x ( – x) < y ( – y) for all x, y with 0 < x < y < 1. The statement is true
(A*) if and only if  2
(B) if and only if  2
(C) if and only if  –1 (D) for no values of 
ekuk fd dFku : x ( – x) < y ( – y) lHkh x vkSj y ds fy, 0 < x < y < 1 dFku lgh gS
(A*) ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn  2 (B) ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn  2
(C) ;fn vkSj dsoy ;fn  –1 (D)  ds fdlh eku ds fy, ughaA

(x  8) (2  x)
11. The set of values of x satisfying simultaneously the inequalities  0 and
 10 
log0.3  7 (log2 5  1) 
 
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2x  3  31 > 0 is :
(A*) a unit set (B) an empty set
(C) an infinite set (D) a set consisting of exactly two elements.
(x  8) (2  x)
vlfedkvksa  0 vkSj 2x  3  31 > 0 dks ,d lkFk larq"V djus okys 'x' ds ekuksa dk
 10 
log0.3  (log2 5  1) 
 7 
leqPp; gSa&
(A),dy leqPp; (B) fjDr leqPp;
(C) ,d vuUr leqPp; (D) ,d ,slk leqPp; ftlesa Bhd 2 vo;o gSA

(3x  4x ) · n(x  2)
12. The solution set of the inequality  0 is
x2  3x  4
(3x  4x ) · n(x  2)
vlfedk  0 ds gyksa dk leqPp; gS &
x2  3x  4
(A) (–, 0]  (4, ) (B) (–2, 0]  (4, ) (C) (–1, 0]  (4, ) (D*) (–2, –1)  (– 1, 0]  (4, )

1
13. Number of integers for which f ( x)   log(2x  3) ( x2  x  1) is defined is equal to-
log(3 x  2) (2x  3)

1
f ( x)   log(2x  3) ( x2  x  1) dks ifjHkkf"kr gksus ds fy, iw.kkZadksa dh la[;k gS
log(3 x  2) (2x  3)

(A) 1 (B*) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

14. If log4 {log3 {log2 (x2  2x  a)}} is defined xR, then the set of values of 'a' is

;fn log4 {log3 {log2 (x2  2x  a)}} , xR ds fy, ifjHkkf"kr gS rc 'a' ds ekuksa dk leqPp; gS
(A*) [9, ) (B) [10, ) (C) [15, ) (D) [2, )
15. Let X and Y be two sets.
Statement-1 X  (Y  X)' = 
Statement-2 If X  Y has m elements and X  Y has n elements then symmetric difference X  Y
has m – n elements.
(A*) Both the statements are true. (B) Statement- is true, but Statement- is false.
(C) Statement- is false, but Statement- is true. (D) Both the statements are false.
ekuk X vkSj Y nks leqPp; gSA
oDrO;-1 X  (Y  X)' = 
oDrO;-2 ;fn X  Y esa m vo;o gS rFkk X  Y esa n vo;o gS rc lefer vUrj X  Y esa m – n vo;o gSA
(A*) nksuks dFku lR; gSA (B) dFku- lR; gS, ijUrq dFku- vlR; gSA
(C) dFku- vlR; gS, ijUrq dFku- lR; gSA (D) nksuks dFku vlR; gSA
Ans. (A)

PART - II : SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE

Hkkx - II : ,dy ,oa f}&iw.kk±d eku izdkj ¼SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE½
1. Let U be set with number of elements in it is 2009 and A, B are subsets of U with n (A  B) = 280. If
n(A B) = x13 + x 32 = y13 + y 32 for some positive integers x1, x2 , y1, y2 then find the value of
(x1 + x2 + y1 + y2).

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ekuk vo;oksa dh la[;k dk leqPp; U gS ftlesa 2009 vo;o gS rFkk A vkSj B, U ds mileqPp; gS ftlesa
n (A  B) = 280. ;fn n(A B) = x13 + x 32 = y13 + y 32 fdlh /kukRed x1, x2, y1, y2 iw.kkZad ds fy, rc
(x1 + x2 + y1 + y2) dk eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 32

2. Let U be set with number of elements in it is 2009. A is a subset of U with n (A) = 1681 and out of these
1681 elements, exactly 1075 elements belong to a subset B of U. If n (A – B) = m2 + p1 p2 p3 for some
positive integer m and distinct primes p1, p2, p3 then for least m find (p1 + p2 + p3)

ekuk vo;oksa dh la[;k dk leqPp; U gS ftlesa 2009 vo;o gSA A, U dk mileqPp; gS ftlesa n (A) = 1681 rFkk
1681 vo;o esa ls Bhd 1075 vo;o dks U dk mileqPp; B j[krk gSA n (A – B) = m2 + p1 p2 p3 fdlh /kukRed
iw.kkZd m rFkk vHkkT; la[;k p1, p2, p3 fHkUu&fHkUu vHkkT; la[;k,a rCk U;wure m ds fy, (p1 + p2 + p3) Kkr
dhft,A
Ans. 52

3. Let A = {(x, y) : x  R, y  R, x3 + y3 = 1], B = {(x, y) : x  R, y  R, x – y = 1}

and C = {(x, y) : x  R, y  R, x + y = 1}. If A  B contains 'p' elements and A C contains 'q' elements
then find (q – p).
Ans. 1
ekuk A = {(x, y) : x  R, y  R, x3 + y3 = 1], B = {(x, y) : x  R, y  R, x – y = 1}
vkSj C = {(x, y) : x  R, y  R, x + y = 1} ;fn A  B, 'p' vo;o j[krk gS vkSj A C, 'q' vo;o j[krk gSA rc (q
– p) Kkr dhft,A

4. In a class of 42 students, the number of students studying different subjects are 23 in Mathematics, 24
in Physics, 19 in Chemistry, 12 in Mathematics and Physics 9 in Mathematics and Chemistry, 7 in
Physics and Chemistry and 4 in all the three subjects. Then find number of students who have taken
exactly one subject.
Ans. 22
fdlh d{kk ds 42 Nk=kksa esa ls fofHkUu fo"k;ksa es ls 23 Nk=k xf.kr] 24 HkkSfrdh] 19 jlk;u] 12 xf.kr vkSj HkkSfrdh] 9
xf.kr vkSj jlk;u] 7 HkkSfrdh vkSj jlk;u rFkk 4 lHkh rhuksa fo"k; i<+rs gSa] rks Bhd ,d fo"k; i<+us okys Nk=kksa dh
la[;k gS&
Ans. 22
(x 2  2)( x 2  16 )
5. Find the sum of all the real solutions of the inequality 0
(x 4  2)(x 2  9)
(x 2  2)( x 2  16 )
vlfedk  0 ds lHkh okLrfod gyksa dk ;ksxQy Kkr dhft,A
(x 4  2)(x 2  9)
Ans. 0

6. Find the value of (log312)(log372) – log3(192).log36

(log312)(log372) – log3(192).log36 dk eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 1
7. 
Let x  log1 3 5  log125 343 log49 729 and y = 25
3log289 11 log28 17 log1331 784
, then find the value of
x2 + y2 is
ekuk x   l o1 g3  5  3 4 3  rFkk
3log289 11 log28 17 log1331 784
l 1o2g5 4 l9o y = 25 rc x2 + y2 dk eku Kkr
dhft,
Ans. 34

log(a  c)  log(a  2b  c)
8. If c(a – b) = a(b – c) then find the value of
log(a  c)

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(Assume all terms are defined)

log(a  c)  log(a  2b  c)
;fn c(a – b) = a(b – c) rc dk eku Kkr dhft,A
log(a  c)
(ekukfd lHkh in ifjHkkf"kr gSA)
Ans. 2

9. If logb a. logc a + loga b. logc b + loga c. logb c = 3 ( where a, b, c are different positive real numbers  1),
then find the value of a b c.
;fn logb a. logc a + loga b. logc b + loga c. logb c = 3 ( tgka a, b, c fHkUu&fHkUu /kukRed okLrfod la[;k,a  1 gS),
gks] rks a b c dk eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 1

10. If 4A + 9B = 10C, where A = log164, B = log39 & C = logx83, then find x.

;fn 4A + 9B = 10C, tgka A = log164, B = log39 & C = logx83 gks] rks x dk eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 10

11. Find the natural number, x , which satisfies the equation log10 (x²  12 x + 36) = 2
izkÑr la[;k x dk eku Kkr dhft, tks lehdj.k log10 (x²  12 x + 36) = 2 dks larq"V djrk gSA
Ans. 16

12. Find the value of x satisfying the equation log 1 (x  1)  log 1 (x  1)  log 1 (7  x)  1
2 2 2
lehdj.k log 1 (x  1)  log 1 (x  1)  log 1 (7  x)  1 dks lUrq"V djus okys x ds eku Kkr dhft,A
2 2 2
Ans. x=3

13. Find the non negative square root of product of reciprocal of roots of the equation
log 102 x + log10x2 = log 102 2  1
lehd.k log 2
10 x + log10x2 = log 2
10 2  1 ds ewyksa ds O;qRØe ds xq.kuQy dk v_.kkRed oxZewy Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 10

14. If log(2x + 3) (6x2 + 23x + 21) = 4 – log(3x + 7) (4x2 + 12x + 9) then find the value of 64 x2
;fn log(2x + 3) (6x2 + 23x + 21) = 4 – log(3x + 7) (4x2 + 12x + 9) gks] rks 64 x2 dk eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 4

3 5
15. Let a, b, c, d are positive integers such that logab = and logcd = . If (a – c) = 9, find
2 4
the value of (b  d) .
3 5
ekuk fd a, b, c, d /kukRed iw.kkZad bl izdkj gS fd logab = rFkk logcd = ;fn (a – c) = 9 gks rc (b  d) dk
2 4
eku Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 93

 2009  x
  2009 
logx (2010)
16. If the product of all solutions of the equation can be expressed in the lowest
2010
m
form as then the value of (m – n) is
n

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

 2 0 0 9 x m
  2009  x
log (201
;fn lehdj.k ds okLrfod gyksa ds xq.kuQy dks ds ljyre :i esa fy[k ldrs
2010 n
gS rc (m – n) dk eku gS
Ans 1

17. If the complete solution set of the inequality (log10 x)2  log10 x + 2 is (0, a]  [b, ) then find the value of
ab.
;fn vlfedk (log10 x)2  log10 x + 2 ds lEiw.kZ gy leqPp; (0, a]  [b, ) gS] rc ab dk eku Kkr dhft;sA
Ans. 10

1 1

18. The complete solution set of the inequality log
4
x 1 log4 ( x  3) , is (–a, ), then determine ‘a’.
x 2
1 1

vlfedk log4 x 1 log4 ( x  3) dk lEiw.kZ gy leqPp; (–a, ) gS] rks ‘a’ dk eku Kkr dhft,A
x 2
Ans. 1

19. Find the number of integers which do not satisfy the inequality log1/2 (x + 5)2 > log1/2 (3x – 1)2.
vlfedk log1/2 (x + 5)2 > log1/2 (3x – 1)2 dks larq"V ugha djus okys iw.kkZadksa dh la[;k gS&
Ans. 6

20^. If log10 2 = 0.3010 and log10 3 = 0.4771, then find sum of the number of digits in 615 and the number of
zeros immediately after the decimal in 3–100 .
;fn log10 2 = 0.3010 ,oa log10 3 = 0.4771 gks] rks 615 esa vadks dh la[;k vkSj 3–100 esa n'keyo ds Bhd ckn vkus
okys 'kwU;ksa dh la[;k dk ;ksxQy Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 59

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PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

Hkkx - III:,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd lgh fodYi çdkj (ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE)
1. A and B are two sets such that n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 6, then
(A*) minimum value of n(A  B) = 6 (B) minimum value of n(A  B) = 9
(C) maximum value of n(A  B) = 6 (D*) maximum value of n(A  B) = 9

A vkSj B nks leqPp; bl izdkj gS fd n(A) = 3 vkSj n(B) = 6, rc

(A*) n(A  B) dk U;wure eku = 6 (B) n(A  B) dk U;wure eku = 9
(C) n(A  B) dk vf/kdre eku = 6 (D*) n(A  B) dk vf/kdre eku = 9

2. In a survery, it was found that 21 persons liked product A, 26 liked product B and 29 liked product C. If
14 persons liked products A and B, 12 liked products C and A, 13 persons liked products B and C and
8 liked all the three products then which of the following is (are) true ?
(A*) The number of persons who liked the product C only = 12
(B*) The number of persons who like the products A and B but not C = 6
(C) The number of persons who liked the product C only = 6
(D) The number of persons who like the products A and B but not C = 12
,d losZ ;g ik;k tkrk gS fd 21 O;fDr mRikn A dks, 26 O;fDr mRikn B dks vkSj 29 O;fDr mRikn C dks ialn
djrs gSA ;fn 14 O;fDr mRikn A vkSj B dks ialn djrs gS] 12 O;fDr mRikn C vkSj A dks ialn djrs gS] 13 O;fDr
mRikn B vkSj C dks] 8 O;fDr lHkh rhuksa mRiknksa dks ialn djrs gS rc fuEu esa ls dkSulk lgh gS \
(A*) O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k tks dsoy mRikn C ialn djrs gS = 12
(B*) O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k tks mRikn A vkSj B dks ialn djrs gS ijUrq C dks ugha = 6
(C) O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k tks dsoy mRikn C dks ialn djrs gS = 6
(D) O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k tks mRikn A vkSj B dks ialn djrs gS ijUrq C dks ugha = 12

3. Let a > 2, a  N be a constant. If there are just 18 positive integers satisfying the inequality
(x – a)(x – 2a)(x – a2) < 0 then which of the option(s) is/are correct?
(A) 'a' is composite (B*) 'a' is odd
(C) 'a' is greater than 8 (D*) 'a' lies in the interval (3, 11)
ekuk fd a > 2, a  N vpj gSA ;fn dsoy 18 /kukRed iw.kkZad vlfedk (x – a)(x – 2a)(x – a2) < 0 dks lUrq"V
djrs gS rc fuEu esa ls dkSulk fodYi lgh gS ?
(A) 'a' la;qDr gSA (B*) 'a' fo"ke gSA (C) 'a', 8 ls cM+k gSA (D*) 'a' vUrjky (3, 11) esa fLFkr gSA

log3 135 log3 5

4. Let N = – . Then N is :
log15 3 log405 3
(A*) a natural number (B*) a prime number (C*) a rational number (D*) an integer
log3 135 log3 5
ekuk N = – gks] rks N gS &
log15 3 log405 3
(A) ,d izkd`r la[;k (B) ,d vHkkT; la[;k (C) ,d ifjes; la[;k (D) ,d iw.kk±d la[;k

5
5. Values of x satisfying the equation log52 x + log5x   = 1 are
x
5
lehdj.k log52 x + log5x   = 1 dks larq"V djus okys x ds eku gS&
x 
1
(A*) 1 (B*) 5 (C*) (D) 3
25

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

6. The equation logx2 16 + log2x64 = 3 has :

(A*) one irrational solution (B*) no prime solution
(C*) two real solutions (D*) one integral solution
lehdj.k logx2 16 + log2x64 = 3 ds fy;s &
(A) ,d vifjes; gy fo|eku gSaA (B) dksbZ vHkkT; gy fo|eku ughaA
(C) nks okLrfod gy fo|eku gSaA (D) ,d iw.kk±d gy fo|eku gSaA

 9 
(log3 x)  log3 x  5
2

7. The equation x  2  = 3 3 has

(A*) exactly three real solution (B*) at least one real solution
(C*) exactly one irrational solution (D*) complex roots.
 9 
(log3 x)  2 log3 x  5
2

lehdj.k x  =
3 3 ds fy;s &
(A) Bhd rhu okLrfod gy fo|eku gSA (B) de ls de ,d okLrfod gy fo|eku gSA
(C) Bhd ,d vifjes; gy fo|eku gSA (D) lfEeJ ewy fo|eku gSA

2
8. The solution set of the system of equations log3x + log3y = 2 + log32 and log27(x + y) = is :
3
2
lehdj.k fudk; log3x + log3y = 2 + log32 ,oa log27(x + y) = ds gyksa dk leqPp; gS&
3
(A*) {6, 3} (B*) {3, 6} (C) {6, 12} (D) {12, 6}

9. Consider the quadratic equation, (log108)x2 – (log105)x = 2(log210)–1 – x. Which of the following
quantities are irrational.
(A) sum of the roots (B) product of the roots
(C*) sum of the coefficients (D*) discriminant
ekuk fd f}?kkr lehdj.k (log108)x2 – (log105)x = 2(log210)–1 – x gSA fuEu esa ls dkSulk vifjes; gSA
(A) ewyksa dk ;ksx (B) ewyksa dk xq.kuQy
(C*) xq.kkdksa dk ;ksx (D*) foospd

10. If loga x = b for permissible values of a and x then identify the statement(s) which can be correct?
(A*) If a and b are two irrational numbers then x can be rational.
(B*) If a rational and b irrational then x can be rational.
(C*) If a irrational and b rational then x can be rational.
(D*) If a rational and b rational then x can be rational.
;fn loga x = b, a vkSj x ds Lohdk;Z ekuksa ds fy, gS] rc fuEu esa ls dkSulk dFku lgh gks ldrk gS
(A*) ;fn a rFkk b nks vifjes; la[;k,a rc x ifjes; gks ldrk gSA
(B*) ;fn a ifjes; rFkk b vifjes; rc x ifjes; gks ldrk gSA
(C*) ;fn a vifjes; gS] b ifjes; gS rc x ifjes; gks ldrk gSA
(D*) ;fn a ifjes; vkSj b ifjes; gS rc x ifjes; gks ldrk gSA

11. Which of the following statements are true

fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSuls dFku lR; gSa &
(A) log2 3 < log12 10 (B*) log6 5 < log7 8 (C*) log326 < log29 (D) log1615 > log1011 > log76

1
12. If  log0.1 x  2, then
2
1 1 1
(A*) maximum value of x is (B*) x lies between and
10 100 10

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

1 1
(C) minimum value of x is (D*) minimum value of x is
10 100
1
;fn  log0.1 x  2 gks] rks
2
1 1 1
(A) x dk vf/kdre eku gSA (B) x dk eku vkSj ds chp esa gSA
10 100 10
1 1
(C) x dk U;wure eku gSA (D) x dk U;wure eku gSA
10 100
PART - IV : COMPREHENSION

Hkkx - IV : vuqPNsn (COMPREHENSION)

Comprehension # 1 (1 to 3)
vuqPNsn # 1 (1 to 3)
In a group of 1000 people, there are 750 people, who can speak Hindi and 400 people, who can speak
Bengali.
1000 O;fDr;ksa ds lewg esa ls 750 O;fDr fgUnh vkSj 400 O;fDr caxkyh cksy ldrs gSaA

1. Number of people who can speak Hindi only is

dsoy fgUnh cksyus okys O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k gS&
(A) 300 (B) 400 (C) 500 (D*) 600

2. Number of people who can speak Bengali only is

dsoy caxkyh cksyus okys O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k gS&
(A) 150 (B*) 250 (C) 50 (D) 100

3. Number of people who can speak both Hindi and Bengali is

fgUnh vkSj caxkyh nksuksa Hkk"kk,a cksyus okys O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k gS&
(A) 50 (B) 100 (C*) 150 (D) 200

Comprehension # 2 (4 to 6)
1 4
Let A denotes the sum of the roots of the equation + = 3.
5  4log4 x 1  log4 x
B denotes the value of the product of m and n, if 2m = 3 and 3n = 4.
3
C denotes the sum of the integral roots of the equation log3x   + (log3x)2 = 1.
x

4. The value of A + B equals

(A) 10 (B) 6 (C*) 8 (D) 4
5. The value of B + C equals
(A*) 6 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8
6. The value of A + C  B equals
(A) 5 (B*) 8 (C) 7 (D) 4
vuqPNsn # 2 (4 to 6)
1 4
ekuk lehdj.k + + = 3 ds ewyksa dk ;ksxQy A dks O;Dr djrk gSA
5  4log4 x 1  log4 x
;fn 2m = 3 vkSj 3n = 4 gks] rks m vkSj n ds xq.kuQy dk eku B gS
3
lehdj.k log3x   + (log3x)2 = 1 ds iw.kkZad ewykas dk ;ksxQy C gSA
x

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

4. A + B cjkcj gS
(A) 10 (B) 6 (C*) 8 (D) 4
5. B + C cjkcj gS
(A*) 6 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8
6. A + C  B cjkcj gS
(A) 5 (B*) 8 (C) 7 (D) 4

Comprehension # 3 (Q.7- to Q.9)

A function f(x) = ax(a > 0, a  1, x  R) is called an exponential function. Graph of exponential
function can be as follows :
Qyu f(x) = ax(a > 0, a  1, x  R) ,d pj?kkrkadh Qyu gSA ?kkrkadh Qyuksa ds vkjs[k fuEu gSA

Case -  Case - 
For a > 1 For 0 < a < 1

7*. Which of the following is correct :

fuEu esa ls dkSulk lgh gS\

(A) (B*)

Y Y
–x –x
y=3 y=2
y=2 –x y=3–x

(C*) X (D) X

8. Number of solutions of 3x + x – 2 = 0 is/are :

lehdj.k 3x + x – 2 = 0 ds gyksa dh la[;k gS :
(A*) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

9. The number of positive solutions of log1/2x = 7x is/are :

lehdj.k log1/2x = 7x ds /kukRed gyksa dh la[;k gS :
(A) 0 (B*) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

 Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.

 fpfUgr iz'u nksgjkus ;ksX; iz'u gSA
PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
Hkkx - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE ¼fiNys o"kksZ½ ds iz'u
* Marked Questions may have more than one correct op tion.
* fpfUgr iz'u ,d ls vf/kd lgh fodYi okys iz'u gS -

1. Indicate all correct alternatives, where base of the log is 2. [ JEE ’89 ]
The equation x(3/4) (logx)² + logx(5/4) = 2 has :
(A*) at least one real solution (B*) exactly three real solutions
(C*) exactly one irrational solution (D*) complex roots
lHkh lgh oSdfYd gyksa dks igpkfu, ftldk log dk vk/kkj 2 gSA lehdj.k
x(3/4) (logx)² + logx(5/4) = 2 j[krh gSA [ JEE ’89 ]
(A*) de ls de ,d okLrfod gy (B*) Bhd rhu okLrfod gy
(C*) Bhd ,d vifjes; gy (D*) lfEeJ ewy

2. The number log27 is :

(A) an integer (B) a rational number
(C*) an irrational number (D) a prime number [ JEE ’90 ]
la[;k log27 gS : [ JEE ’89 ]
(A) ,d iw.kk±d (B) ,d ifjes; la[;k
(C*) ,d vifjes; la[;k (D) ,d vHkkT; la[;k

3. Find all real numbers x which satisfy the equation

2 log2 log2 x + log1/2 log2 (2 2 x) = 1. [REE – 1999, 6 ]
x ds os lHkh okLrfod eku Kkr dhft, tks lehdj.k 2 log2 log2 x + log1/2 log2 (2 2 x) = 1 dks lUrq"V djrs gSA
Ans. x = 8

4. Solve the equation log3/4 log8 (x2 + 7) + log1/2 log1/4 (x2 + 7) 1 =  2. [REE– 2000, 5]
lehdj.k log3/4 log8 (x2 + 7) + log1/2 log1/4 (x2 + 7) 1 =  2 dks gy dhft,A
Ans. x = 3 or ;k – 3

5. The number of solution(s) of log4(x – 1) = log2(x – 3) is/are [IIT-JEE-2002, Scr., (1, 0)/35]
log4(x – 1) = log2(x – 3) ds gyksa dh la[;k gS&
(A) 3 (B*) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0

x 2  6x  5
6. Let f(x) = [IIT-JEE 2007, Paper-2, (6, 0), 81]
x 2  5x  6
Column –  Column – 
(A) If – 1 < x < 1, then f(x) satisfies (p) 0 < f(x) < 1
(B) If 1 < x < 2, then f(x) satisfies (q) f(x) < 0
(C) If 3 < x < 5, then f(x) satisfies (r) f(x) > 0
(D) If x > 5, then f(x) satisfies (s) f(x) < 1
x 2  6x  5
ekuk fd f(x) = 2
x  5x  6

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

LrEHk–  LrEHk – 
(A) ;fn – 1 < x < 1, rc f(x) larq"V djrk gS (p) 0 < f(x) < 1

(B) ;fn 1 < x < 2, rc f(x) larq"V djrk gS (q) f(x) < 0

(C) ;fn 3 < x < 5, rc f(x) larq"V djrk gS (r) f(x) > 0

(D) ;fn x > 5, rc f(x) larq"V djrk gS (s) f(x) < 1

Ans. (A)  (p), (r), (s) ; (B)  (q), (s) ; (C)  (q), (s) ; (D)  (p), (r), (s)

7. Let (x0, y0) be the solution of the following equations

(2x)n2 = (3y)n3
3nx = 2ny .
Then x0 is
;fn (x0, y0) lehdj.kksa
(2x)n2 = (3y)n3
3nx = 2ny .
dk gy gS] rks x0 dk eku gS& [IIT -JEE 2011, Paper-1, (3, –1), 80]
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C*) (D) 6
6 3 2

 
1 1 1 1
8. The value of 6  log 3  4– 4– 4– ....  is [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-1, (4, 0), 70]
3 2 
2
3 2 3 2 3 2
 
 
1 1 1 1
in 6  log3  4– 4– 4– ....  dk eku gSA

2  3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2

Ans. 4

9*. If 3x = 4x – 1 , then x = [JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]

;fn 3x = 4x – 1 , rc x = [JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]
2log3 2 2 1 2log2 3
(A*) (B*) (C*) (D)
2log3 2 – 1 2 – log2 3 1– log4 3 2log2 3 – 1

1 1

10. The value of ((log 2 9)2 )log2 (log2 9)  ( 7 )log4 7 is ___________.

1 1

((log 2 9)2 )log2 (log2 9)  ( 7 )log4 7 dk eku gS ___________. [JEE(Advanced) 2018, Paper-1,(4, –2)/60]

Ans. (8)

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

PART - II : PREVIOUS YEARS PROBLEMS OF MAINS LEVEL

Hkkx - II : fiNys o"kksZ ds iz'u MAINS Lrj ds
1. If log p x =  and log q x = , then the value of log p / q x is [KCET -1997]
;fn log p x =  rFkk log q x = , rks log p/ q x dk eku gS
– –  
(1) (2) (3) (4*)
  – –

2. If log x a, a x / 2 and log b x are in G.P. Then x is equal to [KCET -1998]

(1*) log a (log b a) (2) log a (log e a)+ log a log b b (3) – log a (log a b) (4) none of these
;fn log x a, a x / 2 rFkk log b x xq . kks Ù kj Js . kh ea s gS ] rks x cjkcj gS
(1*) log a (log b a) (2) log a (log e a)+ log a log b b (3) – log a (log a b) (4) bues a ls dks b Z ugha

3. If log x 256 = 8/5, then x is equal to [KCET -2000]

;fn log x 256 = 8/5, rks x dk eku gS
(1) 64 (2) 16 (3*) 32 (4) 8

4. If log 2, log(2 x – 1) and log (2 x + 3) are in A.P., then x is equal to [KCET -2000]
;fn log 2, log(2 – 1) rFkk log (2 + 3) lekUrj Js . kh es gS ] rks x dk eku gS
x x

(1) 5/2 (2*) log 2 5 (3) log 2 3 (4) log 3 2

5. The number log 2 7 is [DCE-2000]

(1) an integer (2) a rational (3*) an irrational (4) a prime number
la [ ;k log 2 7 gS
(1) iw . kkZ a d (2) ifjes ; (3*) vifjes ; (4) vHkkT; la [ ;k

6. The roots of the equation log 2 (x 2 – 4x + 5) = (x – 2) are [KCET -2001]

lehdj.k log 2 (x 2 – 4x + 5) = (x – 2) ds gy gS
(1) 4, 5 (2) 2, – 3 (3*) 2, 3 (4) 3, 5

1 1 1
7. If x = 198 ! , then v alue of the expression   ....  equals
log2 x log3 x log198 x
[DCE-2005]
1 1 1
;fn x = 198 ! , rks O;a t d   ....  dk eku cjkcj gS
log2 x log3 x log198 x
(1) –1 (2) 0 (3*) 1 (4) 198

8. If log 0 . 3 (x – 1) < log 0 . 0 9 (x – 1), then x lies in the interv el [DCE-2006]

(1*) (2, ) (2) (1, 2) (3) (–2, –1) (4) none of these
;fn log 0 . 3 (x – 1) < log 0 . 0 9 (x – 1), rks x fdl vUrjky es fLFkr gS
(1*) (2, ) (2) (1, 2) (3) (–2, –1) (4) bues a ls dks b Z ugha

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 Fundamentals of Mathematics-I

9. If A, B and C are three sets such that A  B = A C and A  B = A C, then
[AIEEE-2009, (4, – 1), 144]
;fn A, B ,oa C rhu leqPp; bl izdkj gS fd A  B = A C ,oa A  B = A C rc&
(1) A = C (2*) B = C (3) A  B =  (4) A = B

10. Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. The number of different ordered pairs (Y, Z) that can formed such that Y X, Z 
X and Y  Z is empty, is : [AIEEE-2012, (4, – 1), 120]
ekuk X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} gSA blls fufeZr fd, tk ldus okys fofHkUu Øfed ;qXeksa (Y, Z), tks bl izdkj gSa fd Y
X, Z  X rFkk Y  Z fjDr leqPp; gS] dh la[;k gS :
(1) 52 (2*) 35 (3) 25 (4) 53

11. If X = {4n – 3n – 1 : n  N} and Y = {9(n – 1) : n  N}, where N is the set of natural numbers, then X  Y
is equal to [JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]
;fn X = {4 – 3n – 1 : n  N} rFkk Y = {9(n – 1) : n  N}, gS] tgk¡ N izkd`Ùk la[;kvksa dk leqPp; gS] rks X  Y
n

cjkcj gSµ [JEE(Main) 2014, (4, – 1), 120]

(1) X (2) Y (3) N (4) Y – X
x 2  4 x – 60
12. The sum of all real values of x satisfying the equation ( x – 5x 5) 2
= 1 is
[JEE(Main) 2016, (4, – 1), 120]
2
 4 x – 60
x ds mu lHkh okLrfod ekuksa dk ;ksx tks lehdj.k ( x 2 – 5x 5)x = 1 dks larq”"V djrs gSa] gS :
(1) – 4 (2) 6 (3) 5 (4) 3
Ans. (4)

13. In a class 140 students numbered 1 to 140, all even numbered students opted Mathematics course,
those whose number is divisible by 3 opted Physics course and those whose number is divisible 5
opted Chemistry course. Then the number of student who did not opt for any of the three courses is :
[JEE(Main) 2019, Online (10-01-19),P-1 (4, – 1), 120]
140 fo|kfFkZ;ksa] ftuds Øekad 1 ls 140 gSa] dh ,d d{kk esa lHkh le Øekad ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa us xf.kr fo"k; pquk gS]
mUgksaus ftuds Øekad 3 ls foHkkftr gksrs gSa HkkSfrd 'kkL=k fo"k; pquk gS rFkk mUgksaus ftuds Øekad 5 ls foHkkftr gksrs
gSa] jlk;u 'kkL=k fo"k; pquk gSA rks mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k] ftUgksus bu rhu esa ls dksbZ Hkh fo"k; ugha pquk gS] gSa%
(1) 38 (2) 42 (3) 102 (4) 1
Ans. (1)

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