Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Amina Irizarry-Nones
Anjali Palepu
Merrick Wallace
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO NAME PAGE NO.

1. ABSTRACT 3

2. INTRODUCTION 4

3. HISTORY 5

4. ADV.&DIS ADV. 6

5. BASIC COMPONENTS 7

6. PROGRAMMING LANG. 10

7. MYTHS ABOUT AI 11

8. ARHITECTURE 15

9. APPLICANCES 17

10. CATEGORIES 17

11. SCOPE 18

12. CONCLUSION 20

13. REFERENCES 21

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ABSTRACT
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a
software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.AI is
accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and work
while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of
developing intelligent software and systems. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of
machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. According to Textbooks,
the Artificial Intelligence is “the study and design of intelligent agents, where an intelligent
agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of
success”. The use of Artificial Intelligence methods is becoming increasingly common in the
modeling and forecasting of hydrological and water resource processes. Artificial intelligence
(AI) is the field of scientific inquiry concerned with designing mechanical systems that can
simulate human mental processes. The field draws upon theoretical constructs from a wide
variety of disciplines, including mathematics, psychology, linguistics, neurophysiology,
computer science, and electronic engineering.

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 What do you think
Artificial Intelligence
is?
What is Artificial
Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence is the development of
computer systems that are able to
perform tasks that would require human
intelligence.

Examples of these tasks are visual

perception, speech recognition,
decision-making, and translation between
languages.
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INTRODUCTION

What does Artifical Intelligence mean?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of
intelligent machines that work and react like humans. Some of the activities computers with
artificial intelligence are designed for include:

 Speech recognition
 Learning
 Planning
 Problem solving

Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines. It
has become an essential part of the technology industry. Research associated with artificial
intelligence is highly technical and specialized. The core problems of artificial intelligence
include programming computers for certain traits such as:

 Knowledge
 Reasoning
 Problem solving
 Perception
 Learning
 Planning
 Ability to manipulate and move objects

Knowledge engineering is a core part of AI research. Machines can often act and react like
humans only if they have abundant information relating to the world. Artificial intelligence must
have access to objects, categories, properties and relations between all of them to implement
knowledge engineering. Initiating common sense, reasoning and problem-solving power in
machines is a difficult and tedious task.
Machine learning is also a core part of AI. Learning without any kind of supervision requires an
ability to identify patterns in streams of inputs, whereas learning with adequate supervision
involves classification and numerical regressions. Classification determines the category an
object belongs to and regression deals with obtaining a set of numerical input or output
examples, thereby discovering functions enabling the generation of suitable outputs from
respective inputs. Mathematical analysis of machine learning algorithms and their performance
is a well-defined branch of theoretical computer science often referred to as computational
learning theory.
Machine perception deals with the capability to use sensory inputs to deduce the different
aspects of the world, while computer vision is the power to analyze visual inputs with a few
sub-problems such as facial, object and gesture recognition.
Robotics is also a major field related to AI. Robots require intelligence to handle tasks such as
object manipulation and navigation, along with sub-problems of localization, motion planning
and mapping.

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Artificial
Intelligence in
Movies

In movies, robots are able to talk,

think, have emotions, and make
decisions just like humans.
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HISTORY

The term Artificial Intelligence was coined by John McCarthy, in 1956, who defines it as “the
science and engineering of making intelligent machines. The field was founded on the claim that
a central property of humans, intelligence. The sapience of Homo sapiens can be so precisely
described that it can be simulated by a machine. This raises philosophical issues about the nature
of the mind and limits of scientific hubris, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction
and philosophy since antiquity.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the key technology in many of today’s novel applications,
ranging from banking systems that detect attempted credit card fraud, to telephone systems that
understand speech, to software systems that notice when you’re having problems and offer
appropriate advice. These technologies would not exist today without the sustained federal
support of fundamental AI research over the past three decades. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in
the field of information technology focused on creating machines that can participate in
behaviors that humans consider intelligent. The possibility of intelligent machines to have
human curiosity since ancient times and today with the advent of computer and 50 years of
research into AI programming techniques, the dream of smart machines is a reality. Researchers
create systems that can mimic human thought, understand speech, then the best player chess
husband, and countless benefits not possible before.

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The Turing Test
In the 1950s Alan Turing created
the Turing Test which is used to
determine the level of intelligence of
a computer.
 Benefits of A.I.
The most important purpose of
A.I. is to reduce human
casualties in

➔ Wars
➔ Dangerous Workspaces
➔ Car Accidents
➔ Natural Disasters

Or to just make everyday life

easier by helping with tasks
such as:

➔ Cleaning
➔ Shopping
➔ Transportation
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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Advantages of AI

Smarter artificial intelligence may replace human jobs, freeing people for other pursuits by
automating manufacturing and transportation.

 Self-modifying, self-writing and learning software can relieve programmers of the

burdensome tasks of specifying the functions of different programs.

 Artificial intelligence will be used as cheap labour, thus increasing profits for
corporation.

 Artificial intelligence can make deployment easier and less resource intensive

 Compared to traditional programming techniques, expert-system approaches provide the

added flexibility (and hence easier modifiability) with the ability to model rules as data
rather than as code. In situations where an organization’s IT department is overwhelmed
by a software-development backlog, rule-engines, by facilitating turnaround, provide a
means that can allow organizations to adapt more readily to changing needs.

 In practice, modern expert-system technology is employed as an adjunct to traditional

programming techniques, and this hybrid approach allows the combination of the
strengths of both approaches. Thus, rule engines allow control through programs (and
user interfaces) written in a traditional language, and also incorporate necessary
functionality such as inter-operability with existing database technology.

Disadvantages of AI

 Rapid advances in AI could lead to massive structural unemployment.

 Unpredictable and unforeseen impacts of new features.
 An expert system or rule-based approach is not optimal for all problems, and
considerable knowledge is required so as to not misapply the systems.
 Ease of rule creation and rule modification can be double-edged. A system can be
sabotaged by a non-knowledgeable user who can easily add worthless rules or rules that
conflict with existing ones. Reasons for the failure of many systems include the absence of
(or neglect to employ diligently) facilities for system audit, detection of possible conflict,
and rule lifecycle management (e.g. version control, or thorough testing before
deployment). The problems to be addressed here are as much technological as
organizational.

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Controversy of
Turing Test
Some people disagree with the Turing
Test. They claim it does not actually
measure a computer's intelligence.

Instead of coming up with a response

themselves, they can use the same
generic phrases to pass the test.
Machine
Learning

An application of
Artificial Intelligence
that gives machines the
ability to learn and
improve without the
help of humans or new
programming.
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BASIC COMPONENTS

Many of AI’s revolutionary technologies are common buzzwords, like “natural language
processing,” “deep learning,” and “predictive analytics.” Cutting-edge technologies that enable
computer systems to understand the meaning of human language, learn from experience, and
make predictions, respectively.Understanding AI jargon is the key to facilitating discussion
about the real-world applications of this technology. The technologies are disruptive,
revolutionizing the way humans interact with data and make decisions, and should be
understood in basic terms by all of us.

Fig 5.1 Basic Components

Machine learning, or ML, is an application of AI that provides computer systems with the ability
to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. ML
focuses on the development of algorithms that can analyze data and make predictions. Beyond
being used to predict what Netflix movies you might like, or the best route for your Uber,
machine learning is being applied to healthcare, pharma, and life sciences industries to aid
disease diagnosis, medical image interpretation, and accelerate drug development.
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that employs artificial neural networks that learn
by processing data. Artificial neural networks mimic the biological neural networks in the
human brain.Multiple layers of artificial neural networks work together to determine a single
output from many inputs, for example, identifying the image of a face from a mosaic of tiles.
The machines learn through positive and negative reinforcement of the tasks they carry out,
which requires constant processing and reinforcement to progress.
Neural networks enable deep learning. As mentioned, neural networks are computer systems
modeled after neural connections in the human brain. The artificial equivalent of a human
neuron is a perceptron. Just like bundles of neurons create neural networks in the brain, stacks

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of perceptrons create artificial neural networks in computer systems.Neural networks learn by

processing training examples. The best examples come in the form of large data sets, like, say, a
set of 1,000 cat photos. By processing the many images (inputs) the machine is able to produce
a single output, answering the question, “Is the image a cat or not?.
Cognitive computing is another essential component of AI. Its purpose is to imitate and improve
interaction between humans and machines. Cognitive computing seeks to recreate the human
thought process in a computer model, in this case, by understanding human language and the
meaning of images.Together, cognitive computing and artificial intelligence strive to endow
machines with human-like behaviors and information processing abilities.
Natural Language Processing or NLP, allows computers to interpret, recognize, and produce
human language and speech. The ultimate goal of NLP is to enable seamless interaction with the
machines we use every day by teaching systems to understand human language in context and
produce logical responses.Real-world examples of NLP include Skype Translator, which
interprets the speech of multiple languages in real-time to facilitate communication.
Computer vision is a technique that implements deep learning and pattern identification to
interpret the content of an image; including the graphs, tables, and pictures within PDF
documents, as well as, other text and video. Computer vision is an integral field of AI, enabling
computers to identify, process and interpret visual data.Applications of this technology have
already begun to revolutionize industries like research & development and healthcare. Computer
Vision is being used to diagnose patients faster by using Computer Vision and machine learning
to evaluate patients’ x-ray scans.

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Real Life A.I.
Examples

❏ Self Driving Cars

❏ Boston Dynamics
❏ Navigation
Systems
❏ ASIMO
❏ Chatbots
❏ Human vs
Computer Games
❏ Many More!
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PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Companies adapting the artificial intelligence to make the user experience better to explore and
communicate.
Artificial Intelligence is a branch of engineering, which basically aims for making the
computers which can think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think. Here
are the top languages that are most commonly used for making the AI project:

1. PYTHON

Fig 6.1 Python

Python is considered to be in the first place in the list of all AI development languages due to the
simplicity. The syntaxes belonging to python are very simple and can be easily learnt. Therefore,
many AI algorithms can be easily implemented in it. Python takes short development time in
comparison to other languages like Java, C++ or Rupy. Python supports object oriented,
functional as well as procedure oriented styles of programming. There are plenty of libraries in
python, which make our tasks easier. For example: Numpy is a library for python that helps us
to solve many scientific computations. Also, we have Pybrain, which is for using machine
learning in Python.

2. R.

Fig 6.2 R.

R is one of the most effective language and environment for

analyzing and manipulating the data for statistical
purposes. Using R, we can easily produce well-designed
publication-quality plot, including mathematical symbols and
formulae where needed. Apart from being a general purpose language, R has numerous of
packages like RODBC, Gmodels, Class and Tm which are used in the field of machine learning.
These packages make the implementation of machine .

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3. Lisp

Fig 6.3 Lisp

Lisp is one of the oldest and the most suited languages for the development in AI. It was
invented by John McCarthy, the father of Artificial Intelligence in 1958. It has the capability of
processing the symbolic information effectively.
It is also known for its excellent prototyping capabilities and easy dynamic creation of new
objects, with automatic garbage collection. Its development cycle allows interactive evaluation
of expressions and recompilation of functions or file while the program is still running. Over the
years, due to advancement, many of these features have migrated into many other languages
thereby affecting the uniqueness of Lisp.
4. Prolog
This language stays alongside Lisp when we talk about development in AI field. The features
provided by it include efficient pattern matching, tree-based data structuring and automatic
backtracking. All these features provide a surprisingly powerful and flexible programming
framework. Prolog is widely used for working on medical projects and also for designing expert
AI systems.
5. Java

Fig 6.5 Java

Java can also be considered as a good choice for AI development. Artificial intelligence has lot
to do with search algorithms, artificial neural networks and genetic programming. Java provides
many benefits: easy use, debugging ease, package services, simplified work with large-scale
projects, graphical representation of data and better user interaction. It also has the incorporation
of Swing and SWT (the Standard Widget Toolkit). These tools make graphics and interfaces
look appealing and sophisticated.

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Strong A.I.
A machine with strong A.I. is
able to think and act just like a
human. It is able to learn from
experiences.

Since there are no real life

examples of strong A.I. yet,
the best representation would
be how Hollywood portrays
robots.
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APPLICANCES

 Introduction to Machine Learning Approaches

 Fuzzy Logic Improves Decision Support Software
 Shell Programming in Expert Systems Applications
 Smart Home Appliances for Better Quality of Life – Combining artificial intelligence
with home automation in smart home appliances results in an improved quality of life
for many, including the elderly and disabled.
 Voice Recognition Software for Disabled Students – Disabled students are often at a
disadvantage in the classroom. Voice recognition software improves communication,
enables note-taking, and increases participation.
 Teaching Special Needs Children with Autism – Robots are acting as therapy assistants
to help parents and therapists in teaching special needs children with autism
Artificial Intelligence Categories

AI is a broad topic which can be broken down into subcategories. The three main categories of
AI includes:

1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI): ANI is the weakest form of Artificial Intelligence.
The machines with ANI capabilities can do a single task only. For example if the machine is
intended to do chess game, it won’t be able to do anything else. ANI machines use a logic driven
process to replicate human actions. It sifts through massive amounts of information and
accurately extracts the relevant information. Many of the AI applications that we see currently
are based on ANI.
2. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): AGI machines hold strong intelligence or match
with human level intelligence. AGI machines can successfully perform any intelligent tasks that
a human being can do. AGI can be applied contextually where it use cognitive capabilities to
arrive at decisions like human beings. It can simulate human reasoning and can extend it
capabilities to a broad range of circumstances. We are still in the early stages of implementing
AGI for addressing many real world problems.
3. Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI):ASI machines are much smarter and faster than the
best human brains in every field that human beings excel. It is considered to be the greatest
opportunity for human beings at the same time industry experts are concerning that whether it
can become the greatest threat as well.

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Weak A.I.
Machines with weak Artificial Intelligence
are made to respond to specific situations,
but can not think for themselves
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SCOPE OF AI

The scope of AI in science is the largest. Recently ‘Eve’ was in the news for discovering that an
ingredient found commonly in toothpaste, is capable of curing Malaria. Here the subject in
appreciation ‘Eve’ is not a human scientist, rather a Robot created by a team of scientists at the
Universities of Manchester, Aberystwyth, and Cambridge.Eve’s example hints at the possibility
of AI playing a bigger role in science in future, not just merely for augmentation. AI will be able
to create science, not merely do science as evidenced by the Robot Scientist, Eve. Automation
using AI for drug discovery is a field that is rapidly growing, mainly because machines work
faster than humans. AI is also being applied in related areas such as synthetic biology for the
manufacture and rapid design of microorganisms for industrial uses. Taking all this in stride, AI
is sure to transform science as we know it.
Cyber Security
The future application of AI in cybersecurity will ensure in curbing hackers. The incidence of
cybercrime is an issue that has been escalating through the years. It costs enterprises in term of
brand image as well as material cost. Credit card fraudery is one of the most prevalent
cybercrimes. Despite there being detection techniques, they still prove to be ineffective in
curbing hackers. AI can bring a remarkable change to this. Novel AI techniques like Recurrent
Neural Networks can detect fraudery in initial stages itself. This fraud detection system will be
able to scan thousands of transactions instantly and predict/ classify them into buckets. RNN can
save a lot of time as it focuses on cases where there is a high probability for fraud.
Face Recognition
The launch of iPhone x with face recognition feature was a step towards AI future. In the
coming years, iPhone users might be to unlock their phones by looking into the front camera.
Authenticating personal content is not the only use of facial recognition. Governments and
security forces make use of this feature to track down criminals and identify citizens. In the
future, facial recognition can go beyond physical structure to emotional analysis. For example, it
might become possible to detect whether a person is stressed or angry.
Data Analysis
One of the ways AI will benefit business is in the field of Data Analysis. AI would be able to
perceive patterns in data that humans cannot. This enables business’ to target the right customers
for the product. An example of this is the partnership between IBM and Fluid. Fluid, a digital
retail company uses Watson – an AI created by IBM for insightful product recommendation to
its customers.
Transport
AI-guided transport will no longer be confined to the pages of sci-fi literature. Self- driving cars
have already populated the market, however, a driver is required at the wheels for safety
purposes. With Google, Uber and General Motors trying to establish themselves at the top in
this market, it will not be long before driverless vehicles become a reality. Machine Learning
will be crucial in ensuring that these Automated Vehicles operate smoothly and efficiently.

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The Future of
A.I.
★ Military Bots
★ The perfect lawyer
★ Music
★ Business
★ Healthcare
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CONCLUSION

Its now the time to sit and think upon for the future of artificial intelligence in expert systems
whether as to go with traditional technologies or to adapt the science of artificial intelligence.
The overall motivation behind this paper is to modernize our ancestral methods so as to bring in
a rapid change in the growth of highly developed expert systems so as to cater the needs of
growing population. The development process may be incremental but the overall concept
requires a paradigm shift in the way we think about modernization of production that is based
more on needs and novel ways of meeting them rather than modifying existing techniques.

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THE END
Thank You