Artificial Intelligence

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 Chapter 1
Outline
 Introduction to AI
 Objectives/Goals of AI
 What is AI?
 Approaches to AI – making computer:
 Think like a human (Thinking humanly)
 Act like a human (Acting humanly)
 Think rationally (Thinking rationally)
 Act rationally (Acting rationally)
 The Foundations of AI
 Bits of History and the State of the Art

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 Introduction

1. Artificial :
 Man made things.

2. Intelligence:
 Ability to think and take decisions.

3. Artificial Intelligence:
Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science

concerned with making/develop computers behave

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 Cont’d
 Why we consider artificial important to our everyday

intelligence to be a subject lives and our sense of self.

most worthy (valuable) of  To study it is to learn more
about ourselves.
study, and what exactly it
 AI, attempts to understand
is, this being a good thing
intelligent entities.
to decide before  AI strives to build intelligent
embarking. entities as well as

 understand them.
Humankind has given
 AI constructed intelligent
itself the scientific name
entities are interesting and
Homo sapiens “man the useful in their own right.
wise” because our mental
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 Cont’d
AI has produced many significant and impressive

products.

AI can predict the future in detail, it is clear that

computer with human-level intelligence (or better)

would have a huge impact on our everyday lives and on

the future course of civilization.

AI addresses one of the ultimate puzzles.

How is it possible for a slow, tiny brain, whether

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 What is Artificial Intelligence

(AI)?
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a
computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in
the similar manner the intelligent humans think.
AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks and how
humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and
then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing
intelligent software and systems.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of Science which deals with
helping machines finds solutions to complex problems in a more
human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing
characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as
algorithms in a computer friendly way.
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 Cont…
Examples: - writing a program to pick out object in a picture.
 AI is the branch of Computer Science that deals with ways of:
 representing knowledge using symbol rather than numeric
value and with rule and method of processing information

 AI is the effort to develop computer based system that behaves as

human.
 Such system should be able to learn Natural Language.
 Able to do text processing, communicate in natural language
and speech
 Artificial intelligence can be viewed from a variety of perspectives.
 From the perspective of intelligence artificial intelligence is making
machines "intelligent" -acting as we would expect people to act.
 From a business perspective AI is a set of very powerful tools,
and methodologies for using those tools to solve business
problems.
 From a programming perspective,
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 WHAT is Intelligence?
Intelligence is the capability of observing,
learning, remembering and reasoning.
Intelligence is the compute part of the ability
to achieve goals in the world.
Intelligence is a general mental capability that
involves the ability to reason, plan, solve
problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas
and language, and learn.
Intelligence draws on a variety of mental
processes, including memory, perception,
learning, thinking, decision-making, and
reasoning.
Memory of Intelligent system is used to store
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 Characteristics of Intelligent
system

Use vast amount of knowledge

Learn from experience and adopt to
changing environment
Interact with human using language and
speech
Respond in real time
Tolerate error and ambiguity in
communication
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 Goals of AI

Aim
 Artificial Intelligence aims at developing
computer applications, which encompasses
perception, reasoning and learning and to
provide an in-depth understanding of major
techniques used to simulate intelligence.

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 Goals of AI
To Create Expert Systems: The systems which
exhibit intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate,
explain, and advice its users.
To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines:
Creating systems that understand, think, learn, and
behave like humans.
Basic Kinds of Systems
System is a set of components that interact
to each other in a logical way to achieve
specific goals.
There are different types of system based
on the services, the user type, and the
method of operations.
Some of the systems includes:-
 Information Systems 11
 Expert system
An expert system, also known as a knowledge
based system, a computer program that
contains some of the subject-specific (domain
specific) knowledge of one or more human
experts
A system with two basic components:
 Knowledge base, which model the knowledge of an
expert in the area under consideration
 Inference engine
 When it is used by non expert user, it can serve

as an expert that guides the user to make an

expert decision. (doctors, engineers, lawyers,
etc)
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 The Difference between Human and AI
Systems

Human Brain Computers

Natural device -Non-natural device
Self-willed and creative -Limited creativity
Basic unit – neuron -Basic unit – RAM
Storage electrochemical -Storage
electromechanical
Low crunching -High crunching
Advanced reasoning -Elementary detective
reasoning
Lower speed -High speed
Emotion-driven -Non-emotion
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What computers can do
better?

Numeric computations
Information storage
Repetitive operation

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 How do AI differ from Human
Intelligence

The successful AI systems are

neither artificial nor intelligent
The successful AI is based on:
Human expertise
Knowledge
Selected reasoning pattern

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 Views (Approaches) of AI

AI is found on the premise that:

workings of human mind can be explained

in terms of computation, and

Computers can do the right thing given

correct premises and reasoning rules.

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 Views of AI fall into four categories:

Different scholars define Artificial

Intelligence (AI) differently
1. Thinking humanly
2. Acting humanly
3. Thinking rationally
4. Acting rationally

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 1 Thinking humanly: The Cognitive
.

Modeling
If we are going to say that a given program thinks
like a human, we must have some way of
determining how humans think. We need to get
inside the actual workings of human minds.
Reasons like humans do
 Programs that behave like humans

Requires understanding of the internal activities of

the brain
 See how humans behave in certain situations and see if
you could make computers behave in that same way.
Example: - write a program that plays chess.
Instead of making the best possible chess-playing
program, you would make one that play chess like
people do.
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 2. Acting humanly: The Turing Test
 Can machines act like human do? Can machines behave
intelligently?
The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed to
provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence.
 Turing defined intelligent behavior as the ability to achieve human-

level performance in all cognitive tasks, sufficient to fool an

interrogator.
 Roughly speaking, the test he proposed is that the computer should be

interrogated by a human via a teletype, and passes the test if the

interrogator cannot tell if there is a computer or a human at the other
end.
 Turing Test: Operational test for intelligent
behavior
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 do experiments on the ability to achieve human-level
 How to make computers act like
humans?
The following sub-fields are emerged
Natural Language processing (enable computers
communicate in human language, English, Amharic,
Afaan Oromo...)
 It is possible to interact with the computer that
understands natural language spoken by humans.
Knowledge representation (schemes to store
information, both facts and inferences, before and
during interrogation)
E.g. Automated reasoning (use stored information
to answer questions and to draw new conclusions),
Speech Recognition, Machine learning, etc.

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 3. Thinking Rationally: The Laws of Thought

A system is rational if it thinks/does the right

thing through correct reasoning.

Aristotle: provided the correct arguments/

thought structures that always gave correct

conclusions given correct premises.
 Abebe is a man; all men are mortal; therefore
Abebe is mortal.
 These Laws of thought governed the operation of
the mind and initiated the field of Logic. 21
 4. Acting rationally: The rational agent
Acting rationally means acting so as to achieve one's goals,

given one's beliefs.

An agent is just something that perceives and acts.

In this approach, AI is viewed as the study and

construction of rational agents.

 Doing the right thing so as to achieve one’s goal, given one’s
beliefs.
 Rational action requires the ability to represent knowledge and
reason with it so as to reach good decision.
 Learning for better understanding of how the world works 22
 History of AI
Artificial Intelligence has roots in a
number of scientific disciplines,
particularly
computer science and engineering
(hardware and software)
philosophy (rules of reasoning)

mathematics (logic, algorithms,

optimization)
cognitive science and psychology (modeling

high level human/animal thinking)

neural science (model low level
human/animal brain activity) 23
 Cont’d
Formally initiated in 1956 and the name AI was
coined by “John McCarthy” and demonstration
of the first running AI program at Carnegie
Mellon University.
John McCarthy invents LISP programming
language for AI in 1958.
Shifts from procedural to declarative
programming paradigm.
Rather than telling the computer how to compute a
solution, a program consists of a knowledge base
of facts and relationships.
Rather than running a program to obtain a
solution, the user asks question so that the system
searches through the KB to determine the answer. 24
 Q. Is AI equals human intelligence?

Programming paradigms
Each programming paradigms consists of two
aspects:
Methods for organizing data/knowledge,
Methods for controlling the flow of computation
Traditional paradigms:
Programs = data structure + algorithm

AI programming paradigms:

Programs = knowledge structure + inference
mechanism
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 Problems of AI
The following points are taken as
drawbacks of Artificially Intelligent
systems:
AI do not come up with new and novel
solutions
Existing AI systems try to reproduce the

expertise of humans, but do not behave

like human experts
Lack of common-sense

Reasoning the human intelligence

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Question?

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