2023-2024

Learning outcomes:
By the end of this session, you should be able to:

Practice on various grammatical points

Practice persuasive essay
Practice vocabulary

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 Outline:
1. Modals of deduction in the present
2. Modals of deduction in the past
3. Active & passive voices
4. Conditional type 3
5. Defining vs non-defining relative clauses
6. Present perfect simple & continuous
7. Past perfect simple & continuous
8. Persuasive essay writing
9. Linking words
10. Vocabulary 3
We use the modal verbs:

might, may and could + an infinitive form without to

when we think it is possible that something is true:

➢ I've lost my keys. They might be at work or they

could be in the car.

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 Must:
We use must when we are sure it is true:

➢ That must be the main entrance. I can see people

queuing to get in.
➢ She must study very hard because she
gets really good marks

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Can’t:

We use can’t when we are sure it isn’t true:

➢ You can't be bored already! You've only been here

five minutes.

➢ They can't be poor because they have an incredible

house and four cars.

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Let’s practice
 Write the correct modal verb to fill the gaps:
must
1. She’ s won prizes for her research. She _______________ be really intelligent.
may/might/could rain.
2. I'd take an umbrella if I were you. It looks like it _______________
3. It _______________
can’t be him. He's on holiday until next week.
4. Hey guess what?! I may/might/could
_______________ be getting a car for my birthday! It's not completely definite
yet though.
must
5. I can't believe you've been waiting all this time! You _______________ be really bored.
must
6. His car's not here. He _______________ have gone out.
can’t
7. Look how much sugar and salt it's got in it! It _______________ be good for you.
8. Have you looked next to your computer? I think you _______________
may/might/could have left your keys there.
 Modal verb +have+past participle
• To make guesses or deductions about past actions or states we
use a past modal of deduction.

• must have:
• We use must have + past participle when we feel sure about what
happened.
• Who told the newspapers about the prime minister's plans? It must
have been someone close to him.

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• might have / may have:
• We can use might have or may have + past participle when we think it's
possible that something happened.
• I think I might have left the air conditioning on. Please can you check?

• can't have / couldn't have:

• We use can't have and couldn't have + past participle when we think it's not
possible that something happened.
• Can't Have (Been) is used to refer to an incident in the near past, Couldn't
Have (Been) is used for an event that happened way back in the past.
• She can't have driven there. Her car keys are still here.

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Let’s practice
 Why were there no buses yesterday? Maybe it was the snow or they _____ been on strike.
a. must have
b. might have
c. couldn't have

You _____ seen her, surely! She was standing right in front of you.
a. must have
b. might have
c. can't have

Let's ask at reception to see if they have your keys. Someone _____ found them.
a. must have
b. might have
c. can't have
 He _____ gone to Russia. He didn't have a passport.
a. must have
b. might have
c. couldn't have

I explained the homework but she did the wrong page. She _____ misunderstood me.
a. must have
b. may have
c. can't have

Oh no! My phone's not in my bag. I _____ left it at home.

a. must have
b. can have
c. couldn't have
 Use:

The passive is often used :

When the subject is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context.

e.g. The injured workers were rushed to the hospital.

When we want to place emphasis on the receiver of the action rather than the
doer, or agent
e.g. Thousands of homes were destroyed by the hurricane.

To make more polite or formal statements.

e.g. The car was not cleaned.
 Compare the following sentences

Active Passive

People eat sushi in many parts Sushi is eaten by many people in many
of the world parts of the world.

Sentence B is passive. That is the object

Sentence A is considered active
of the active verb (eat) in the first
because the doer of the action (or sentence is the subject of the passive verb
agent) is the subject of the sentence. (is eaten) in the second sentence.
 Form:

Passive : object + to be + past participle

Active : subject + verb

Let’s practice
 Complete the sentences with the correct form and tense of the
passive verb:
1. The accounts of our company _________
are checked regularly twice a month by a strict tax expert.(check)
2. Romeo and Juliet ___________________
was written by Shakespeare. (WRITE)
3. Dinner _________________________
is served between 5 and 10 p.m. every day. (SERVE)
4. He _________________________
was taught French when he spent his childhood there. (TEACH)
5. I _________________________
was disturbed by the music so I couldn't concentrate. (DISTURB)
6. When ______
was America ______
discovered (discover)?
 There are 4 main types of conditional sentences in
English, often called if clauses.

These sentences are in two halves (clauses):

• the if part (if clause)
• the other part where you can use words such as can, will, may, might, could and would
(main clause)

They describe the result of something that might happen (in the present or future) or might
have happened but didn't (in the past)

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 The Third Conditional is a structure used for talking about unreal
situations in the past.

Like the other conditionals, a third conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an “if”
clause and a main clause:

If you hadn’t stopped quickly, we would have crashed.

I wouldn’t have gone to the party if you hadn’t persuaded me to go.
If I’d studied harder, I probably would’ve passed the exam.

As you can notice we create the third conditional by using the Past Perfect after ‘if’ and
then ‘would have’ and the past participle in the second part of the sentence.
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Let’s practice
 Put the verbs in the correct form of Conditional Type III:

hadn’t taken
1- If you ………………………(not/take) so long making a decision, we would have signed the contract.

would have seen

2- If you had read the paper, you ……………………………. (see) the advertisement.

3- Unless you had accepted the agreement, we wouldn’t

……………… have reviewed (review/not) our terms.

would……………….
4- If you had provided us with some leverage, we…….. have reconsidered (reconsider) the deal.

would have given

5- Provided you had increased your order by 10 %, we ……..…………. (give) you a discount.
 Relative pronouns
Relative pronouns take the place of nouns or pronouns. they are called relative pronouns
because they relate back to something or someone.
They are used to join two sentences about the same person or thing.
Pronouns Usage Examples

It replaces the subject pronouns,I, He, She, This is the man who broke the window.
Who
We,They

Shows possession or relationship. I have a friend whose mother drives a taxi.

Whose
It replaces the object pronouns The lady whom they caught was sent to prison.
Whom
me,her,him,us,them

to refer to things. Here is the car which she bought for her son.
Which
to refer to either people or things. She is a person that can be trusted.
That
to refer to place. This is the house where my son was born.
Where
to refer to time. The day when the concert takes place is
When tomorrow.
 DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

These describe the preceding noun in such a way to distinguish it from other nouns of the
same class.

A clause of this kind is essential to clear understanding of the noun.

DRC has no commas.

In DRC, Relative pronouns (not always obligatory):

1/ who
2/ which
3/ that

The stairs which/that lead to the cellar are rather slippery.

 NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Non-defining relative clauses are placed after nouns which are definite already. They
do not therefore define the noun, but add something to it by giving extra information
about it.

They are not essential in the sentence and can be omitted without causing
confusion. They are separated from their noun by commas.

The relative pronoun can never be omitted in a non-defining relative clause.

That block , which cost £5 million to build , has been empty for years
 Defining or non-defining relative clause?

1/ My students who never do their homework will fail the exam. DRC
2/ Valencia, which is Spain's third largest city, is on the Mediterranean coast. NDRC

3/ That dog whose bone you took is going to bite your leg off. DRC
4/ They want to show me their new car they bought in Germany.
DRC
5/ The tree in front of my house, which I used to climb as a child, had to be cut down. NDRC
 Make one sentence from the two that are given.
a. Ann took some photographs. Have you seen them?
Have you seen the photographs that Ann took?
b. You lost a key. Did you find it?
Did you find the key that you lost?
c.She’s the old woman. I often see her when I go to the shop.
She is the old woman whom I often see when I go to the shop.
d.Mont Blanc is between France and Italy. It is the highest mountain in the Alps.
Mont Blanc, which is between France and Italy, is the highest mountain in the Alps.
E.Darwin. (His ideas changed our view of the world.) He travelled to a lot of
countries when he was young.
Darwin, whose ideas changed our view of the world, travelled to a lot of countries
when he was young.
 We use the present perfect simple with action verbs to emphasise the
completion of an event in the recent past. We use the present perfect
continuous to talk about ongoing events or activities which started at a
time in the past and are still continuing up until now.

I’ve written the Politics essay. Completed event.

I’ve been writing the Politics essay. Ongoing activity: I’m still writing it.
 The Present Perfect Tense:
We use the present perfect simple to refer to events in the past which
connect to the present.

Experiences
We’re going to Wagamama’s for dinner tonight. I’ve been there a
couple of times before.
Recent completed events
The company employs around 400 staff and has recently opened an
office in the UK.
Past events, present results
I had a car accident yesterday. I have broken my arm.
 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

• The present perfect continuous focuses more on the continuous action. The
emphasis is on the duration of the action.

Example:
It began raining two hours ago.
It is STILL raining now.
*It has been raining for two hours.
 Mental process and stative verbs

Some verbs are not used very often in the continuous form.
We don’t use the continuous form with verbs of mental process (know, like,
understand, believe):

They haven’t known each other for very long.

Not: They haven’t been knowing each other for very long.

We don’t use the continuous form with verbs of the senses (hear, smell, taste):

Have you heard the news?

Not: Have you been hearing the news?
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Let’s practice
 Present Perfect Simple or
Present Perfect Continuous?
1. ___________________
Have you bought (you / buy) your train ticket yet?
2. The kitchen is a complete mess! What ___________________
have the children been doing (the children /
do)?
3. Julie ___________________
has been learning (learn) to drive for six years!
4. Amanda ___________________
has already had (already / have) lunch, so she’ll meet us later.
5. How much coffee ___________________
has she drunk (she / drink) this morning?
6. Simon ___________________
has written (write) three books.
7. I ___________________
have done (do) everything I needed to do today! Hurray!
8. It ___________________
hasn’t rained (not / rain) all summer, so the garden is dead.
Let’s practice
 Choose the correct alternative:
1. When I got home, I realized that while _________ someone stole my wallet.
had walked
have been walking
had been walking
2. I _______ the idea of going to a gym, but when I went to one for the first time last week, I liked it.
had always hated
have always hating
have always been hating
3. When the police were investigating the road accident, they discovered that the driver __________ in
two other accidents before.
had been involved
had being involved
has been involved
4. __________ they __________ on the exams before the school put monitors in the classroom?
had they cheated
have they cheated
had they been cheating
Let’s practice
 Reminder: The persuasive essay format
Set your position straight from the
A well-structured Introduction beginning, and maintain it
introductory paragraph throughout the paper.
Topic or thesis you’re
coupled with a clear
going to prove
thesis.
Body Body paragraphs
2 paragraphs ; each with validated with ample
Use logic and reason to a new argument and evidence and statistics.
show that your point of evidence to support your
view is more legitimate point of view.
Build the arguments in
than any other. progression, so you’ll move from
1 paragraph with the
counter argument , the least important to the most
explaining why you still important one.
A convincing disagree
conclusion. Rewrite the main points in two or
Conclusion three sentences. This will reinforce
Remember! Restate the thesis, your essay's argument, remind the
A good persuasive essay summarize all arguments.
demonstrates not only why the reader what you were arguing for.
writer's opinion is correct, but also
why the opposing view is incorrect.
Persuasive essay
Body paragraphs

Each body paragraph Opposing View Paragraph

should focus on one piece
of evidence.
Describe and then refute the key
points of the opposing view.

Within each paragraph,

provide sufficient
supporting detail.
This paragraph strengthens
the persuasive effect of the
text.
Each separate point you make in defence of your
thesis should be contained in a body paragraph of its
own, and any facts, examples, stats, or quotes
backing up that point included in the same
paragraph.
 Persuasive Essay
Dos and don’ts
Check Check

Have a thesis statement in your

Neutral Tone
introduction
Some essays read too
neutral, too informational, too
expository.
Leave out opposing arguments
Write a conclusion paragraph that
ends with a strong emotional appeal.
Switch between arguments and sides
in your essay

Persuasive Tone
(voice and
personality, and, most
Use transition words
importantly, TONE!)
 Linking words:

Linking words, also called cohesive devices or conjunctions.

They are used to connect ideas, sentences or paragraphs.
They help build up coherent relationships within a paragraph or a text.
Let’s practice
 Complete the sentences with the given linkers
although – at least – however - in case - including – in the meantime – on the contrary
– otherwise – therefore – only if – as a result
1- Don’t forget to take some warm clothes with you, just _________
in case it gets cold at night
2- The report will be finished soon. _______________
In the meantime , let’s get some coffee.
3- Sea levels will probably rise in the next few decades ____________
as a result of global warming.
4- I hope he drives carefully, __________
otherwise he may have problems on such a slippery road.
5- The president was not a very popular leader. ___________
Therefore , his resignation did not come
as a surprise.
6- Our economy will not improve this year.On the contrary , all projections show that it will
_____________
get worse.
7- The couple broke up a few days ago. _________
However , they are still living together because of
the children.
Althoughit was a wonderful place to go skiing, not many tourists found their way there.
8- ________

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1-Prejudice is when someone has - - - - - - - (usually negative) about a
person or group based on a stereotype
• A. A belief
• B. An assumption
• C. An action

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2- The act of blaming a person or group for something bad that has
happened or that someone else has done :
• A. Social inequalities
• B. Social Categorization
• C. Scapegoating

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3-to eat a lot of food in a messy way:
• A. to pig out
• B. to be hyped
• C. to drive someone up

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4-Flogging a dead horse :
• A. said when you want good luck or a good situation to continue
• B. waste energy on something that has no chance of succeeding
• C. try to hide a problem or keep a problem secret instead of dealing
with it

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5- Star Spangled Banner is:
• a. The national anthem of the United States
• b. The national flag of the United Kingdom
• c. USA’s national Symbol
• d. The national personification of the federal government of the US

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6- They need to raise thousands of pounds for this project, so our
20-pound donation is just a drop in the bucket :
• a. a very tiny part of something big
• b. a hidden problem or keep a problem secret
• c. a roadblock that prevents success
• d. a waste of energy on something that will fail

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7-Would I be stepping on someone’s toes if I asked to help out with the
party arrangements?

• A. Offending
• B. Criticizing
• C. Showing off

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8-We had everything in line for the party, but having the caterer cancel
on us at the last minute really threw a wrench in the works!
• A. To help
• B. To delay
• C. To ruin

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And finally,
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!