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Measurement of an Angle
Systems of Measuring an Angle
There are three systems of measuring an
angle.
I. Centesimal System
II. Sexagesimal System
III.Circular System
Centesimal System
Sexagesimal System
 Measurement of an Angle

1. Sexagesimal system (British System)

Definition
If the central angle is divided into 360
equal parts, each part in it is called One
degree. It is denoted by 10

y x

x′ &
O
O

y′
 Measurement of an Angle

Definition
Again if 10 is divided into 60 equal parts
each part in it called One minute.

It is denoted as 1’ 10 = 60′
Circular system (or) Radian
Measure

Radians
 Measurement of an Angle

2. Circular system (or) Radian Measure

Definition
A radian is an angle subtended at the
centre of a circle by an arc whose
length is equal to the radius of the
circle.

r B

1c r
r
A
 Measurement of an Angle

One radian is denoted as 1c.

Definition
Angle subtended at the centre of a
circle of radius r by an arc of length l is
defined as θ = l/r radians.
 Relation between radians and
degrees

3600 = 2πc

1800
∴ 1c =
π
1c ≈ (57.272…)0 Clearly 1c • 10

90
(180)0 630 0
1c = =
22 11 11
7
 Relation between radians and
degrees

Remember

➢ To convert radians 0into degree

180
multiply with π
➢ To convert degrees
π into radians
multiply with 1800
Examples On Degrees And Radians
Q. Express the following angles in
degrees.
Solution :
Q. Express the following angles in
radians.

i) 1200 =

ii) – 6000 =

iii) – 1440 =
Solution :
Q. Convert 40° 20’ into radian measure.
Solution :
Q. Convert 6 radians into degree
measure.
Solution :
Regular Polygon
An n-sided polygon is said to be
regular if all its sides are equal and all
its angles are equal.
Let’s discuss about internal angles
and their sum for n-sided regular
polygons.
(1) For n = 3 we have
Internal angle
Sum of internal angles = π
(2) For n = 4 we have
Internal angle
Sum of internal angles = 2π
In general,

Using Δ OAB, we can easily find

Internal angle =

Sum of internal angles = (n - 2)π

Remarks
The centre of a regular polygon is the
point which is equidistant from all its
vertices.
Basically, it is the centre of the
circumcircle of the regular polygon.

If you have to tackle any question

related to n-sided regular polygon,
then always consider following figure.
Q. Find the distance of the centre of a
regular hexagon from its side, if its side
length is 4 units.
Solution :
Examples On l = r θ
Q. Find the radius of the circle in which
a central angle of 60° intercepts an arc
of length 37.4 cm (use ).
Solution :
Q. A horse is tied to a post by a rope. If
the horse moves along a circular path
always keeping the rope tight and
describes 88m when it has traced out
72° at the center, find the length of the
rope.
Solution :

720
P r A
Q. The minute hand of a watch is 1.5 cm
long. How far does its tip move in 40
minutes? (Use 𝜋 = 3.14).
Solution :
Q. If the arcs of the same lengths in two
circles subtend angles 65° and 110° at
the centre. Find the ratio of their radii.
Solution :
Circular Functions
 Consider a unit circle (i.e. the circle with
radius = 1) with centre at the origin O.
Let P be a point on the circle such that
OP makes angle θ with the x axis in
Anticlockwise direction i.e. ∠AOP = θ

Then cosθ and sin θ

y are defined as
cosθ = x – coordinate of P
P(x , y)
sin θ = y – coordinate of P
θ
x′ x
O 1 A

y′
Sign of Trigonometric
Functions
 Sign of Trigonometric
Functions

II y I
x < 0, y > 0 x > 0, y > 0
cosθ < 0 ; sinθ > 0 cosθ > 0 ; sinθ > 0
x
cosθ < 0 ; sinθ < 0 cosθ > 0 ; sinθ < 0
x < 0, y < 0 x > 0, y < 0

III IV
 y P(cos (θ+ 2π), sin
(θ+2π))
P(cos θ, sin θ)

θ (θ + 2π)
x′ x
O 1

y′
In general
cosθ = cos (θ + 2π) = cos(θ + 4π)= …
sinθ = sin (θ + 2π) = sin(θ + 4π)= …
 y
Remark P(x , y) B(0,1)

θ
(-1,0)A’ A(1,0)
x
O
1. θ is positive in -θ
anticlockwise direction. B’(0,-1)

2. θ is negative in
clockwise direction.
3. cosθ and sinθ are defined for all θ∈R.
( R : set of all real numbers)
4. -1≤ cosθ ≤ 1
-1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 for all θ∈R.
( R : set of all real numbers)
Point P takes position A when θ takes
values …-4 π,-2 π, 0, 2 π, 4 π,…i.e. even
multiple of π
Point P takes position A’ when θ takes
values …-3 π, - π, π, 3π,…i.e. odd
multiple of π
y
P(x , y) B(0,1)

θ
(-1,0)A’ A(1,0)
x
O

B’(0,-1)
5. Corresponding to position A, θ = 2nπ
Corresponding to position A’, θ = (2n+1)π
Corresponding to position B, θ = 2nπ +
Corresponding to position B’, θ = 2nπ –
 Other trigonometric ratios
sin θ
1. tan θ =
cos θ π
1 θ ≠ odd multiple of
2. sec θ = 2
cos θ
cos θ
3. cot θ =
sin θ
θ ≠ any multiple of π
1 y
4. cosec θ = P(x , y) B(0,1)
sin θ
θ
(-1,0)A’ A(1,0)
x
O

B’(0,-1)
 Values Of T-Ratios
At Particular Angles
 Trigonometric functions of particular
angles

Angle (θ) π π π π
0
T-ratio 6 4 3 2
00 300 450 600 900
1 1 √3
sinθ 0 1
2 √2 2
√3 1 1
cosθ 1 0
2 √2 2
1
tanθ 0 1 √3 Undefined
√3
Trigonometric functions of particular
angles

Angle (θ) π 3π
π 2π
T-ratio 2 2
900 1800 2700 3600
sinθ 1 0 –1 0

cosθ 0 –1 0 1

tanθ Not 0 Not 0

defined defined
Trigonometric functions of
particular angles

900
(cosθ, sinθ)
Y (0, 1)

X′
(1, 0)
1800 3600
(–1, 0)

2700 (0, –1)

 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

1. sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
2. sec2θ – tan2θ = 1

3. cosec2θ – cot2θ = 1
 Trigonometric ratios of allied angles

θ1 and θ2 are said to be allied if

π
θ1 ± θ2 = n
2
1. Value of trigonometric function at
(nπ ± θ) in terms of value of that
function at θ.
* θ should be treated as acute.
Ex. (i) sin (π + θ)
as θ is acute, so π + θ III Quadrant
sin (π + θ) = – sinθ

SIGN FUNCTION
 (ii) sin (π – θ) = + sinθ

sign function

2. (2n +1) π ± θ is along Y- axis, the

2
trigonometric function changes as

sinθ cosθ
tan cotθ Co-functions
θ
secθ cosecθ
 π
Illustration 1: sin + θ
2

3π
Illustration 2: sin
2
+ θ

Illustration 3: sin (120°)

 π
Illustration 1: sin
2
+ θ = + cosθ

π
+ θ II Quadrant
2

3π 3π
Illustration 2: sin + θ = – cosθ + θ
2 2

IV Quadrant ∴ Sin is – ve

Illustration 3: sin (120°)

= sin (90° + 30°)
= + cos 30°
√3
=
2
Q. Find the value of the trigonometric
function
Solution :
Q. Prove the following :
sec4 x – sec2 x = tan4 x + tan2 x
Solution :
Q. If x = secθ - tanθ, y = cosecθ +
cotθ, then xy + 1 = ……...

A x+y

B x-y

C y-x

D -x - y
Solution :
Q. If x = secθ - tanθ, y = cosecθ +
cotθ, then xy + 1 = ……...

A x+y

B x-y

C y-x

D -x - y
MASTER CLASS
TEACHER TEACHER
Post-class: doubt solving

More than 2 Million doubts solved

Assessment: regular tests
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8th Jan 2020-(Shift 1)